Name Index

Abdul Hamid II (1842-1918) - Turkish

sultan (1876-1909): 361 Adler, Emma (née Braun) (1858-1935):

457 Adler, Georg (1863-

1908)-German economist and journalist, professor at Berlin university from 1900; author of several works on social and political problems: 137 Adler, Victor (1852-1918) - a

leader of Austrian Social Democrats; editor of the Arbeiter-Zeitung; delegate to the international socialist workers' congresses of

1889,1891 and 1893: 323, 354, 375, 376, 413-5, 419 Alexander II (1818-1881) - Emperor of

Russia (1855-81): 46, 133 Alexander III (1845-1894) - Emperor of Russia (1881-91): 41, 46, 114, 155, 160, 174, 185, 186, 238, 310, 340, 355, 372, 418, 445, 468, 480 Anneke, Friedrieb (1818-1872) -

Prussian artillery officer, member of the Communist League; one of the founders and secretary of the Cologne Workers' Association in 1848; editor of the Neue Kölnische Zeitung; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany and the Civil War in the USA (1861-65): 399 Annie - servant of Engels: 181, 198 Anseele, Eduard (1856-1938) - Belgian socialist, a founder and leader of the Parti ouvrier Belge (1885); was

active in the co-operative movement; journalist; a Vice-President of the International Socialist Workers' Congress of 1889: 239, 252, 293, 294, 307, 325, 412 Antoine, Jules Dominique (1845-1917) -a French politician, fought in the Franco-Prussian War, deputy to the German Reichstag from Alsace-Lorraine (1881-89); actively supported return of Alsace-Lorraine to France; following General Boulanger's flight, renounced his deputy mandate and moved to France: 288 Auer, Ignaz (1846-1907) - German Social Democrat, saddlemaker; a leader of the Social Democratic Party; was repeatedly elected (from 1877) to the Reichstag: 301, 311, 334, 404 Aveling, Edward Bibbins (1851-1898) -English journalist, socialist; a translator of Volume I of Capital into English; member of the Social Democratic Federation from 1884, later a founder of the Socialist League (December 1884); an organiser of the mass movement of the unskilled workers and the unemployed in the late 1880s-early 1890s; delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress of 1889; Eleanor Marx's husband: 3, 4, 8, 11, 13, 15-20, 21-2, 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 32, 37-9, 41-2, 43-4, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50-1, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 65, 66, 70-2, 73, 74, 76, 78, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88,91, 92, 96, 101, 112, 113, 116, 119, 123, 150, 157, 158,170, 173, 184-5, 186, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 208, 212, 213, 220, 221, 227, 231, 243, 257, 259, 272, 310, 316, 318, 321, 354, 356, 362, 370, 387, 396, 410, 419, 422, 426, 427, 431, 438, 441, 457, 458, 460, 488, 489, 493, 494, 495, 496, 501, 502 Aveling, Eleanor - see Marx-Aveling, Eleanor Avenel, Georges (1828-1876) - French historian and democratic journalist; author of works on the history of the French Revolution: 58, 248, 413, 414 Axelrod, Pavel Borisovich (1850-1928) -Russian Social Democrat, member of the Emancipation of Labour group from 1883: 331

Babeuf, François Noël (Gracchus) (1760-1797) - French revolutionary, advocate of Utopian egalitarian communism, organiser of the conspiracy of equals: 58, 268 Back - Russian emigre in Switzerland, a Baltic German by birth; published a German-language journal in Geneva in the 1880s: 458 Baernreither, Joseph Maria (1845-1925) - Austrian politician, lawyer and journalist, member of the Bohemian Landtag and Austrian Reichstag (from 1885): 89, 101, 104 Bahr, Hermann (1863-1934) - Austrian writer: 503, 505 Baker, Valentine (Baker Pasha) (1827-1887) - English army officer: 169 Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1874) - Russian democratic, journalist; participant in the 1848-49 Revolution in Germany; an ideologist of Narodism (Populism) and anarchism; opposed Marxism in the First International; expelled from the International at the Hague Congress of 1872: 335, 338, 394 Balfour, Arthur James, 1st Earl of

(1848-1930) - British statesman, MP

(1874-1922), Chief Secretary for Ireland (1887-91), leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Commons (1891-1902, with intervals), Prime Minister (1902-05): 155, 159 Balzac, Honoré de (1799-1850): 167-8, 180,248 Bangya, Jdnos (1817-1868) - Hungarian journalist and officer, participant in the 1848-49 Revolution in Hungary; after its defeat, Kossuth's emissary abroad and at the same time agent-provocateur; later served in the Turkish army under the name of Mehemed Bey, acting as a Turkish agent in the Caucasus: 142 Bardorf Josef X1847-1922) - Austrian Social Democrat, a leader of the 'moderates', a leader of the United Social Democratic Party from 1876, editor of the Wahrheit: 269 Baron - see Kautsky, Karl Barry, Maltman (1842-1909) - English journalist, member of the First International, supporter of Marx and Engels at the Hague Congress (1872), member of the General Council (1871-72) and the British Federal Council (1872-74), contributed to a number of newspapers, The Standard among them: 449 Baslu, Emile Joseph (1854-1928) -French socialist, active trade union member, miner, repeatedly elected to the Chamber of Deputies: 53, 381 Bateman, George - English socialist, printer, member of the Social Democratic Federation: 331, 359, 377, 448 Battenberg, Alexander Joseph (1857-1893) - son of the Prince of Hesse, Prince Alexander I of Bulgaria (1879-86), pursued a pro-Austrian and pro-German policy: 41, 58, 174 Baudin, Eugene (1853-1918) - French socialist, Blanquist, worker at a porcelain factory, member of the First International, a Communard; after the suppression of the Commune lived in England (1871-81); returned to France after amnesty; elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1889 and 1893: 381, 383, 384 Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882) - German idealist philosopher, Young Hegelian; author of the works on the history of Christianity, Radical, National Liberal after 1866: 220, 249, 393 Bauer, Edgar (1820-1886) - German journalist, philosopher, Young Hegelian; emigrated to England after the 1848-49 Revolution; an official in Prussia after the 1861 amnesty; Bruno Bauer's brother: 393 Bax, Ernest Belfort (1854-1926) -British socialist, historian, philosopher and journalist; one of the first exponents of Marxism in England; active left-wing member of the Social Democratic Federation; a founder of the Socialist League; a publisher of The Commonweal (from 1884): 11, 70, 78, 88, 93, 108, 262, 264, 269, 310, 328, 387, 417, 418-9, 422, 427, 449, 457, 458 Bebel, Ferdinand August (1840-1913) -prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; turner; member of the First International, deputy to the North German (1867-70) and to the German Reichstag (1871-81 and from 1883); a founder and leader of German Social Democracy and the Second International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels: 31, 35-7, 76, 94-5, 98-9, 103, 104, 107, 109, 120, 150, 158, 159, 173-6, 233-5, 237, 239, 244, 245-7, 255, 256, 261, 265, 273, 277, 278, 280, 285, 286, 288, 292, 294, 296, 301, 305, 314, 317, 322, 325, 329, 333, 335, 341, 345, 346, 349, 356, 380, 383, 391, 402,

407, 427, 443, 450-3, 474, 490, 492-5, 509-10 Bebel, Jobanna Caroline Julie (1843-1910): 35-7 Beck, Grigori - member of People's freedom circles in Russia and abroad in mid-1880s; lived in emigration from 1886: 482, 483, 484 Beckerjohann Philipp (1809-1886) -prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; brush-maker; took part in the revolutionary democratic movement in Germany and Switzerland in the 1830s-40s and the 1848-49 revolution, active member of the First International, delegate to the London Conference (1865) and all the congresses of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels: 322, 458 Beckmann,Johann B. (1739-1811) -German scientist, author of works on agriculture, economy and tech-nology: 74 Bernstein, Eduard (1850-1932) -

German Social Democrat; journalist, editor of Der Sozialdemokrat (1881-90), a leader of the German Social Democrats; produced a 'reformist' revision of Marxism in the latter half of the 1890s: 57-9. 67, 108, 109, 179, 185, 187, 190, 194, 198, 200, 204, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 231, 232, 237,239, 257, 258, 259, 261, 264, 265, 269, 273, 275, 276, 280, 286, 287, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 298, 300, 301-2, 303, 311, 312,313,314,316,317,318,321, 322, 325, 328, 330, 333, 336, 364-5, 373, 375, 391, 407, 419, 426, 438, 444, 450-3, 453, 461, 472, 476, 482, 483, 484, 493, 494, 501, Bernstein, Regina (Schattner by first marriage): 193, 198, 200, 257, 259, 260, 426, 438 Besant, Annie (1847-1933) - British radical, theosophist; participated in socialist movement for some time; member of the Fabian Society and the Social Democratic Federation in the 1880s; took part in organising the trade union movement of unskilled workers: 74, 76, 108, 152, 183 Beust, Friedrich von (1817-1899) -Prussian army officer, took part in 1848-49 Revolution in Germany; after its defeat, emigrated to Switzerland and then to the USA; member of the Zurich local section of the International; professor of pedagogics: 85, 88, 108, 185 Bevan, George Phillips (d. 1889) -British economist and statistician: Binning, Thomas - prominent figure in the English working-class movement; compositor; member of the Socialist League; an organiser of the North of England Socialist Federation (1887): 70 Bismarck (or Bismarck-Schönhausen), Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince von (1815-1898) - Statesman of Prussia and Germany, Ambassador to St Petersburg (1859-62) and to Paris (1862); Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-71) and Chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90); carried through the unification of Germany, introduced the Anti-Socialist Law in 1878: 10, 11, 20, 23, 25, 51, 54, 58, 92, 104,107, 111, 114, 129, 130, 135, 138, 139, 140-1, 142, 145-7, 151, 155, 160, 162, 165, 171, 174-5, 177-8, 181-2, 185, 190-1, 222, 238, 239, 253, 259, 261-2, 273-4, 283, 287, 337, 349, 355, 419, 423, 443, 444, 451, 452, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 475, 477, 479 Bland, Hubert (1856-1914) - British socialist, journalist, a founder of the Fabian Society, its treasurer and member of the Executive Committee up to 1911; member of the Social Democratic Federation: 152

Block - German-born American socialist, Secretary of the German bakers' trade union and editor of its newspaper: 192 Block, R. - son of the above: 192 Bios, Wilhelm (1849-1927) - German politician and historian; member of Social Demccrats from 1872; editor of Der Volksstaat and deputy to the Reichstag: 474, 492 Blum, Robert (1807-1848) - German democrat, journalist; leader of the Left in the Frankfurt National Assembly; took part in the defence of Vienna against counter-revolutionary forces in October 1848; shot after the fall of the city: 252 Bonaparte, Napoleon (1769-1821) -Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815): 146, 165, 175, 248, 261, 503 Bonnier, Charles (b. 1863) - French socialist, journalist, active member of the Workers' Party; lived in England for a long time, contributed to the socialist press, took part in preparations for the international socialist workers' congresses of 1889 and 1891: 278, 280, 287, 289, 294, 296, 297, 301, 306, 308, 309, 316, 318, 331,407,412,431,432 Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo (1766-1837) - Italian historian, poet and politician: 179 Boulanger, Georges Ernest Jean Marie (1837-1891) - French general, War Minister (1886-87); strove to establish military dictatorship in France: 58, 85, 165, 166, 170-1, 175-6, 181, 190, 196-7, 212, 223, 236, 237, 246, 247, 253, 259, 261-2, 264, 274, 282, 288, 309, 314, 319, 368, 372, 382, 385, 397, 406, 412, 445, 481, 498 Boulé - French socialist and active trade union member, Blanquist; stone-cutter; socialist candidate at the elections to the Chamber of Deputies in January 1889, delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress of 1889: 313, 316, 328, 407 Bowen, Paul T. - prominent figure in the American trade union movement, delegate of the Washington trade union organisations to the Possibilist Congress in Paris (1889): 353 Boy er, Antoine Jean Baptiste (Antide) (1850-1918) - French socialist; potter, later office worker; repeatedly elected to the Chamber of Deputies, an organiser of the parliamentary workers' party: 383, 404, 481 Bradlaugh, Charles (1833-1891) -English journalist and politician, Radical, atheist, editor of The National Reformer (from 1860): 71, 78,113,152 Braun, Heinrich (1854-1927) - German Social Democrat, a founder of Die Neue Zeit (1883), editor of the Archiv für soziale Gesetzgebung und Statistik and several other press organs: 250, 277, 422 Brentano, Lujo (Ludwig Joseph) (1844-1931) - German economist: 230 Brismée, Désiré (1823-1888) - prominent figure in the Belgian democratic and working-class movement; printer; Proudhonist, member of the First International, delegate to its Brussels (1868), Basle (1869) and the Hague (1872) congresses, sided with the Bakunists, later abandoned anarchism; member of the Executive Committee of the Belgian Workers' Party: 177 Broadhurst, Henry (1840-1911) -British politician, a trade union leader; stonemason, later trade union official; Secretary of the Parliamentary Committee of the British Trades Union Congress (1875-90), Liberal MP (from 1880), Under-Secretary of State for the Home Office: 104, 177, 333, 334, 360, 377, 437

