Name Index

A

Abdul Aziz (1830-1876) —Sultan of Turkey (1861-76); deposed on 30 May 1876 and assassinated on 4 June.—120, 123

Abdul Hamid II (1842-1918)—Sultan of Turkey (1876-1909).—250, 280, 296

Abdul Kader Bey—Turkish statesman, supreme judge of Constantinople and Anatolia; representative at the Russo-Turkish peace negotiations in Adrianople (1829).—302^

Abdul Kerim Pasha (1807-1885) — Turkish military leader, Generalis-simo (from 1876); commander-in-chief of ihe Turkish army at the beginning of the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78, was removed in 1877.— 228, 250, 255, 260

Abeele, Henri van den (b. 1847) — Belgian merchant, anarchist; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872); expelled from the International by the General Council's decision of 30 May 1873.—156

Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of (1784-1860)—British Tory statesman; leader of the Peelites from 1850; Foreign Secretary (1828-30, 1841-46) and Prime Minister of the Coalition Ministry (1852-55).—301, 303

Acollas, Emile (1826-I891) —French lawyer and politician, socialist radical.—259

Acton—lawyer in Manchester.— 20

Adcock—one of Marx's witnesses when he applied for British naturalisation in 1874.—28

Agoult, Marie Catherine Sophie de Flavig-

ny, comtesse d' (pseudonym Daniel Stern) (1805-1876) —French writer.— 143

Alexander II (1818-1881)—Emperor of Russia (1855-81).—18, 22, 140, 156, 169-70, 191, 233, 234, 278, 299, 303, 384, 440

Alexander Alexandrovich (1845-1894)— heir to the throne, later Emperor Alexander III of Russia (1881-94).— 278

Allen, George—English physician, Marx's family doctor.— 294, 356

Allman, George James (1812-1898) — English biologist.—116, 377

Allsop—Thomas Allsop's wife.— 159, 160

Allsop, Thomas (1795-1880)—English democral, former Chartist; collabo-rated with Marx in helping the refugees of the Paris Commune; friend of Marx's family and Engels.—159, 160, 213, 221-22, 263, 292-93, 298-99, 307-08, 428-29 Anderson, Elisabeth (née Garrett) (1836-1917)—an English author, the first woman to qualify as a medical doctor in England.—29, 31

Andrâssy, Julius (Gyula), Count (1823-1890)—Hungarian statesman, cham-pioned the interests of the nobility; Prime Minister of Hungary (from 1867), Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary (1871-79).—155

Arnim, Harry, Count von (1824-1881) — German diplomat, envoy (1871) and Ambassador (1872-74) to Paris; opposed Bismarck; condemned for ap-propriating diplomatic papers (1874); emigrated to Nice to evade punishment.—16, 121

Arnoldt, Hermann—German merchant in Königsberg, Social-Democrat.— 335

Arnould, Arthur (1833-1895) —French novelist and journalist, follower of Proudhon; member of the Paris Commune; after the Commune was suppressed emigrated to Switzerland where contributed to anarchist newspapers.—157, 440

Auer, Ignaz (1846-1907) — German sad-dler, Social-Democrat, a leader of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party; deputy to the Reichstag several times.—69, 96, 98, 398, 420, 421, 423, 429

Auerbach, Berthold (1812-1882) — German writer of stories idealising the small peasantry; later an apolo-gist of Bismarck.—137

Augusti, Berta (née Schoeler) (1827-1886)—German authoress, Marx's acquaintance.—416

Avrial, Augustin Germain (1840-1904)—prominent figure in the French working-class movement; mechanical engineer; Left Proudhonist; member of the Federal Council of the Paris sections of the International (1870); member of the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to England.—42

B

Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1876)—Russian democrat, journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; an ideologist of Narodism (Populism) and anarchism; opposed Marxism in the International; was expelled from the International at the Hague Congress (1872) for his splitting activities.—41, 59, 64, 69, 85, 132, 207, 351

Balzac, Honoré de (1799-1850)—French realist novelist.— 324

Bamberger, Ludwig (1823-1899) — German journalist, democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; later emigrated to Switzerland, England, Holland, in the 1850s — to France; later National Liberal, deputy to the Reichstag (1871-93).—322, 324, 335

Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1832-1918) — American historian.— 261

Barry, Maltman (1842-1909)—English journalist, member of the International, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), member of the General Council (1871-72) and the British Federal Council (1872-74); supported Marx and Engels in their struggle against Bakuninists and reformist leaders; after the International continued to take part in the English socialist movement; contributed to The Standard as well as to other newspapers.—10, 92, 206, 209, 261, 266-67, 270, 277, 327-28, 331, 336-42, 352, 415

Bastelica, André Augustin (1845-1884) — prominent figure in the French and Spanish working-class movement; printer; member of the International, Bakuninist, member of the General Council of the International (1871), delegate to the London Conference of 1871.—42, 156, 184

Bastiat, Frédéric (1801-1850) —French economist and politician.—153, 346 Baudeau, Nicolas (1730-1792)—French

abbé, economist, Physiocrat.—265

Bayer, Karl Robert von (pseudonym Robert Byr) (1835-1902)—German novelist.—107

Bazaine, François Achille (1811-1888) — marshal of France, commanded a French corps in Mexico (1863-67); during the Franco-Prussian war commanded the Army of the Rhine; capitulated at Metz on 27 October 1870.—35, 251

Beaconsfield, Earl of—see Disraeli, Benjamin

Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de

(1732-1799) —French dramatist.— 324

Beaumont de—MacMahon's sister-in-law.—246, 440

Bebel, August (1840-1913)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, turner; member of the International; deputy to the North German (1867-70) and the German Reichstag (1871-81 and from 1883); a founder and leader of German Social-Democracy, championed the Paris Commune; friend and associate of Marx and Engels; leader of the Second International.— 7, 60, 65, 66, 69, 85, 96, 97, 99-101, 157, 227, 322, 324, 326, 328, 366-68, 375, 378, 386-87, 393-94, 397, 408, 412-13, 416, 417, 419, 420-26, 429-32

Becker, Bernhard (1826-1891)—German journalist and historian; follower of Lassalle; President of the General Association of German Workers (1864-65); member of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party (from 1870); delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—30, 70, 95, 98, 120, 151, 152, 166, 266, 269

Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-1886) — prominent figure in the international working-class movement; brush-maker; took part in the German and

Swiss revolutionary democratic movement in the 1830s and 1840s and in the 1848-49 revolution, commanded the Baden people's army during the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; active member of the International, delegate to all its congresses and to the London Conference (1865); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—5, 173-75, 183, 200, 214, 215, 293, 348-49, 350, 364, 383-85, 392, 410, 415, 432-34, 442-44

Beckx, Pierre Jean (1795-1887) —Belgian clergyman, General of the Society of Jesus (1853-84).—289

Beesly, Edward Spencer (1831-1915)— British historian and radical politician; positivist philosopher; chaired at the Inaugural Meeting of the International on 28 September 1864 in London; supported the International and the Paris Commune in 1870-71.—213

Behr, B.—German publisher.—100

Beifuß—treasurer of a US section of the International.—29

Berg, Fyodor Fyodorovich, Count (Berg,

Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert) (1793-1874)—Russian field-marshal, Governor General of Finland (1855-63), Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland (1863-73).—169

