Name Index

A

Abdul-Hamid II (1842-1918)— Sultan of Turkey (1876-1909).—515 Adam, Jean Victor Vincent (1801-1867) — French artist and lithogra-pher.— 79 Adam, Juliette (née Lamber, pseudonym

Comte Paul Vasili) (1836-1936) — French writer, a founder and editor of the Nouvelle Revue (1879-99).—431 Adler, Georg (1863-1908)— German economist and journalist, wrote on social and political questions.—189, 344, 346, 362 Adler, Victor (1852-1918) —Austrian journalist, a leader of Austrian Social Democrats, delegate to international socialist workers' congresses in 1889, 1891 and 1893; Engels' correspondent in 1889-95.—57 Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.)—Greek dramatist.— 357 Ahn, Johann Franz ( 1796-1865)—German teacher and gram-marian, noted for his methods of teaching modern languages.— 48 Alexander II (1818-1881) —Emperor of Russia (1855-81).—517 Alexander HI (1845-1894)— Emperor of

Russia ( 1881 -94).— 34, 41, 54, 74, 112, 148, 256, 275, 281, 467, 484, 485, 493, 505, 509-10, 513, 515-19 Alexander Karl (1805-1863)— Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg (1834-63).—199 Alekseyev, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1852-1893) —Mayor of Moscow (1886-93).—515 Allen, Sarah.— 161 Althorp, John Charles Spencer, Earl (1782-1845) — English statesman, Whig M.P.—449 Anderfuhren.— 204 Ariosto, Lodovico (1474-1533)—Italian poet of the Renaissance, author of U Orlando furioso.— 48 Aristophanes (c. 446-c. 385 B. C.) — Greek comic dramatist and poet.— 357 Arnim, Ludwig Achim (Joachim) von (1781-1831) — German romantic poet.— 286 Auer, Ignaz (1846-1907) — German sad-dler, a leader of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany; deputy to the Reichstag several times.—162, 169, 442 Aveling, Edward Bibbins (1851-1898) — English writer and journalist, socialist, a translator of Volume I of Capital into English; member of the Social Democratic Federation from 1884, later a founder of the Socialist League, an organiser of the mass movement of unskilled workers and unemployed in the 1880s-90s, delegate to the international socialist workers' congress of 1889 in Paris; husband of Eleanor Marx.—7, 74, 78, 94, 119, 122, 127, 129, 143, 155, 161, 165, 167, 168, 172, 177, 191, 202, 207, 214, 224, 237-38, 245, 247, 248, 261, 265, 274, 275, 297, 303, 320, 323, 326, 345, 366, 369, 370, 376, 378, 386, 391, 394, 395, 399, 402, 404, 405, 416, 424, 436, 438, 443, 446, 449, 450, 458, 461, 464, 465, 471, 478, 482, 489, 491, 496, 500, 504, 506, 524, 540 Aveling — see Marx, Eleanor Avenel, Georges (1828-1876)— French historian and journalist, author of works on history of the French Revolution.— 398-99

B

Bachofen, Johann Jakob (1815-1887) — Swiss historian of law, author of works on ancient history.—189, 205, 207 Bahr, Hermann (1863-1934)—Austrian journalist, critic, novelist and play-wright.— 191 Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1876) — Russian revolutionary and journalist; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; subsequently an ideologist of Narodism and anarchism; opposed Marxism in the First International; was expelled from the International at the Hague Congress (1872) for his splitting activities.— 10, 108, 198, 430 Balzac, Honoré de (1799-1850) — French realist writer.— 71, 320 Bamberger, Ludwig (1823-1899) — German democratic journalist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; emigrated to France in the 1850s, returned to Ger-

many in 1866, later National Liberal and deputy to the Reichstag (1871-93).—427 Baron — see Kaulsky, Karl Johann Basly, Emile Joseph (1854-1928) — French miner, socialist, trade unionist, member of the Chamber of Deputies several times.— 409, 414, 418, 424-25, 429-31, 441 Bastiat, Frédéric (1801-1850)— French economist and politician.— 184 Battenberg, Alexander (1857-1893) — son of Prince Alexander of Hesse; first Prince of Bulgaria (1879-86), pursued pro-Austrian and pro-German policy.—329, 513-15, 517 Bax, Ernest Beljort (1854-1926) — English historian, philosopher and journalist, socialist, an editor of The Commonweal from 1884, member of the Social Democratic Federation, a founder of the Socialist League in 1884; was on friendly terms with Engels from 1883.—74, 105, 114, 122-23, "127-29, 155, 165, 172, 177, 207, 224, 236, 238, 245, 248, 275, 405, 406, 431, 432, 438, 443, 446, 471, 484, 504 Bebel, Ferdinand August (1840-1913)— a leading figure in the German and international working-class movement; tur-ner; President of the Union of German Workers' Associations from 1867; member of the First International; deputy to the Reichstag from 1867; a founder (1869) and leader of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany; opposed the Lassalleans; took an internationalist stand during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71; came out in support of the Paris Commune; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 14, 20, 22-23, 32, 47, 52-55, 68, 77, SO-SS, 99, 114, 146-48, 150, 151, 153, 162, 164, 169, 187, 195, 197-202, 204, 209-13, 220-23, 225, 231, 234, 235, 240-43, 245, 253-55, 268-71, 285, 306-09, 315-17, 329, 340-44, 352-54, 361, 386, 387, 391, 395, 406, 409, 410, 425-29, 433-

35, 437-38, 442, 446, 468-69, 471, 485, 488, 489, 498-500, 502, 504, 509, 511 Becker, Bernhard (1826-1891)— German journalist; follower of Lassalle; President of the General Association of German Workers (1864-65); subsequently supported Eisenachers; withdrew from the working-class movement after 1874.—119 Becker, Elisabeth (d. 1884) — wife of Johann Philipp Becker.— 98 Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-1886)—German revolutionary, took part in the democratic movement of the 1830s-50s, the international working-class movement and the 1848-49 revolution; after the defeat of the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849) left Germany; prominent figure in the First International and delegate to all its congresses, editor of Der Vorbote; active in the Swiss working-class movement; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—25-27, 49, 69-70, 98-99, 151,

152, 201-03, 267-69, 299-301, 363-64, 379, 456, 457, 478, 490, 495, 498-502, 504-05, 528 Behrens — engineer, Bismarck's partner in the Varzin paper mill.—199, 202 Berger, Louis Konstanz (1829-1891) — German industrialist and politician, member of the Party of Progress, deputy to the Reichstag from 1874.—510 Bernstein, Caroline (1855-1884) — Eduard Bernstein's sister.— 236 Bernstein, Eduard (1850-1932) — German Social Democrat, journalist, editor of Der Sozialdemokrat (1881-90); later re-visionist.—7, 12, 15, 22, 26, 32, 33, 36-38, 49-50, 63-64, 66-67, 72-74, 77, 85-86,90-92, 102, 104, 107, 109, 111, 118-20, 123-26, 134-37, 139-42, 144-47,

153, 154, 157, 159-62, 164, 169-70, 173, 174, 176, 177, 187-92, 195, 196, 201, 204-09, 214-16, 218, 225, 227, 236, 237, 251, 252, 263, 270-71, 282-

86, 301, 302, 306, 307, 318, 323, 329-31, 346, 366-68, 386, 391, 405, 414, 415, 448-50, 453, 465-67, 471, 473-75, 499-505, 529 Bernstein, Jakob (d. 1884) — Eduard Bernstein's father, engine-driver.— 236 Bernstein, Regina (Gine) (née Zßdek, by first marriage Schattner) — Eduard Bernstein's wife from 1886.— 501 Besant, Annie (1847-1933) — English politician, Radical, member of the Fabian Society and of the Social Democratic Federation.— 94 Bismarck-Schönhausen, Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince von (1815-1898)—statesman of Prussia and Germany, diplomat; En-voy to St Petersburg (1859-62) and to Paris (1862); Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-71; 1873-90); Chancellor of the North-German Confederation (1867-71) and of the German Empire (1871-90); carried through the unification of Germany under the aegis of Prussia; one of the authors of the Anti-Socialist Law (1878).—22, 34, 35, 53, 54, 69, 83,92, 110, 112, 124, 130, 131, 137-39, 140, 147, 148, 150, 190, 192, 202, 209, 211, 213, 216, 225, 235, 237, 267, 281, 329, 338, 343, 348, 360, 365, 372, 378, 417, 428, 435, 437, 440, 461, 467, 468, 483-84, 486, 489, 493, 510-12, 516-18, 520, 527, 5-33

Blanc, Jean Joseph Charles Louis (1811-1882) — French historian; socialist; member of the Provisional Government and President of the Luxembourg Commission in 1848; a leader of the petty-bourgeois refugees in London from August 1848; deputy to the National Assembly in 1871; opposed the Paris Commune.—71, 342, 354, 413, 429, 470, 505 Bland, Hubert (1856-1914)— English journalist; socialist; a founder of the Fabian Society; member of the Social Democratic Federation.— 366, 367, 369, 394 Bleichrbder, Gerson von (1822-

1893) — German financier, Bismarck's personal banker and his unofficial adviser on financial matters.—109, 112, 377 Blenker, Ludwig (Louis) (1812-1863) — German ex-officer; democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to the USA and fought in the Civil War on the side of the Union.—287 Blind, Karl (1826-1907)—German democratic journalist; took part in the Baden revolutionary movement in 1848-49; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in London in the 1850s-early 1860s; later National Liberal.—368 Block, Maurice (1816-1901)— French statistician and economist.— 224, 225 Bios, Wilhelm (1849-1927)— German journalist; member of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany from 1872; an editor oï Der Volksstaat (1872-74), sided with the reformist wing of German Social Democrats from the 1880s; deputy to the Reichstag (1877-1918).—21, 23, 34, 150, 173, 296, 383, 472 Blowilz, Henri Georges Stephan Adolphe Opper de (1825-1903)— French journalist, Austrian by birth; correspondent of The Times in Paris from 1871.— 431 Blum, Robert (1807-1848)— German democrat; journalist; leader of the Left wing in the Frankfurt National Assembly; participated in the defence of Vienna in October 1848, court-martialled and executed after the fall of the city.—287 Bbdiker, Tonio (Anton) Wilhelm Laurenz Karl Maria (1843-1907)— German government official, adviser of the Imperial Home Ministry from 1881, was engaged in trade and insurance legislation, delivered reports in the Reichstag on behalf of the ministry on these mat-

ters, headed the Imperial Insurance Ministry in 1884-97.—34 Boelling, Hedwig (née Engels) (1830-1904) — Frederick Engels' sister, wife of Friedrich Boelling.—220 Bonaparte — see Napoleon III Borde, Frederic — French journalist; socialist.—36 Borkheim, F.— Sigismund Ludwig Bork-