Brocher, Gustave (1850-1931) - member of the international revolutionary movement, active exponent of atheism; teacher, French by birth; lived in Russia in the late 1860s-early 1870s, associated with the Narodniks (Populists); lived in London in 1874-93 where he met Marx and Engels; sided with anarchists for some time: 358 Brousse, Paul Louis Marie (1840-1912) -French politician; socialist, physician; member of the First International (till 1872); a Communard; after the suppression of the Commune lived in emigration in Spain and Switzerland, sided with the anarchists; after his return to France in 1880 joined the French Workers' Party, later a leader of the Possibilists: 13, 14, 65, 93, 238, 287, 291, 294, 296, 297, 298, 313, 323, 324, 333, 335, 336, 338, 350, 356

Bruhn, Karl von (b. 1803) - German journalist, member of the Communist League, expelled in 1850; supporter of the Willich-Schapper group; editor of the Lassallean Nordstern in Hamburg (1861-66): 142 Buhl, Ludwig Heinrich Franz (1814-c.

1882) - German journalist, a Young Hegelian, author of pamphlets in the Patriot series: 393 Bunting, Sir Percy William (1836-1911)

- British journalist, publisher of The Contemporary Review (1882-1911), Liberal: 461 Buonarroti, Filippo Michèle (1761-1837)

- Italian revolutionary, Utopian communist, prominent figure in the revolutionary movement in France at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries; François Babeufs associate: 58 Burns, John (1858-1943) -prominent figure in the English working-class movement, a leader of the New Trade Unions in the 1880s, leader of the London dockers' strike (1889); adopted a liberal trade union stand in the 1890s: 66, 141, 156, 330, 331, 334, 359, 360, 369, 370, 376, 377, 389, 390, 418, 420, 431, 436, 437, 442, 448, 485 Burns, William (Willie) - nephew of

Lydia Burns (Engels' second wife): 206, 207 Burt, Thomas (1837-1922) - English miner, secretary of the Northumberland Miners' Association, MP (1874-1918), supporter of the Liberal Party: 81

Caffarel, Louis Charles (1829-1907) -French general, deputy chief of the General Staff in 1887, was compelled to resign because of involvement in speculation with orders (1887): 107 Campbell, Ellen - American, friend of Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky: 153 Caraccioli, Louis Antoine, Marquis (1721-1803) - French writer and journalist: 269 Carnot, Marie François Sadi (1837-1894) - French statesman, republican, repeatedly held ministerial posts; President of the Republic (1887-94): 123, 197 Castelar y Ripoll, Emilio (1832-1899) -Spanish politician, historian and writer; leader of the right-wing Republicans; President of the Republic (September 1873 -January 1874); deputy to the Cortes after the restoration of monarchy in 1874: 458 Cervantes de Saavedra, Migel (1547-1616): 180 Champion, Henry Hyde (1859-1928) -English socialist, publisher and journalist; member of the Social Democratic Federation till 1887, later a leader of the trade unionist Labour Electoral Association in London; edited and published the

Labour Elector, emigrated in the 1890s to Australia where he took an active part in the working-class movement: 11, 66, 108, 252, 331, 359, 377, 389, 390, 418, 436, 448, 449, 485 Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889) - Russian revolutionary democrat, philosopher, writer and literary critic, predecessor of Russian Social Democrats: 484, 506 Christensen, P. - Danish Social Democrat: 307 Clemenceau, Georges (Eugene Benjamin) (1841-1929) - French politician and journalist, Radical leader from the 1880s, editor and publisher of La Justice: 65-6, 109-10, 124, 190, 368 Cloots, Jean Baptiste Baron de

(Anacharsis) (1755-1794)-prominent figure in the French Revolution, Dutchman by birth; close to the left-wing Jacobins, member of the Convention: 413, 414,415 Cluseret, Gustave Paul (1823-1900) -French politician, member of the First International, sided with the Bakuninists; took part in the revolutionary uprisings in Lyons and Marseilles (1879); a Communard; after its suppression emigrated to Belgium and later to the USA; returned to France after amnesty; member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1888, sided with socialists; delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress of 1889: 383, 385 Cohn, Gustav (1840-1919) - German economist, professor in Zurich from 1875, and at Göttingen university from 1884: 221 Colletta, Pietro (1775-1831) - Italian politician and historian: 179 Conrad, Johannes Ernst (1839-1915) -German economist, professor, publisher of the Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik and other reference publications containing economic and statistical information: 250, 477 Cornelius, Wilhelm - German journalist; one of Marx's friends; refugee in London in the 1850s; businessman: 393 Crawford, Emily (1831-1915) - Irish journalist, Paris correspondent of the Daily News, Truth and New York Tribune: 58,ml61, 385, 408 Cremer, Sir William Randall (1838-1903) - active participant in the British trade union and pacifist movement, member of the General Council of the First International and its General Secretary (1864-66); Liberal MP (from 1885): 65, 81, 158, 418 Creuzer, Georg Freidrich (1771-1858) -German philologist, author of several works on mythology, art and literature of antiquity: 29 Croll, Cornelius (1857-1895) - Dutch Social Democrat, journalist: 460 Cunninghame Graham, Robert Bontine (1852-1936) - Scottish writer and politician; came from an aristocratic family; took part in the working-class and socialist movement in the 1880s-90s; MP (1886-92), delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress of 1889; later prominent in the Scottish national movement: 156, 157, 159, 245, 330, 359, 448 Cuno, Theodor Friedrich (1846-1934) -prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; engineer; Socialist; fought against anarchists in Italy; organiser of the Milan section of the First International, delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872); emigrated to the USA where he took part in the International's activity; a leader of the American labour organi-

sation, The Knights of Labor: 202, 203, 210

Danielson, Nikolai Frantsevich (pen-name Nikolai-on) (1844-1918) -Russian economist, journalist; a theoretician of Narodism (Populism) in the 1880s-90s; corresponded with Marx and Engels for several years; translated into Russian (together with Hermann Lopatin and Nikolai Lybavin) volumes I I I and III of Marx's Capital: 26-7, 52, 100, 135-7, 228-30, 319, 331, 346-7, 351-2, 415-6, 497, 506-7, 520 Dante, Alighieri (1265-321): 364 Danton, Georges Jacques (1759-1794) -prominent figure in the French Revolution of the late 18th century, leader of the right-wing Jacobins: 268, 414 Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882) -English naturalist, founder of the theory of natural selection and evolution: 230 Daumas, Augustin Honoré (b. 1826) -French politician; mechanic; elected to the Chamber of Deputies in the 1870s-80s, the Senate in the late 1880s; member of the Paris City Council in 1889, sided with the socialist group; delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress of 1889:328 Davies, Sir John (1569-1626) - British statesman, lawyer and poet; attor-ney-general for Ireland (from 1606); author of several works on the history of Ireland: Davitt, Michael (1846-1906) - Irish revolutionary democrat, an organiser (1879) and leader of the Land League, champion of the Home Rule in Ireland; MP (1895-99); took part in the English working-class movement: 49, 486 Delahaye, Pierre Louis (b. 1820) -French mechanic, Proudhonist;

member of the First International from 1865; a Communard; after the suppression of the Commune emigrated to England; member of the General Council of the International and of the British Federal Council (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871); returned to France in 1879: 192 Dell, Robert Edward (1865-1940) -British journalist, Fabian, editor of The People's Press: 485, 513, 518 Demuth, Helen (Lenchen, Nim) (1820-1890) - housekeeper and devoted friend of the Marx family: 11, 13, 35, 41, 54, 66, 77, 84, 94, 160, 166, 175, 184, 186, 189, 191, 194, 196, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 224, 225, 226, 227, 237, 240, 243, 259, 264, 300, 306, 343, 379, 387, 390, 408, 409, 410, 426, 435, 438, 458, 481, 509, 519 De Paepe, César (1841-1890) - Belgian socialist; compositor, subsequently physician; one of the founders of the Belgian section of the First International (1865), member of the Belgian Federal Council, delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868), Basle (1869) Congresses and London Conference (1871) of the First International and the Ghent International Socialist Congress (1877); a founder of the Belgian Workers' Party (1885): 56, 57, 407

Deville, Gabriel Pierre (1854-1940) -French socialist, exponent of Marxism, member of the French Workers' Party, journalist, author of a popular exposition of the first volume of Marx's Capital; delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress of 1889: 41, 79, 107, 180-1, 243, 263, 273, 313, 404, 432 Derossi, Karl (1844-1910) - German Social Democrat, Lassallean; emigrated to Switzerland in 1879

and later to the USA: 500 Dietz, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm (1843-1922) - German publisher, Social Democrat, founded the Social Democratic publishing house (1881), deputy to the Reichstag (from 1881): 277,461,465,466,471,472, Dietzgen, Joseph (1828-1888) - prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; tanner; philosopher who independently arrived at dialectical materialism, champion of Marxism; member of the First International; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; emigrated to the USA in 1884: 43 Diez, Friedrich Christian (1794-1876) -German linguist, a founder of comparative historical linguistics, author of Grammatik der romanis-chen Sprachen: 132 Dilke, Margaret Mary (b. 1857) -widow of the British politician and journalist Ashton Wentworth Dilke, owner of the Weekly Dispatch: 161 Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield from 1876 (1804-1881) - British politician and author, leader of the Conservative Party, Prime Minister (1868) and 1874-80): 118, 120, 153 Douai, Karl Daniel Adolph (1819-1888) - French-born German journalist; democrat, later socialist; took part in the 1848-49 Revolution in Germany, emigrated to the USA in 1852; participated in the American socialist movement; editor of several socialist newspapers, the New Yorker Volkszeitung among them (1878-88): 21 Dufourny de Villiers, Louis Pierre (1739-1796) - politician of the French Revolution, pamphleteer: 269 Duhring, Eugen Karl (1833-1921) -German philosopher, economist, lawyer; socialist; lecturer at Berlin university (1863-77): 249 Dumay, Jean Baptiste (1841-1926) -French mechanic; leader of the Greusot Commune in 1871; sentenced to exile, fled to Switzerland; returned to Franch after amnesty, member of the Paris City Council from 1887, member of the Chamber of Deputies (1889-93), Possibilist: 381, 383

Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889)-German tailor and journalist, prominent figure in the international and German working-class movement, member of the Communist League, member of the General Council of the First International (1864-72), the Council's General Secretary (1867-71); delegate to all the International's congresses and conferences; supported Marx and Engels up to the Hague Congress of 1872; member of the English trade union movement in the 1870s-80s: 14, 178, 335

Ecbegaray y Eizaguirre, José (1833-1916) - Spanish playwright, mathematician, engineer and politician, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences from 1866, elected to the Cortes in 1868; Minister of Trade, Finances and Education (1868-74): 321 Eichhoff, Karl Wilhelm (1833-1895) -German socialist and journalist, refugee in London in 1861-66; member of the First International from 1868, one of its first historians; member of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany from 1869, editor of several legal workers' papers in the 1880s: 166-7 Ellen - servant of Engels: 368 Ellis, George Billow - representative of an American industrial firm in London: 405 Ellissen, O. Adolph - gymnasium teacher at Einbeck: 395

Ely, Richard Theodore (1854-1943) -American economist, professor of politicial economy at university of Wisconsin, author: 501, 517 Engels, Hermann (1822-1905) Frederick

Engels' brother, manufacturer in Barmen; a partner in the Ermen & Engels firm in Engelskirchen: 204, 218,366-7,434-5,514-5 Engels, Hermann Friedrich Theodor (1858-1926) - Hermann Engels' son, manufacturer, a partner in the Ermen & Engels firm: Estrup, Jacob Bronnum Scavenius (1825-1913) - Danish statesman, Minister of the Interior (1865-69), Finance Minister and Prime Minister (1875-94), Conservative: 423, 424 Eudes, Emile François Désiré (1843-1888) - French revolutionary, Blanquist, general of the National Guard, a Communard; after the suppression of the Commune, emigrated to Switzerland and then to England; on his return to France after amnesty of 1880 an organiser of the Central Revolutionary Committee of Blanquists: 246 Evreinoff, 497

Farjat, Gabriel (1857-1930) - French socialist, weaver; a founder of the French Workers' Party (1880); General Secretary of the National Trade Union Federation of France (1886), delegate to the international socialist workers' congresses of 1889 and 1891:328-9,332 Faucherjulius (Jules) (1820-1878) -German journalist, economist, a young Hegelian; a founder of the German party for free trade, emigrant in England in 1850-61, contributed to the Morning Star from 1856; returned to Germany in 1861; member of the Party of Progress, National Liberal from 1866:393 Ferroul, Joseph Antoine Jean Frédéric

Ernest (1853-1921) - French politician, journalist, physician, socialist, member of the French Workers' Party; member of the Chamber of Deputies (1888-93 and 1899-1902); delegate to the international Socialist workers' congresses of 1889 and 1891:383,385 Ferry, Jules François Camille (1832-1893) - French lawyer, journalist and politician; a leader of moderate republicans; member of the Government of National Defence, Mayor of Paris (1870-71), Prime Minister (1880-81 and 1883-85): 107, 110, 113, 124, 150, 246, 259, 314, 368,385,412 Feuerbach, Ludwig (1804-1872) -German philosopher: 463 Field, Arthur (b. 1869) - English socialist, member of the Social Democratic Federation, journalist: 342 Fischer, Paul - German Social Democrat, contributed to the Berliner Volks-Tribüne: 364 Fischer, Richard (1855-1926) - German Social Democrat, journalist; compositor; Secretary of the Party's Executive Committee (1890-93), member of the Reichstag (1893-1926), a publisher of Vorwärts: 373, 426, 438, 450 Floquet, Charles Thomas (1828-1896)-French statesman, Radical; member of the Chamber of Deputies (1871-93), repeatedly elected its chairman, Prime Minister (1888-89); was compelled to withdraw from active political work after the exposure in 1892 of his implication in the Panama Canal swindle: 196-7, 261 Fortin, Edouard - French socialist, journalist, member of the French Workers' Party: 14, 24, 40 Foster, Rachel - American public figure; Secretary of the National Society of Struggle for Women's Franchise: 55

Fox, Charles James (1749-1806) -English statesman, orator, a Whig leader, Foreign Secretary (1782, 1783, 1806): 424 Frankel, Leo (1844-1896) - prominent figure in the Hungarian and international working-class movement, jeweller; a Communard; member of the General Council of the First International (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International, a founder of the General Workers' Party of Hungary; associate of Marx and Engels: 88 Frederick II (1712-1786) - King of Prussia (1740-86): 273, 456 Frederick III (1831-1888) - King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany (March-June 1888): 111, 114, 138, 140-1, 146,151,163, 164-5, 174-5, 177-8, 181, 190, 222, 451, 473 Frederick William IV (1795-1861) -King of Prussia (1840-61): 250 Fréjac (Fréjac de Commentary), Raoul (b. 1849) - French socialist, member of the French Workers' Party, delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress of 1889: 329 Freycinet, Charles Louis de Saulces de

(1828-1932) - French statesman and diplomat, moderate republican, repeatedly held ministerial posts, Prime Minister (1879-80, 1882, 1886, 1890-92): 124 Frohme, Karl Franz Egon (1850-1933) -German journalist, Social Democrat, Lassallean in the 1870s, later a leader of reformist wing in the German Social Democratic Party, deputy to the German Reichstag (1881-1918), delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress of 1889 in Paris: 30 Fullerton, John (1780-1849) - British economist, author of works on money circulation and credit, opponent of the quantitative theory of money: 347

Geffcken, Friedrich Heinrich (1830-1896) - German diplomat and lawyer, author of several works on the history of international law: 253 Geiser, Bruno (1846-1896) - German Social Democrat, journalist, editor of Die Neue Welt; deputy to the German Reichstag (1881-87) where he belonged to the right wing of the Social Democratic group, expelled from the Social Democratic Party in the late 1880s; Wilhelm Liebknecht's son-in-law: 30, 107, 363, 400 Gély, André - French socialist, Possibilist: 292 George, Henry (1839-1897) - American journalist, economist: 51, 79, 84, 91, 101, 102, 103, 486 Georgei, Max - American delegate of the German Workers' Club in Washington to the Possibilists' Congress in Paris (1889): 353 Gilles, Ferdinand (born c. 1856) -

German journalist, Social Democrat; moved to London in 1886, contributed to the Londoner Arbeiter-Zeitung; took part in the work of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; exposed as a police agent in 1891: 141,512-3 Girardin, Emile de (1806-1881) -French journalist and politician, editor of La Presse and La Liberté; moderate republican during the 1848-49 Revolution, later Bonapartist: 107, 110-1 Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898) -British statesman, Tory, later a leader of the Liberal Party; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55 and 1859-66), Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886 and 1892-94): 108, 113, 253, 360-1, 418, 444, 445, 461, 468

Goegg, Amand (1820-1897) - German journalist, democrat, member of the Baden Provisional Government in 1849; emigrated after the revolution; member of the First International; joined the German Social Democrats in the 1870s: 189 Gottschalk, Andreas (1815-1849) -German physician, member of the Communist League's community in Cologne; President of the Cologne Workers' Association in April-June 1848; exponent of 'Left' tendencies in the German working-class movement: 398-9 Goullé, Albert Frédéric (1844-1918) -French socialist, member of the First International, journalist, Blanquist, contributed to Le Cri du Peuple from 22 February to 23 May 1871 and to the renewed Cri du Peuple from October 1883, also to La Voie du Peuple in February-March 1887; emigrant in London: 41 Granger, Ernest Henri (b. 1844) -

French socialist, Blanquist, journalist; a Communard; after the suppression of the Commune, emigrated to England; returned to France after amnesty, joined the Boulangist movement, member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1889: 397 Grévy, François Paul Jules (1807-1891) - French statesman, moderate republican, President of the Republic (1879-87): 107, 110, 113 Grillenberger, Karl (1848-1897) -German Social Democrat, worker, later journalist, publisher of several Social Democratic newspapers; deputy to the German Reichstag from 1881; belonged to the right wing of the Social Democratic Party of Germany: 461 Gronlund, Laurence (1846-1899) -Danish-born American socialist, journalist; member of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Labor Party of North America from 1887: 152, 465 Grün, Karl Theodor Ferdinand (pen-name Ernst von der Heide) (1817-1887) - German journalist, 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s, democrat during the 1848-49 Revolution; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (left wing); emigrant in Brussels (1850-61); professor in Frankfurt am Main (1862-65) and Vienna (from 1870): 234, 235 Grunzig, Julius (b. 1855) - German Social Democrat, banished from Berlin during the operation of the Anti-Socialist Law; emigrated to the USA in the 1880s; contributed to the New Yorker Volkszeitung: 90 Guebhard - French physician, owner of

Le Cri du Peuple, Caroline Rémy Séverine's husband: 13 Guesde, Jules (real name Mathieu Jules Basile) (1845-1922) - prominent figure in the French and international working-class and socialist movement; initially republican, sided with the anarchists in the first half of the 1870s; founder (1877) and editor of L'Egalité; a founder of the French Workers' Party (1880); leader of the revolutionary wing in the French socialist movement for a number of years: 13, 75, 93, 243, 263, 273, 313, 330, 377, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385, 388, 397, 403, 411-2, 419, 431, 432, 481, 490, 496 Guillaume-Schack, Gertrud (née Countess Schack) (1845-1905) -German socialist, prominent figure in the women's working-class movement in Germany: 58, 70-2, 73, 76, 77, 78, 83, 84, 120, 156, 409, 461 Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874) - French historian and statesman, Orleanist; Foreign Minister (1840-48), in 1847 also Prime Minister: 110, 386

Gumpert, Eduard (d. 1893) - German physician resident in Manchester, friend of Marx and Engels: 128, 409

Hales, John (b. 1839) - British trade unionist, weaver; member of the General Council of the First International (1866-72) and its Secretary (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); headed the reformist wing of the British Federal Council in 1872; expelled from the International in May 1873: 252 Hardie, James Keir (1856-1915) -prominent figure in the English working-class movement; miner, later journalist; founder and leader of the Scottish Labour Party (from 1888): 318 Harkness, Margaret Elise (pseudonym John Law) - British author, socialist, member of the Social Democratic Federation, contributed to the Justice, wrote stories about workers' life: 166-8, 344, 345,409 Harney, George Julian (1817-1897) -prominent figure in the English working-class movement, a Chartist leader (left wing); editor of several Chartist papers; lived in the USA from 1863 to 1888 (with intervals); members of the First International; was on friendly terms with Marx and Engels: 208-9, 379,431 Harney, Mary: 208, 265, 271 Hartmann, Lev Nikolayevich (1850-1913) - Russian revolutionary, Narodnik (Populist), took part in acts of terrorism with the Narodnaya Volya organisation against Alexander II in 1879, after which emigrated to France, later to England and to the USA in 1881: 355, 361, 378 Hasenclever, Wilhelm (1837-1889) -German Social Democrat, journalist, Lassallean; President of the General Association of German Workers (1871-75); one of the two chairmen of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (1875-76); together with Wilhelm Liebknecht edited Vorwärts (1876-78); deputy to the North German and the German Reichstag (1869-71, 1874-78 and 1879-88): 154 Haupt, Christian - foundryman;

German police agent in Geneva from 1880, exposed in 1887: 130 Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804-1864) -American author: 184 Hebert, Jacques René (1757-1794) -prominent figure in the French Revolution, leader of the Left-wing Jacobins: 414 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831) - German philosopher: 117-8, 130,239,410 Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856) - German revolutionary poet: 117-8, 130,239, 410 Hefner, Adolf(1846-1923) - German Social Democrat, an editor of Der Volksstaat, delegate to the Hague Congress of the First International (1872); member of the Social Democratic Workers' Party, later emigrated to the USA: 418 Herkner, Heinrich (1863-1932) -German economist: 118 Hess, Moses (1812-1875) - German radical writer, 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s, member of the Communist League; after its split joined the Willich-Schapper group; member of the General Association of German workers; member of the First International, delegate to its Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses: 234, 235, 398 Hildebrand, Max - schoolteacher in Berlin, adherent of Max Stirner, collected biographical material about the latter: 393-5 Hoch, Gustav (1862-1942) - German