Bernstein, Aaron (pseudonym A. Reben-stein) (1812-1884)—German publicist, democrat, founder (1853) and editor of the Volks-Zeitung; Eduard Bernstein's uncle.—411 Bernstein, Eduard (1850-1932) — German Social-Democrat, publicist, editor of Der Sozialdemokrat (1881-90); came out with open revision of Marxism after Engels' death.— 360-63, 366, 367, 373-75, 381, 386, 393, 395, 397-99, 401, 402, 404, 406, 408, 411-13, 417, 422, 429

Betham-Edwards, Matilda Barbara (1836-1919)—English novelist.—79-81, 92

Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand, Count von (1809-1886) —Saxon and Austrian statesman, champion of independence of lesser German states; Foreign Minister (1866-71) and Chancellor (1867-71) of Austria-Hungary; Ambassador to London (1871-78) and to Paris (1878-82).— 168 Bignami—Italian police officer, chief of the police in Turin.—198-99

Bignami, Enrico ( 1844-1921)—prominent figure in the Italian democratic and working-class movement, journalist; republican; took part in the Italian national liberation struggle headed by Garibaldi; organised a section of the International in Lodi; editor of La Plebe (1868-75, 1875-83); from 1871 on, constantly corre-sponded with Engels; opposed anarchism.—198, 200, 207, 214

Biscamp (Biskamp), Elard—German democrat, journalist, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated after the defeat of the revolution; member of the editorial board of Das Volk.—312, 317 Bismarck (or Bismarck-Schbnhausen), Otto, Prince von (1815-1898)— statesman of Prussia and Germany, Ambassador to St Petersburg (1859-62) and to Paris (1862); Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-71) and Chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90); unified Germany; introduced an Anti-Socialist Law (1878).—3, 16, 30, 35, 65, 100, 121, 127, 129, 137, 155, 156, 223, 278, 297, 303, 308-09, 312, 314, 315, -317, 319, 321, 323, 326-28, 331-32, 334, 338, 340, 349, 351-53, 364, 387, 389, 399, 401, 405, 410, 413-14, 419, 434

Blanc, Jean Joseph Charles Louis (1811-1882) — French socialist, historian; in 1848, member of the Provisional Government of the French Republic and Chairman of the Luxembourg Commission; a leader of the petty-bourgeois refugees in London from August 1848; deputy to the National Assembly of 1871; opposed the Paris Commune.— 25, 440

Blandini—police officer in Turin (Italy).—199

Blank, Karl Emil (Emilius) (1817-1893)—German merchant in London; was close to socialists in the 1840s-50s; husband of Frederick Engels' sister, Marie.—159, 161, 165, 181

Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881) — French revolutionary; Utopian communist, organised several secret societies and plots; active participant in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848; leader of the French revolutionary-proletarian movement; was imprisoned several times.— 81

Bleichroder, Gerson von (1822-1893)— German financier, head of a Berlin bank, Bismarck's personal banker.— 424

Blind, Karl (1826-1907)—German journalist, democrat, took part in the revolutionary movement in Baden in 1848-49; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in London in the 1850s; National Liberal (from the 1860s); chauvinist during the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71).— 175-77

Bloche—French police commissar.—18

Block, Maurice (1816-1901) —French statistician and vulgar economist.— 194, 204

Bios, Wilhelm (1849-1927) —German publicist, member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party (from 1872); an editor of Der Volksstaat (1872-74); deputy to the Reichstag from 1877 to 1918 (with intervals); Minister President of the Württemberg Government (1918-20).—8, 123, 285, 288-89

Bonaparte, Louis—see Napoleon HI

Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul (1822-1891.)—Napoleon Ill's cousin, nicknamed Plon-Plon.— 341, 342 Borchardt, Louis (1820-1883)—German physician, Liberal, Engels' acquaintance in Manchester.—165

Borkheim, Sigismund Ludwig (1826-1885) — German publicist, democrat, took pan in the 1848-49 revolution; after its defeat emigrated, merchant in London from 1851.—34, 349, 443

Bbrnstein {Bernstein)—American merchant.—83, 84

Bouffiers, Stanislas, marquis de (1738-1815)—French writer.— 15

Bowles, Jessica (d. 1887) — Thomas Gib-son Bowles' wife.—209

Bowles, Thomas Gibson (1842-1922) — English publicist and politician, M.P. for King's Lynn; Conservative; founder and publisher of the weekly Vanity Fair (1868-88).—209

Bracke, Wilhelm (1842-1880) —German Social-Democrat, publisher of socialist literature in Brunswick; a founder (1869) and leader of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party (F.isenachers); member of the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag (1877-79); opposed Lassalleanism and Bakuninism; supported Marx and Engels.—9, 62, 66, 69-70, 73, 94-96, 97-98, 149-52, 155, 166, 172, 186, 188, 189, 196, 217, 222, 227, 228, 230-32, 236, 237, 247, 262, 265-66, 269-70, 285, 306, 308-10, 332, 394. 408, 422

Bradlaugh, Charles (1833-1891)— English journalist and politician, Radical, republican; editor of The National Reformer (from 1860).— 292, 340-42

Brassey, Thomas (1805-1870) —British railway contractor engaged in the building of railways in Europe, America, India and Australia.— 277

Brassey, Thomas, 1st Earl (1836-1918) — British economist and politician, railway and shipbuilding contractor; Liberal M.P. (1868-85); son of the above.—277

Bravo.—132 Bright, John (1811-1889) —English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League; M.P. (from 1843); held several ministerial posts; leader of the Left wing of the Liberal Party in the 1860s.—156, 158, 299-300, 340, 447

Brismée, Desire (1823-1888) —Belgian primer and publisher, Proudhonist; a founder of the Belgian section of the International (1865), member of the Belgian Federal Council (from 1869), delegate to the Brussels (1868), Basle (1869) and Hague (1872) congresses of the International and the London Conference (1871); sided with the Bakuninists: later abandoned the anarchists, member of the Executive Commitee of the Belgian Workers' Party.—277

Broglie, Jacques Victor Albert, duc de

(1821-1901) — French politician, writer and historian; deputy to the National Assembly (1871-75); envoy to London (1871-72), Prime Minister (1873-74 and 1877), monarchist.— 193, 233, 235, 246, 251

Brousse, Paul Louis Marie (1844-1912) — French petty-bourgeois socialist, physician; took part in the Paris Commune; after the defeat of the Commune lived in Spain until 1880, then in Switzerland where he sided with the anarchists; member of the French Workers' Party (from 1880), a Possibilist leader.—132, 351

Bucher, Lothar (1817-1892) —Prussian official and journalist; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848; a refugee in London; later National Liberal; cham-pion of Bismarck.—310, 312, 389

Bûchez, Philippe Joseph Benjamin (1796-1865)—French politician and historian, Christian socialist.—62-63

Büchner, Ludwig (1824-1899)—-German physiologist and vulgar materialist philosopher.— 107 Bucknam, W. H.—employee of a New York agency engaged in international postage-— 10

Buffenoir, Hippohte François Philibert (1847-1928) —French publicist and writer; contributed to the Vorwärts.— 295

Buffet, Louis Joseph (1818-1898) — French politician and statesman, Liberal and later Conservative; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative assemblies (1848, 1849); Minister of Finances (January-April 1870); deputy to the National Assembly (from 1871); head of government and Home Minister (March 1875-February 1876); later senator.— 153

Bülow, Hans Guido von (1830-1894) — German pianist and conductor.—143

Bürgers, Heinrich (1820-1878) — German journalist, contributor of the

Rheinische Zeitung (1842-43); member of the Cologne community of the Communist League (1848); an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; member of the Central Authority of the Communist League (from 1850), later Liberal.—259

Burke, Edmund (1729-1797) — British politician and publicist, a Whig leader, M.P.—156

Burns, Lydia (Lizzy, Lizzie) (1827-1878) — Irish working woman, Frederick Engels' second wife.— 27, 52, 76, 86, 89, 104, 106, 116-18, 121, 124, 134, 137-41, 161, 180, 181, 197-98, 203-05, 207, 215, 216, 238, 240, 244, 248, 250, 263, 268, 271, 274, 275, 283, 315, 319, 320, 324

Burns, Mary Ellen (Pumps) (born c. I860) —niece of the above.—24, 27, 38, 47, 104, 106, 115, 116, 121, 124, 141, 180, 197, 202, 205, 215, 316, 321, 324, 369, 374, 375, 377, 380, 387, 388, 415

Burt, Thomas (1837-1922) —English miner, Secretary of the Miners' Union in Northumberland, M.P.

