NOTES AND INDEXES

Notes

Residual editorial notes

106 editorial note entries had no resolved in-text occurrence and remain here so no source note definition is discarded.

[16] Engels is probably referring to the first report on the Copenhagen Congress of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany carried by Der Sozialdemokrat of 12 April 1883. ('Kongreß der deutschen Sozialdemokratie. Abgehalten in Kopenhagen vom 29. März bis 2. April 1883'.) Subsequent reports were printed by the newspaper on 19 and 26 April.— 7

[21] At the Hague Congress of the First International (2-7 September 1872) a special commission was formed to investigate the secret activities of the Alliance. On the strength of the materials it studied, the commission concluded that the activities of the Alliance were incompatible with membership in the International, as were the activities of the leaders of the former, Bakunin and Guillaume. Having generally accepted the commission's proposals, the Hague Congress decided to publicise the documents at the commission's disposal concerning the Alliance and expelled Bakunin and Guillaume from the International.— 10

[71] On 20 June 1883 Laura Lafargue wrote to Engels reminding him that, during her stay with Marx at the Swiss spa town of Vevey in August-September 1882 he had informed her of his plans for future work and promised to give her all the documents and papers she required to write a history of the International Working Men's Association. He further requested her to start work on an English translation of the first volume of Capital.— 39

[99] Democratic Federation — an association of various British workers' and radical-democratic societies formed on 8 June 1881 by a group of radical intellectuals headed by Henry Mayers Hyndman. The Federation's programme was limited to bourgeois-democratic demands like adult suffrage, the nationalisation of land and a parliamentary reform. However, as it was joined by socialist intellectuals (Ernest Belfort Bax, William Morris and others) and advanced workers (Harry Quelch, John Elliot Burns), the leadership of the Federation adopted noticeably more socialist positions. The Federation's conference in June 1883 adopted a Manifesto drawn up by Hyndman and setting out its fundamental principles. It was soon put out as a separate pamphlet entitled Socialism Made Plain, being the Social and Political Manifesto of the Democratic Federation. It contained a demand for 'nationalisation of the means of production and distribution'. In August 1884 the Democratic Federation became the Social Democratic Federation (see Note 300).— 54,

[101] The reference is to the Chartist movement in England, the first mass political and revolutionary movement of the English proletariat in the 1830s and 1840s. Its slogan was the struggle for a 'People's Charter'. This document contained six points: universal suffrage (for men of 21 and over), annual Parliaments, vote by ballot, equal electoral districts, abolition of the property qualification for MPs, and payment of MPs. Petitions urging the adoption of the People's Charter were turned down by Parliament in 1839, 1842 and 1848.—54, 422

[102] The reference is to a series of concessions the British bourgeoisie made to the working class in the 1870s. In 1871 the Liberal government under Gladstone adopted the Trade Union Act which improved the judicial status of the unions. Trade unions were thus recognised for the first time, it was no longer possible to proclaim them illegal, they were able to register their rules and determine their internal structure and procedure of their activities without interference from the judiciary. In 1875 Disraeli's Conservative cabinet enacted legislation permitting 'peaceful picketing', thus giving the workers a right to strike. 1867 saw the second electoral reform in England under which the property re-quirement for voters in the counties was reduced to £12 in rent for tenants, whilst in the towns the right to vote was accorded to homeowners and tenants of flats and houses who had lived in the same place for not less than a year and paid rent of not less than £10. Some of the skilled workers also received the right to vote. However, this law did not extend to Scotland or Ireland.— 55

[108] This is an allusion to a series of articles headed 'Die Trades Unions' which Wilhelm Liebknecht published anonymously in Die Neue £eit in early 1883.— 57

[111] The postcard referred to has not been found.— 59, 211

[112] Hermann Lopatin visited Engels on 19 September, several months after fleeing from exile in Vologda (see Note 6). They met for the second time on 23 September. On 20 September 1883 Lopatin wrote to Maria Oshanina, telling her about the substance of his first conversation with Engels (see present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 591-93).—59

[113] The first volume of Marx's Capital (third German edition) was issued by the Meissner publishing house in Hamburg and printed on Otto Wigand's press in Leipzig.— 60

[114] During his prison sentence (see Note 9) Paul Lafargue worked on an article entitled 'Le blé en Amérique...' which was carried by the Journal des Economistes in 1884.—63, 71