heim's son.—380, 381 Borkheim, Sigismund Ludwig (1825-1885) — German democratic journalist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising, emigrated after its defeat; merchant in London from 1851; was on friendly terms with Marx and Engels.—152, 203, 269, 377, 379, 380, 383, 472, 475 Born, Stephan (real name Buttermilch, Simon) (1824-1898) — German typeset-ter; member of the Communist League; leaned towards reformism during the 1848-49 revolution; turned his back on the workers' movement after the revolution.— 346 Bougeart, Alfred (1815-1882)— French Left journalist; author of several works on the French Revolution.— 399 Boulanger, Georges Ernest Jean Marie (1837-1891) —French general, War Minister (1886-87); strived to establish his own military dictatorship.— 519 Boyer, Antoine Jean Baptiste (Antide) (1850-1918) — French potter; member of the Chamber of Deputies several times.— 409, 414, 418 Bracke, Wilhelm (1842-1880) — German Social Democrat; publisher of socialist literature in Brunswick; a founder (1869) and leader of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (Eisenachers); member of the Social-Democratic parliamentary group in the Reichstag (1877-79); represented the revolutionary wing of German Social Democracy.— 20, 374 Bradlaugh, Charles (1833-1891) — English journalist and politician, bourgeois Radical; editor of The National Reformer from 1860.— 94, 115, 405 Bray, John Francis (1809-1895)— English economist, Utopian socialist, follower of Robert Owen; supporter of the theory of labour money.— 156 Brenin, Claude (b. c. 1851) — French miner, an organiser of the provocative explosions in Montceau-les-Mines in 1884.—265 Brentano, Clemens ( 1778-1842) — German romantic poet.— 286 Brentano, Lujo (Ludwig Joseph) (1844-1931) — German economist, professor, armchair socialist.— 422 Bright, John (1811-1889)— English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League; M. P. (from 1843); leader of the Left Wing of the Liberal Party from the early 1860s, held several ministerial posts.— 389 Broadhouse, John — see Hyndman, Henry Mayers Broadhurst, Henry (1840-1911)— English bricklayer, a trade union leader, secretary of the parliamentary committee of the Trades Unions Congress (1875-90), Liberal M. P. from 1880, Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department (1886).— 57 Brocher, Gustave (1850-1931) — teacher, French by birth, lived in Russia in the late 1860s-early 1870s and took part in the Narodnik movement; lived in London in 1874-93, sided with the anarchists; moved to Switzerland in 1893; atheist.—13 Brooks, J.G.— American clergyman, advocated socialist views.— 491 Brousse, Paul Louis Marie ( 1844-1912) — French socialist, physician; member of the First International (up to 1872); participant in the Paris Commune, after its defeat lived in Spain and Switzerland; sided with the anarchists; returned to France in 1880 and

became a member of the French Workers' Party; a Possibilist leader.— 68, 107, 123, 225, 289, 425 Bucher, Lothar (1817-1892)— Prussian official and journalist; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848; after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution emigrated to London, later National Liberal, supporter of Bismarck.— 374 Bückler, Johann (1780-1803)—German robber nicknamed Schinderhannes (Hans the Skin-flint); in a number of literary works depicted as a 'noble robber' and defender of the poor.— 198 Bunge, Nikolai Kristianovich (1823-1895) — Russian lawyer, economist and politician, professor at Kiev University from 1850, Minister of Finance in 1881-86, Chairman of the Committee of Ministers in 1887-95.— 360 Buonarroti, Filippo Michèle (1761-1837) — Italian revolutionary, Utopian communist, a leader of the revolutionary movement in France at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries, Babeufs comrade-in-arms.— 226 Burdett-Coutts, Angela Georgina, Baroness (1814-1906)—English aristocrat, phi-lanthropist.— 400 Burns, John Elliot (1858-1943) — English worker, activist of the English working-class movement, a leader of the new trade unions (late 1880s-early 1890s), organiser of the London dock strike (1889), M. P. from 1891, minister in the Liberal cabinets in 1905-14.—366, 368 Burrows, Herbert (1845-1922)—English official, a founder of the Social Democratic Federation; helped found trade unions of the unskilled workers.— 195, 238, 245, 369

C

Cabet, Etienne (1788-1856) — French journalist, Utopian communist, author of Voyage en Lcarie.— 117, 342 Calderôn de la Barca, Pedro (1600-1681) — Spanish dramatist.— 48 Camélinal, ^éphirin Remy (1840-1932) — French bronze-worker; a leader of the Paris sections of the First International, took part in the Paris Commune, after its defeat moved to England, returned to France after the 1880 amnesty; active in the socialist movement, member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1885-89; member of the French Communist Party from 1920.-— 409-10, 414, 418, 425, 428-31, 441 Campbell, Sir George ( 1824-1892) —British official in India (1843-74), subsequently Liberal M. P. (1875-92), author of works on India.— 179 Capefigue, Jean Baptiste Honoré Raymond (1802-1872) —French journalist and historian, monarchist.— 71 Carpenter, Edward (1844-1929)— English poet and journalist, took part in the socialist movement in the 1880s.— 236, 238 Cassiodorus, Flavius Magnus Aurelius (c. 490-c. 580)—Roman author and monk; politician of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, aristocrat by birth, author of Historia Gothorum.— 296 Cave, Sir Lewis William (1832-1897) — English lawyer, member of the High Court from 1881.—434 Cerioli—Italian socialist.— 205 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547-1616) —Spanish writer.—48, 357 Chamberlain, Joseph (1836-1914) — British statesman, Liberal, Mayor of Birmingham in 1873-76, M.P. from 1876, member of the Cabinet, Liberal Unionist after 1886.— 268, 361, 367, 369, 407 Champion, Henry Hyde (1857-1928) — English publisher and journalist, socialist, member of the Social Democratic Federation up to 1887, later a leader of the Labour Electoral As-

sociation in London, publisher and editor of the Labour Elector, emigrated to Australia in the 1890s.—177, 236-38, 245, 367, 369, 403 Chemnitz, Matthäus Friedrich (1815-1870) — German lawyer and journalist, author of the song Schleswig-Holstein meerumschlungen.— 287 Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889) — Russian revolutionary democrat, socialist, materialist philosopher, writer and literary critic, a precursor of Russian Social Democrats.— 158 Chevremont, François — author of Jean-Paul Marat.— 399 Churchill, George Charles Spencer, 8th Duke of Marlborough (1844-1892) — English aristocrat, elder brother of Randolph Churchill.— 449 Churchill, Randolph Henry Spencer, L^ord (1849-1895) —English statesman, a Conservative leader, Secretary for India (1885-86), Chancellor of the Exchequer and leader of the House of Commons from July to December 1886.—238, 449 Clarus — French artist, contributed to Le Socialiste.— 352 Clemenceau, Georges (Eugene Benjamin) (1841-1929)—French politician and journalist, leader of the Radicals from the early 1880s; editor and publisher of La Justice from 1880, Prime Minister (1906-09 and 1917-20).—97, 149,227, 268, 270, 300, 314, 317, 320, 331, 409, 413, 418, 429, 442, 445, 489, 533 Cloots, Jean Baptiste du Val-de-Grâce, Baron de ( Anacharsis ) ( 1755-1794) —participant in the French Revolution, Dutch by birth, prior to the Revolution Prussian Baron, close to the Left Jacobins, member of the Con-vention.— 399 Cohn, Gustav (1840-1919) — German economist, professor at polytechnical institute in Riga and, from 1875, in Zurich, professor at Göttingen University from 1884.—458 Colsman — Charlotte Engels' son-in-law.—228 Crawford, Emily (née Johnson) (1831-1915) — Irish journalist, correspondent of The Daily News, Truth and New York Tribune in Paris.— 417 Cremer, Sir William Randall (1838-1908) — a founder of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (1860); member of the London Trades Council; member of the Central Council of the International (1864-68) and its General Secretary, Liberal M. P. (1885-95 and 1900-08), active in the pacifist movement.— 321 Cumberland, Ernst August, Duke of (1845-1923) — son of the King of Hanover George V, claimant to the Hanoverian (from 1878) and Brunswick (from 1884) thrones, was prevented from becoming the ruler due to the negative attitude of the Bismarck government.—222 Cuno, Theodor Friedrich (1846-1934)—German engineer, socialist, member of the First International, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), after the Congress moved to the USA and took part in the American working-class and socialist movement.— 13, 511 Cyon, Ilya Faddeyevich (1842-1912) —Russian physiologist, journalist, professor at the St Petersburg University and at the Medical Surgical Academy; under public pressure refused from professorship and moved to Paris in 1875, representative of the Russian Ministry of Finances in Paris in 1875-91.—524

D

Daniels, Roland (1819-1855) —German physician, member of the Cologne Central Authority of the Communist League from 1850, one of the accused in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852), acquitted by the jury; friend of

Marx and Engels, was the first to attempt to apply dialectical materialism to natural sciences.— 351 Danielson, Nikolai Frantsevich (pen-name Nikolai — on) ( 1844-1918) — Russian writer on economics, an ideologist of Narodism in the 1880s-90s; correspondent of Marx and Engels, translated into Russian volumes I, II and III of Marx's Capital (Volume I jointly with Hermann Lopatin and Nikolai Lyuba-vin).— 88, 95, 100, 129, 260, 265, 277-78, 289, 294, 318-19, 322, 347-50, 400-02, 522, 523 Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)— Italian poet.—48, 357 Darbyshire, John — member of the Manchester section of the First International, later of the Social Democratic Federation.— 106 Darwin, Charles Robert ( 1809-1882) — English naturalist, founder of the theory of natural selection of species.— 103, 226 Davitt, Michael (1846-1906) — Irish revolutionary democrat, a leader of the Irish national liberation movement in the 1880s-90s, an organiser (1879) and leader of the Land League, advocate of Home Rule; M. P. (1895-99).—122, 368 Davout, Louis Nicolas, due d'Auerstoedt, prince d'Eckmiihl (1770-1823) — Marshal of France, participated in the wars of Napoleonic France.—332 Defoe, Daniel (c. 1661-1731)—English writer and journalist, author of The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe.— 194 Demosthenes (c. 384-322 B.C.) —Greek orator and politician, champion of democracy in the slave-owning society.—202 Demuth, Helene (Lenchen) (1820-1890) — housemaid and devoted friend of the Marx family.—28, 29, 31, 41, 45, 46, 58, 59, 61, 63, 76, 78, 80, 94-

95, 104-06, 107, 115, 118, 120, 122, 123, 126, 130, 131, 135, 144, 167, 168, 175, 178, 224, 226, 248, 265, 272, 274, 276, 289, 292, 293, 304, 315, 321, 327, 345, 350, 357, 376, 378, 399, 423, 438, 439, 458, 459, 463, 473, 477, 478, 483, 496, 508, 527, 536-38 Denhardt, Fritz — see Sax, Emanuel Hans Dereure, Louis Simon (1838-1900) — French shoemaker, prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement, Blanquist, member of the Paris section of the First International, member of La Marsellaise editorial board; member of the Paris Commune, emigrated to the USA after its suppression, member of the General Council of the International elected by the Hague Congress, member of the French Workers' Party from 1882.—141 Deville, Gabriel Pierre (1854-1940) — French journalist, socialist, member of the French Workers' Party, author of the popular exposition of Volume I of Marx's Capital and some other works on philosophy, economy and history; withdrew from the working-class movement in the early 20th century.—44, 46, 50, 59-63, 76-78, 89, 90, 94, 96, 101, 112, 113, 115, 134, 144, 162, 183, 310, 313, 320, 384-86, 405, 417, 442, 465, 508 Dietz, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm (1843-1922) — German Social Democrat, founder of the Social-Democratic publishing house in 1881, deputy to the Reichstag (1881-1918).—17, 20, 27, 36, 58, 77, 102, 162-64, 200-01, 204-07, 210, 212, 230, 249, 251, 346, 422, 461, 462, 472, 474, 481, 482 Dietzgen, Joseph (1828-1888)—German leather-worker, philosopher, Social Democrat, member of the First International, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872.).— 246, 297, 394, 395, 441, 491 Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, Baronet