(1874-1918), supported the Liberal Party.—300

Busch, Moritz (1821-1899) —German publicist, radical, owner of Die Grenzboten (1859-66); supported Bismarck's policy.— 350

Butt, Isaac (1813-1879)—Irish lawyer and politician, Liberal M.P. ; defended the Fenian prisoners in state trials in the 1860s; chairman of the Irish Home Rule League in the 1870s (until 1877).—261

Byr, Robert—see Bayer, Karl Robert von

C

Cabet, Etienne (1788-1856) —French lawyer and writer, Utopian communist, author of the book Voyage en Icarie.—99

Cafiero, Carlo (1846-1892)—participant in the Italian working-class movement, lawyer; member of the International; a leader of Italian anarchist organisations (from 1872); abandoned the anarchists in the late 1870s.—85, 132, 199, 365-66

Calvin, John (Jean Chauvin) (1509-1564)—Reformer; founder of Calvin-ism, a Protestant teaching distinguished by its particular intolerance of Catholicism, as well as of other Protestant doctrines.—351

Cambridge, George William Frederick Charles, Duke of (1819-1904)—British general, commander-in-chief of the British army (1856-95).— 341

Cambronne, Pierre Jacques Etienne, comte

(1770-1842) —French general, took part in Napoleonic wars, commanded a guardsmen's brigade in the battle of Waterloo (1815).—443

Cappele— Catholic priest.— 84

Carey, Henry Charles (1793-1879) — American economist, advocated har-mony of class interests in capitalist societv.—153 Carleton, William (1794-1869) —Irish novelist.— 371

Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Her-bert, 4th Earl of (1831-1890)—British Conservative statesman, Secretary of State for the Colonies (1866-67 and 1874-78).—296

Caro, Jakob (1836-1904) —German historian, professor at Breslau University (from 1869).—162

Carol (Karl) I (1839-1914)—Prince (1866-81) and King (1881-1914) of Romania; nephew of King William I of Prussia.—155, 298

Castelnau, H.—French socialist, an editor of L'Intransigeant.— 203

Cato, Marcus Porcius, the Elder (234-149 B.C.)—Roman statesman and writer.—156

Cavagnari, Uriele—Italian socialist, intended to publish the first volume of Marx' Capital in Italian in 1877.— 277

Cecilia—see La Cecilia, Napoléon François Paul Thomas

Challemel-Lacour, Paul Armand (1827-1896) — French publicist and politician; after the coup d'état of 1851 emigrated, returned after the amnesty of 1859; Republican deputy to the National Assembly (from 1872); senator (from 1876), Ambassador to Berne (1879) and to London (1880).—251 Charles I (1600-1649) —King of Great Britain and Ireland (1625-49), be-headed during the English Revolution.—260 Charles II (1630-1685) —King of Great Britain and Ireland (1660-85).—260

Charles X (1757-1836) —King of France (1824-30); deposed during the July revolution of 1830.—303

Chaucer, Geoffrey (1340-1400) —English poet.—449

Chernyayev, Mikhail Grigoryevich (1828-1898)—Russian military and public

figure, lieutenant-general, took part in the Crimean war (1853-56), commander-in-chief of the Serbian army (1876).—179

Chernyshev, Ivan Yakovlevich— Russian socialist, refugee in Switzerland and Germany.—147

Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889)—Russian revolutionary democrat, philosopher, writer and literary critic; predecessor of Russian Social-Democrats.—114, 312

Chicherin (Tschitscherin), Boris Nikolayevich (1828-1904)—Russian philosopher, historian, writer and public figure; a leader of the liberal Wester-ners in the Russian social movement; author of works on the history of communal landownership in Russia.—343, 346

Cluseret, Gustave Paul (1823-1900) — French politician, general; took part in the US Civil War on the side of the North; member of the International, sided with the Bakuninists; participant in the revolutionary up-risings in Lyons and Marseilles (1870); member of the Paris Commune, military delegate (April 1871); after the defeat of the Commune emigrated to Belgium, later to the USA.—5

Cobden, Richard (1804-1865)—English manufacturer, bourgeois radical, a leader of the Free Traders and a founder of the Anti-Corn Law League, M.P.—340

Cohn, Gustav (1840-1919)—German economist, professor at Zurich (from 1875) and at Göttingen universities.— 386

Coleman, Patrick John—Secretary of an Irish section of the International in London.— 76

Collet—Collet Dobson Collet's son.— 206

Collet, Clara Elizabeth (1860-1948)— English public figure, author of works on the statistics of women's labour; labour correspondent of the Board of Trade (from 1893); Collet Dobson Collet's daughter.— 206

Collet, Collet Dobson (1812-1898)— English radical journalist and public figure, musician, editor and publisher of The Free Press (1855-65), organ of Urquhart's followers, editor of The Diplomatic Review (1866-77).—167-70, 178, 206, 210, 235, 245

Collier, Lester.— 11, 13

Costa, Andrea (1851-1910) — prominent figure in the Italian working-class and socialist movement, a leader of Italian anarchist organisations in the 1870s; criticised anarchism in 1879; one of the organisers and leaders of the Revolutionary Socialist Party of Romagne (1881-91), M.P. (from 1882), member of the Socialist Party of Italy (from 1892).— 305

Cox.—132

Crémieux, Isaac Moïse (called Adolphe)

(1796-1880) —French lawyer and politician, member of the Provisional Government (February-May 1848), deputy to the Constituent and Legis-lative assemblies (1848-51), deputy to the National Assembly (1871-75), supported Left Republicans, senator (from 1875).—36

Cross, Richard Assheton, Viscount (1823-1914)—British statesman, Conservative, Home Secretary (1874-80, 1885-86).—228

Cuno, Theodor Friedrich (1846-1934) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, engineer, socialist, fought anarchism in Italy; organiser of the Milan section of the International; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872); emigrated to the USA and took part in the International's activities there; a

leader of The Knights of Labor, an American workers' organisation.— 200

D

Damad Mahmud—see Mahmud Dschelal ed-din Pasha Damad

Dana, Charles Anderson (1819-1897)— American journalist, Abolitionist, editor-in-chief of the New-York Daily Tribune (1849-62), an editor of The New American Cyclopaedia (1857-63) and The New-York Sun (1868-97).— 377

Danielson, Nikolai Frantsevich (pen-name Nikolai — on) (1844-1918) — Russian economist, publicist, a theoretician of Narodism in the 1880s-90s; correspondent of Marx and Engels for a number of years; translated the three volumes of Marx's Capital into Russian (the first volume jointly with Hermann Lopatin and Nikolai Lyubavin).— 343-44, 346, 353-55, 358, 409