[116] In early November 1883 Vera Zasulich asked Engels a number of questions with a view to ascertaining his attitude to the plans to publish the second volume of Marx's Capital in Russian in St Petersburg. She informed him that, if they were given the opportunity, Russian socialist émigrés were prepared to take on the translation. Together with the letter Zasulich sent Engels the announcement about the publication of the Library of Contemporary Socialism series (see Note 124) and the Russian translation of Marx's Wage Labour and Capital which had just appeared in Geneva. She further informed Engels that his work Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, which she had translated into Russian, was in the press. This book appeared in Geneva in 1884 under the title Pa3eumie naymaeo cou,iaRU3Ma.— 65

[117] Hermann Lopatin began translating the first volume of Marx's Capital into Russian during his stay in London in the summer and autumn of 1870. Before leaving for Russia at the end of the year he translated the second, third and beginning of the fourth chapter of the first German edition of Volume I of Capital. The translation in full was done by October 1871 by Nikolai Danielson and Nikolai Lyuba-vin, Professor of Chemistry at Moscow University. The first Russian edition of Volume I of Capital appeared in St Petersburg in 1872. The second volume of Capital was published in Russian in Danielson's translation in January 1886.— 65

[119] On 10 November 1883 Eduard Bernstein informed Engels that Max Quarck (literary pseudonym Freiwald Thüringer) was the author of a book about the Thu-ringian cottage industry; the book contained positive comments on the social reforms carried out by the German government.— 67

[121] Engels wrote the essay 'The Mark' between mid-September and the first half of December 1882 as an appendix to the German edition of his work Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (see present edition, Vol. 24). 'The Mark' was published by Der Sozialdemokrat in March-April 1883 and as a separate edition in Hottingen-Zurich under the title Der deutsche Bauer. Was war er? Was ist er? Was könnte er sein? which was specially prepared by Engels for propaganda work among the peasants.—68

[122] On 10 November 1883 Eduard Bernstein informed Engels of his intention to publish in Der Sozialdemokrat Paul Lafargue's pamphlet Le Droit à la Paresse which Lafargue had prepared for publication as a separate edition in the summer of 1883, during his imprisonment in Ste-Pelagie (see Note 9). The pamphlet Le Droit à la Paresse. Refutation du 'Droit au Travail' de 1848 was published for the first time in 1880, in l'Egalité; a separate pamphlet appeared the same year in Paris. This was also published in German in Der Sozialdemokrat under the heading 'Das Recht auf Faulheit' in December 1883-January 1884.— 68, 86

[125] Karl Kautsky was in London from late November to early December 1883. On 28 November, he attended Engels' birthday party together with Eleanor Marx and Edward Aveling.— 68, 80

[127] In 1849 Engels and Johann Philipp Becker took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising (see Engels' 'The Campaign for the German Imperial Constitution', present edition, Vol. 10, pp. 147-239 and also 'Johann Philipp Becker', present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 418-23).—69

[128] Engels wrote the lines below on a postcard which he addressed: 'Karl Kautsky. Esq., Wedde's Hotel, Greek St., Soho, W . C — 7 0

[132] In the 'Preface to the 1872 German Edition of the Manifesto of the Communist Party' Marx and Engels referred readers to the passage in Marx's work The Civil War in France where, on the strength of the experience gathered by the Paris Commune, he concluded that 'the working class cannot simply lay hold of the ready-made State machinery, and wield it for its own purposes' (see present edition, Vol. 23, p. 175).—73

[133] By way of a reminder the appendix to the Russian edition of the Manifesto of the Communist Party, which appeared in Georgi Plekhanov's translation in Geneva in 1882 (see Note 78), contained an excerpt from Marx's The Civil War in France. Engels is further referring to the 1883 German edition of the Manifesto for which he wrote a special preface (see present edition, Vol. 26); this edition was published without an appendix.— 74

[134] On 21 December 1883 The Times reported that on 10 December 1883, when Tsar Alexander III had been out hunting, the horses had bolted and upturned the sled in which he was sitting.— 74

[136] On 29 December 1883 Karl Kautsky wrote to Engels that the tsarist government had ordered from his father Johann Kautsky's workshop in Prague the scenery which was to capture various moments from the coronation of Alexander III in May 1883; the scenery was to be put on public display in various Russian cities and to be completed by May 1884.— 76

[140] In a letter to Engels of 7 January 1884 Paul Lafargue wrote about the 'German "goût"' (taste), illustrating it with such examples as pictures for children, toys and artificial flowers. Lafargue continued that German producers were planning to capture part of the French market from the domestic industrialists and, for this purpose, the goods they exported to France were being supplied with German la-bels, this serving to indicate that they were more competitive.— 78

[141] In a letter of 31 October 1883 August Bebel asked Engels to find a place in an English family for the daughter of his associé Ferdinand Issleib. But on the very next day Bebel apologised to Engels for the trouble he had caused him and sent him Issleib's urgent request that he return Bebel's letter of 31 October. Engels' letter to Bebel, written in pencil, has not been found.— 80