(1843-1911) — English politician and writer, a leader of the Radical wing of the Liberal Party; M.P.—268, 458 Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st Earl of Beacons-field (1804-1881) — British statesman and writer; leader of the Conservative Party in the second half of the 19th century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68); Prime Minister (1868, 1874-80).—512 Dobrolyubov, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1836-1861) —Russian revolutionary democrat; literary critic and materialist philosopher; one of the predecessors of Russian Social Democracy.— 158 Donkin, Horatio Bryan (1845-1927) — English physician, doctor of the Marx family in 1881-83.—274, 543 Dormoy, Jean (1851-1898) — French me-tal-worker, socialist, sentenced for a term in prison together with Guesde and Lafargue in 1883.— 115 Douai, Karl Daniel Adolph (1819-1888)—German journalist, petty-bourgeois democrat, later socialist; French by birth; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to the USA in 1852 and took part in its socialist movement; edited a number of socialist papers including the New Yorker Volkszeitung (1878-88); contributed to the Vorwärts!—\Z, 296, 440 Drumont, Edouard Adolphe (1844-1917) — French politician and journalist, author of anti-Semitic books and articles.— 520 Drysdale, Charles Robert—English physician, supported neo-Malthusia-nism.—195 Duc-Quercy, Albert (1856-1934) — French journalist, took part in the working-class and socialist movement, a founder of the French Workers' Party (1879), an editor of Le Cri du Peuple.— 442 Dühring, Eugen Karl (1833-1921) — German philosopher and economist; lecturer at Berlin University (1863-77).—251, 289, 529 Dupont, Eugène (c. 1837 (1831?)-1881) — prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement, musical instrument-maker; took part in the June 1848 insurrection in Paris; lived in London from 1862, member of the General Council of the First International (November 1864 to 1872), participant in all congresses (except the Basle Congress) and conferences of the International; member of the British Federal Council (1872-73); emigrated to the USA in 1874; associate of Marx and Engels.—310

E

Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; tailor, journalist; member of the Communist League; member of the First International and of its General Council (1864-72); took part in the British trade union movement.— 371, 468 Ede — see Bernstein, Eduard Edward—see Aveling, Edward Bibbins Eisengarten, Oskar — German typesetter, Social Democrat, emigrated to London, secretary of Engels in 1884-85.—153, 160, 170, 177, 190, 279 Elisabeth I (1533-1603)— Queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603).—150 Ely, Richard Theodore (1854-1943) — American economist, professor of political economy at the Wiscon-sin University.— 295 Engels, Charlotte (née Bredt) (1833-1912) — wife of Emil Engels, Frederick Engels' brother.—228-30, 538 Engels, Elisabeth Franziska Maurita (née

van Haar) (1797-1873)— Frederick Engels' mother.— 229 Engels, Emil (1828-1884)— Frederick Engels' brother; a partner in the Er-

nten & Engels firm in Engelskirchen.—

218, 220, 228, 229, 538 Engels, Emil (1858-1907)— Emil Engels' son, nephew of Frederick Engels, employee, and from 1889 a partner in the Ermen & Engels firm in Engelskirchen.—538-39 Engels, Emil (b. 1885)—son of Frederick Engels' nephew, Emil Engels.— 539 Engels, Emma (née Croon) (1834-1916) —Hermann Engels' wife.—220 Engels, Friedrich ( 1796-1860) — Frederick Engels' father.— 219, 229 Engels, Hermann (1822-1905)—Frederick Engels' brother; manufacturer in Barmen, a partner in the Ermen & Engels firm in Engelskirchen.—218-20, 228, 539 Engels, Hermann Friedrich Theodor ( 1858-1926) — Hermann Engels' son, nephew of Frederick Engels; manufacturer, a partner in the Ermen & Engels firm in Engelskirchen.—219, 220, 539 Engels, Johanna Klara (b. 1862)—wife of Emil Engels, Frederick Engels' nephew.— 539 Engels, Rudolf (1831-1903)— Frederick

Engels' brother; manufacturer in Barmen, a partner in the Ermen & Engels firm in Engelskirchen.— 219 Engels, Rudolf Moritz (1858-1893) — Frederick Engels' nephew, son of Rudolf Engels; employee, and from 1889 a partner in the Ermen & Engels firm in Engelskirchen.— 539

F

Fabian, Heinrich Wilhelm — German Social Democrat.—124, 191, 295 Faerber, Salo — German Social Democrat, merchant in Breslau.— 337-39, 417 Faraday, Michael (1791-1867) — English physicist and chemist, founder of the teachings on the electromagnetic field.--400 Ferry, Jules François Camille (1832-1893) — French lawyer, journalist, a moderate Republican leader, member of the Government of National Defence and Mayor of Paris (1870-71), Prime Minister (1880-81 and 1883-85).—109, 267, 270 Fielding, John — member of the Social Democratic Federation in England.— 366, 368 Fitzgerald, Charles L.— English journalist, deputy-secretary of the Social Democratic Federation and an editor of the Justice m 1884-85.—84, 236-38, 245 Fleischmann, Adolf— German big merchant, Counsellor of Justice.— 64 Flügel, Johann Gottfried ( 1788-1855) — German lexicographer, composed English-German and German-English dictionaries.— 375 Fock^-196 Forster, Henri—English officer, in 1885-86 was engaged in the divorce case which caused retirement of Minister Dilke.—458 Fortin, Edouard—French journalist, socialist, member of the Workers' Party of France.—62, 310, 333, 345, 358, 359 Foster, Rachel — American public figure, secretary of the Women's Rights society.—396, 415, 441, 465 Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837) — French Utopian socialist.— 132, 141, 184 Frankel, Leo (Léo) (1844-1896)—jeweller, prominent figure in the Hungarian and international workin'g-class movement; member of the Paris Commune and the General Council of the First International (1871-72); a founder of the General Workers' Party of Hungary (1880); associate of Marx and Engels.— 76, 250 Frederick Charles (Friedrich Karl Niko-laus), Prince (1828-1885)— Prussian general and field marshal general

(1870), commanded the Second Army during the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71). — 300, 302, 304 Frederick William (1831-1888) — Prussian Crown Prince, general and field marshal general (1870), took part in the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71); after William I's death in 1888, King of Prussia and German Emperor under the name of Frederick III.—34, 148, 149, 268, 435 Frederick William HI (1770-1840)— King of Prussia (1797-1840).—148 Frederick William IV (1795-1861)—King of Prussia (1840-61).—34 Freiligrath, Ferdinand (1810-1876)—German poet; member of the Communist League; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Leitung (1848-49); withdrew from revolutionary activity in the 1850s.—34, 52, 470 Freycinet, Charles Louis de Saulces de

(1828-1923) —French statesman and diplomat, moderate Republican; Prime Minister (1879-80, 1882, 1886, 1890-92).— 425 Freytag, Otto — German lawyer, Social Democrat, deputy to the Saxon Land-'tag (1877-79).—102, 124, 248, 251, 253-54, 509 Fritzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1825-1905) —German tobacco-worker; took part in the 1848-49 revolution, a founder and leader of the General Association of German Workers (1863), member of the International, sided with the Eisenachers in 1869; deputy to the North German (1868-71) and the German (1877-81) Reichstag; emigrated to the USA in 1881.—22, 80 Frohme, Karl Franz Egon (1850-1933) — German journalist, a leader of the Right wing of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany; deputy to the Reichstag (1881-1918).—118, 119, 125, 296, 307, 315, 426

G

Gambetta, Léon Michel (1838-1882) — French statesman, bourgeois republican; member of the Government of National Defence (1870-71); founded the paper Republique Française in 1871; Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1881-82).—413 Gartman, Lev Nikolayevich (1850-1913)—Russian revolutionary, Narodnik, took part in the terroristic act of the People's Will organisation against Alexander II after which emigrated to France and later to England, settled in the USA in 1881, withdrew from politics.— 13, 256

Gaulier, Alfred Nicolas (b. 1829) — French politician and journalist, Radical, member of the Chamber of Deputies (1886-89).—438, 445 Geiser, Bruno ( 1846-1898) — German journalist, edited Die Neue Welt (1877-86), deputy to the German Reichstag (1881-87) where he belonged to the Right wing of the Social-Democratic group; expelled from the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany in the late 1880s.—21, 34, 81, 124, 140, 150, 165-66, 173, 187, 204, 218, 231, 296, 307, 442, 489 Gendre — see Nikitina, Varvara Niko-layevna George, Henry (1839-1897)—American economist and journalist; favoured nationalisation of land by the state.— 14, 42, 74, 82, 114, 237, 525, 531-32, 540-42 Gerville-Rêache, Gaston Marie Sidoine Théonile (b. 1854) — French lawyer and politician, member of the Chamber of Deputies for Guadeloupe.— 180 Gier s, Nikolai Karlovich (1820-1895) — Russian diplomat, envoy to Teheran (from 1863), Berne (from 1869), and Stockholm (from 1872); Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs

(1875-82), Minister for Foreign Affairs (1882-95).—461, 467, 484, 516, 517 Giffen, Sir Robert (1837-1910)— English economist and statistician, specialist on finances, publisher of the Journal of the Statistical Society (1876-91); head of the statistical department at the Board of Trade (1876-97).—5 Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898) — British statesman, first Tory, later a leader of the Liberal Party in the latter half of the 19th century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55, 1859-66) and Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886 and 1892-94).—109, 227, 267, 281, 303, 361, 449, 497, 505, 514 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet.—30, 48, 92, 253 Gray, John (1798-1850)—English economist, Utopian socialist; follower of Robert Owen; an author of the labour money theory.— 208 Grévy, François Paul Jules (1807-1891) — French statesman, bourgeois republican; President of the Republic (1879-87).—41, 303 Grillenberger, Karl (1848-1897)—German worker, later journalist; deputy to the German Reichstag from 1881, where belonged to the Right wing of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany.— 231 Grimaux, Louis Edouard (1835-1900)—French chemist.—289 Gronlund, Laurence ( 1846-1899) — American journalist, Dutch by birth, a member of the Executive of the Socialist Labor Party from 1887.— 192, 295 Groß, Gustav (1856-1935) — Austrian politician, economist and journalist, lecturer at Vienna University.— 250, 261, 522 Guesde, Jules (pen-name for Mathieu Jules Bazile) (1845-1922)—prominent figure in the French and international socialist movement; a founder (1880) and leader of the French Workers' Party up to 1901; for some years on, a leader of the revolutionary wing in the French socialist movement.— 28, 30, 41, 61, 64, 74, 94, 115, 141, 225, 409, 414, 442, 508 Guillaume-Schack, Gertrud (née countess

Schock) (1845-1903) —German socialist, took part in the women workers' movement in Germany.— 311, 454, 455, 473, 477, 478 Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874)—French historian and statesman; Orleanist; Foreign Minister (1840-48); in 1847-48 also Prime Minister; virtually directed France's home and foreign policy from 1840 to the February revolution of 1848; expressed the interests of the big financial bourgeoisie.— 95 Gumbel, Abraham — German Social Democrat, émigré in France in the early 1880s, bank employee in Paris in 1883.— 191 Gumpert, Eduard (d. 1893)—German physician in Manchester; friend of Marx and Engels.— 62