Darson, A.— publisher and bookseller in London.—45

Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882)— English naturalist, founder of the theory of evolution by natural selection.—91, 106, 107, 124, 179, 313, 316-17

Davydovsky, Ivan Mikhailovich—Russian nobleman, Yelizaveta Tomanovskaya's second husband.—36, 185

Dekhterev, Vladimir Gavrilovich (1853-1903)—Russian psychiatrist.—147

Delius, Nikolaus (1813-1888)—German philologist, expert in Shakespeare's legacy, professor at Bonn University.—191, 273, 446

Demuth, Frederick (1851-1929) —Helene

Demuth's son, English worker.—200

Demuth, Helene (Lenchen) (1820-1890)—housemaid and devoted friend of the Marx family.— 75, 132, 138-40, 244, 245, 323, 392 De Paepe, César (1841-1890) —Belgian socialist, printer, later physician; a founder of the Belgian section of the International (1865), member of the Belgian Federal Council, delegate lo the London Conference (1865), Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868), Basle (1869) congresses, the London Conference (1871) of the International and Ghent International Socialist Congress (1877); a founder of the Belgian Workers' Parly (1885).—172, 184, 199, 277

Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of (1799-1869)—British statesman, Tory leader; from the 1850s, a leader of the Conservatiye Party; Prime Minister (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68).—296, 298, 299

Derossi. Karl (1844-1910) —German journalist; member (from 1869) and Secretary (1871-75) of the General Association of German Workers, Secretary of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (1875-78); emigrated to Switzerland in 1879, then to the USA where contributed to the German-language workers' newspapers.—96, 98 '"

Descartes (Cartesius), René (1596-1650) — French dualist philosopher, mathematician and naturalist.— 50

Deville, Gabriel Pierre (1854-1940) — French socialist, propagated Marxism, member of the French Workers' Party, publicist; author of a popular exposition of the first volume of Marx's Capital; delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress in Paris of 1889.—193, 194

Devonshire, Spencer Compton Cavendish, Duke of, Marquis of Hartington (1833-1908) — British statesman and politician, Liberal; M. P. (from 1857); the de facto leader of the Liberal Party (1875-80), Secretary of State for War (1882-85).—300

Dickes.— 11, 13

Diderot, Denis (1713-1784) —French philosopher of the Enlightenment, atheist, leader of the Encyclopae-dists.—15

Diebich-Zabalkansky, Ivan Ivanovich (Diebitsch, Hans Karl Friedrich Anton), Count (1785-1831)—Russian field marshal-general, commander-in-chief ( 1829) of the Russian army during the Russo-Turkish war of 1828-29 and of the troops (from December 1830) which crushed the Polish insurrection of 1830-31.—300-02

Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881) —British statesman and author, Tory leader, later leader of the Conservative Party; Prime Minister (1868, 1874-80).—18, 23, 24, 67, 121, 140, 155, 178, 296, 298, 361

Dizzy—see Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield

Dolleschall, Laurenz (b. 1790) — police-officer in Cologne (1819-47); censor of the Rheinische Zeitung.— 252

Dörenberg, E.—German publicist, contributed to the Berliner Freie Presse.—

199

Douai, Karl Daniel Adolph (1819-1888) — German journalist, petty-bourgeois democrat, later socialist; Flench by birth; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to the USA (1852), took part in ihe American socialist movement; edited a number of socialist newspapers, contributed to the Vorwärts.— 276-77, 282-84, 318

Dronke—Frnst Dronke's second wife.— 345, 347

Dronke, Ernst (1822-1891) —German writer, 'true socialist'; later member of the Communist League and an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); after the 1848-49 revolution emigrated to Switzerland, then to England; associate of Marx and Engels: subsequently withdrew from politics.—159, 161, 164-65, 171, 268, 289, 345, 347

Dufaure, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881) — French lawyer and statesman, Orleanist, Minister of the Interior (1848, 1849), Minister of Justice (1871-73, 1875-76, 1877-79), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1876, 1877-79).—293

Dühring, Eugen Karl (1833-1921) — German philosopher, economist, lawyer, petty-bourgeois socialist, lecturer at Berlin University (1863-77).— 118-20, 122-24, 131,' 139-40, 154, 162, 174, 186, 205, 206, 208, 218, 227, 236, 242, 245, 246, 247, 249, 251-56, 258, 260, 276, 283, 295, 306, 309, 312, 316, 361, 420

Dupont, Eugène (c. 1837 ( 1831?)-1881)— prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement; musical instrument-maker; took part in the June 1848 uprising in Paris; from 1862 on, lived in London; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872), Corresponding Secretary for France (1865-71); took part in the London Conference (1865), Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867) (Chairman), Brussels (1868), and the Hague (1872) congresses, and the London Conference (1871); organiser of sections of the International in Manchester (from 1870); member of the British Federal Council (1872-73); moved to the USA in 1874; associate of Marx and Engels.— 77

Duval, Théodore—prominent figure in the Swiss working-class movement, joiner; a founder of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; in early 1870 left the Bakuninists; member of the Romance Federal Council of the International; delegate to the Hague (1872) and Geneva (1873) congresses of the International.—4

F.

Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889) — German tailor and journalist, prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, member of the League of the Just and later of the Communist League, a leader of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the General Council of the International (1864-72), General Secretary of the Council (1867-71), Corresponding Secretary for America (1870-72), delegate to all congresses ami conferences of the International; supported Marx and Engles up to the Hague Congress (1872); participant in the British trade union movement in the 1870s and 1880s.—49, 92, 183, 277, 340, 448

Ecker, Karl—German engineer, factory inspector in Hanover.— 281

Ehrhart, Franz Joseph (1853-1908) — German Social-Democrat, uphol-sterer; refugee in England; supporter of Johann Most; Secretary of the German Workers' Educational Society in London (1878-first half of 1879); deputy to the German Reichstag (1898-1908).—315, 337

Eichhoff, Karl Wilhelm (1833-1895) — German socialist and journalist, refugee in London (1861-66); member of the International (from 1868) and one of its first historians; member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (from 1869); edited a number of legal workers' papers in the 1880s.—121

Engel, Amélie.—434-35

Engels, Emma (née Croon) (1834-1916) —Hermann Engels' wife.—280

Engels, Hermann (1822-1905) — Frederick Engels' brother, manufacturer in Barmen, a partner in the Ermen 8c Engels firm in Engelskirchen.—19, 106, 160, 181-83, 187-88, 279-80, 281-82 Engels, Hermann Friedrich Theodor (1858-1926)—Hermann Engels' son, student of Berlin University (1876-77), later manufacturer, a partner in the Ermen & Engels firm.—187 Engels, Mathilde (née Remkes) (1831-1905) —Rudolf Engels' wife.—68, 106 Engels, Paul (1857-1883) —Rudolf Engels' son, merchant, later army officer.—105 Engels, Rudolf (1831-1903) —Frederick

Engels' brother, manufacturer in Barmen, a partner in the Ermen & Engels firm in Engelskirchen (from 1861).—19, 66-68, 105-06, 320

Engels, Rudolf Moritz (1858-1893)— Rudolf Engels' son, student of Leipzig University (1876-78), later manufacturer, a partner in the Ermen Sc Engels firm.—187 Epicurus (c. 341-c. 270 B.C.)—Greek materialist philosopher, atheist.— 50 Ermen—Heinrich Ermen's wife.— 68

Ermen, Franz—a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels; Peter Ermen's son.—67, 68