[145] August Bebel's book Die Frau und der Sozialismus appeared in English translation in London in 1885 under the title Woman in the Past, Present and Future.— 83

[149] Engels used the manuscript when preparing the third volume of Capital (see present edition, Vol. 37).— 88

[151] The reference is to Marx's article 'On Proudhon' which he wrote on 24 January 1865 at the request of the editorial board of Der Social-Demokrat (see present edition, Vol. 20). Engels planned to include it in full in the preface to the second French edition of The Poverty of Philosophy, which Laura Lafargue was preparing at the time. It appeared in 1896, following Engels' death. The article by Marx was included in the appendix under the title 'Proudhon jugé par Karl Marx'. In the German edition of The Poverty, which appeared in Stuttgart in 1885, this article by Marx came after Engels' preface.— 91, 102, 107, 206

[152] The New Yorker Volkszeitung, No. 12, 14 January 1884, carried an article entitled 'Ein paar Muster'. Its author advised the Social Democrats, particularly the French and the German, to follow the example of the Irish and Russian revolutionaries, who, as he put it, observed unity and displayed agreeability. In Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 6, 7 February 1884, these views were criticised in an article entitled 'Toleranz, aber keine Indifferenz' (Tolerance, but not indifference) .— 91

[154] Engels is referring to the events in Vienna where Hlubek and Bloch, two secret police agents, were killed in December 1883 and January 1884. The murders were provoked by the government, which attributed them to the anarchists and used this as an excuse to introduce a state of siege in Vienna and its environs as well as adopting legislation against the anarchists which was actually directed against the socialist movement. Workers' organisations were subjected to police persecution, their leaders deported and their press prohibited.— 92

[156] On 30 January 1884 Pyotr Lavrov wrote to Engels about the need to reissue Marx's early works, which had already become a rarity; he further informed Engels that he had been given the chance to publish in BtcmuuKi Hapoduou Bom the translation of Marx's work The Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850 (see present edition, Vol. 10) which had been carried in 1850 by the Neue Rheinische Leitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue under the title 'Von 1848 bis 1849'. Lavrov asked Engels for more detailed information about this work.— 93, 261

[15 7] The reference is to the propaganda trip Paul Lafargue, Jules Guesde, Simon Dereure and Jean Dormoy made around the northern districts of France in connection with the forthcoming congress of the French Workers' Party in Roubaix (29 March to 7 April 1884) (see Note 195). On 27 January 1884 Lafargue, Guesde and Dereure addressed a large rally in St Quentin. On 28 January they spoke in St-Pierre-Calais, not having arrived until ten o'clock in the evening since they had been forced to wait 3'/2 hours for a train to Calais. The meeting had nevertheless passed off successfully, as Lafargue informed Engels on 6 February 1884.— 94, 96

[161] Blue Books — collected documents of the British Parliament and Foreign Office published since the 17th century.— 95, 128

[163] The Cercle international of the fifth arrondissement was a workers' association in Paris belonging to the Federation of the Centre (the Paris association of the Possibilists) (see Note 237). The secretary of the association, Henri Leclère, was one of the Possibilist leaders; it included among its members a number of German and Russian emigres.— 96

[167] On 5 February 1884 Johann Philipp Becker wrote to Engels saying he believed there was a need to broaden the campaign for universal suffrage in Germany and that the masses there were not learning to act in a collective and coordinated manner. Becker wrote that this campaign was an excellent means of setting the masses in town and country in motion, notably young people between 21 and 25, who were deprived of the right to vote, and also of exposing the bourgeois parties.— 98

[170] The reference is to Rudolf Meyer's book Der Emancipationskampf des vierten Standes, Vol. 1, Berlin, 1874. Engels refers to this book in the preface to the second volume of Capital (see present edition, Vol. 36).— 101

[172] The reference is to Karl Kautsky's letter to Engels of 2 February 1884 in which, on behalf of the Volksbuchhandlung in Zurich, he asked for the right to publish a new edition of Engels' The Condition of the Working-Class in England.— 102

[173] The 'original cantons' was the name given to Switzerland's mountainous cantons which formed the original core of the Swiss Federation in the 13th and 14th centuries.— 103

[175] Engels' critical remarks about Taylor's and Lubbock's works are contained in his preface to the fourth German edition of The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State which appeared in 1891 (see present edition, Vol. 27).— 103

[176] By 'later versions' Engels means the manuscripts of the first (1867) and third (1865) volumes of Capital.— 104