H

Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich (1834-1919) — German biologist, follower of Darwin, adherent of materialism in natural science, atheist; formulated the biogenetic law of the relationship between phylogenesis and ontogenesis; ideologist of'social Darwinism'.— 289 Hagen — correspondent of Engels in Bonn.—252 Hamel, Ernest (1826-1898)— French historian and journalist, author of works on history of the French Revolution.— 399 Hand, Albert (1833-1918)— German lawyer and politician, a leader of the Party of Progress, member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies (1867-88)

and deputy to the German Reichstag (1867-93 and 1898-1903).—435 Harney, George Julian (1817-1897) — prominent figure in the English labour movement, a Chartist leader (Left wing); editor of The Northern Star and other Chartist periodicals; an émigré in the USA in 1863-88; member of the First International, was on friendly terms with Marx and Engels.—274, 289, 292, 293, 337, 404, 422, 467, 475, 479, 537 Hartmann — see Gartman, Lev Nikolayevich Hasenclever, Wilhelm (1837-1889) — German Social Democrat, edited the .Neuer Social-Demokrat, President of the General Association of German Workers in 1871-75, a chairman of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany from May 1875; edited together with Liebknecht the Vorwärts/ in 1876-78; deputy to the Reichstag (1874-88).—21 Hasselmann, Wilhelm (b. 1844)—one of the leaders of the Lassallean General Association of German Workers; editor of the Neuer Social-Demokrat in 1871-75; member of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany from 1875; expelled from the Party for his anarchist views in 1880.—21 Haug — German Social Democrat.— 209 Haxthausen, August Franz Ludwig Maria, Baron von (1792-1866) — Prussian official and economist, conservative, author of works on the agrarian system and the peasant commune in Russia.— 179 Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz (1811-1881 ) — German democrat, a leader of the Baden republican uprising in April 1848; after its defeat emigrated to Switzerland and later to the USA, took part in the Civil War on the side of the Union.—287 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831) — German philosopher.— 35, 126, 186, 189, 281, 348, 356, 438 Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856) — German revolutionary poet.— 33, 47, 78, 167, 226 Heinzel, Stefan {1841 -1899) — German tailor, Social Democrat, was sentenced to imprisonment (1886) for participation in the illegal party congress in Copenhagen in 1883, after release took part in the Social-Democratic movement.— 461 Heinzen, Karl Peter (1809-1880) — German radical journalist; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland, later to England and in the autumn of 1850 to the USA.—47, 114, 198 Hepner, Adolf ( 1846-1923) — German Social Democrat, an editor of Der Volksstaat (1869-73); member of the First International, emigrated to the USA (1882); in 1908 returned to Germany.—13, 43 Hermann — French socialist.— 425 Hess (Heß), Moses (1812-1875) — German radical journalist; 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s; member of the Communist League; after the split in the League sided with the sectarian Willich-Schapper group; Lassallean in the 1860s; member of the First International.— 160, 362, 475 Hess (Heß), Sibylle (née Pesch) (1820-1903) —Moses Hess' wife.—226 Hilderbrand, Bruno (1812-1878) — German economist and statistician, represented historical school in political economy, published Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik from 1863.—522 Hirsch, Carl (1841-1900)— German Social Democrat, Journalist, member of the General Association of German Workers; member of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany from 1869, Paris correspondent of German Social-Democratic newspapers after 1872.—207, 253

Hößing, Eugen ( 1808-1880) — German poet.— 33 Hohenzollerns — dynasty of Brandenburg electors (1415-1701), Prussian kings (1701-1918) and German emperors (1871-1918).—67, 385 Howell, George (1833-1910) — bricklayer; Secretary of the London Trades Council (1861-62); member of the General Council of the International (October 1864 to 1869); Secretary of the Reform League (1864-67) and the Parliamentary Committee of the British Congress of Trade Unions (1871-75); Liberal M.P. (1885-95).—8 Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885)— French writer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative assemblies during the Second Republic; lived in emigration in 1851-70, from 1876 member of the Senate.—293, 297, 303 Hugues, Clovis (1851-1907)—French poet, journalist and politician, supported the Paris Commune, deputy to the National Assembly from 1881.— 409, 414, 418 Hütten, Ulrich von (1488-1523) — German poet, advocate of the Reformation, ideologist of and participant in the knights' uprising in 1522-23.—173 Hyndman, Henry Mayers (1842-1921) — English socialist, founder (1881) and leader of the Democratic Federation which was transformed into Social Democratic Federation in 1884; later a leader of the British Socialist Party, was expelled from it for his support of the imperialist war in 1916.—54, 74, 85, 105, 114, 118-19, 123, 127-28, 155, 165, 177, 207, 236-38, 245, 247, 265, 313, 342, 345, 366-70, 376, 384, 393-94, 403, 404, 406-08, 424, 427, 431, 434, 440, 443, 446, 484, 521, 526, 529, 534 I

Hiring, Ferdinand— officer of the German political police, agent provocateur in a Berlin workers' society under the name of Mahlow; was exposed in February 1886.—426 Irving, Sir Henry (John Henry Brodribb) (1838-1905) —English producer and actor; engaged in some plays by Shake-speare.— 345 Issleib — daughter of Ferdinand Issleib, August Bebel's partner.— 80

J

Jagemann, Christian Joseph ( 1735-1804) — German philologist, wrote on the Italian literature history, composed an Italian-German dictionary.— 85 Jankowska, Marya (née ^aleska, pseudonym Stefan Leonowicz) (1850-1909) — Polish socialist, journalist, member of the First International; lived in emigration in the 1880s-90s, delegate to the international socialist congresses in Paris (1889), Brussels (1891) and Zurich (1893); took part in the foundation of the Polish Socialist Party in 1892; married Polish socialist Stanislaw Mendelson in 1889.— 185-86

JoJJrin, Jules François Alexandre (1846-1890) — French mechanic, socialist, an organiser of the mechanics' trade union; took part in the Paris Commune, after its defeat an émigré in England (1871-81); member of the French Workers' Party, a leader of the Possibilist wing; member of the town's council of the 18th arrondissement of Paris.— 134, 141-42 Johny — see Longuet, Jean Laurent Frédéric

(Johny) Jollymeier — see Schorlemmer, Carl Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-1869) — proletarian poet and journalist, prominent figure in the English

working-class movement, Left-wing chartist leader, friend of Marx and Engels.— 404 Jordanes (Jemandes, Jordanis) (b. c. 500) — historian, wrote a work on the Goths.—296 Jornandes — see Jordanes Joynes, James Leigh (1853-1893) — English journalist and translator, a leader of the Social Democratic Federation, an editor of the To-Day, contributed to the Justice and The Commonweal, translated Marx's Wage labour and Capital into English.— 74, 105, 127, 129, 172, 207, 236 Juta, Johann Carl (Jaan Carel) (1824-1886)—Dutch merchant, husband of Karl Marx's sister Louise, bookseller in Capetown (South Africa).— 71 Juta, Louise (1821-1893)— Karl Marx's sister, Johann Carl Juta's wife.— 71

K

Kaler-Reinthal, Emil (1850-1897)—Austrian journalist, Social Democrat, withdrew from the workers' movement in the late 1880s, opposed Social Democracy.— 50 Kalle, Fritz (1837-1915)— German industrialist, National Liberal, deputy to the Reichstag in 1884-90.— 438, 439 Kdlnoky, Gustav, Count von (1832-1898) —Austro-Hungarian statesman, ambassador to St Petersburg (1880-81), chairman of the Imperial Council of Ministers and Foreign Minister (1881-95).—517 Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) — German philosopher.—114, 122 Kaulbars, Nikolai Vasilyevich, Baron (1842-1905) — Russian general, military attaché in Austria (1881-86), was on special diplomatic mission in Bulgaria in 1886.—505, 517 Kautsky, Karl Johann (1854-1938) — German journalist, economist and historian, Social Democrat, edited Die Neue Zeil (1883-1917), wrote on Marxist theory, later an ideologist of centrism in German Social Democracy and the Second International.— 17, 27, 55-58, 63-64, 68, 70, 72, 73, 75-78, 80, 81, 85, 86, 89, 90, 101-03, 109-10, 120-21, 123-25, 131-33, 135-39, 144, 147, 153-57, 160, 162-66, 170, 174-77, 186-87, 189-90, 192-95, 201, 203-08, 210, 212, 218, 230, 236, 250, 251, 262, 265, 270, 272, 274, 283, 285, 302, 303, 307, 316, 321-25, 329, 334, 344, 357, 360, 362, 366, 378, 385, 386, 399, 404, 407, 417, 422, 425, 427, 448, 454, 455, 458-59, 460-63, 472-74, 476-79, 481-82, 504, 521, 526, 530, 537

Kautsky, Louise (née Strasser) (1860-1950) — Austrian socialist, first wife of Karl Kautsky, secretary of Engels from 1890.—262, 265, 273, 320-25, 357, 378, 386, 399, 454, 458, 459, 461, 463, 473, 477, 480, 531, 537 Kautsky, Minna (née Jaich) (1837-1912) — German writer of social novels; Karl Kautsky's mother.—320, 321, 355-58 Kayser, Max (1853-1888)— German journalist, Social Democrat, deputy to the Reichstag (1878-84), sided with the Reformist wing of the Social-Democratic group.— 21 Kelley-Wischnewetzky, Florence (1859-1932)—American socialist, translated Engels' The Condition of the Working-Class in England into English; Lazar Wischnewetzky's wife.— 248, 256-59, 373, 382, 393, 395-97, 405, 415-16, 419, 420, 441, 451-53, 463-66, 477, 478, 540-42 Kjellberg, Julia — daughter of the Swedish industrialist, wife of Georg Heinrich von Vollmar.— 185 Klopfer, Ludwig — German Social Democrat, an émigré in Switzerland.—25-28 Knowles, Sir James Thomas ( 1831 -1908) — English architect, writer and publisher, founded and edited The Nineteenth Century (1877-1908).—8, 12

Kock, Charles Paul de (1793-1871) — French novelist and dramatist.—170 Kol, Henri Hubert van (1852-1925)— a founder and leader of the Dutch Social-Democratic Workers' Party.— 477, 499, 501 Kolb, Georg Friedrich (1808-1884) — German politician, journalist and statistician; democrat.— 359 Krantz — see Lavrov, Pyotr Lavrovich Kravchinsky, Sergei Mikhailovich (pseudonym Stepnyak) (1851-1895)—Russian author and journalist, revolutionary Narodnik in the 1870s; an émigré after he took part in the revolutionary action against the police chief in St Petersburg in 1878; lived in England from 1884.—256, 443 Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich, Prince (1842-1921)—Russian geographer, geologist and revolutionary; theoretician of anarchism, an émigré in 1876-1917.—431 Krzywicki, Ludwik Joachim Franciszck ( 1859-1941 ) — Polish anthropologist, sociologist, economist and journalist; professor at Warsaw University; took part in the socialist movement in the 1880s, a translator into Polish and editor of the first volume of Capital; prop-agated Marxism in Poland.— 87, 89 Kugelmann, Ludwig ( 1828-1902)—German physician, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; member of the First International, Marx's regular correspondent (1862-74), friend of Marx and Engels.— 133, 134 Kuropatkin, Alexei Nikolayevich (1848-1925) — Russian general, took part in the Russo-Turkish war (1877-78) and campaigns to the Central Asia (1879-83).—339