Ermen, Franz jr.— a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen Sc Engels, Franz Ermen's son.— 67

Ermen, Gottfried (Godfrey) Jakob (1811-1899)—a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels; Peter Ermen's brother.—19-20, 67-68 Ermen, Heinrich—a partner of Gottfried Ermen in Bridgewater Mill, Pendle-bury; Peter Ermen's son.—67-68

Ermen, Peter (1802-1889) —a founder (1837) and partner of the Manchester firm of Ermen Sc Engels.— 67, 68 Esselen, Christian (1823-1859) — German author, democrat, headed the Workers' Association in Frankfurt in 1848; emigrated to Switzerland, later to the USA.—214

Etienne, Charles Guillaume (1777-1845) — French journalist and dramatist.— 389

Eugénie Marie Ignace Augustine de Mon-

tijo de Guzman, comtesse de Teba (1826-1920)—Empress of France (1852-70), Napoleon Ill's wife.—341

Eulenburg, Botho Wend August, Count of (1831-1912) — Prussian statesman, Conservative, Minister of the Interior (1878-81), Prime Minister (1892-94); took part in drawing up the Anti-Socialist Law.—322, 324

Euripides (c. 480-c. 406 B.C.)—Greek dramatist.— 245

F

Failly, Pierre Louis Charles Achille de

(1810-1892) — French general, commanded a corps during the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71).—251

Fanelli, Giuseppe (1826-1877) — prominent figure in the Italian democratic movement, took part in the Italian revolution of 1848-49 and in Garibaldi's campaign of 1860; follower of Mazzini, friend of Bakunin, a leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; organiser of sections of the International and groups of the Alliance in Spain (1869); delegate to the Basle Congress (1869) of the International; M. P. (from 1865).—210

Farga Pellicer, Rafael (pseudonym Gomez) (1840-1903) —Spanish printer and journalist; a founder and leader of anarchist groups and first sections of the International in Spain; one of the leaders of the secret Alliance; editor of La Federaciân (1869-73); delegate to the Basle (1869) and Hague (1872) congresses of the International; expelled from the International by the General Council's decision of 30 May 1873.— 42, 49

Fatouville, Nolant de (à. 1715)—French playwright.—198

Favre, Jules Claude Gabriel (1809-1880) — French lawyer and politician, leader of the bourgeois republican opposition from the late 1850s; Foreign Minister (1870-71); together with Thiers, headed the struggle against the Paris Commune, inspired struggle against the International.— 223, 224, 440

Fawcett, Henry (1833-1884) —English economist, M.P. (from 1865), Liberal.—158

Fleckles. Ferdinand (1836-1894) — German physician, practised in Karlsbad from 1864 to 1866; editor of Der Sprudel ; Marx's acquaintance.—37, 89, 136, 145, 147-49, 190-91, 212

Fleury, Charles (real name Carl Friedrich

August Krause) (b. 1824)—merchant in London; Prussian spy and police agent.— 54

Forbes, Archibald (1838-1900)—Scottish journalist, contributed to The Morning Advertiser and The Daily News, war correspondent during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71 and Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78.—140

Forster, William Edward (1818-1886) — English manufacturer and politician, Liberal M.P., Secretary of State for Ireland (1880-82).—300

Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837) — French Utopian socialist.— 262-63

Francis Joseph I (1830-1916) — Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848-1916).—263

Frankel, Léo (1844-1896) — prominent figure in the Hungarian and international working-class movement; jeweller; took part in the Paris Commune, member of the General Council of the International (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; a founder of the General Workers' Party of Hungary (1880); associate of Marx and Engels.—36, 49, 93, 112, 157-58, 174

Frederick III (1831-1888)—Crown Prince of the German Empire (from 1871), King of Prussia and German Emperor (March-June 1888).—315

Frederick William III (1770-1840) — King of Prussia (1797-1840).—301

Frederick William IV (1795-1861) — King of Prussia (1840-61).—260, 350

Freund—Wilhelm Alexander Freund's wife.—192

Freund, Wilhelm Alexander (1833-1918)—German physician, lecturer at Breslau University; friend of Marx's family.—4, 191-92, 439

Fribourg, Ernest Edourd—prominent figure in the French working-class movement; engraver, subsequently businessman; Right-wing Proudhonist; a leader of the Paris section of the International; author of L'Association internationale des travailleurs which was hostile to the International and the Paris Commune.— 80

Friedberg, Hermann (1817-1884) — German physician, professor at Breslau University (from 1866).— 136

Fritzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm ( 1825-1905) — German cigar-maker; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; a founder and leader of the General Association of German WTorkers (1863); member of the International, adhered to the Eisenachers in 1869; deputy to the North German (1868-71) and the German Reichstag (1877-81); emigrated to the USA in 1881.— 408, 416

Frohme, Karl Franz Egon (1850-1933)— German publicist, Social-Democrat, follower of Lassalle in the 1870s, later a leader of the reformist wing of German Social-Democracy; deputy to the German Reichstag (from 1881); delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress in Paris (1889).— 49

Frossard, Charles Auguste (1807-1875) — French general, commanded a corps

36-406 during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71, captured at Metz.— 251

Furnivall, Frederick James (1825-1910) — English philologist, Christian socialist, founded several literary societies, the New Shakespeare Society among them.—192

G

Galliffet, Gaston Alexandre Auguste, marquis de (1830-1909)—French genera], captured at Sedan during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71 ; released in March 1871 to take part in the struggle against the Commune; butcher of the Paris Commune; held several military posts from the 1870s.—246, 440

Gambetta, Léon Michel (1838-1882) — French statesman and politician, lawyer, moderate republican; member of the Government of National Defence (1870-71); Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Foreign Minister (1881-82).—25, 239, 246, 251, 295

Gambuzzi, Carlo (1837-1902)—Italian lawyer, follower of Mazzini in the early 1860s; later anarchist; a leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy and of anarchist organisations in Italy; founded a section of the International in Naples in January 1869.—210

Gandolfi, Mauro—Italian merchant, Bakuninist, member of the Milan section of the International.—200

Gans—physician in Karlsbad.— 82

Gans—physician in Prague, son of the above.—52, 87

Geib, Wilhelm Leopold August (1842-1879)—German Social-Democrat, bookseller in Hamburg; member of the General Association of German Workers (1863); participant in the Eisenach Congress of 1869; one of the founders of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party, its treas-

urer (1872-78); deputy to the German Reichstag (1874-77).—69, 96, 98, 186, 246, 251, 252, 259, 392

Geiser, Bruno (1846-1898)—German Social-Democrat, publicist; member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party and of the International (1872); editor of the Volksstaat (1875) and the Neue Welt (1877-86); deputy to the German Reichstag (1881-87); expelled from the party at the end of the 1880s.—408

Gigot, Albert (1835-1913)—French lawyer, liberal, later conservative; Prefect of Paris police (1877-79).— 328, 338

Gillot, Firmin (1820-1872) —French lithographer, invented zinco-graphy.—447

Girardin, Emile de (1806-1881) — French publicist and politician; editor of La Presse, and La Liberté ; moderate republican during the 1848-49 revolution; later Bonapartist.—155, 235

Gladstone, Catherine (née Catherine Glyn-ne of Hawarden) (1807-1874)— William Ewart Gladstone's wife.—168

Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898)— British statesman, Tory and later Peelite, a leader of the Liberal Party in the latter half of the 19th century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55, 1859-66) and Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94).— 18, 23, 67, 155-56, 158, 167-70, 178, 179, 205, 206, 209, 277, 297, 299, 361