[17 8] This letter by Engels was written in reply to John Darbyshire's letter of 17 February 1884. Reminding Engels of their meeting in 1872, Darbyshire informed him of his efforts to 'start the International again' and continued by saying that in Manchester he had 'at last succeeded in forming a Committee of English, Irish, Welsh and Scotch'. Darbyshire asked Engels to remind him of the names of members of the International so that he might resume correspondence with them and further promised to send him a copy of the 'Principles, Objects and Aims' of the future organisation.—106

[181] Engels is referring to the declaration of 21 March 1871 ('République Française. Liberté, égalité, fraternité...') which Benoît Malon signed as assistant to the Mayor of the 17th arrondissement in Paris together with the Mayor himself and two other assistants. The document stated that, since the Mayor and his assistants were alienated from power by force, the validity of all acts of the municipality of the 17th arrondissement ceased from that day. On Malon's activities in this period see also Marx's and Engels' Fictitious Splits in the International (present edition, Vol. 23, p. 94).—108

[191] An excerpt from this letter was first published in English in The Socialist Review, London, March 1908.— 113

[199] On 16 March 1884 London witnessed a workers' demonstration in connection with the anniversary of Marx's death and in commemoration of the Day of the Paris Commune. A meeting was held at Marx's grave in Highgate Cemetery.—

[200] Engels is referring to the review of the March issue of To-Day published in Justice, No. 8, 8 March 1884. The author criticised the publication of Edward Aveling's article 'Christianity and Capitalism' and believed that the views it presented on re-ligious and atheist issues were well known. The reviewer also considered Eleanor Marx's article 'Dr Marx and Mr Gladstone's Budget Speech of 1863' to be 'scarcely suited' to appear in the journal. In it, Eleanor Marx disproved the allegations made by the English economist Sedley Taylor who had accused Marx of citing Gladstone's 1864 budget speech in a distorted way. This accusation by Taylor was the continuation of the campaign of slander begun back in 1872 which Engels exposed in 1891 in his work In the Case of Brentano Versus Marx (see present edition, Vol. 27).—118

[202] 'Ex-President of Mankind' was the name Marx and Engels gave to Bernhard Becker, who had been President of the General Association of German Workers (Lassalleans). This was an allusion to Marx's article 'The "President of Mankind'" (see present edition, Vol. 20, pp. 92-96) containing a critique of Becker's activities.—119

[20 5] £ ng ei s is referring to the newspaper Révolutions de Paris published by Elisée Loustalot, the newspaper Feuille Villageoise and Maurice Alhoy's and Louis Lu-rine's book Les prisons de Paris. Histoire, types, moeurs, mystères, Paris, 1846.—122

[211] On 7 April 1884 Karl Kautsky informed Engels that on 1 April a legal newspaper called the Berliner Volksblatt had begun to appear in the German capital. Its first editor-in-chief, Wilhelm Bios, belonged to the Right wing of the Socialist Workers' Party. The members of the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag, including Bios himself, opposed Liebknecht playing any part in the newspaper's publication.— 124

[212] Engels is referring to the decision taken at the congress of the French Workers' Party in Roubaix (see Note 195) to call an international congress in London for spring 1885 to discuss factory law. The congress took place m Antwerp in August 1885.—125

[215] Apparently Ludwig Kugelmann sent Engels Leibniz' correspondence as published in Hanover, first in the journal Zeitschrift des historischen Vereins für Miedersach-sen for 1881 and 1884 and later as separate offprints from this journal: Leibnizens Briefwechsel mit dem Minister von Bernstorff und andere Leibniz betreffende Briefe und Aktenstücke aus den Jahren 1705-1716, Hanover, 1882, and Briefwechsel zwischen Leibniz und der Herzogin Elisabeth Charlotte v. Orléans in den Jahren 1715 und 1716, Hanover, 1884.—133

[216] At the elections to the Paris municipal council, which were set for 4 May 1884, the French Workers' Party decided to put up its own candidates only in those con-stituences where no candidates were standing from the Possibilists (see Note 237) or from other socialist tendencies.— 134

[221] In a letter of 29 April 1884 Karl Kautsky suggested to Engels that his work The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (see present edition, Vol. 26) should be published in Germany at what was, in his opinion, an opportune moment— during the Reichstag discussion on the prolongation of the Anti-Socialist Law. He believed that on the eve of the elections all parties would have to reckon with the voters' opinion and the government would therefore not risk banning Die Neue £eit and the publication of Engels' work.— 137