L

Labruyhe, Georges de — French journalist, contributed to Le Cri du Peuple.— 376 La/argue (b. 1803) — Paul Lafargue's mother.— 4 La/argue, Laura, (née Marx) (1845-1911) — Karl Marx's second daughter, wife of Paul Lafargue (from 1868); took part in the French working-class movement.—4-6, 28-32, 39-41, 45, 46, 49, 58-63, 69, 71-72, 78-80, 94-97, 104-06, 111, 117, 118, 121-23, 127-29, 135, 142-44, 162, 166-68, 170-71, 174-75, 178, 183, 191, 202, 206, 207, 211, 224-27, 237, 247, 248, 250, 264-66, 273-76, 288-90, 292-93, 301-04, 310-11, 313, 319-21, 325-27, 333, 334, 342, 344, 345, 352, 370, 375-76, 384, 386, 403, 405, 406, 423-26, 435-37, 450, 451, 456, 477, 478, 482, 483, 490, 494, 496-98, 506-08, 521, 524-27, 526-39

Lafargue, Paul (1842-1911) — prominent figure in the international and French working-class movement; member of the General Council of the First International; took part in elaboration of the programme of the French Workers' Party; wrote on history and theory of Marxism, disciple and associate of Marx and Engels, husband of Marx's daughter Laura.—4, 5, 20, 28, 30, 32, 39, 41, 46, 48, 59-60, 63-64, 68, 71-72, 78-80, 86, 94-96, 104, 105, 107, 115-18, 121-23, 129, 130, 134, 139, 143, 162, 168, 170-71, 175, 179-83, 191, 224-27, 235-36, 255-57, 264-66, 275, 276, 290, 292-93, 297, 301, 310, 313, 314, 326, 331, 333, 345, 350, 352, 368, 370, 375-76, 384, 405, 409, 410, 425, 430-32, 438, 439, 442, 444, 445, 451, 456, 465, 477, 483, 490, 494, 497, 507, 508, 512, 518, 520, 524, 527, 538, 539 Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis (1790-1869) — French poet, historian and politician, a leader of the moderate republicans in the 1840s; Foreign Minister and virtually head of the Provisional Government in 1848.— 24 Lasker, Eduard (1829-1884) —German lawyer, politician, a founder and leader of the National Liberal Party, with-

drew from it in 1880; deputy to the North German and Imperial Reichstag from 1867.—440 Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864) — German journalist and lawyer; socialist, founder of the General Association of German Workers (1863) and its chairman.— 35, 175, 188, 192, 225, 241, 305, 342, 367, 370, 389 Lavigne, Paul—French socialist.— 345, 358, 359 Lavrov (Lavroff, Lawroff), Pyolr Lavrovich (1823-1900) — Russian sociologist and journalist, an ideologist of Narodism; an emigre from 1870; member of.the First International, took part in the Paris Commune; edited the Vperyod! (Forward!) magazine (1873-76) and the newspaper Vperyod! (1875-76); friend of Marx and Engels.— 3, 4, 68, 79, 87-89, 92-95, 100, 101, 106, 110, 261, 262, 264, 273, 274, 302, 337, 399, 400, 525, 529

Leclere, Henri Alfred Albert Adhémar (1853-1917) —French printer; took part in the socialist movement in the 1870s-80s, Possibilist, contributed to some socialist and radical papers; official of the colonial administration in Cambodia from 1886.—96, 144 Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716)—German philosopher and mathematician.— 133 Lehmann — see William I Lenchen — see Demuth, Helene Leopold (1790-1852) —Grand Duke of Baden (1830-52).—350 Leopold II (1835-1909)—King of the Belgians (1865-1909).—192 Leroux, Pierre (1797-1871) — French writer, Utopian socialist, a representative of Christian socialism.— 342 Leroy- Beaulieu, Pierre Paul (1843-1916) — French economist, professor at Collège de France.— 171, 174, 175, 178, 179, 181-83, 225 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781)—German writer, critic and philosopher of the Enlightenment.— 440 Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; tailor; member of the Communist League from 1847, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; prosecuted at the Cologne Communist trial in 1852, emigrated to London in 1856, member of the General Council of the First International (November 1864 to 1872), member of the British Federal Council (1872-73); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 139, 371, 422, 460

Lexis, Wilhelm (1837-1914)—German economist and statistician, professor of economics at the universities of Strass-burg, Dorpat, Freiburg, Breslau and Göttingen (1887-1914).—421, 474, 522 LAebig, Justus, Baron von ( 1803-1873) — German agrochemist.— 107 Liebknecht, Natalie (née Reh) (1835-1909)—Wilhelm Liebknecht's second wife (from 1868).—495-96, 530, 531, 537 Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; took part in the 1848-49 revolution, member of the Communist League and the First International; deputy to the North German (1867-70) and the German Reichstag from 1874 (with intervals); a founder and leader of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany; editor of Der Volksstaat (1869-76) and the Vorwärts! (1876-78 and 1890-1900); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—5, 14, 16-22, 26, 27, 32, 35, 36, 38, 47, 48, 54, 55, 57, 80, 83-84, 99, 102, 114, 123, 124, 144, 146, 169, 212, 239-41, 243, 245, 253, 258, 275, 284, 285, 290, 303, 307, 339, 340, 353, 359, 361, 362, 365, 366, 377-82, 385, 387, 391, 395, 417, 418, 426, 427, 433, 438, 442, 445, 446, 461, 469, 476, 478-

80, 482, 484, 488, 489, 491, 495, 498-501,508,509,511,530,535-38 Lippert, Julius (1839-1909) — Austrian historian and ethnographer.—-207 Lissagaray, Hippolyte Prosper Olivier (1838-1901) — French journalist; took part in the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to England; wrote Histoire de la Commune de 1871.—288, 376 Longuet, Charles Félix César (1839-1903)—journalist, socialist, member of the General Council of the First International (1866-68 and 1871-72), member of the Paris Commune, later emigrated to England; joined the Possibilists in the 1880s, was elected to the Paris Municipal Council; husband of Marx's daughter Jenny.— 4, 106, 409, 413, 417, 425, 445 Longuet, Edgar (1879-1950)—physician, member of the Socialist Party of France; son of Marx's daughter Jenny and Charles Longuet.— 60, 94, 105, 106, 127, 248 Longuet, Henri (Harry) (1878-1883)—son of Marx's daughter Jenny and Charles Longuet.—17 Longuet, Jean Laurent Frederic (Johny) (1876-1938) —lawyer, a leader of the Socialist Party of France, son of Marx's daughter Jenny and Charles Longuet.—5, 60, 99, 105, 106, 127, 248, 333, 376, 386 Longuet, Jenny (née Marx) (1844-1883)—Karl Marx's eldest daughter, wife of Charles Longuet from 1872.— 47, 226 Longuet, Jenny (1882-1952) —daughter of Jenny and Charles Longuet, grand-daughter of Karl Marx.—60, 94, 105, 106, 127, 248 Longuet, Marcel (1881-1949)—son of Jenny and Charles Longuet.— 60, 94, 105, 106, 127, 248 Lopatin(e), Hermann Alexandrovich (1845-1918) — Russian revolutionary, Narodnik; member of the General Council of the First International (1870), a translator of the first volume of Marx's Capital into Russian; friend of Marx and Engels.—4, 59, 60, 65, 93, 100, 129, 260, 319, 349, 401, 525-26 Loria, Achille (1857-1943) — Italian sociologist and economist, professor at Siena, Padua and Turin.—24-25, 226 Louis Bonaparte — see Napoleon 111 Louis Napoleon — see Napoleon 111 Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)—Duke of Orleans, King of the French (1830-48).—221 Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans, comte de

Paris (1838-1894) —Louis Philippe's grandson, pretender to the French throne under the name of Philippe VII.—519 Loustalot, Elisée (1762-1790)—French journalist, revolutionary democrat, took part in the French Revolution.— 95, 122 Lowrey — partner in the firm William Swan Sonnenschein & Co.— 480 Lubbock, Sir John, 1st Baron Avebury ( 1834-1913) — English naturalist, follower of Darwin, wrote on zoology and history of the primitive society.— 103 Lüderitz, Franz Adolf Eduard (1834-1886) — merchant from Bremen, an initiator of German expansionism in Africa.—199 Luther, Martin (1483-1546)—prominent figure of the Reformation, founder of Protestantism (Lutheranism).—132

M

Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de (1709-1785) — French sociologist, proponent of Utopian egalitarian communism.— 95 MacMahon, Marie Edme Patrice Maurice,

comte de, duc de Magenta (1808-1893) — French marshal, senator, Bonapartist, took part in the Crimean, Italian and Franco-Prussian wars; took part in the suppression of the Paris

Commune; President of the Third Republic (1873-79).—430 Mahon, John Lincoln (1865-1933) — English mechanic; member of the Executive of the Social Democratic Federation (from 1884); member of the Socialist League (from December 1884), and its secretary (from 1885), organised the North of England Socialist Federation (1887).—227-28, 298, 312 Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner (1822-1888) — English lawyer and historian.—179 Malon, Benoît (1841-1893)— French socialist, member of the First International and of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy (1868); member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; after the Commune was suppressed, emigrated to Italy and later to Switzerland where he joined the anarchists; after the 1880 amnesty returned to France; a Possibilist leader.— 64, 68, 74, 96, 108, 368, 430

Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834) — English clergyman and economist, author of a theory of population.—77, 95 Manz-Schäppi, Karl (1856-1917) — German book-binder, Social Democrat; emigrated to Vienna and later to Zurich after the introduction in 1878 of the Anti-Socialist Law.— 170, 204 Marat, Jean Paul (1743-1793)—a Jaco-bin leader in the French Revolution.— 399 Mark, von der—see Rosenberg, Wilhelm Ludwig Marlborough — see Churchill, George Charles Spencer, 8th Duke of Marlborough Martignelti, Pasquale (1844-1920) — Italian socialist, translated works by Marx and Engels into Italian.—37, 38, 48, 49, 205, 243, 244, 272, 291-93, 298-99, 373-74, 420-21, 493-94 Marx, Eleanor (Tussy) (1855-1898) — Karl Marx's youngest daughter; took part in the British and international working-class movement in the 1880s-90s; wife of Edward Aveling from 1884; member of the Social Democratic Federation, a founder of the Socialist League (1884); was active in foundation of trade unions of unskilled workers in England in the late 1880s.—3, 5, 6, 14, 31, 39-41, 53, 58-60, 63, 69-71, 74, 76-78, 83, 85, 87-89, 91,92,94, 111, 115, 120, 124, 128, 167, 175, 195, 214, 224, 237, 245, 247, 250, 261, 265, 274, 275, 297, 301, 303, 320, 323, 326, 368, 375, 376, 378, 383, 386, 391, 399, 402, 424, 435-37, 443, 458, 461, 469, 478, 482, 489, 494, 498, 500, 506, 508, 524, 525, 527, 537, 540