Glagau, Otto—German writer and publicist; author of a work on stock-exchange speculation.— 304

Glais-Bizoin, Alexandre Olivier (1800-1877)—French politician, lawyer, moderate republican; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49), member of the Corps législatif (the 1860s), member of the Government of National Defence (1870-71).—36 Glaser de Willebrord, E.—participant in the Belgian working-class movement; member of a section of the International in Brussels.— 75

Gnecco, Eudoxio Cesar d'Azedo— prominent figure in the Portuguese working-class movement, member of the Portuguese section of the International (1871); a founder of the Portuguese Socialist Party, member of its Central Committee (1875); editor of O Proteste—174

Goegg, Amand (1820-1897)—German democratic journalist; member of the Baden Provisional Government (1849); emigrated after the revolution; member of the International; joined the German Social-Democrats in the 1870s.—63

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet.—131, 379

Golokhvastov, Pavel Dmitrievich (1839-1892) — Russian historian and publicist.—164

Golovachov (Golowatscheff), Nikolai Nikitich (b. 1825)—Russian lieutenant-general, military governor of Turkestan (from 1867).—168, 169 Gomez—see Farga Pellicer, Rafael

Gorchakov, Alexander Mikhailovich, Prince (1798-1883)—Russian statesman and diplomat; Foreign Minister (1856-82) and State Chancellor ( 1867-82).—123, 162, 389

Gordon, Sir Robert (1791-1847) —British diplomat, Ambassador Extraordinary to Constantinople (1828-31) and to Vienna (1841-46).—301-02

Gore—English acquaintance of Eleanor Marx.—139 Gorlov (Gorloff), Alexander Pavlovich ( 1830-1905)—Russian lieutenant-general, military attaché in the United States of North America (from 1868) and in London (1873-82).—168, 169

Goschen, George Joachim Goschen, Ist Viscount (1831-1907) — British states-

man and politician, financier; German by birth; Liberal; M.P. from 1863, member of government on more than one occasion, Chancellor of the Exchequer (1887-92); author of works on economics.— 300

Götz, E.—Engels' acquaintance in Manchester.—165

Gouppy, A.— French refugee in Manchester.— 77

Grant, Albert—German businessman from Mainz.— 335

Greulich, Hermann (1842-1925)— German bookbinder; emigrated to Zurich in 1865; member of the Zurich section of the International (from 1867); founder and editor of the Tagwacht (1869-80); subsequently a founder of the Swiss Social-Democratic Party and leader of its reformist wing.—349

Grillrnberger, Karl (1848-1897)—German worker, then journalist; publisher of several Social-Democratic newspapers; member of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party (from 1869); sided with its reformist wing; deputy to the German Reichstag (from 1881).—398

Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, Baron von (1723-1807)—German diplomat, writer of the Enlightenment; lived in France from 1748, member of the Encyclopaedists' circle; from 1792 was in Russia's diplomatic service; Russian Consul in Gotha, later in Hamburg.— 14, 15

Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Carl (1785-1863)—German philologist, author of a historical grammar of the German language and of folklore adap-tations; professor at Göttingen and then at Berlin; liberal.— 74

Griset.— 12

Grün, Karl Theodor Ferdinand (pen-name Ernst von der Heide) (1817-1887) — German journalist, 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s; petty-

36* bourgeois democrat during the 1848-49 revolution; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing); refugee in Brussels (1850-61), professor at Frankfurt am Main (1862-65) and at Vienna (from 1870).—88

Grunzig, Julius (b. 1855)—German Social-Democrat, journalist; deported from Berlin (1883) under the Anti-Socialist Law; emigrated to the USA, contributed to several US workers' papers.—150, 152, 166

Guesde, Jules (Mathieu Jules Bazile) (1845-1922)—prominent figure in the French and international socialist movement; founder and editor of

L'Egalité; a founder of the French Workers' Party (1880) and author of its programme; propagated Marxism in France.—327, 450, "451

Gugenheim, J.—German Social-Democrat, Secretary of the German Workers' Educational Society in London (from April 1879).—359-60, 363

Guillaume, James (1844-1916)—Swiss teacher, Bakuninist; member of the International, delegale to the Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867), Basle (1869) and Hague (1872) congresses; a leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy, edited anarchist papers (1868-78);' was expelled from the Internationa] at the Hague Congress for his splitting activities.—132, 154, 156, 172, 200', 207, 214, 259, 277, 306, 348, 351

Guilleminot, Armand Charles, comte de (1774-1840)—French genera] and diplomat, took part in the wars of the French Republic and of Napoleonic France; Chief of Staff of the French interventionist army in Spain (1823), Ambassador to Constantinople (1824).—301, 302

Gumpert, Eduard (d. 1893) — German physician in Manchester, friend of Marx and Engels.—4, 16, 17, 23, 26, 28, 31, 244, 245, 387

Gurevich, Grigory Yevseyevuh (1854-d. after 1920) — Russian publicist, socialist, sided with the Narodniks; refugee in Germany (1874-79).— 147

Gurko (Romeiko-Gurko), Iosif Vla-dimirovich (1828-1901)—Russian general, took part in the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78.—272

Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand (1811-1878) — German writer, public figure, liberal, member of the Young German) literary group.—429

Guyot—Lavrov's agent in Paris in the l'870s.—153, 440

H

Haechel, Ernst Heinrich (1834-1919) — German materialist biologist; professor at Jena University (1862-1909).— 50, 317 Hales, John (b. 1839) —British trade unionist, weaver; member of the Reform League and of the Land and Labour League; member of the General Council of the International (1866-72) and its Secretary (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); headed the reformist wing of the British Federal Council in 1872; expelled from the International by the General Council's decision of 30 May 1873.—81, 92, 155, 277, 292, 300, 341, 448 Hansemann, Adolph von (1826-1903) — German financier, head of the Dis-conto-Gesellschaft banking firm (from 1864); commercial adviser and Consul-General of Austria-Hungary in Berlin.—424 Haussen, Georg (1809-1894)—German economist; author of works on the history of agriculture and agrarian relations.—179 Harcourt, William George Granville V'enables Vernon, Sir (1827-1904) — British statesman and politician, M.P. (1868-80), Liberal leader (1894-98).— 300 Harney, George Julian (1817-1897)— prominent figure in the English working-class movement, a leader of the Chartist Left wing; edited several Chartist periodicals; refugee in the USA (1862-88), member of the International; friend of Marx and Engels.—284, 370, 377

Harney, Mary—George Julian Harney's wife (from 1856).—370

Harrison, Frederic (1831-1923)—English lawyer and historian, radical, positivist, took part in the democratic movement in the 1860s-70s; co-operated with Marx in helping Commune refugees.—11, 12, 179, 193 '

Hartington—see Devonshire, Spencer Com-pton Cavendish, Duke of. Marquis of Hartington

Hartmann, Eduard von (1842-1906)— German idealist philosopher; ideologist of Prussian Junkers.—50

Hartmann, Georg Wilhelm—German Social-Democrat, member of the General Association of German Workers; one of the two presidents of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (from 1875); deputy to the German Reichstag (1878-81).—96, 98

Hasenclever, Wilhelm (1837-1889) —German Social-Democrat, journalist, Lassallean; President of the General Association of German Workers (1871-75); one of the two presidents of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (1875-76); together with Wilhelm Liebknecht edited the Vorwärts (1876-78); deputy to the North German and the German Reichstag (1869-71, 1874-78, 1879-88).—6, 7, 43, 60, 65, 96, 98, 247, 249, 408