[226] Karl Kautsky gave a detailed critical analysis of Rodbertus-Jagetzow's views in 'Das "Capital" von Rodbertus', published in Die Neue £eit, Nos. 8 and 9, August and September 1884 (see also Note 254).—138

[234] Phalanstère — palaces in which, according to the French Utopian socialist, Charles Fourier, members of producer and consumer associations were to live and work in an ideal socialist society. The ideas which Engels goes on to advocate in this letter were used in an editorial article probably written by Eduard Bernstein and carried by Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 22, 29 May 1884 under the heading 'Reklame und Wirklichkeit'.—141

[250] In Salzburg Karl Kautsky met some Austrian Social Democrats who told him that the anarchists did not wield any appreciable influence among the masses. He informed Engels about the details of this meeting on 23 June 1884.— 153

[251] A number of explosions occurred in London on 30 May 1884, including one at Scotland Yard when a dynamite charge was set off in a public convenience. Irish nationalists claimed responsibility for the explosions.— 154

[259] In his letter of 20 June 1884 Eduard Bernstein asked Engels to send him a photograph of Marx for a chromolithograph a comrade of his was planning. For the original Bernstein wished to have either the drawing in chalk which he had seen at Engels' home in his study, or else a photograph of Marx.— 159

[270] The editorial board of the Journal des Economistes, which carried Paul Lafargue's article 'Le blé en Amérique', added an accompanying note to the article expressing regret that Lafargue had not 'devoted his excellent enquiring mind and good style to political economy'.— 168

[311] Following August Bebel's failure at the first ballot in Cologne, representatives of the National Liberals and the Centre stood at the second ballot (see notes 229 and 243). In its reports headed 'Die Stichwahlen...' (second edition), No. 307, 4 November 1884; 'Die Reichstags-Stichwahl in Köln...' (second edition), No. 309, 6 November 1884 and 'Noch einmal die Kölner Stichwahl...' (second edition), No. 311,8 November 1884, the Kölnische Leitung called upon the Social-Democratic electors to vote for the National Liberal candidate and demanded that they publicly disavow revolutionary principles.— 213, 231

[312] a Bismarck's social reform was a distinctive method employed by the ruling classes in their fight against the revolutionary workers' movement during the period when the Anti-Socialist Law (see Note 37) was in force in Germany. Having failed to destroy the Social Democrats in the initial years of this law (see notes 307 and 309), in late 1881 Bismarck set out to achieve his objective through a carrot and stick policy. On 17 November, a proclamation was published by the Emperor announcing a number of reforms (social insurance laws in cases of industrial accident, illness, old age and invalidity). Bismarck hoped that their introduction would split the Social Democrats and isolate the working class from the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany.—213

[313] In this letter Pasquale Martignetti asked for Engels' permission to translate his work The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the Stale into Italian and for his agreement to look through the translation; the book appeared in Benevento in 1885.—215

[321] The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund) — a federative state formed in 1867 after Prussia's victory in the Austro-Prussian war to replace the disintegrat-ed German Confederation (see Note 318). It initially included 19 states and three free cities, which were formally recognised as autonomous. In 1870 Bavaria, Baden and Württemberg joined the Confederation. The establishment of the North German Confederation and its Constitution securing Prussian domination, was a major step towards the national unification of Germany. The Confederation ceased to exist in January 1871, when the German Empire was formed.— 221

[323] Edda — a collection of epic poems and songs about the lives of the Scandinavian gods and heroes. It has come down to us in a manuscript dating from the 13th century, discovered in 1643 by the Icelandic bishop Sveinsson — the so-called Elder Edda — and in a treatise on the poetry of the scalds compiled in the early 13th century by Snorry Sturluson (Younger Edda).— 224

[324] Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 47, 21 November 1884 reported that the French socialists had held a major rally on 15 November 1884 in solidarity with the German workers. It also published excerpts from an article carried by the Lyon-Socialiste, No. 9, 9 November 1884 and welcoming the German Social Democrats' victory in the Reichstag (see Note 306).— 225

[331] The original of this letter contains a number of changes written in an unknown hand, perhaps that of August Bebel. The present edition reproduces Engels' text and gives the changes in footnotes.— 231

[340] At a meeting of the executive of the Social Democratic Federation chaired by H. Quelch on 27 December 1884 a vote of no-confidence in Hyndman was passed by ten to eight and the behaviour of Andreas Scheu was endorsed. Immediately after this, ten members (Eleanor and Edward Aveling, R. Banner, B. Bax, W.J. Clark, J. Cooper, J. Lane, J. L. Mahon, S. Mainwaring and W. Morris) declared that they were leaving the Federation.— 238