Marx, Heinrich (1777-1838) — Karl Marx's father, lawyer, Counsellor of Justice in Trier.— 29 Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881) —Karl Marx's wife.—34, 39, 47, 152 Marx, Karl (1818-1883).—3, 6-18, 24, 25, 29, 31, 33, 36, 39-44, 47-51, 53-54, 60, 67, 72, 73, 78, 79, 84, 88-94, 100, 103, 111, 114, 117, 122, 124, 128-29, 133, 138, 150, 152, 158-59, 163, 165, 166, 175, 181, 182, 184, 186, 192-94, 202, 204, 206, 214, 224, 226, 229, 233, 251, 258, 260, 262, 265, 266, 279-80, 282, 283, 287-88, 291, 295, 305-07, 309, 311, 316, 319, 328, 329, 332, 333, 344, 351, 358, 371, 373-75, 385, 389, 391, 393-94, 396, 400, 402, 416, 420, 422, 435, 439, 447, 452, 457, 465, 470, 475, 481, 483, 488 Maurer, Georg Ludwig von ( 1790-1872) —German historian, studied the social system of ancient and medieval Germany.— 179, 398 May, Élie Henri (1842-1930)—French socialist, Possibilist; a founder of La So-

ciété républicaine d'économie sociale, later supported Boulanger.— 368 Mayall—photographer in London.— 15, 18 McEnnis, J. T.— correspondent of the Missouri Republican in Saint Louis (USA).—443, 460, 490, 491 Mead, Edward P.— English workers' poet, contributed to the Chartist newspaper The Northern Star.— 92 Mehring, Franz ( 1846-1919) — German philosopher, historian and journalist, took part in the working-class and socialist movements; author of works on history of Germany and of Social Democracy; biographer of Karl Marx, member of the German Social-Democratic Party (from 1891); permanent contributor to Die Neue %eil.— 253, 255, 316 Meissner, Otto Karl (1819-1902) — Hamburg publisher, published Capital and some other works by Marx and Engels.— 17, 20, 26, 40, 60, 76-78, 89, 92, 96, 101, 121, 122, 190, 309, 319, 328, 384, 400, 417, 494, 496 Mendelssohn — bank manager in Berlin.— 338 Menger, Anton (1841-1906)—Austrian lawyer and politician, sociologist, professor at Vienna University.— 521, 526 Meyer, Mathilde (née Trautow)—wife of Rudolf Hermann Meyer.— 507 Meyer, Rudolf Hermann (1839-1899)—German economist and journalist, conservative, biographer of Rodbertus.— 54, 79, 101, 138, 250, 375, 483, 507 Michel, Louise (pseudonym Enjolras) (1830-1905 ) — French teacher, was active in the Paris Commune; supported Blanquists during the Second Empire, was exiled to New Caledonia after the suppression of the Commune; after the 1880 amnesty took part in the working-class movement in France, Belgium and Holland, sided with the anarchists; emigrated to England in 1890 where cooperated with Kropotkin.— 41, 404 Mignet, François Auguste Marie (1796-1884) —French historian.—399 Mikhailovsky, Nikolai Konstantinovich ( 1842-1904) — Russian sociologist, journalist and literary critic, ideologist of liberal Narodism, an editor of the Otechestvenniye £apiski (Fatherland's Notes) and Russkoye Bogalstvo (Russian Wealth) magazines.—112 Mink, Paule (pseudonym Mekarska, Pau-line Adèle) (1839-1901)—French journalist, took part in the Paris Commune; emigrated to Switzerland after the Commune was suppressed; was active in the French socialist movement after the 1880 amnesty.— 96 Mirbach, Otto von (born c. 1800) — Prussian retired artillery officer; democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; commandant of Elberfeld during the May 1849 uprising; emigrated from Germany.— 351 Molinari, Gustave de (1819-1912)—Belgian economist, professor at Brussels University; Free Trader; edited Journal des Economistes.— 225 Mollke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Count von (1800-1891) — Prussian military leader and writer; general, field marshal general from 1871, Chief of the Prussian (1857-71) and the Imperial (1871-88) General Staff.—211 Mommsen, Theodor (1817-1903) — German historian, professor of ancient history at Berlin University (from 1857), wrote on ancient Rome.— 207 Money, J. W.B.— 102, 179 Moore, Samuel (1838-1911)— English lawyer; member of the First International, translated into English the first volume of Marx's Capital (together with Edward Aveling) and the Manifesto of the Communist Party; friend of Marx and Engels.—9, 24, 28, 29, 31,

33, 40, 46, 59, 79, 95, 122, 124, 127-29, 143, 245, 247, 261, 289, 292, 401, 402, 424, 436, 455, 506, 527 Morgan, Lewis Henry (1818-1881)—American ethnographer, ar-chaeologist and historian of primitive society.—103, 115, 120, 123, 131-32, 207 Morley, John, Viscount Morley of Black-hum (1838-1932) —English statesman, journalist and historian; Liberal; editor-in-chief of the Fortnightly Review (1867-82), Secretary of State for Ireland (1886 and 1892-95).—449 Morris, William (1834-1896)—English poet, writer and artist; socialist; a leader of the Socialist League in 1885-89.—105, 155, 165, 214, 224, 237, 238, 245, 247-48, 376, 427, 431, 438, 443, 446, 471, 484 Most, Johann Joseph (1846-1906) — German book-binder; deputy to the German Reichstag (1874-78); emigrated to England after the introduction of the Anti-Socialist Law in 1878 where he published Die Freiheit, expelled from the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany as anarchist (1880); emigrated to the USA (1882).—9, 11, 14, 15, 44, 91, 114, 198 Motteler, Julius (1838-1907)— German Social Democrat; deputy to the Reichstag (1874-78, 1903-07); at the time of the Anti-Socialist Law, an émigré in Zurich and later in London; was responsible for transportation of Der Sozialdemokrat and illegal Social-Democratic literature to Germany.— 77, 498 Mozin (c. 1771-1840) — French clergyman, philologist.— 85, 375 Müller, Philipp Heinrich — German Social Democrat, convicted at the Freiberg trial in 1886 for his participation in the illegal party congress at Copenhagen (1883).—225, 461 N

Napoleon — see Napoleon III Napoleon I Bonaparte ( 1769-1821)— Emperor of the French ( 1804-14 and 1815).—451, 496 Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—nephew of Napoleon I, President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—51, 237, 330, 513, 514, 518 Nelson, Horatio Nelson, Viscount (1758-1805) —English admiral.—407 Nieuwenhuis, Ferdinand Domela (1846-1919) — a founder of the Dutch Social-Democratic Party (1881), M. P. from 1888, anarchist from the 1890s.—6, 7, 372, 397-99 Nikitina, Varvara Nikolayevna (née Gendre)

(1842-1884) — Russian journalist, lived in Italy from the late 1860s, later in France; contributed to the Justice and Nouvelle Revue.— 5 Nim — see Demuth, Helene Nonne, Heinrich — German agent provocateur, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, lived in Paris from spring 1883, exposed in 1884.—96-97, 108-09, 206 Norgate—bookseller in London.— 375 Novikova, Olga Alexeyevna (née Kireyeva)

(1840-1925)—Russian journalist, for a long time lived in London, favoured an Anglo-Russian alliance.— 256

O

O'Connell, Daniel (1775-1847) —Irish lawyer and politician, leader of the liberal wing in the national liberation movement; organiser and leader of the Repeal Association (1840).— 422 Oriol, Henri—clerk in Lachâtre's publishing house in Paris; owner of a print-shop which put out socialist literature in Paris (1883-86).—104

Orléans — branch in the house of Bour-bons in France.^ 518, 519 Owen, Robert (1771-1858)—English Utopian socialist.— 184, 422, 470

P

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount (1784-1865) — British statesman, Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58, 1859-65).—374 Papritz, Evgenia Eduardovna (Lineva by marriage) ( 1854-1919) — Russian singer and collector of folk songs; took part in the work of the illegal Moscow Society of Translators and Publishers (1882-84) where some works by Marx and Engels were published in Russian, émigré in 1884-96.—157, 158 Paquet, Just.— 226 Parker, Sarah — Frederick Engels' housemaid.— 459 Parnell, Charles Stewart (1846-1891) — Irish politician and statesman, Liberal M. P. (from 1875); leader of Home Rule League (1877-90); President of the Irish Land League (from 1880).—361, 367, 369 Paul—see Laforgue, Paul Paul, Kegan (1828-1902)— English publisher.—31, 33, 40, 128, 143, 313, 405, 423, 437, 450 Pauli, Clara — Philipp Viktor Pauli's daughter.— 436 Pauli, Philipp Viktor (1836-d. after 1916) — German chemist.— 436 Peabody, George (1795-1869)—American merchant, financier and philanthro-pist; headed a bank in London (from 1837).—400 Pearson, Karl (1857-1936) —British mathematician, biologist and philosopher; professor in the University College (London) from 1884.—543, 548 Pease, Edward Reynolds ( 1857-1955) — English socialist, a founder and secretary of the Fabian Society.— 392, 393 Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850)—British statesman, Tory; Home Secretary (1822-27, 1828-30); Prime Minister (1834-35, 1841-46).—374, 449 Percy — see Rosher, Percy White Peschier, Charles Jaques (nickname Adolphe) (1805-1878)—professor of French literature at Tübingen; a com-piler of the French-German dictionary.—85, 375 Petrarch or Petrarca, Francesco (1304-1374) — Italian poet of the Renais-sance.— 48 Pfänder, Karl (c. 1819-1876)—German painter, took part in the German and international working-class movement; emigrated to London in 1845; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, of the Communist League and of the General Council of the International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 468 Pfänder.— 447 Philippe VII—see Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans, comte de Paris Planteau, François Edouard (b. 1838) — French radical politician; member of the Chamber of Deputies (from 1885); sided with the socialists (1887-89); follower of Boulanger (from 1889).— 409, 414 Platter, Julius (1844-1923)— Swiss economist, professor at Zurich University (1879-84).—458 Plekhanov ( Plechanoff), Georgi Valenti-novich (1856-1918)—Russian philosopher, propagated Marxism in Russia; founder of the first Russian Marxist organisation, the Emancipation of Labour group (1883).—67, 264, 279-80 Potter, George (1832-1893)—British worker, carpenter; leader of the Amalgamated Union of Building Workers and of the trade union movement; member of the London Trades Coun-

cil; founder, editor and publisher of The Bee-Hive Newspaper.— 320 Powderly, Terence Vincent (1849-1924) — mechanic, a leader of the working-class movement in the USA (1870s-90s); a leader of the Knights of Labor (1879-93); sided with the Republicans in 1896.—532, 541 Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865) — French writer, economist and sociologist; founder of anarchism.— 102, 105, 117, 156-57, 208, 342, 354, 413, 429, 470 Pumps—see Rosher, Mary Ellen Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich (1799-1837) —Russian poet.—48 Putnam, George Haven (1844-1930) — owner of a New York publishing house (from 1872); Liberal.— 259 Puttkamer, Robert Victor von (1828-1900)—Prussian statesman, Minister of Home Affairs (1881-88).--138, 473

Q.