Hassan Cheirullah, effendi—head of the Moslem clergy of the Ottoman Empire (until 1877).— 263

Hasselmann, Wilhelm (1844-1916)—a leader of the Lassallean General Association of German Workers; editor

of the Neuer Social-Demokrat (1871-75); member of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (from 1875); deputy to the German Reichstag (1874-76, 1878-80); expelled from the party as an anarchist in 1880.—6, 43, 60, 65, 75, 96

Havas, August (1814-1889)—co-proprietor of the French news agency, Havas.—158

Hayes, Rutherford Birchard (1822-1893)—US President (March 1877-March 1881), Republican.—251

Hegel, Georg Mülheim Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.—50

Heine—the owner of a banking house founded in Hamburg in 1797 by Solomon Heine (1767-1844).—136

Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—German revolutionary poet.— 288

Heimen, Karl Peter (1809-1880) — German radical journalist; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland, later lo England and, in the autumn of 1850, to the USA.—433

Heller, Hugo—correspondent of Marx, carried Marx's instructions concerning transportation of material for the General Council of the International; lived in Oxford in 1879.—350

Hellwald, Friedrich Anton Heller von (1842-1892)—Austrian ethnographer, geographer and historian.—107

Heimholt?., Hermann von (1821-1894) — German physicist and physiologist, professor at Berlin University (from 1871).—78, 124, 236

Henry IV (1553-1610)—King of France (1589-1610).—425

Hepner, Adolf (1846-1923)—German Social-Democrat, an editor of Der Volksstaat; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872), member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; subsequently emigrated to the USA.—123 Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744-1803)—German writer and literary theorist of the Enlightenment; a founder of the Sturm-und-Drang trend.—272

Hess, Moses (1812-1875)—German radical writer, 'true socialist' in the mid-18405; member of the Communist League; after its split sided with the Willich-Schapper separatist group; member of the General Association of German Workers; member of the International, took part in the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses.—286, 290

Hess, Sibylle (née Pesch) (1820-1903) — Moses Hess' wife.—286, 290

Hirsch, Carl (1841-1900)—German Social-Democrat, journalist; member of the General Association of German Workers; member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party from 1869; after 1872 Paris correspondent of German Social-Democratic newspapers.—92, 96, 149, 193, 203, 245-48, 251-53, 258, 262, 269, 305, 306, 310, 327, 328, 330, 337-40, 366-69, 372-73, 375, 377-81, 386, 387, 390, 392, 401, 409, 412, 414, 417-19, 423, 425, 439-41, 444-45, 449, 450

Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679) —English materialist philosopher.— 108, 293

Höchberg, Karl (pseudonym Dr Ludwig Richter) (1853-1885) —German writer and publisher, social reformist; member of the German Social-Democratic Party (from 1876); published and financed Die Zukunft (1877-78) and Jahrbuch für Soiialwis-senschaft und Sozialpolitik (1879-81).— 252, 253, 258-60, 283, 285, 362, 367-68, 372-73, 375, 378-80, 383, 386-87, 393-94, 396-99, 401-02, 411-13, 417, 420, 422, 429-33, 440

Hoffmann.— 204

Hoffmann, Wilhelm—German worker, refugee in London.— 229

Hohenstaufens—emperors of the Holy Roman Empire (1138-1254).—303

Hohenzollerns—dynasty of Brandenburg electors (1415-1701), Prussian kings (1701-1918) and German emperors (1871-1918).—278, 303

Hollinger, Fidelio—German refugee in London, owner of a print-shop which published Das Volk.—175-77

Howell, George (1833-1910)—a leader of the British trade unions, mason; member of the General Council of the International (1864-69); Secretary of the Parliamentary Committee of the British Congress of Trade Unions (1871-75); Liberal M.P. (1885-95).—179, 300, 335

Hubbard, Nicolas Gustave (1828-1888) — French economist, historian and publicist.—263

Hume, David (1711-1776)—Scottish philosopher, historian and political economist.—50, 207-08, 452

Hütten, Virich von (1488-1523)— German poet, Reformer, ideologist and participant in the knights' uprising in 1522-23.—74

Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895) — English naturalist, follower of Charles Darwin and populariser of his theory.— 50

I

Idelson, Rozalia Christophorovna (died c. 1915)—Valerian Nikolayevich Smirnov's wife.—78, 91

Ignatiyev, Nikolai Pavlovich, Count (1832-1908) —Russian statesman and diplomat, Ambassador to Turkey (1864-77), Russia's representative at i he conclusion of the San Stefano Peace Treaty (1878); Minister of the Interior (1881-82), member of the State Council (from 1877).—120, 210, 216, 280, 296

Imandt, Peter (1823-1897) —German teacher, democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League; refugee in London from 1852; supported Marx and Engels; member of the International.—92

Immhof.—229

Irving, Sir Henry (1838-1905)—English producer and actor, played in Shakespeare's tragedies.—441

Isouard, Nicolas (Nicolo), dit (1775-1818) —French composer.—389

J

Jacoby, Johann (1805-1877)—German radical writer and politician; headed the Left wing in the Prussian National Assembly (1848); joined the Social-Democratic Workers' Party in 1872.—7, 9

James II Stuart (1633-1701) —King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1685-88).—260

Jennychen—see Longuet, Jenny

Johnny—see Longuet, Jean Laurent Frederic

Jolly (Jollymeier, Jollymeyer) — see Schorlemmer, Carl

Juch, Hermann—German journalist, petty-bourgeois democrat, refugee in London; editor of the newspaper Hermann (1859-69), founder of the Londoner Journal (1878).—315

Jung, Hermann (1830-1901)—prominent figure in the Swiss and international working-class movement; watchmaker; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Switzerland (November 1864 to 1872); Treasurer of the General Council (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1865), Chairman at the Geneva (1866), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and at the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the British Federal Council (1872); supported Marx before the Hague

Congress (September 1872); later joined the reformist wing; at the end of the 1870s left the working-class movement.—5, 6, 43, 92, 277, 341, 448

Juta, Charles—son of Marx's sister Louise Juta.—261

Juta, Henry (1857-1930)—English lawyer and public figure; son of Marx's sister Louise Juta.—192, 261, 390

Juta, Johann Carl (1824-1886)—Dutch bookseller in Cape Town; husband of Marx's sister Louise.— 261

Juta, Karoline—daughter of Marx's sister Louise Juta.—138, 141

Juta, Louise Amalia—daughter of Marx's sister Louise Juta.— 369

K

Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) —German philosopher.—50, 123

Kara Chalil, effendi—head of the Moslem clergy in the Ottoman Empire (from 1877).—263

Karcher, Theodore (1821-1885)—French publicist, republican; after the coup d'état of 1851 emigrated to Belgium, later to England.— 341

Kareyev, Nikolai Ivanovich (1850-1931) — Russian historian and publicist, liberal, professor at Warsaw and St Petersburg universities (1879-84).—452

Karl von Hohenzollern—see Carol (Karl) I

Kaub (Kolb), Karl (Charles)—German worker; refugee in London and after 1865 in Paris; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1865, 1870-71); delegate to the London Conference (1865).—92, 269, 306, 327, 330, 337, 339-40, 377, 439-41, 445, 450 Kaufman, Marion Ignatievich (1848-1916) — Russian economist, professor at St Petersburg University; author of works on money circulation and credit.—260, 304, 358

Kaufmann, Konstantin Petrovich von (1818-1882)—Russian general, first Governor General of Turkestan (1867-82).—168, 169, 170