[352] Hermann Schlüter asked Engels to send him a set of the Neue Rheinische Leitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue since he was intending to publish in the Sozialdemokrati-sche Bibliothek series a number of works by Marx and Engels which the said journal had carried in 1850.— 251

[353] Reptiles (grovellers) is a term which became widespread after Bismarck used it in his speech before the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on 30 January 1869 to describe the government's opponents. The left-wing press took up this expression and began to describe as reptilian the semi-official press which was in the pay of the government, labelling the relevant category of journalists as reptiles.— 253

[355] This letter, which Paul Lafargue passed on to Jules Guesde, formed the basis for Guesde's leading article in the newspaper Le Cri du Peuple, No. 461, 31 January 1885. The excerpt published here was included in the article in full, where it was stated that a letter written by 'one of the veterans of our great social battles' had been received from London. Engels examined the issue to which he refers in this excerpt in the article 'Real Imperial Russian Privy Dynamiters' carried by Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 5, 29 January 1885 (see present edition, Vol. 26). The whereabouts of the original letter are unknown.— 255

[3 7 0] The reference is to the group of French workers in the Montceau-les-Mines coal-field who were arrested in November 1884 on a charge of organising explosions in the mine and the town. The immediate reason for their arrest was the explosion of 7 November organised by the agent provocateur Claude Brenin, who was in the pay of local police commissar Thévenin. Those arrested included activists in the workers' movement who had no connection with these explosions. The role played by Brenin as a provocateur was exposed by the socialist newspaper Le Cri du Peuple, 16 February 1885. At the trial in late May the accused were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.— 265

[378] In March and April 1885 there was a conflict between Britain and Russia caused by their rivalry over the area around the North-West frontier of Afghanistan. Following the annexation of Southern Turkestan by Russia there was a clash between Russian and Afghan forces, the latter supported by Britain, which threatened to escalate into an armed conflict between the two powers. However, the diplomatic isolation of Britain due to the position taken by Germany, forced the Gladstone administration to step down in its dispute with Russia about the division of spheres of influence in Central Asia. The April issue of the organ of the Socialist League— The Commonweal (No. 3) —carried an article by Ernest Belfort Bax entitled 'At Bay!' in which he set out his views on the foreign policies pursued by Britain and Russia, including those on the Anglo-Russian conflict.— 275

[382] A draft of this letter in Engels' handwriting has survived. All substantial variations are given in footnotes.— 279

[394] Engels is referring to Luther's choral 'Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott' ('God is our firm stronghold'), which Heine, in his %ur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland, called the 'Marseillaise of the Reformation' (Der Salon, Vol. 2, Hamburg, 1835, p. 80). In the Introduction to his Dialectics of Nature Engels calls this choral the 'Marseillaise of the sixteenth century' (see present edition, Vol. 25, p. 319).— 286

[397] A conflict arose between Prosper Lissagaray, editor-in-chief of La Bataille and its publisher Périnet. With assistance from Paul Brousse and his supporters, Périnet staged an abortive attempt to gain control of the editorship and pocket 10,000 francs donated to the newspaper by Capoul, a former singer.— 288

[399] The reference is to sections 5 and 6 of Volume III of Capital (see present edition, Vol. 37).—290

[4 0 9] The reference is to the work De origine actibusque Getarum by the Gothic historian Jordanes. It is a short conspectus oiHistoria Gothorum by Cassiodorus, which is not extant, and to which Jordanes added surviving oral pieces, legends of the Ger-manic tribes and material from other sources.— 296

[417] There was no separate collected edition of Marx's and Engels' articles about the June insurrection (see present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 121, 123-28, 130-64).— 305, 309,

[442] On 20 September 1885 in Paris, during the funeral of Antoine Jules Arnaud, a member of the Paris Commune, the police used the excuse that processions with red banners were prohibited to attempt to seize the red cover which had been placed over the deceased and attacked those attending the funeral.— 326

[4 5 3] Engels attached great importance to publicising the experience of Chartism as the first political movement of the British working class. It is thought that in the 1880s he wrote special notes for inclusion in Die Chartistenbewegung in England by the German democrat Sigismund Borkheim, although Engels' text has not yet been found. Die Chartistenbewegung in England (Zurich, 1887) by the German socialist Hermann Schlüter was based on a chronology of Chartism compiled in August 1886 by Engels at the request of the author (see present edition, Vol. 26).— 337

[459] The French Utopian socialist Etienne Cabet tried to organise a communist colony in North America made up of several hundred of his followers drawn from among the French workers. The colony existed from 1848 to 1856. The last communist community in the United States, which had been formed by adherents of Cabet, ceased to exist in 1895.— 342