Social Democrat, writer and journalist: 250 Hovelacque, Alexandre Abel (1843-1896) - French linguist, anthropologist and politician, socialist radical, Chairman of the Paris City Council (1889-94), member of the Chamber of Deputies: 261 Howell, George (1833-1910) - British mason, a reformist leader of the British trade unions; former Chartist; member of the General Council of the First International (October 1864 to 1869); Secretary of the Parliamentary Committee of the British Trades Union Congress, Liberal MP (1885-95): 65, 81, 158 Hunter, William Alexander (1844-1898) - British politician, lawyer, MP (1885-96), liberal, editor of the Weekly Dispatch: 161 Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895) -English natural scientist, associate of Charles Darwin: 458 Hyndman, Henry Mayers (pseudonym John Broadhouse) (1842-1921) -British socialist; founder (1881) and leader of the Democratic Federation, transformed into the Social Democratic Federation in 1884, later a leader of the British Socialist Party: 11, 14, 40, 51, 59, 65, 66, 83, 108, 159, 177, 252, 264, 269, 273, 275, 281, 291, 292, 293, 295, 296, 306, 308, 310, 311, 316, 323, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333, 335, 336, 338, 341, 359, 365, 369, 376, 380, 387, 407, 417, 449, 489, 490, 496

Ibsen, Henrik (1828-1906) - Norwegian playwright: 321, 503, 505 Iglesias, Posse Pablo (1850-1925) -prominent figure in the Spanish working-class movement; printer, journalist; member of the Spanish Federal Council of the First International (1871-72), fought against anarchists; a founder of the Socialist Workers' Party of Spain (1879), later a leader of its reformist wing; delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress of 1889: 458 Ihring, Ferdinand - employee of the German political police; as an agent provocateur in one of the Berlin workers' societies, assumed the name of Malov in 1885; was exposed in February 1886: 175 Isaacs, Henry Aaron - Lord Mayor of London (1889-90): 418

Jaclard, Charles Victor (1843-1903)-French socialist, Blanquist, journalist, member of the First International, a Communard; after the suppression of the Commune, emigrated; returned to France after the 1880 amnesty, continued to take part in the socialist movement: 349, 381 Jacques, Edouard Louis Auguste (b.

1828) - French politician, businessman, moderate republican; member of the Paris City Council from 1871; Chairman of the General Council of the Seine Department from 1887; candidate of the united republicans at the elections to the Chamber of Deputies in January 1889: 252, 273 Jevons, William Louis Alexandre (1846-1890) - French socialist, mechanic, a Communard; after suppression of the Commune emigrated to England (1871-81); member of the French Workers' Party, a leader of its Possibilist wing; member of the Paris City Council from 1882, member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1889: 136,229 Joffrin, Jules Louis Alexandre - 381, 383 Johnson, James - representative of an American industrial firm in London: 405, 449 Johnson, John Henry - representative of the American industrial firm J.H. Johnson & Son & Ellis in London: 405

Jollymeier - see Schorlemmer, Carl Jonas, Alexander (d. 1912) - German-born American socialist, journalist, editor-in-chief of the New Yorker Volkszeitung from 1878: 37, 39, 45, 50, 62, 67, 209, 223, 500, 501, 502, 512 Jones, Atherley - Ernest Charles Jones' son: 265, 271-2 Joos, Joseph - German Social Democrat, emigrant in Zurich and later in London, contributed to Der Sozialdemokrat: 262 Joule, James Prescott (1818-1889) -English physicist, studied electro-magnetism and heat, established mechanical equivalent of heat: 230 Jourdan, Jean Baptiste (1762-1833) -French general, Marshal of France from 1804; fought in the war of the French Republic against the first European coalition: 268 Jourde, Antoine (1848-1923) - French tradesman, close to socialists, later joined the Boulangist movement; delegate to several congresses of the French Workers' Party; member of the Chamber of Deputies (1889-1910): 397, 399 Jung, Hermann (1830-1901) - prominent figure in the international and Swiss working-class movement; watchmaker; took part in the 1848-49 Revolution in Germany, refugee in London; member of the General Council of the First International; sided with the reformist wing of the British Federal Council in 1872; withdrew from the working-class movement after 1877: 252, 335, 349, 449 Jungnitz, Ernst (d. 1848) - German journalist, Left Hegelian, contributed to the Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung: 393

Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) - German philosopher: 340 Kareyev, Nikolai Ivanovich (1850-1931) - Russian historian and journalist, liberal, professor at Warsaw and St Petersburg universities (1879-84): 266, 267-8, 269-71 Katkov, Mikhail Nikiforovich (1818-1887) - Russian journalist, editor of Moskovskiye Vedomosti (1850-55, 1863-87), noted as a leader of the Pan-Slavists: 92, 93 Kauf(f)mann, R. - German soldier: 107 Kautsky, Johann (Hans) (b. 1864) -scene painter, Karl Kautsky's brother: 225, 226,235 Kautsky, Karl (1854-1930) - German Social Democrat, journalist, economist and historian, editor of Die Neue Zeit 1883-1917), author of several theoretical works on Marxism, a leader of the German Social Democrats and the Second International: 19, 22, 24, 38, 43, 57, 67, 68, 76, 77, 86-7, 88-9, 90, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 104, 122, 127, 129, 132, 133, 137, 157, 166, 188, 193, 202-3, 226-7, 230, 231-3, 235, 257-9, 263, 266-271, 273, 277, 299-300, 323-6, 346, 374-8, 383, 391, 392, 398, 409, 418, 419, 444, 450-3, 458, 466, 471-2, 476520-1

Kautsky, Louise (née Strasser) (1860-1950) - Austrian socialist, Karl Kautsky's first wife, Frederick Engels' secretary from 1890: 59, 76, 78, 119, 166, 188, 193, 223-5, 226-7, 231-2, 235, 258, 259, 301, 326, 375, 460 Kautsky, Minna (néejaich) (1837-1912) - German author, Karl Kautsky's mother: 226, 227 Kautsky, Minna (b. 1856) - Karl Kautsky's sister: 226 Kelley-Wischnewetzky, Florence (1859-1932) - American socialist, translated into English Engels' The Condition of the Working Class in England; married to socialist Lazar Wischnewetzky, emigrant from

Russia: 8-9, 15-20, 23, 32, 39, 46, 55, 56, 60-1, 62, 68, 69, 71, 72, 82, 83, 86, 90, 100-2, 121-3, 150, 151-4, 172-3, 182-3, 195, 215-6, 223, 253, 254, 272, 332, 355 Kennan, George (1845-1924) -

American journalist, explorer and lecturer: 468 Keussler, Ivan Avgustovich (1843-1896) - Russian economist: 135, 132 Kiselev, Pavel Dmitriyevich (1788-1872) - Russian statesman and diplomat, general, chief of the Russian administration in Moldavia and Wallachia (1829-34), permanent member of all secret committees on peasant problems (from 1835), Minister of the Imperial Domains (from 1837); supported moderate reforms: 134 Klein, Julius Leopold (1804-1876) -German playwright and theatre critic, Young Hegelian: 393 Knapp, George Friedrich (1842-1926) -German economist and statistician: 132 Knowles, James Thomas (1831-1908) -British man of letters, publisher and architect, founder and editor (1877-1908) of the magazine Nineteenth Century: 461 Koch, Hugo - German Social Democrat, refugee in London, secretary to the editorial board of the Londoner Arbeiter-Zeitung: 105 Koppen, Karl Friedrich (1808-1863) -German radical journalist and historian, Young Hegelian; later specialised in the history of Buddhism; Marx's friend: 393, 415 Kossuth, Lajos (Louis) (1802-1894) -Hungarian politician, leader of the Hungarian national liberation movement; headed the bourgeois-democratic elements in the 1848-49 Revolution and later the Hungarian revolutionary government; after the defeat of the revolution, left Hungary; sought support among the Bonapartists in the 1850s; opposed formation of the dual monarchy in 1867: 142, 430 Kravchinsky, Sergei Mikhailovich (pseudonym Stepniak) (1851-1895) -Russian writer and journalist, revolutionary Narodnik in the 1870s, emigrated after committing a terror-ist act against the chief of gendarmes in St Petersburg in 1878; lived in England from 1884: 341, 467, 468, 493 Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich, Prince (1842-1921) - Russian revolutionary, an ideologist of anarchism, sociologist, geographer and geologist; lived in emigration in 1876-1917: 49, 93 Krüger, Adolf Hermann (born c. 1836)

- German police official (1866-90); a chief of the German political police in the 1880s: 130 Kugelmann, Ludwig (1828-1902) -German physician, took part in the 1848-49 Revolution in Germany, member of the First International, delegate to the Lausanne (1867) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the International; regular correspondent of Marx and Engels (1862-74): 247-8, 428,512 Kuhlmann, Georg (b. 1812) - agent provocateur of the Austrian government; preached 'true socialism' among the German Weitlingian artisans in Switzerland in the 1840s, using religious terminology: 234 Kunert, Fritz (1850-1932) - German Social Democrat, journalist; edited several Social Democratic newspapers in the 1880s-90s; repeatedly elected deputy to the Reichstag (from 1890): 461

Lahouchère, Henry du Pré (1831-1912)

- French-born British politician, diplomat and journalist, Liberal; MP (from 1865); one of the owners of The Daily News: 113

Labriola, Antonio (1843-1904) - Italian philosopher and journalist, one of the first exponents of Marxism in Italy: 413, 463, 464, 499 Lahruyére, Georges de - French journalist, contributor to Le Cri du Peuple; Boulangist in the late 1880s: 13,41 Lahusquière, John Delille (1852-1939) -French journalist, member of the First International, took part in the socialist movement in the 1880s-90s: 13,314 Lachize, Jean Benoît (Félix) (b. 1859) -French socialist, member of the French Workers' Party, Blanquist; weaver; member of the Chamber of Deputies (from 1889): 384 Lafargue, Laura (née Marx) (1845-1911) - prominent figure in the French working-class movement, Karl Marx's second daughter, married Paul Lafargue in 1868: 4, 11, 23, 25, 27-9, 34-5, 40-2, 52-4, 65-6, 73-4, 76-7, 84, 85, 92-4, 106-8, 110-2, 116, 127-8, 130, 145, 147, 150,159-60, 161, 169-71, 184-6, 189-91, 192, 194-5, 196-7, 198-9, 200-1, 202-4, 210-2. 226-7, 236-7, 243-5, 260-3, 264-5, 281, 302, 307-10, 314, 315-7, 329, 336-9, 343-6, 367-70, 370-4, 374, 384-7, 389-90, 396-8, 408-9, 410, 430-33, 454-5, 458, 460, 461-2, 479-81, 495-7, 498, 506, 509, 513-4, 519-20

Lafargue, Paul (1842-1911) - prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement; journalist, author of several works on the theory of Marxism; member of the General Council of the First International (from 1866), delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); a founder of the French Workers' Party (1880): 4, 7, 10-12,13, 21, 23-5, 29, 40, 47-9, 52, 65, 74, 79, 85, 93, 104, 107, 109-10, 115-7, 124-5, 128, 129-131, 145-7, 150, 160, 164-6, 169-