Quarck, Max (pseudonym Freiwald Thüringer) (1860-1930) — German lawyer and journalist; Right-wing Social Democrat; deputy to the German Reichstag (1912-18).—64, 67, 138, 164, 258, 384, 385, 405, 417 Quelch, Harry ( 1858-1913) — English worker; a leader of the new trade unions; socialist; delegate to international socialist congresses of 1891 and 1893.— 123

R

Rackow, Heinrich (d. 1916) —German Social Democrat; a refugee in London (from 1879); owner of a tobacco shop; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London.— 118 Radford, Ernest—English lawyer.— 40 Rae, John (1845-1915) — English economist and sociologist; contributed to the Contemporary Review magazine in the 1880s.—398 Ranc, Arthur (1831-1908) —French journalist; moderate Republican; member of the Chamber of Deputies, later sena-tor.—413 Riache—see Gerville-Réache, Gaston Marie Sidoine Théonile Redgrave, Alexander—English inspector of factories.— 334 Reeves, William Dobson (c. 1827-1907)—English publisher and bookseller.—40, 310, 320, 345 Retiès, Alexandre (1852-1894)— French trackwalker, Possibilist.— 141 Reuchlin, Johann (1455-1522) — German scientist, philologist and lawyer, representative of humanism.—173 Révillon, Antoine (1832-1898)—French writer and journalist; Left radical; member of the Chamber of Deputies (from 1881).—292 Rihol, Alexandre Félix Joseph (1842-1923) — French lawyer and statesman; a leader of the right Republicans; member of the Chamber of Deputies (from 1878); Minister of Foreign Affairs (1890-92); Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1893, 1895).— 330 Ricardo, David (1772-1823) — British classical economist.— 82, 126, 163, 166, 181, 184, 194, 210, 226 Richter, Eugen ( 1838-1906) — German politician, leader of the Liberals; a founder of the Party of Progress from March 1884, deputy to the North German (1867) and German Reichstag (1871-1906).—137, 268, 427 Riltinghausen, Moritz (1814-1890) — German journalist and politician, democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; contributed to the Neue Rheinische Leitung; member of the First International; member of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (prior to

1884); deputy to the German Reichstag (1877-78, 1881-84).—21, 209 Robelet, Gustave — French employee; socialist; candidate of the Workers' Party at the municipal elections (July 1887).—96 Roche, Ernest Jean (1850-1917)—French engraver, later journalist; socialist, editor of L'Intransigeant, organised strikes in Anzin (1885) and Decazeville (1886); member of the Chamber of Deputies (from 1889), follower of Boulanger in the late 1880s, later sided with the Independent Socialists.— 438, 442, 443, 470

Rockefort, Victor Henri, marquis de Rochefort-

Luçay (1830-1913) —French journalist and politician; Left-wing Republican; a member of the Government of National Defence after the revolution of 4 September 1870, was exiled to New Caledonia after the suppression of the Paris Commune; escaped to England; returned to France after the 1880 amnesty, published VIntransigeant; monarchist (from the late 1880s).—435 Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Johann Karl ( 1805-1875)—German economist, leader of the Left Centre in the Prussian National Assembly (1848); subsequently theoretician of 'state socialism'.— 72, 101, 102, 111, 124-26, 138-39, 154, 156, 163, 166, 175, 176, 187-89, 193-95, 204, 206, 208, 211, 220, 262, 296, 301, 319, 385, 521 Röhrig, Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1826) — owner of a factory in Barmen.— 539 Rosenberg, Wilhelm Ludwig (pseudonym

von der Mark) (b. 1850)—American journalist, socialist; secretary of the National Executive of the Socialist Labor Party of the USA and leader of the Lassallean faction in it; expelled from the party in 1889.—72, 86, 91, 124 Rosher, Charley.— 276 Rosher, Emily.— 46 Rosher, Mary Ellen Catherine (Pumps) (née Burns) (born c. 1860) — niece of Engels' wife, Lydia Burns.— 5, 31, 45, 58, 59, 71, 94, 136, 143, 168, 171, 174, 178, 214, 217, 265, 292, 304, 314, 321, 345, 357, 376, 378, 386, 423, 438, 455, 463, 473, 477, 478 Rosher, Percy White — English trader, husband of Mary Ellen Burns from 1881.-5,45,59,71,78, 143, 171, 174, 178, 265, 273, 303, 304, 315, 357 Russell, John Russell, 1st Earl (1792-1878)—British statesman, Whig leader; Prime Minister (1846-52, 1865-66); Foreign Secretary (1852-53, 1859-65).—217

S

Sabor, Adolf (1841-1907) —German teacher; Social Democrat; deputy to the German Reichstag (1884-90).—225 Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825) — French Utopian socialist.—184 Sax, Emanuel Hans (pseudonym Fritz Denhardt) (1857-1896)—Austrian economist and poet, contributed to Die Neue £eit; professor at the agricultural school in Vienna.— 57, 79 Schabelitz, Jakob (1827-1899)—Swiss publisher and bookseller.— 164, 253, 263, 346 Schäffle, Albert Eberhard Friedrich (1831-1903) — German economist and sociologist; armchair socialist.— 179, 267 Schattner, Regina — see Bernstein, Regina

(Gine) Scheu, Andreas (1844-1927) — a leader in the Austrian and British socialist movement; member of the First International; emigrated to England (1874); a founder of the Social Democratic Federation; member of the Socialist League.—237, 537 Schewilsch, Sergei Tegorovich (1844-1912)—American socialist, Russian by birth; an editor of the Mew Yorker

Volkszeitung (1870s-80s); editor of The Leader (from 1886).—13, 44, 91

Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von

(1759-1805)—German poet, dramatist, historian and philosopher.— 357 Schippel, Max (1859-1928) —German economist and journalist; follower of Rodbertus; Social Democrat (from 1886); sided with the semi-anarchist group of the 'Young', deputy to the German Reichstag (1890-1905).—163, 165 Schlüter, Friedrich Hermann (1851-1919)—German Social Democrat; head of the Zurich Social-Democratic publishing house (1880s); a founder of the archive of German Social Democracy; emigrated to the USA in 1889; took an active part in the socialist movement; wrote on the history of the British and US working-class movement.—171, 172, 196, 197, 248-49, 251, 263, 286-88, 304-06, 309-10, 322-24, 327-29, 331, 332, 346, 347, 371, 373, 374, 418, 419, 421, 422, 450, 453, 467, 472, 474, 475, 528

Schneeberger, Franz Julius (1827-1892)—Austrian writer and play-wright, editor and publisher of the Deutsch-Italienische Korrespondenz.— 501 Schorlemmer, Carl (Jollymeier) (1834.-1892) —German organic chemist, dialectical materialist, professor at Owen College in Manchester; member of Royal Society; member of the First International and of the German Socialist Workers' Party; friend of Marx and Engels.—5, 31, 33, 45-48, 55, 61, 62, 71, 74-77, 79, 91, 123, 129, 132, 160, 168, 170-71, 174, 209, 229, 245, 247, 289, 314, 315, 318, 320, 325, 375, 376, 378, 384, 438, 439, 454, 455, 458, 477, 478, 483, 490, 495, 506, 539 Schorlemmer, Ludwig — Carl Sehorlem-mer's brother.— 160, 209 Schramm, Carl (Karl) August (1830-1905) — German economist; ,Social Democrat; an editor of the Jahrbuch für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik; withdrew from the working-class movement in the 1880s.—193, 194, 204, 211, 386-87, 391, 414 Schuberth, Julius — German publisher; published the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue in Hamburg in 1850.—261 Schulze-Delitzsch, Franz Hermann (1808-1883) — German economist and politician; advocated unification of Germany under the Prussian supremacy; a founder of the National Association (1859); a leader of the Party of Progress in the 1860s; sought to divert the workers from revolutionary struggle by organising cooperative societies.— 389 Schumacher, Georg Gerber (1844-1917)—German tanner, later trader; Social Democrat; deputy to the German Reichstag (1884-98); was expelled from the German Socialist Workers' Party (1898) for his adopting liberal stand during the elections to the Reichstag.—209, 352, 427 Schweichel, Robert (pseudonym Rosus) (1821-1907) —German writer, literary critic and journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated to Switzerland; active in the working-class movement (from the late 1860s); contributed to Die Neue %eil and other socialist press.—164 Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von (1833-1875)—German lawyer; a Lassallean leader; edited Der Social-Demokrat (1864-67); President of the General Association of German Workers (1867-71); expelled from the General Association (1872) for his contacts with the Prussian authorities.— 475 Séverine, Caroline Rémy (Guebhard by marriage) (1855-1929) —French journalist, active participant in the socialist movement (1880s); headed Le Cri du Peuple (1886-88); supported Boulanger (from the late 1880s).—376 Shaw, George Bernard (1856-1950) — Irish-English playwright and journalist; a founder of the Fabian

Society (1884) and its active member.—207, 238 Shipton, George Ball (1839-1911) — English trade unionist; secretary of the Amalgamated Society of House Painters and Decorators; editor of The Labour Standard (1881-85); secretary of the London Trades Council (1872-96).—72 Simoneau — Radical candidate at the Paris municipal elections in May 1884.—141 Simrock, Karl Joseph (1802-1876) — German poet and philologist.—226 Singer, Paul ( 1844-1911 ) — prominent figure in the German working-class movement; member of the German Socialist Workers' Party (from 1878), deputy to the German Reichstag ( 1884-1911 ) and head of its Social-Democratic group (from 1885); member of the party Executive (from 1887) and its chairman (from 1890).— 140, 218, 232, 240, 243, 284, 426, 433, 535 Sketchley, John (b. 1822)—English journalist, Chartist and prominent figure in the English socialist workers' movement; member of the Social Democratic Federation and of the Socialist League.— 238 Skrebitsky, Alexander Ilyich (1827-1915) — Russian liberal historian.— 339 Smith, Adam (1723-1790) —Scottish classical economist.— 95, 166, 184 Smith (Smith- Headingley), Adolphe (Adolphus) — English journalist and socialist; member of the Social Democratic Federation (1880s).—247 Sonnenschein, William Swan (1855-1931 ) — English publisher; put out the first English edition of Volume I of Marx's Capital (1887).—421, 449, 450, 460, 473, 480, 484, 494, 521, 524, 527 Sorge, Adolf (1855-1907)— son of Friedrich Adolph Sorge, mechanical engineer.—43, 116, 246, 297, 393, 395, 491 Sorge, Friedrich Adolph (Adolf) (1828-1906)—German teacher, prominent figure in the international and American working-class and socialist movement; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to the USA in 1852; member of the First International; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); member of the General Council in New York and its General Secretary (1872-74); a founder of the Socialist Labor Party (1876); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—10, 13-16, 18, 42, 91, 113-16, 192, 244-46, 295-97, 393-95, 402, 403, 439, 443, 460, 480, 490-93, 531, 534