[460] In 1880, at the request of Paul Lafargue, Engels transformed three chapters of his Anti-Diihring (Chapter I of the 'Introduction' and Chapters I and II of Part three — see present edition, Vol. 25, pp. 16-27 and 244-71) into a popular work in its own right. Entitled Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, it was published under the heading 'Socialisme utopique et socialisme scientifique' in the French journal La Revue socialiste, Nos. 3, 4 and 5, 20 March, 20 April and 5 May 1880, and later that year under the same heading as a separate pamphlet in Paris.— 342

[461] The words by Reichstag deputy Ludwig Bamberger which became a standard phrase were uttered at one of the 1876 sittings to describe the manner in which Bismarck dealt with the National Liberals.— 342

[471] The reference is to the economic crisis in Britain and other capitalist countries which Marx dealt with in his letter to Nikolai Danielson of 10 April 1879 (see present edition, Vol. 45).— 349

[510] The obituary to Sigismund Borkheim was carried by Der Sozialdemokrat, No. 3, 15 January 1886 under the heading 'In memoriam!'. It was probably written by Wilhelm Liebknecht. The factual inaccuracies it contained were corrected by the author in the following issue in a note headed 'Sigismund Borkheim' [Der Sozialdemokrat, 21 January 1886). The date, year and place of Borkheim's birth were put right, as were the years he attended school and a number of facts associated with the events of 1848. Engels wrote a short biographical sketch of Borkheim by way of an introduction to S. Borkheim, ^ur Erinnerung für die deutschen Mordspatrioten. 1806-1807, Hottingen-Zurich, 1888. It was published on Engels' initiative and with his assistance (see present edition, Vol. 26, pp. 446-51).—377, 379

[511] Engels wrote this letter by way of a supplement to his letter of 28 December 1885 to Wilhelm Liebknecht in which he had requested Liebknecht to place the obituary of Borkheim in Der Sozialdemokrat (see this volume, p. 377).— 380

[512] The Paris Peace Treaty, which ended the Crimean War of 1853-56, was signed by representatives of Russia, Austria, France, Great Britain, Sardinia, Turkey and Prussia on 18 (30) March 1856.—380

[513] The reference is to the clashes of ideas which occurred under the Anti-Socialist Law (see Note 37) in the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany between December 1884 and mid-July 1885. The question was whether it was possible for two ideological tendencies — revolutionary-proletarian and opportunist — to coexist within the framework of a single party in the German workers' movement. Differences of principle on a wide range of issues emerged between the representatives of these two tendencies within the Socialist Workers' Party: the strategy and tactics of the workers' movement, inner-party discipline, the significance of parliamentary,activity by socialist deputies, the role of the bourgeois state and the social reforms being carried out by the government, etc. Engels wrote to Bebel setting out his attitude to Liebknecht's position in the conflict as described in this letter (see this volume, p. 387).— 382

[514] The reference is to the annual reports of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor. From 1869 onwards these bureaus were set up in numerous US states under pressure from workers' organisations.— 382, 396

[515] An allusion to Wilhelm Bios' speech in the Reichstag on 9 January 1886 during the first reading of the bill on the construction of a Baltic canal (see Note 519).— 383

[516] The reference is to the attempt of 14 June 1848 by German workers and artisans during the revolution to seize an arsenal in Berlin.— 383

[517] Engels provided Liebknecht with additional brief biographical details of Borkheim for the obituary (see this volume, pp. 379 and 381).— 383

[519] The reference is to the project for the construction of a ship canal in Schleswig-Holstein connecting the harbour of Kiel with the mouth of the River Elbe near Brunsbüttel, subsequently called the Kiel Canal (alternatively, the North Sea-Baltic Canal, Kaiser Wilhelm Canal). The bill providing for its construction was presented to the Reichstag by Bismarck on 12 December 1885 and discussed on 9 January and 20 February 1886. It was enacted at the third reading on 25 February 1886. On Engels' attitude to the bill, see also this volume, p. 388.— 383

[533] Engels wrote this letter on a postcard addressed as follows: 'Monsieur P. Lavroff, 328 rue St. Jacques, Paris, France.' It is his reply to Lavrov's request, voiced in a letter of 23 January 1886 for a publication in which he might find a description of the external appearance, habits, etc., of the 'foremost English worthies'.— 399

[534] The reference is to Nikolai Danielson's preface to the first Russian edition of Volume II of Capital (see notes 155 and 168). In his letter to Engels of 31 December 1885 Danielson informed the recipient that he had completed the Russian translation of the second volume of Capital and was waiting for the third volume to appear.— 400