70, 184, 185, 210-2, 226-7, 236-7, 243-5, 260-3, 264-5, 281, 302, 307, 308, 309, 312-4, 317-323, 327-332, 337, 338, 341-3, 344, 345, 346, 348-50, 351-2, 368, 371, 375, 377, 379-82, 384, 385, 387, 397, 399, 403, 404, 406-7, 408, 409, 410, 411, 413, 415, 431, 432, 456-7, 460, 462, 479, 493, 495, 496, 506, 509, 513-4, 519-20 Lahr, Johanna - German-born British socialist, member of the Socialist League: 327 Lamansky, Vladimir Ivanovich (1833-1914) - Russian Slavonic scholar, professor at St Petersburg University: 114 Lange, Friedrich Albert (1828-1875) -German sociologist, philosopher, democrat; member of the Standing Committee of the Union of German Workers' Associations (1864-66); member of the First International; professor at Marburg University from 1872:395 Lankester, Sir Edwin Ray (1847-1929) -English biologist, professor of zoology and comparative anatomy 1874): 189 Lasalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864) - German journalist, lawyer; participated in the democratic movement in the Rhine Province (1848-49); founder and first President of the General Association of German workers (1863-64); initia-tor of the Lassallean trend within the German working-class movement: 88, 117-8,339,511 Lavigne, Paul - French socialist: 24 Lavrov, Pyotr Lavrovich (1823-1900) -Russian sociologist, philosopher, revolutionary journalist, an ideologist of Narodism; lived in emigration from 1870; member of the First International, a Communard; editor of the journal Vperyod! (1873-76) and the newspaper Vperyod (1875-76); friend of Marx and Engels: 23, 100, 331

Lavy, Jean Baptiste Aimé (1850-1921) -French socialist, journalist, member of the Paris City Council (from 1887) and of the Chamber of Deputies (1890-98): 345 Lee - American publisher of Marx's 'Speech on the Question of Free Trade': 254 Leitner - member of the Young

Hegelian circle 'The Free' in Berlin in the 1840s: 393 Leo, Heinrich (1799-1878) - German historian and journalist, champion of conservative political and religious views: 415 Leroux, Pierre (1797-1871) - French writer, Utopian socialist, representative of Christian socialism: 9 Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910) -prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; tailor; member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; refugee in London from 1856, member of the Educational Society of the German Workers in London, of the General Council of the First International (1864-72) and of the British Federal Council; delegate to all the International's congresses; took part in the socialist movement in England in the 1880s-90s; friend and associate of Marx and Engels: 58, 76, 156, 240, 241, 384, 489 Lexis, Wilhelm (1837-1914) - German economist and statistician, professor at Göttingen University (from 1887): 220 Liehknecht, Gertrud (b. 1864) — Wilhelm Liebknecht's daughter: 38, 373, 375 Liehknecht, Natalie (née Reh) (1835-1909) - Wilhelm Liebknecht's second wife (from 1868): 119-20, 426-7,510-11 Liehknecht, Theodor Karl (1870-1948) -Wilhelm Liebknecht's son; lawyer;

member of the German Social Democratic Party: 373, 375 Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900) -prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; took part in the 1848-49 Revolution; member of the Communist League and of the First International; deputy to the North German (1867-70) and to the German Reichstag (from 1874); a founder and leader of the German Social Democratic Party; editor of Der Volksstaat (1869-76) and Vorwärts (176-78 and 1890-1900); delegate to the international socialist workers' congresses of 1889, 1891 and 1893; friend and associate of Marx and Engels: 16-17, 28, 31, 37-8, 43-4, 56, 62, 65, 76, 77, 78, 83, 95, 119, 120, 140-1, 154-6, 161-2, 176-8, 181-2, 209, 239, 244, 245, 255, 256, 265, 273, 275, 276, 277, 288, 289-92, 294, 296, 297-8, 299, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308, 311, 313, 314, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325-6, 329, 333, 334, 341, 345, 349, 350, 353, 356, 362-3, 373, 374, 375, 376, 383-4, 397, 398-400, 407, 427, 445, 459-61, 473, 487, 490, 511, 512-3, 515-7

Limouzin, Adelaide Elise (née Scharnet)

(b. 1846) - French adventurer; was imprisoned for speculation with orders (1888): 111 Lingenau, Johann Karl Ferdinand (c. 1814-1877) - German-bom American socialist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to the USA, bequeathed his money to the German Social Democratic Party: 356 Lissagaray, Hippolyte Prosper Olivier (1838-1901) - French journalist and historian; left republican; took part in the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to Belgium and later to England; author of the

Histoire de la Commune de 1871 (1876): 12 Lockroy, Edouard Etienne Antoine Simon (1838-1913) - French statesman and journalist, radical; held several ministerial posts in the 1880s-90s: 28 Lollini, Vittorio - Italian socialist; lawyer: 463, 499 Longuet, Charles Félix César (1839-1903) - journalist, socialist; member of the General Council of the First International (1866-67 and 1871-72); member of the Paris Commune; later emigrated to England; joined the Possibilists in the 1880s; member of the Paris City Council in the 1880s-90s; husband of Marx's daughter Jenny: 11, 12, 40, 160, 164, 196,198, 227, 264, 281, 313, 328, 349, 387, 388, 390, 396, 404, 479 Longuet, Edgar (1879-1950) - prominent figure in the French working-class movement; physician; member of the Socialist Party; son of Jenny and Charles Longuet, Marx's grandson: 196, 370, 375, 388 Longuet, Jean Laurent Frédéric

(Johnny) (1876-1938) - prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement; lawyer; later a leader of the French Socialist Party; son of Jenny and Charles Longuet, Marx's grandson: 196, 370, 375, 388 Longuet, Marcel (1881-1949) - son of Jenny and Charles Longuet, Marx's grandson: 374, 396 Lopatin, Hermann Alexandrovich (1845-1918) - Russian revolutionary, Narodnik, member of the General Council of the First International (1870); one of the translators into Russian of the first volume of Marx's Capital; friend of Marx and Engels: 100, 137, 229, 346 Loria, Achille, 477 Louis Philippe (1773-1850) - Duke of Orleans, King of the French (1830-48): 110,386 Lovell, John W. - American publisher, printed Engels' The Condition of the Working Class in England (1887): 68, 101, 122, 152 Lowrey - partner in William Swan

Sonnenschein & Co: 49 Lüning, Otto (1818-1868) - German physician and journalist; 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s; editor of the Neue Deutsche Zeitung; later National Liberal: 234

Macdonald, Alexander (1821-1881) - an English trade union leader, President of the National Miners' Union (from 1863), MP (from 1874), supporter of a Liberal policy: 81, 192 MacMahon, Marie Edme Patrice

Maurice, comte de, duc de Magenta (1808-1893) - French marshal, senator, Bonapartist; fought in the wars of the Second Empire; a butcher of the Paris Commune; President of the third Republic (1873-79): 314, 480 McGlynn, Edward (1837-1900) -

American Catholic priest, supporter of Henry George in 1886-87 and a leader of the United Labor Party, excommunicated for this; later broke off with Henry George and was the only leader of that party in 1888-89: 84,91 Mahonjohn Lincoln (1865-1933) -active member of the English working-class movement; mechanic; member of the Executive Committee of the Social Democratic Federation (1884), member of the Socialist League from December 1884 and its secretary in 1885, an organiser of the North of England Socialist Federation (1887): 70, 80-1, 82-3, 87-8, 186,265,271-2 Malon, Benoît (1841-1893) - French socialist, member of the First

International, delegate to the Geneva Congress (1866); member of the Central Commitee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to Italy and then to Switzerland, sided with the Bakunists; returned to France after the amnesty of 1880; a leader of the reformist trend in the French Workers' Party and of the Possibilists' Party (from 1882): 263, 307 Mandl, Heinrich - Austrian merchant, Social Democrat in the 1880s, contributed to Die Neue Zeit: 88 Mann, Tom (1856-1941) -prominent

figure in the English working-class movement; mechanical engineer; belonged to the left wing of the Social Democratic Federation (from 1885) and to the Independent Labour Party (from 1893); took an active part in the organisation of a mass movement of unskilled workers and in the formation of their trade unions in the late 1880s; leader of several strikes: 328, 330, 331, 359, 370, 377, 418, 437, 485 Manning, Henry Edward (1808-1892) -British clergyman, archbishop of Westminster from 1868, cardinal from 1875: 418 Marouck, Victor - French journalist, socialist, contributed to L'Egalité; joined the Possibilists in the early 1880s: 13 Martignetti, Pasquale (1844-1920) -Italian socialist, translator of Marx's and Engels' works into Italian: 5-7, 11, 63-4, 65, 80, 126, 133, 142, 143-4, 178-0, 400-1, 413, 439-41, 463, 464, 498, 499 Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881) - Karl Marx's wife: 462 Marx, Karl (1818-1883): 7, 32, 79, 97, 103,104,108,118,137,159,180, 184, 220, 228-9, 237, 254, 258, 259, 283, 298, 335, 339, 347, 350-1, 357, 363, 393, 394, 414, 419, 423, 436, 449, 462, 463, 476, 477-8, 484, 494, 506,508,511,520-1 Marx-Aveling, Eleanor (Tussy) (1855-1898) - prominent figure in the English and international working-class movement, journalist, Karl Marx's youngest daughter, married Edward Aveling in 1884: 3, 4, 8, 11, 13, 15-20, 21-2, 23, 24, 28, 30, 37-9, 41-2, 43-4, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59, 66, 73, 74, 76, 78, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 96, 112-3, 116, 118, 119, 120, 157, 158, 170, 173, 182, 185, 186, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, 202, 203, 205, 208, 212, 213, 220, 223, 224, 227, 231, 243, 250, 253, 257, 259, 264, 272, 291, 295, 300, 310, 312, 313, 315, 318, 322, 326, 328, 341, 345, 346, 354, 370, 371, 373, 379, 387, 388, 389, 390,392, 402, 409, 411, 412, 417, 419, 420, 422, 426, 427, 431, 436, 441, 448, 457, 460, 462, 486, 488-9, 491, 493, 494, 495, 496, 501, 502, 506,

Massingham, Henry William (1860-1924) - English journalist, editor of The Star (1890): 310, 313, 316, 318, 321 Matthews, Henry, 1st Viscount Llandaff (1826-1913) - British lawyer and politician, Conservative, MP; Home Secretary (1886-92): 112, 113 Maupassant, Henri René Albert Guy de