Sorge, Katharina — Friedrich Adolph Sorge's wife.—113, 460 Sosnowski, Kasimierz (1857-1930) — Polish engineer, socialist; an organiser of the workers' societies in Warsaw (late 1870s); an émigré in Paris (from 1881); translated Volume I of Capital into Polish; later withdrew from the revolutionary movement.— 89 Sparling, H. Halliday — English journalist; member of the Socialist League (from 1884), an editor of The Commonweal.— 535-36 Stanley, Sir Henry Morion (original name John Rowlands) (1841-1904) — English journalist; explorer of Africa; head of the English expedition to the Equatorial Africa (1887-89).— 192 Staples, John — Lord Mayor of London (1885-86).—534 Stegemann, Richard—German economist.—266-67, 282 Stephan, Heinrich von (1831-1897) — German statesman; organiser and head of the post and telegraph service in the German Empire.— 337 Stephens, Joseph Rayner (1805-1879) — English clergyman; took part

in the Chartist movement (late 1830s).—422 Stepnyak — see Kravchinsky, Sergei Mikhai-lovich Stiebeling, George — American statistician and journalist; member of the Socialist Labor Party; wrote on economical questions.— 114, 296 Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882)—chief of the Prussian political police (1852-60); an organiser of and principal witness for the prosecution at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); chief of military police and of the German intelligence and counter-intelligence in France during the Austro-Prussian (1866) and the Franco-Prussian (1870-71) wars.—305, 329, 344, 346 Stoecker, Adolf (1835-1909) —German clergyman, founder (1878) and leader of the Christian-Social Party; opposed the socialist working-class movement; advocated Anti-Semitism; deputy to the German Reichstag (1881-93 and 1898-1908).—367 Struve, Gustav von (1805-1870)—German journalist, democrat; a leader of the Baden uprising (April-September 1848) and of the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849), a leader of the German refugees in England; took part in the US Civil War on the side of the Union, returned to Germany in 1862.— 287, 383 Sudeikin, Georgi Porfiryevich (1850-1883) — Russian police officer, inspector of the St Petersburg secret police, assassinated by the Narodnaya Volya members.— 74

T

Terry, Ellen Alicia (1847-1928) —English actress.—345 Terzaghi, Carlo (b. 1845) — Italian lawyer and journalist; secretary of the Federazione operaia and VEmancipazione del proletario societies in Turin; police agent from 1872.— 154 Thévenin (d. 1885) — French police com-missar; an organiser of the provocative explosions in Montceau-les-Mines (1884).—265 Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin ( 1795-1856) —French historian.—226 Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877) — French historian and statesman; Prime Minister (1836, 1840); deputy to the Constituent (1848) and Le-gislative (1849-51) assemblies; head of the Orleanists after 1848; chief of the executive power (1871); dealt brutally with the Paris Communards (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73).— 117, 399, 430 Thüringer, Freiwald—see Quarck, Max Tikhomirov (Tichomiroff), Lev Alexandrovich (1852-1923) — Russian journalist, member of the Narodnaya Volya party; monarchist from the late 1880s —264 Tkachov, Pyotr Mkitich (1844-1886) — Russian revolutionary journalist, ideologist of Narodism (Popu-lism) in Russia.— 529 Tschech, Heinrich Ludwig (1789-1844) — Prussian official, democrat; burgomaster of Storkow (1832-41), executed for an attempt on the life of Frederick William IV.—433 Tucker, E.— London publisher.— 374 Tussy — see Marx, Eleanor Tylor, Sir Edward Burnett (1832-1917) — English anthropologist, ethnographer and historian of primitive culture, supporter of the evolution doctrine.— 103

V

Vaillant, Edouard Marie (1840-1915) — French physician and engineer; Blanquist; member of the Paris Commune; member of the General Council of the First International (1871-72);

member of the Paris Municipal Council (from 1884); a founder of the Socialist Party of France (1901).—134, 141, 342, 489 Vaillant, Marie Anne Cécile Ambroisine (née Lachouille) — Edouard Vaillant's mother.— 320 Van Patten, Philipp — American business-man; took part in the American socialist movement; National Secretary of the Workingmen's Party of North America (from 1876) and Socialist Labor Party (1877-83); later, an official.— 9-11, 14 Varenhok, Karl ( 1858-1930) — English socialist, German by birth; member of the Social Democratic Federation in 1884-85.—265 Varnhagen von Ense, Rahel Antoine Frederike (néeLevon) (1771-1833)—wife of Karl August Varnhagen von Ense, well known for her literary salon in Berlin.—356 Vaulabelle, Achille Tenaille de (1799-1879) —French historian and politician; bourgeois republican.— 71 Vico, Giambattista (1668-1744) — Italian philosopher and lawyer.— 276 Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa (1840-1901) — Queen Victoria's elder daughter; wife (from 1858) of the Prussian Crown Prince Frederick William.—268 Viereck, Louis (1851-1921) —German publisher and journalist; illegitimate son of the German Emperor William I; Social Democrat; leader of the Right wing of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (second half of the 1870s); deputy to the Reichstag (1884-87); emigrated to the USA (1890) and withdrew from the socialist movement.—22, 80, 187, 218, 250, 258, 323, 328, 442, 449, 489 Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maroj (70-19 B.C.)—Roman poet.— 413 Vogt, Karl (Carl) (1817-1895) — German natural scientist; democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; one of the five imperial regents (June 1849); emigrated to Switzerland in 1849; received subsidies from Napoleon III in the 1850s-60s.—282, 587 Vollmar, Georg Heinrich von (1850-1922) — German army officer; Social Democrat; a leader of the Right wing in German Social Democracy; an editor of Der Sozialdemokrat (1879-80); deputy to the German Reichstag (1881-87 and 1890-1918).—184, 185, 433

W

Wagner, Adolph (1835-1917)—German economist and politician, professor of political economy and finance; a founder of socio-legal school in political economy; armchair socialist.— 138 Wagner, Richard (1813-1883)—German composer, conductor and musical writer.—124, 174, 283 Walther — German physician, acquain-tance of the Bebel family.— 316 Watrin (d. 1886) — French engineer, manager of the mines in Decazeville.— 409 Watts, John Hunter ( 1853-1923) — English socialist, a leader of the Social Democratic Federation; later member of the British Socialist Party.— 367 Weerth, Georg (1822-1856) —German proletarian poet and journalist; member of the Communist League; edited the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49; friend of Marx and Engels.— 34, 160, 161, 422, 475 Wegmann — German confectioner, relative of A. Wegmann, a member of the First International.— 293 Wehner, J. G.— German refugee in Manchester; Treasurer of the Schiller Institute in the 1860s; Engels' acquain-tance.— 204 Weiler, G.Adam (1841-1894) —German joiner; refugee in the USA and from 1862 in England; member of the First

International (from 1865) and of the British Federal Council (1872-73); member of London Trades Union Council (1872-73) and of the Social Democratic Federation (from 1883).— 57 Werder, Bernhard Franz Wilhelm von (1823-1907) —Prussian general and diplomat, military attaché in St Petersburg (1869-86), governor of Berlin (1886-88), ambassador to St Petersburg (1892-95).—467 Wermuth, Karl Georg Ludwig (1804-1867) — chief of police in Hanover; an organiser of and witness for the prosecution at the Cologne. Communist trial (1852); in collaboration with Stieber wrote the book Die Communisten-Ver schwörungen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts.—^, 329, 344, 346 Westphalen, Johann Ludwig von (1770-1842)—Jenny Marx's father, Privy Councillor in Trier.— 332 Weydemeyer, Otto — son of Joseph Weydemeyer; took part in the US working-class movement.— 14 Wicksteed, Philip Henry (b. 1844) — British Unitarian minister, Christian socialist.—192, 195 William I (1797-1888) —King of Prussia (1861-88) and Emperor of Germany (1871-88).—34, 81, 124, 130, 140, 147, 268, 299, 304, 317, 318, 320, 324, 328, 329, 383, 467, 469, 473, 484, 486, 487, 493, 505, 510, 520 Williams, John Edward (1854-1917)—a founder and leader of the Social Democratic Federation (1881).—366-69, 375 Willich, August (1810-1878)— Prussian army officer; member of the Communist League; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; a leader of the sectarian group in the Communist League in 1850; emigrated to the USA in 1853, general in the Northern army during the Civil War.— 352 Willis, Edwin.— 118 Wills, William Gorman (1828-1891) — Irish dramatist.— 345 Wischnewetzky — see Kelley- Wischnewetz-ky, Florence Wischnewetzky, Lazar—physician, Polish by birth; emigrated to the USA in 1886, member of the Socialist Labor Party, Florence Kelley-Wischnewetzky's husband.— 441, 477, 478 Woermann, Adolf (1847-1911) —big German merchant; National Liberal; deputy to the Reichstag (1884-90); active participant in the colonial expansio-nism in Africa.— 199 Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864)—German teacher, proletarian revolutionary; member of the Central Authority of the Communist League from March 1848; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Ze^unS m 1848-49, took an active part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to Switzerland and later to England; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 309, 324, 328

Wright—English socialist, member of the Social Democratic Federation.— 224

Y

Tanson, Tuli Eduardovich (1835-1892) — Russian statistician and eco-

Ahriman (Gr. myth.)—Greek name for the Persian source of all evil in the world, Angro Mainyush, contrasts with Good Spirit, Ahura Mazda (Greek Ormazd).— 13 Ahura Mazda (Ormazd, Ormuzd) — Persian god of Good Spirit.— 13 Arnold—a character in Minna Kautsky's Die Alten und die Neuen.— 356

Brunhild—the legendary heroine in the Old German and Scandinavian epic

nomist, professor at St Petersburg University (from 1865) and at some other educational institutions, head of the statistical bureau of the Petersburg municipal board (from 1881); wrote fruitfully on the theory and history of statistics.— 339

Z

Zasulich ( Zasoulitch), Vera Ivanovna (1849-1919) — participant in the Narodnik (from 1868) and later in the Social-Democratic movements in Russia; a founder (1883) and active member of the Emancipation of Labour group.— 63-67, 93, 111-13, 204, 264, 279, 281, 400, 432 Zhukovsky, Tuli Galaktionovich (1822-1907) — Russian economist and journalist; manager of the State Bank; author of the article 'Karl Marx and His Book on Capital'.— 112 Zitz, Franz Heinrich (1803-1877) — German lawyer, deputy to the Frankfurt Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to the USA.—287

and in the German medieval poem, Nibelungenlied; Queen of Island, wife of Günther, King of the Burgun-dians.— 224

Droste-Fischering—a character in a German satirical folk song.— 434

Elsa — a character in Minna Kautsky's Die Alten und die Neuen.— 357

Freya (Sc. myth.) — goddess of fertility

INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES and love, wife of god Freyr, her brother; character in the Scandinavian epic the Elder Edda — 173, 174 Friday — one of the two main characters in Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.—194

John Bull — the title hero of John Ar-buthnot's book The History of John Bull (1712), the name is often used to personify England or the English people.—155, 165, 256, 303

Mary (Bib.),—35 Meleager (Gr. myth.)—son of Oeneus, legendary King of Calydon and Al-thaea; killed his maternal brothers.— 189 Michael (Bib.)—one of the seven ar-changels.—300, 304

Odin (Othin) — supreme deity of ancient

Scandinavian mythology.— 173 Ormuzd—see Ahura Mazda

Procrustes (Gr. myth.) — giant robber who entrapped travellers and forced them to lie down on a bed on which his

victims had to fit, either by being ham-mered out and stretched, or by having their limbs lopped off.— 204

Rinaldo Rinaldini — robber, title character in the chivalrous romance by Christian August Vulpius.— 198 Robinson Crusoe—the title character in Daniel Defoe's novel.— 194 Rodrigo (Roderich) (d. 711)—Visigoth King.—289

Saucissard—a character in Paul de Kock's L'amant de la lune.— 170 Sigurd (Siegfried) — one of the main characters in the Old German and Scandinavian epic.— 224

Tyr (Eru)—god of war of ancient Germans and Scandinavians.—173

Volker—knight and musician in the Old German epic and in the medieval epic Nibelungenlied.— 498 Zius— see Tyr