[535] It is probable that Nikolai Danielson's remarks about the economic situation in Russia were contained in his letters of 30 November, 7 January and 20 January whose whereabouts are unknown.— 401

[551] On 8 February 1886 Wilhelm Liebknecht took part in the Reichstag discussion of the imperial budget, which provided for financial assistance to the Russian government. Relying on advice from Engels and the material he had sent him, Liebknecht analysed the state of the Russian Empire's finances and stressed that Bismarck was rendering it financial assistance in order to help government overcome economic difficulties and prevent them growing into a domestic political crisis (see this volume, pp. 360, 365).—417

[591] The British parliament was dissolved on 26 June 1886. The elections to the House of Commons began on 2 July and were not completed before 20 July 1886. They brought defeat for the Liberals, who obtained 191 seats as against 316 for the Conservatives, 78 for the Liberal Unionists (see Note 430), and 85 for the supporters of Home Rule in Ireland.— 454

[596] In August 1885, the British Liberal politician Charles Dilke — Deputy Foreign Secretary in Gladstone's Cabinet — was forced to surrender his seat in Parliament and undertake to refrain from political activity due to his involvement in the di-vorce proceedings of Donald Crawford, Liberal M. P. for Lanark. A certain Cap-tain H. Forster likewise figured amongst those involved in the proceedings.— 458

[610] During the run-up to the elections for the Chamber of Deputies on 2 May 1886 (see Note 576) the socialist organisations and groups who had put forward Ernest Roche set up an election committee. After the elections, the leadership of the Socialist Federation of the department of Seine published an official report on the meeting of 9 May 1886 in Le Socialiste, No. 38, 15 May. It was announced in the report that the committee members had decided to maintain the coalition of these organisations and groups and had set up a standing commission including among its members Paul Lafargue from the Paris organisation of the Workers' Party.—

[612] In the letter referred to Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Dietz suggested to Kautsky that, for the duration of the six months' imprisonment to which he had been sentenced by the court in Freiberg (see Note 602), Wilhelm Bios should be entrusted with editing Die Neue %eil in Stuttgart (Kautsky had just done the general editing of the journal from London). Kautsky sent this letter to Engels on 19 August, asking his opinion on the matter and requesting permission to publish his name on the list of the journal's regular contributors in the prospectus for 1887.— 472

[614] The reference is to the parcel from Swan Sonnenschein & C ° publishers which was addressed to Engels in London and forwarded by Karl Kautsky to the recipient in Eastbourne.— 473

[616] Engels wrote this letter on a postcard addressed: 'K. Kautsky Esq., 50, Maitland Park Road, N. W. London.' —476

[617] On 23 August Karl Kautsky wrote to Engels that Wilhelm Liebknecht had asked him to purchase an easel which he could hang around his neck by means of a belt and on which he could write whether standing or walking. (Play on words: Esel meant both 'ass' and 'easel'.)—477

[646] The preliminary Peace Treaty of San Stefano, which ended the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78, was concluded on 3 March (February 19) 1878 at the place of the same name near Constantinople. It provided for the establishment of an autonomous Bulgarian principality with nominal dependence on Turkey; for state independence for Serbia, Montenegro and Romania and their territorial enlargement, etc. The treaty considerably strengthened Russian influence in the Balkans and gave rise to sharp opposition from Britain and Austria-Hungary with the tacit support of Germany. Under diplomatic and military pressure, the Russian government was forced to agree to an international congress to reconsider the treaty, given that it concerned 'general European' issues. The congress was held in Berlin from 13 June to 13 July 1878 and attended by representatives of Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Britain, Italy and Turkey. The outcome was the Treaty of Berlin, which represented a major deterioration in the conditions of the Treaty of San Stefano for Russia and the Slavs of the Balkan Peninsula. The size of self-governing Bulgaria was reduced to less than half that specified in San Stefano; an autonomous province — Eastern Rumelia — was set up under the Sultan's rule in the parts of Bulgaria located south of the Balkans; the size of Montenegro was considerably reduced. The Treaty of Berlin endorsed the return to Russia ofthat part of Bessarabia which had been cut off from it in 1856 and at the same time sanctioned the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary.— 512

[667] Engels wrote this letter on a postcard addressed: 'Herrn H. Schlüter, Volksbuchhandlung, Casinostraße, Hottingen-Zürich, Switzerland.' — 535

[673] Engels is referring to the following passage from the Manifesto of the Communist Party: 'The Communists fight for the attainment of the immediate aims, for the en-forcement of the momentary interests of the working class; but in the movement of the present, they also represent and take care of the future ofthat movement' (see present edition, Vol. 6, p. 518).— 541