(1850-1893) - French writer: 12 Mayer, Julius Robert (1814-1878) -German naturalist, one of the first discoverers of the law of conserva-tion and transformation of energy: 230 Meissner, Otto Karl (1819-1902) -publisher in Hamburg, printed Capital and other works by Marx and Engels: 126, 228, 276, 373 Menger, Anton (1841-1906) - Austrian politician, lawyer, professor at Vienna University: 25 Mesa y Leompart, José (1840-1904) -

prominent figure in the Spanish working-class and socialist movement; printer; an organiser of the First International's sections in Spain; active opponent of anarchists; one of the first exponents of Marxism in Spain and a founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (1879); translator into Spanish of several works by Marx and Engels: 53 Meyen, Eduard (1812-1870) - German journalist, democrat, Young Hegelian, emigrant in London, later National Liberal 393 Meyendorf Baroness von - involved in the Hatzfeldts' divorce case in the 1840s, friend of Count Edmund von Hatzfeldt: 118 Millerand, Etienne Alexandre (1859-1943) - French politician and statesman, lawyer and journalist, petty-bourgeois radical in the 1880s, member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1885; headed opportunist trend in the French socialist movement in the 1890s: 368, 372 Mills, Roger Quarks (1832-1911) -American statesman, lawyer, Democrat; member of the House of Representatives (1873-92), Senator (1892-99) from Texas: 172 Miquel, Johannes von (1828-1901) -German lawyer, politician and banker; member of the Communist League up to 1852, chief burgomas-ter of Osnabrück (1865-70, 1876-80); a leader of the right-wing National Liberals from 1867; deputy to the North German and the German Reichstag: 473 Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Count von (1800-1891) - Prussian military leader and writer; general, field marshal (from 1871); Chief of the Prussian (1857-71) and the Imperial (1871-88) General Staff: 454 Moore, Samuel (c. 1838-1911) - English lawyer, member of the First International; translated into English the first volume of Marx's Capital (in collaboration with Edward Aveling) and the Manifesto of the Communist Party, friend of Marx and Engels: 32, 74, 96, 144, 150, 153, 227, 243, 250, 315, 336, 337, 343, 345, 348, 387, 388, 390, 419, 422, 475, 479 Moreau de Jounès, Alexandre (1778-1870) - French economist and statistician; author of several works of statistical research: 266 Morgan, Lewis Henry (1818-1881) -American ethnographer, archaeolo-gist and historian of primitive society: 254, 501, 517 Morier, Robert Burnett David (1826-1893)-English diplomat; ambassador to St Petersburg (1884-93): 253 Morris, William (1834-1896 - English poet, writer and artist; participant in the working-class and socialist movement in the 1880s, a leader of the Socialist League (1884-89): 51, 53, 66, 70, 73, 123, 153, 156, 159, 308, 321, 328, 360, 424, 485, 518 Most, Johann Joseph (1846-1906) -participant in the German working-class movement, anarchist; bookbinder; deputy to the German Reichstag (1874-78); emigrated to London (1878) where he published Die Freiheit; expelled from the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany as anarchist (1880); emigrated to the USA in 1882:241 Motteler, Emilie: 193, 198, 200, 426 Mottelerjulius (1838-1907) - German Social Democrat; member of the Reichstag (1874-78); émigré in Zurich and then in London during the operation of the Anti-Socialist Law; supervised the delivery of Der Sozialdemokrat and illegal Social Democratic literature to Germany:

179, 185, 187, 190, 194, 198, 200, 221, 272, 365, 419, 426, 450, 500-1 Mügge, Theodor (1806-1861) - German writer and journalist, Young Hegelian: 393 Müller, K.H. - German Social

Democrat, emigrant in the USA, contributed to the Chicago Arbeiter-Zeitung: 38 Murray, Alma - English actress: 196 Mussak - teacher in Berlin in the 1840s, Young Hegelian: 393

Nadejde, loan (1854-1928) - Romanian journalist, Social Democrat, translator of Engels' works into Romanian later National Liberal: 132-5, 185 Napoleon III {Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873) - Napoleon I's nephew, President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70): 283, 396, 479 Naporra, Rudolph - employee of the German political police, agent provocateur among the Polish

émigrés in Berlin; exposed in 1888: 175 Nasr-ed-Din (1831-1896) - Shah of Persia (1848-96): 340 Nieuwenhuis, Ferdinand Domela (1846-1919) - prominent figure in the Dutch working-class movement; a founder of the Dutch Social Democratic Party (1881): 157-8, 301, 306, 345, 349, 370, 373, 460, 470-1, Nonne, Heinrich - German agent provocateur, personally acquainted with Engels, member of the Educational Society of German Workers in London, lived in Paris from the spring of 1883, exposed in 1884: 130

Oberwinder, Heinrich (1846-1914) -participant in the Austrian working-class movement, journalist, Lassallean in the early 1860s, then sided with the Eisenachers, delegate to the Basle Congress of the First International (1869); editor of the Volksstimme and Volkswille; left working-class movement in the late 1870s; exposed as a German police spy in the late 1880s: 129-30 O'Brien, William (1852-1928) - Irish politician and journalist, nationalist; publisher of the United Ireland from 1881; MP from 1883: 155, 159 O'Connor, Feargus Edward (1794-1855) - Irish politician and lawyer, a leader of the left-wing Chartists, MP (1832), founder and editor of The Northern Star: 425 Okecki, Alexandre - French politician, close to socialists, editor and publisher of the socialist weekly L'Autonomie: 328, 481 Osteroth, Friedrich (d. 1889) -

Frederick Engels' distant relative: 435 Owen, Robert (1771-1858) - British Utopian socialist: 167

Parke, Ernst (b. 1860) - British journalist, editor-in-chief of The Star (from 1888): 448 Parnell, William - British trade union figure, joiner, leader of the Cabinet-makers' Union; delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress of 1891: 328, 330, 331, 334, 341-2, 346, 444 Paul, Johannes - German cotton merchant in Hamburg, representative of the Paul und Steinberg firm: 63, 64, 80 Pauli, Ida: 196 Pelletan, Charles Camille (1846-1915) -French politician, journalist, editor-in-chief of La Justice from 1880, sided with the left-wing Radicals; member of the Chamber of Deputies (1881-1912): 116 Petersen, Niels Lorenz (1814-1894) -prominent figure in the international working-class movement,

Weitlingean, then member of the Communist League, contributed to Das Volk from 1859; member of the German section of the First International in Paris; a leader of the left wing of the Social Democratic Party of Denmark; delegate to the International Socialist Workers Congress of 1889: 307, 342, 373, 377 Pfänder, Karl (c. 1819-1876) - prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; artist; refugee in London from 1845; member of the Communist League and of the General Council of the First International (1864-67 and 1870-72); friend and associate of Marx and Engels: 161 Pfänder, Mrs - 156, 161 Pinoff- Prussian public prosecutor at the Elberfeld trial of the German Social Democrats (1889): 443 Pitt, William (the Younger) (1759-1806) - British statesman, Tory; Prime Minister (1783-1801 and 1804-06): 414 Platter, Julius (1844-1923) - Swiss economist and journalist: 221 Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich (1856-1918) - prominent figure in the Russian and international working-class movement; philosopher and exponent of Marxism in Russia, founder of the first Russian Marxist organisation - the Emancipation of Labour group (1883); delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress of 1889 and to several other congresses of the Second International; fought against Narodism (Populism) in the 1880s-90s: 331, 467, 468, 483, 484 Popoff- Bulgarian army officer, garri-son commander in Sofia in 1887: 58 Portalis, Albert Edouard (1845-1918) -French journalist, owner of Le XIXe Siècle from 1886; supported Boulangists in 1886-88: 110 Potter, George (1832-1893) - British worker, carpenter; leader of the Amalgamated Union of Building Workers and of the trade union movement, member of the London Trades Council; founder, editor and publisher of The Bee-Hive Newspaper: 158, 418 Powderly, Terence Vincent (1849-1924) - American labour leader in the 1870s-80s; mechanic; leader of the Knights of Labor (1879-93); sided with the Republican Party in 1896: 57, 91, 102 Price - employee in the firm William Swan Sonnenschein & Co: 49 Protot, Louis Charles Eugène (1839-1921) - French lawyer, physician and journalist; Blanquist, a Communard; after the suppression of the Commune emigrated to Switzerland and then to England; returned to France after the amnesty of 1880; opposed the International and Marxists: 403 Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865) -French journalist, economist and sociologist, a founder of anarchism: 102, 394 Puttkamer, Robert Victor von (1828-1900) - Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (1881-88), was a prosecutor of Social Democrats during the operation of the Anti-Socialist Law: 118, 138, 155, 156, 159, 160, 170, 175, 451, 459, 462, 477 Pyat, Aimé Félix (1810-1889) - French journalist, playwright and politician, democrat, participant in the 1848 revolution, led a slander campaign against Marx and The First International for several years, deputy to the National Assembly (1871), a Communard; after the suppression of the Commune emigrated to England; returned to France after the amnesty of 1880; published the newspaper Commune

in September-November 1880: 13, 403

Ranke, Johannes (1836-1916) - German physiologist and anthropologist, professor at Munich University, Conservative from 1889: 268 Ranke, Leopold von (1795-1886) -German historian, professor at Berlin University, ideologist of Prussian Junkers: 229 Rappaport, Philipp - American socialist, contributed to Die Neue Zeit in the late 1880s and 1890s: 273, 418 Reeves, William Dobson (c. 1827-1907) - British publisher and bookseller: 121, 122, 123, 150, 152, 188, 216, 254 Reichet, Alexander (1853-1921) - Swiss Social Democrat, lawyer: 306 Reid, George W.: 436, 442 Rempel, Rudolf (\815-1868) - German businessman, 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s: 234 Reuss, Carl Theodor - German journalist, agent of the German political police in London in the 1880s, exposed in December 1887: 156, 159-60, 355 Reuter, Heinrich Ludwig Christian Fritz (1810-1874) - German humourist writer and novelist, made Plattdeutsch (Low German) a literary language; for taking part in the students' movement was sentenced to capital punishment in 1833 which was commuted to a thirty years' imprisonment, amnestied in 1840: 393 Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de (1758-1794) - prominent figure in the French Revolution, leader of the Jacobins, head of the revolutionary government (1793-94): 268, 414 Robinson, A.F. - British socialist,

member of the Socialist League: 327 Rochefort, Victor Henri, marquis de

Rochefort-Luçay (1830-1913) -

French journalist, writer and politician; left-wing Republican; member of the Government of National Defence; after the suppression of the Paris Commune was exiled to New Caledonia, fled to England; returned to France after the amnesty of 1880, published L'Intransigeant; monarchist from the late 1880s: 93, 165, 171, 238, 282, 322 Rôllinghoff, Ewald - one of the accused at the Elberfeld trial of the German Social Democrats (1889), was exposed as a police agent and sentenced to five months' imprisonment: 443 Roques, Jules - editor and publisher of

L'Égalité (1889-91): 275 Rose, Edward (Baby) (1849-1904) -English playwright: 321 Rosenberg, Wilhelm Ludwig (pseudonm von der Mark) (born c. 1860) -German-born American socialist, journalist; Secretary of the National Executive Commitee of the Socialist Labor Party of North America in the 1880s, leader of the Lassallean wing of the party; expelled from the party together with other Lassalleans in 1889: 15, 19, 22, 33, 208, 387, 417, 425, 437, 446 Rosher, Charles - Percy White Rosher's brother: 94, 409, 442 Rosher, Charles H. - Percy White Rosher's father: 200, 240 Rosher, Frank - Percy White Rosher's brother: 481, 498 Rosher, Mary Ellen Catherine (Pumps) (née Burns) (born c. 1860) - niece of Frederick Engels' wife: 11, 14, 23, 41, 54, 74, 76, 77, 92, 94, 112, 193, 194, 196, 198, 199, 202, 203, 237, 243, 250, 253, 389, 408, 409, 420, 426, 431, 438, Rosher, Percy White - English

merchant, married Mary Ellen Burns in 1881: 76, 92, 94, 112,119, 196, 200, 225, 243, 361, 398, 400, 409,

426, 431, 438, 449 Rouanet, Armand Gustave (1855-1927) - French socialist, Possibilist, journalist, editor and publisher of La Revue Socialiste (from 1885), member of the Paris City Council (1890-93) and of the Chamber of Deputies from 1893: 307 Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778) -French philosopher of the Enlightenment: 458 Rouvier, Pierre Maurice (1842-1911) -French statesman, moderate republican; repeatedly held posts of Minister and Premier; when his involvement in the Panama swindle was exposed in 1892, he had to retire and abandon political activity for a time: 107 Rudolf, Franz Karl Joseph (1858-1889) -Austro-Hungarian archduke and crown prince, committed suicide because of a love intrigue with Vetsera, a twenty-year Romanian baroness: 268-9 Rutenberg, Adofl (1808-1869) - German journalist, Young Hegelian; editor of the Rheinische Zeitung in 1842 and of the National-Zeitung in 1848; National Liberal after 1866: 393

Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825) - French Utopian socialist: 167 Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquis of (1830-1903) - British statesman, leader of the Conservatives (from 1881), Secretary of State for India (1866-67 and 1874-78), Foreign Secretary (1878-80), Prime Minister (1885-86, 1886-92 and 1895-1902): 108,155,253 Scherrer, Heinrich (1847-1919) - Swiss lawyer, Social Democrat: 306, 333 Scheu, Andreas (1844-1927) - a prominent figure in the Austrian and English socialist movement, editor oiDie Gleichheit (1870-74); member of the First International; emigrated to England in 1874; a founder of the Social Democratic Federation: 11, 76 Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von

(1759-1805) - German poet, drama-tist, historian and philosopher: 458 Schippel, Max (1859-1928) - German economist and journalist, initially supporter of Rodbertus, Social Democrat from 1886, was close to the Jungen opposition group, deputy to the German Reichstag (1890-1905): 301, 311, 334, 490, 493 Schlesinger, Maximilian (1855-1902) -German journalist, Social Democrat, Lassallean; contributed to a number of newspapers and journals: 298, 299, 325, 363, 383 Schlüter, Anna: 193, 198, 200, 243, 250, 260, 419, 427, 449 Schlüter, Friedrich Hermann (1851-1919) - German Social Democrat, manager of a Social Democratic publishing house in Zurich in the 1880s, a founder of the archives of German Social Democracy, emigrated to the USA in 1889, took part in the socialist movement there; author of several works on the history of English and American working-class movement: 39-49, 125-6, 142, 144-5, 147-9, 163, 179, 185, 187, 190, 191, 194, 198, 199, 200, 221, 233, 234, 243, 249-501, 250, 252, 260, 273, 354, 419, 427, 436-8, 442, 446, 449, 469, 473, 474, 487, 500-1, 508 Schmidt, Conrad (1863-1932) - German economist and philosopher, Social Democrat, was close to Marxism in the 1880s-90s, later became a Neo-Kantian: 85, 117-9, 220-1, 249-51, 276-7, 299-300, 339-41, 391-2, 402, 404,420-2, 476-8 Schnaehelé, Guillaume (1831-1900) -French police commissar, was arrested on the Franco-German

border by the German authorities on the charge of espionage (April 1887), soon released: 54, 58, 259 Schoenlank, Bruno (1859-1901) -

German Social Democrat, journalist; deputy to the German Reichstag (from 1893); contributed to the Vorwärts in the 1890s: 978 Schorlemmer, Carl (1834-1892) (Jollymeier) - German organic chemist, professor at Manchester; member of the First International and of the Social Democratic Party; friend of Marx and Engels: 48, 74, 85, 88, 128, 139, 160, 184, 194, 196, 198, 200, 201, 205, 206, 208, 212, 213, 220, 223, 224, 227, 243, 250, 298, 300, 345, 361, 371, 426, 460, 469, 472, 475, 488, 509, 515, 517

Schorlemmer, Ludwig - Carl

Schorlemmer's brother: 200, 202, 203 Schramm, Carl August (1830-1905) -German Social Democrat, economist; criticised Marxism; withdrew from the Party in the 1880s: 67, 76-7 Schweichel, Robert (pen-name Rosus) (1821-1907) - German writer, literary critic and journalist; participant in the 1848-49 revolution; took an active part in the working-class movement in the late 1860s; contributed to the socialist press, Die Neue Zeit in particular: 248 Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von (1833-1875) - German lawyer; a Lassallean leader; editor of Der Social demokrat (1864-67); President of the General Association of the German Workers (1867-71); supported Bismarck's policy of unifying Germany 'from above' under Prussia's supremacy; hindered German workers' affilia-tion to the First International; fought against the Social Democratic Workers' Party; expelled from the General Association for his contacts with the Prussian authorities (1872): 425 Senegas, Martial - French socialist; printer and lithographer, member of the Chamber of Deputies from the French Workers' Party (from 1889): 408 Séraphine - the Lafargues' servant: 368 Séverine, Caroline Rémy (by marriage Guebhard) (1855-1929) - French journalist; took part in the socialist movement in the 1880s; chief of Le Cri du Peuple in 1886-88; Boulangist in the late 1880s: 13, 14 Shakir-Pasha - Turkish statesman,

general, ambassador to Russia (1879-81), governor of Crete (1889): 360 Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792-1822) -English poet: 193 Shepard - American publisher of Marx's Speech on the Question of Free Trade: 254 Shevich, Sergei Yegorovich (1843-19110 - Russian-born American socialist; an editor of the New Yorker Volkszeitung in the 1870s-80s; editor of the newspaper Leader from 1886: 38,39,417 Shipton, George Ball (1839-1911) -trade union leader, founder and secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Housepainters and Decorators; editor of The Labour Standard (1881-85); Secretary of the London Trades Council (1872-96): 333, 360, 489, 490 Singer, Paul (1844-1911) - prominent figure in the German working-class movement, a leader of the German Social Democrats; member of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (from 1878); deputy to the German Reichstag (1884-1911); member (from 1887) and Chairman (from 1890) of the Executive Committee of the Social Democratic Party of Germany: 28, 32, 35, 67, 72, 76, 107, 150,159,277,290,373,511 Smirnov, Valerian Nikolayevich (pseudonym Doctor Noel) (1848-1900) -

Russian revolutionary, Narodnik (Populist); physician; in the early 1870s emigrated to Zurich and later to London, Paris and Bern; member of the First International; an editor of the newspaper and journal Vperyodh 358 Smith (Smith Headingley), Adolphe (Adolphus) (1846-1924) - British socialist, journalist; member of the Social Democratic Federation from the 1880s, close to the French Possibilists, opposed Marx and his associates: 239, 252, 264, 308, 310, 313,316,407 Soetbeer, George Ado//(1814-1892) -German economist and statistician: 247, 376 Sonnenschein, William Swan (1855-1931) - English publisher who printed the first English edition of Volume One of Marx's Capital (1887): 12, 48, 49, 83, 108, 115-6, 227, 272, 408 Sorge, Adolphe (1855-1907) - Friedrich Adolph Sorge's son; mechanical engineer: 449 Sorge, Friedrich Adolph (1828-1906) -

prominent figure in the international and American working-class and socialist movement; German teacher; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to the USA in 1852; founder of the American sections of the First International; Secretary of the Federal Council; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), General Secretary (1872-74) of the General Council in New York; a founder of the Socialist Labor Party of North American (1876); active exponent of Marxism; friend and associate of Marx and Engels: 3, 16, 21-3, 29-31, 37-9, 43-7, 50-1, 55-7, 60, 61-3, 69-72, 78-9, 81-4, 90-2, 103-4,109, 121, 138-40, 149-152, 152, 173, 183, 195, 201-2, 206, 207-8, 209, 210, 213, 214, 215, 222-3, 240, 251-3, 272-4, 310-2, 332-6, 352-4, 359-61, 378-9, 387-8, 417-20, 438, 446-50, 469, 473-5, 485-8, 499-502, 517-8 Sorge, Katharina: 216, 254 Speyer, Karl (b. 1845) - German joiner; secretary of the Educational Society of German workers in London in the 1860s, member of the General Council of the First International in London from 1870 and later in New York: 240 Stanton, Theodore (1851-1925)-American journalist, represented several American newspaper publishing houses in Europe in the early 1880s; published European Correspondent in Paris (1886-87): 53 Stead, William Thomas (1849-1912) -English journalist, Liberal; editor of The Pall Mall Gazette (1883-89): 128, 185 Stehely - owner of the confectionery in Berlin where members of The Free group used to meet in the 1840s: 393 Stein, Lorenz von (1815-1890) -

German economist and sociologist, lawyer, professor in Vienna (1855-85): 235 Stepniak - see Kravchinsky, Sergei Mikhailovich Stieher, Wilhelm (1818-1882) - Prussian police official; chief of the Prussian political police (1850-60); an organiser of and principal witness for the prosecution at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); during the Austro-Prussian (1866) and the Franco-Prussian (1870-71) war was chief of the military police and of the German intelligence and counter-intelligence in France: 142, 193 Stirner-Schmidt, Marie Wilhelmine (née Dahnhardt (1818-1902) - Max Stirner's wife (1843-47): 394 Stirner, Max (real name Schmidt,

Johann Caspar) (1806-1856) -

German philosopher, Young Hegelian, an ideologist of individu-alism and anarchism: 393-4 Sybel, Heinrich von (1817-1895) -German historian and politician; National Liberal (from 1867); member of the Erfurt Parliament (1850) and of the North German Reichstag (1867); representative of the 'Prussian school' of German historians; an ideologist of unifying Germany 'from above' under Prussia's supremacy; director of the Prussian state archives (1875-95): 268 Szeliga - see Zychlinsky, Frankz Zychlin von Szeps, Moriz (1834-1902) - Austrian journalist, Liberal, editor and publisher of the Neues Wiener Taghlatt from 1867: 129

Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe (1828-1893) -French historian, philosopher, art critic and literary specialist, representative of the 'cultural and historical school': 248, 266 Tauscher, Leonhard (1840-1914) -German Social Democrat, compositor; during the operation of the Anti-Socialist Law took part in bringing out Der Sozialdemokrat in Zurich and then in London; later an editor of Social Democratic periodicals in Stuttgart: 179, 185, 187, 190, 194, 198,200, 221, 243, 250 Teste, Jean Baptiste (1780-1852) -French lawyer and statesman, Orleanist, Minister of Trade, Justice and Public Works during the July monarchy; tried for bribery and malpractices: 110 Thibaudinjean (1822-1905) - French politician, general, War Minister in 1883; charged with speculation with orders (1887), and was forced to retire (1888): 111 Thiers, Adolph (1797-1877) - French historian and statesman: 386 Thivier, Christophe (1841-1895) -prominent figure in the English working-class movement, member of the Social Democratic Fedration; an organiser of the mass movement of the unskilled workers in the late 1880s and early 1890s; General Secretary of the National Union of Gas Workers and General Labourers of Great Britain and Ireland: 381, 384, 408 Thome, Weilliam James - 519 Tillet, Benjamin (Ben) (1860-1943) -British politician, socialist, an organiser and leader of the new trade unions, later one of the founders of the Labour Party; General Secretary of the Dock, Whaft, Riverside and General Labourers' Union of Great Britain and Ireland: 377, 486 Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Maurice Clérel de (1805-1859) -French liberal historian and statesman, legitimist and supporter of constitutional monarchy: 266 Tooke, Thomas (1774-1858) - English classical political economist: 347, 352, 416 Trier, Gerson Georg (1851-1918) -Danish Social Democrat, a leader of the left wing in the Social Democratic Party of Denmark; teacher; fought against the reformist policy of the Party's opportunist wing; translator of Engels' works into Danish: 42-3, 307, 342, 373, 377, 423-5 Trübner-booktrade agent: 68, 101 Tucker, Benjamin Ricketson (1854-1939) - American journalist, anarchist, founder and editor of a number of anarchist publications: 102

Vaillant, Marie Edouard (1840-1915) -French engineer, naturalist and physician; Blanquist; member of the Paris Commune, of the National

Guard's Central Commitee, of the General Council of the First International (1871-72) and of the Paris City Council (from 1884): 139-40, 150, 244, 246, 262, 264, 273, 281, 313, 315, 328, 350, 369, 397, 404, 411 Van Beveren, Edmond - Belgian socialist: 239, 253 Vartout - see Caraccioli, Louis Antoine Vico, Giamhattista (1668-1744) - Italian sociologist, philosopher, lawyer, professor of rhetoric at Naples University; court historiographer: 463 Victoria (full name Alexandrina Victoria) (1819-1901) - Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901): 175 Victoria Adelaide Marie Louise (1840-1901) - eldest daughter of Queen Victoria of Great Britain, wife (from 1858) of Frederick III, Prussian King and German Emperor; Empress (1888); after her husband's death (1888) bore the name Frederic: 165, 174, 175 Viereck, Louis (1851-1921) - German Social Democrat; publisher and journalist; a leader of the reformist wing in the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany in the latter half of the 1870s; member of the German Reichstag (1884-87); dismissed from all responsible Party posts by decision of the St Gallen Congress (1887); withdrew from the socialist movement after 1888; emigrated to America in 1890: 30, 93, 107, 162 Virchow, Rudolf '(1821-1902) - German naturalist, archaeologist and politician; founder of modern pathological anatomy and cellular pathology; a founder and leader of the Party of Progress (1861-84): 175 Vizetelly, Henry (1820-1894) - British writer, translator and book publisher: 166 Volders, Jean (1855-1896) - Belgian socialist, journalist, a founder of the Parti ouvrier Belge, delegate to the international socialist workers' congresses of 1889, 1891 and 1893: 293 Vollmar, Georg Heinrich von (1850-1922) - German Social Democrat, a leader of the reformist wing of the German Social Democrats; editor of Der Sozialdemokrat (1879-80); deputy to the German Reichstag (1881-87 and 1890-1918) and to the Bavarian Landtag: 461

Wachenhusen, Hans (1823-1898) -German journalist and writer: 393 Waldeck, Julius - German physician, belonged to 'The Free', a Young Hegelian circle in Berlin in the 1840s: 393 Waldeyer, Wilhelm (1836-1921) -German anatomist: 173 Walter, F. - German bookseller in London: 241-2 Walther, Hermann - German Social Democrat, emigrant in the USA from the early 1880s, member of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Labor Party of North America: Walther von der Vogelweide (c. 1170-c. 1230): 430, 432-3 Warren, Sir Charles (1840-1927) -British military engineer and colonial official, chief of the London police (1886-88), one of those who organised the massacre of the workers' demonstration in London on 13 November 1887: 141 Webb, Sidney James, 1st Baron Passfield (1859-1947) - British politician and public figure; lawyer, sociologist and economist; worked in various ministries concerned with economy and law (1878-91); a founder of the Fabian Society (1884); together with his wife Beatrice Webb wrote several works on the history and theory of the working-class movement in Britain: 298

Wedde, Friedrich Christoph Johannes (1843-1890) - German journalist and writer, democrat, editor of the Bürger-Zeitung (1881-87): 63, 80, 98-9, 143 Weerth, Georg (1822-1856) - German poet and journalist, member of the Communist League, an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49; friend of Marx and Engels: 436 Weill, Alexandre (Abraham) (1811-1899) - German writer and journalist, democrat; emigrated to Paris in the 1840s; contributed to German and French newspapers: 462 Weiss, Johannes - German medical

student, a friend of Conrad Schmidt, later emigrated to South America: 106-7, 118 Weitling, Wilhelm Christian (1808-1871) - German tailor, one of the first leaders of the working-class movement in Germany; theoretician of Utopian egalitarian communism; emigrated to the USA in 1849: 233, 234, 235 Werder, Karl Friedrich (1806-1893) -German philosopher, Hegelian, poet: 394 William I (1797-1888) - Prince of Prussia, King of Prussia (1861-88), Emperor of Germany (1871-88): 25, 41, 92, 104, 111, 138, 141, 146, 163, 164,171,174,175,273-4,454 William II (1859-1941) - Prince of Prussia, King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany (1888-1918): 138-9, 141, 146, 151, 165, 175, 181, 222, 253, 262, 273-4, 340, 360-1, 382, 419, 451, 452, 454, 456, 459, 469, 473-5, 479, 487, 508, 516, 518 Wilson, Daniel (1840-1919) - French politician, deputy to the National Assembly (from 1871), moderate republican; son-in-law of the President of the Republic Jules Grévy; involved in several financial swindles; was prosecuted on the charge of sale of orders (1887-88): 107,110,113, 160 Wischnewetzky - see Kelley-Wischnewetzky, Florence Wischnewetzky, Lazar - physician, Pole by birth, emigrated to the USA in 1886, member of the Socialist Labor Party of North America, husband of Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky: 8, 9, 39, 46, 82, 83, 90, 150, 195, 216, 254, 312, 332-3, 355 Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864) -German proletarian revolutionary, teacher; member of the Central Authority of the Communist League (from March 1848), an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly; emigrated to Switzerland, later to England; friend and associate of Marx and Engels: 392 Young, Edward - American statistician, chief of the Statistical Bureau in Washington, author of works on the condition of the working class: 229

Zabel, Friedrich (1802-1875) - German journalist, editor of the Berlin National-Zeitung (1848-75): 393 Zadek, Frederick Engels' acquaintance

in London: 492 Zadek, Mrs (born c. 1820): 429 Zetkin, Clara (née Eissner) (1857-1933) - prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (from 1881); contributed to Der Sozialdemokrat: 318 Zetkin, Ossip (1852-1889) - Russian revolutionary, banished from Russia for revolutionary activity in 1874; later prominent figure in the German and French working-class movement; journalist; Clara Zetkin's husband: 25 Zola, Emile (1840-1902) - French writer: 85, 168 Zychlinsky, Franz Zychlin von (1816-1900) - Prussian army officer, Young Hegelian, contributed to Bruno Bauer's periodicals under the name of Szeliga: 393 Zasulich, Vera Ivanovna (1849-1919) -participant in the Narodniks (from 1868) and later in the Social Democratic movement in Russia; a founder (1883) and active member of the Emancipation of Labour group: 331, 467-8, 482-5 Subject Index

Africa, 336,337-8, 348, 388, 390, 422 Afghanistan, 340 Alsace, 28, 133, 165, 170, 190-1, 457,

479, 510 Alliance of Socialist Democracy and the

International Working Men's Association by Marx and Engels, 331 American Federation of Labor, 344 Anarchism, anarchists, 9, 177, 325, 335,

338, 365, 424, 481 —in Austria, 419 —in England, 13-4, 51, 53, 56, 57, 59, 70, 72, 73, 74, 83, 360, 394 —in Germany, 241 —in Italy, 144 See also Bakunism, Bakuninists Argentine Republic, 6 Aristocracy, nobility in France, 168, 248,

266-7 Army, Austrian, 151, 382 Army, German, 124, 139, 151, 155, 160,

262, 274, 340, 382, 474 Army, French, 114, 124, 151, 155, 160,

236 Army, Italian, 151 Army, Russian, 46, 139, 151, 155, 160,

165, 340, 382, 457, 468 Australia, 377 Austria, 112-4, 133-4,452

—international relations, 10, 25, 36,

114, 134, 182,253,369 —working class and socialist movement, 129, 232, 317, 324, 325, 325, 344, 376, 419 Babouvism, Babouvists, 338 Bakunism, Bakuninists, 359

See also, Anarchism, anarchists Bakuninists at Work, The, by Engels,

125, 126 Belgium—international relations, 4, 309 —working class and socialist movement, 56-7, 255, 273, 275, 278, 279-81, 282, 284, 286, 292, 294, 295, 296, 301, 302-3, 304, 305, 308, 309, 310-11, 324, 325, 333, 373, 412, 460 See also Congresses—Workers Party of Belgium National Congress, Jolimont 1889 Blanquism, Blanquists, 53, 139-40, 238, 245, 246, 252, 255, 260, 261, 273, 309, 369, 381-2, 397, 404 Blood and Thunder Patriots, preface by

Engels, 126, 142 Bonapartism, 138, 169, 175, 190, 197, 236, 238, 259, 261, 282, 368, 381-2, 396, 406, 473-4, 480 See also France—Boulangism Bourgeoisie, 7, 130, 151, 473 Bourgeoisie in England, 396 Bourgeoisie in France, 21, 113, 124, 266-8, 385, 386, 396, 457 Bourgeoisie in Germany, 107, 137, 140, 165, 249, 444, 452, 457, 474-5, 477 Bourgeoisie in Russia, 86 Bulgaria, Bulgarian language, 25, 58, 111

Canada, 211, 212, 213 Capital by Karl Marx, Vol. One, 3, 5, 12, 21, 26, 27, 32-3, 34-5, 36, 40, 83, 90, 115-6, 136-7, 227-8, 250, 349, 375, 378, 388, 392, 402, 409, 411, 418, 464, 506, 507, 520, Capital by Karl Marx, Vol. Two, 180-1, 250, 299, 474 Capital by Karl Marx, Vol. Three, 126, 139, 150, 181, 220, 221, 228, 233, 235, 236, 237, 240, 248, 250, 257, 258, 263, 264, 290, 299, 314, 336, 337, 338, 347, 375, 378, 388, 391, 392, 395, 402, 464, 470-1, 476, 478 Capital by Karl Marx, Vol. Four, 258, 375 Chartism, Chartists, 33, 58, 61, 425 Communist League, 234, 473 Conservative Party, Conservative government (England) (Tories), 79, 108,112,118,141,153,340,359, 377, 448-9, 490, 494 Condition of Working Class in England by Engels (US edition), 15, 50, 55, 60, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 86, 101, 121-3, 150 Congresses, 9, 177,

—Congress of the Socialist Workers Party of Germany, St Gallen 1887, 323, 335 —Hague International Congress of Working Men, 1872, 335 —International Congress of Trade

Unions, London 1888, 177, 239, 246, 252, 255, 309, 328, 334 —International Socialist Conference, The Hague, February 1889 (and Hague resolutions), 265, 273, 278, 279-80, 281, 282, 285, 286, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 308, 311,324,333,349,356 —National Congress of French labour Unions (Bordeaux) 1888, 245, 246, 319 —National Congress of French

Workers' Party, Troy es, December 1888, 239, 244, 246, 252, 317-8, 319 —National Possibilists' Congress

1887, 246 —National Possibilists' Congress 1888, 252 —Possibilists' Paris Congress 1889, 245-6, 252, 255-6, 264, 273, 275, 278-9, 280, 284-6, 288-9, 291-3, 294, 295, 296, 300, 301-3, 304, 308, 309, 310-1, 315, 323, 324-5, 328, 330, 331, 334, 335, 338, 344, 345, 349-50, 353, 354, 355-6, 316, 403

—Socialists' Paris Congress 1889; 239, 244, 245-7, 252, 278-81, 282, 287-8, 288-9, 291-3, 294-5, 296, 300, 301-7, 307-9, 310-11, 313-4, 316-325, 326, 327-337, 338, 339, 341-3, 344-5, 348-51, 352-4, 355-6,358, 359, 362, 373, 375, 380-1, 383, 392, 403, 481, 502 —Workers Party of Belgium National Congress, Jolimont 1889, 294, 307, 325, 333, 334 Crete, 340-1, 468

'Democratic Pan-Slavism' by Engels, 126 Denmark—working class and socialist movement, 273, 275, 273, 275, 278, 279-81, 282, 284, 286, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 301, 302-3, 304, 305, 308, 309, 310-11, 324, 325, 333, 373, 412, 460

Eighteenth Brumaire, 14, 24, 40, 75 England (Great Britain), 421

—international relations, 10, 114, 253, 382, 445, 457, 468 —working class and socialist movement, 11, 13-4, 42, 51, 56, 59, 70, 73, 80-2, 93, 108, 141, 151, 152, 153, 157-8, 183, 252, 254, 275, 298, 307, 318, 333-4, 353, 354, 359-60, 369, 373, 385, 389, 403, 404, 417-8, 445, 448, 449, 470, 485-7, 488-91, 495-7, 502,518,519 —Dockworkers' strike, 364-5, 369, 377, 389, 412, 427, 490, 497 —East End movement, 11, 14, 41-2, 46-7, 51, 53, 56, 59, 61, 66, 87-8, 101, 157-8, 168, 364-5, 369, 377, 389, 412, 427, 490, 497 —Trafalgar Square demonstration November 1887, 112, 113, 118, 120, 125, 141, 153, 157, 159, 162 —Silvertown strike 1889, 411-2, 420, 427, 437 See also Chartism; Fabian Society; Labour Electoral Association; Liberal Party; May Day; Social Democratic