Kaufmann, Moritz (1839-d. after 1914) — English clergyman, author of works on socialist teachings.—432-35

Kaufmann, S. F.— member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London.— 365, 411

Kautsky, Karl Johann (1854-1938) — German Social-Democrat, publicist, economist and historian; editor of Die Neue Zeit (1883-1917); author of theoretical works on Marxism; abandoned Marxism in the early 1900s.— 100

Kayser, Max (1853-1888)—German Social-Democrat, deputy to the German Reichstag (1878-87); represented the reformist wing in German Social-Democracy.—373, 388, 397-401, 414, 418, 419, 424

Kersten, Paul—German sculptor, Social-Democrat.—49, 110

Kind, Johann Friedrich (1768-1843)— German writer.— 1 77

King, Philip Stephen—bookseller in London.—220

Kinkel, Gottfried (1815-1882) —German poet and democratic publicist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising, was sentenced to life imprisonment by Prussian court, in 1850 escaped for England; a leader of petty-bourgeois refugees in London; opposed Marx and Engels.— 137

Kinkel, Marie—Gottfried Kinkel's daughter.— 1.37

Kirchmann, Julius Hermann von (1802-1884) — German lawyer, writer and philosopher, radical; deputy to the

Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848, later member of the Party of Progress, deputy to the German Reichstag (1871-76).—54

Kistemaeckers, Henri—Belgian writer.— 149, 445

Kitz, Frank (born c. 1848) — English socialist, member of the Socialist League (from 1885), Secretary of the English section of the Social-Democratic Workers' Club in London.—338

Knies, Karl (1821-1898)—German vulgar economist.—252, 255

Knille, Otto (1832-1898)—toman artist.—47

Kock, Charles Paul de (1793-1871) — French novelist and dramatist.— 324

Kokosky, Samuel (1838-1899)—German publicist, Social-Democrat from 1872, edited several Social-Democratic newspapers; translated into German the pamphlet The Alliance of Socialist Democracy and the International Working Men's Association by Marx and Engels.—166

Koshelev, Alexander Ivanovich (1806-1883)—Russian writer and public figure.—100

Kättgen, Gustav Adolph (1805-1882)— German artist, poet; took part in the working-class movement in the 1840s; was close to 'true socialists'; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany.— 88

Kovalevsky, Maxim Maximovich (1851-1916)—Russian sociologist, historian, ethnographer, lawyer; liberal; author of essays on the history of the primitive communal system.—137, 153, 163, 179, 185, 322-23, 329, 344, 376, 381, 386, 388, 409, 452

Kraus—Bernhard Kraus' wife.— 82

Kraus, Bernhard (1828-1887)—Austrian physician; founded and edited the Allgemeine Wiener medizinische Zeitung (from 1856).—47, 82, 103-04 Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich, Prince ( 1842-1921 )—Russian revolutionary, theoretician of anarchism, sociologist, geographer and geologist; an emigre (1876-1917).—305

Kugelmann, Franziska (1858-c. 1930)—

Ludwig Kugelmann's daughter.— 3, 17, 21, 31

Kugelmann, Gertrud (née Oppenheim) (b.

1839) — Ludwig Kugelmann's wife.— 3, 17, 21, 31,'46-48, 56, 144

Kugelmann, Ludwig (1828-1902) — German physician, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; member of the International; delegate to the Lausanne (1867) and Hague (1872) congresses of the International; correspondent of Marx and Engels (1862-74).—3, 4, 17, 19, 21, 31, 32, 37, 38, 40, 46, 47, 82, 125, 162, 280-81

Kulishova, Anna Moiseyevna (real name

Rosenstein ) ( 1854-1925)—Russian revolutionary, Narodnik; joined the Bakuninists (1872); refugee in Italy (from 1878); broke off with anarchism; participant in the Italian socialist movement, prominent figure in the Socialist Party of Italy (from 1892); Andrea Costa's wife.— 305 Kurz, Isolde (1853-1944)—German authoress.—172, 189, 196, 217, 218, 222, 224, 230-32, 266, 285, 288

Küster—German army officer; attache of the Prussian Embassy in Constantinople (1829).—302 Kallmann,—165

L

Laaf—German chaplain, Christian socialist, candidate at the by-elections to the German Reichstag in 1877.— 195

La Cecilia, Napoleon François Paul Thomas (1835-1878) —Italian-born French revolutionary; professor of mathematics; participant in Garibal-

di's expedition (1860); member of the Paris section of the International; an editor of Le Rappel; general of the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to England; maintained friendly relations with Marx and Engels.—36

Lachâtre (Lachastre), Claude Maurice, baron de (1814-1900)—French progressive journalist; took part in the Paris Commune; publisher of the first volume of Marx's Capital in French.—25-26, 56-57, 75, 113, 153, 193, 223, 227, 439

Lacroix (Sigismond Julien Adolphe Krzyzanowski, dit Sigismond) ( 1845-1907) — Polish-born French journalist; contributor to and editor of a number of periodicals; member of the Chamber of Deputies (from 1883).—259 Laforgue, Laura (1845-1911)—Marx's second daughter, participant in the FYeneh working-class movement; Paul Lafargue's wife (from 1868).— 22, 51-52, 118, 121, 131-32, 139, 212, 244, 271, 274, 369, 373-75, 379, 382, 385, 387, 388, 390 Lafargue, Paul (1842-1911) — prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement; journalist, author of several works on the theory of Marxism; member of the General Council of the International (from 1866); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); a founder of the French Workers' Party (1880); disciple and associate of Marx and Engels.—28, 52, 75, 118, 130, 132, 139, 244, 271, 274, 374, 375, 379, 382, 385, 387, 388, 390, 447, 448

La Harpe (Laharpe), Jean François de

(1739-1803) —French poet and critic.— 14

Lahure, Louis Justin (c. 1850-1878) — Parisian printer; printed the French edition of the first volume of Marx's Capital.— 16, 57, 79

Lasker, Eduard (1829-1884)—German politician, a founder and leader of the National liberal Party which he left in 1880; deputy to the German Reichstag (from 1867).—136-37

Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864) — German writer and lawyer; took part in the democratic movement in the Rhine Province (1848-49); founder and first President of the General Association of German Workers (1863-64); an initiator of the opportunist trend in the German working-class movement.—62-63, 65, 97, 100, 118, 288, 334, 402-03

Laube, Heinrich (1806-1884) —German writer and dramatist; member of the Young Germany literarv group; later theatre director.—429

Laveleye, Emile Louis Victor, Baron de

(1822-1892)—Belgian historian and economist.—153, "194, 204

Lavrov, Pyotr Lavrovich (1823-1900)— Russian sociologist, philosopher, revolutionary journalist, an ideologist of Narodism; member of the International, took part in the Paris Commune; editor of the magazine Vperyod! (1873-76) and the newspaper Vperyod! (1875-76).—53, 58, 59, 73, 78, 91, 93-94, 106, 109, 111, 113, 117, 126-30, 132, 134, 137, 147, 153, 154, 163-64, 201, 203, 206, 210-11, 213, 216, 217, 220-21, 225, 226, 242, 307, 313, 316-17, 331, 440

Layard, Sir Austen Henry (1817-1894) — English archaeologist and politician, Radical, M.P. (1852-69), Liberal (from the 1860s); Ambassador to Madrid (1869-77) and to Constantinople (1877-80).—255

Leblanc, Albert Marie Félix (b. 1844) — participant in the French working-class movement, sided with the Bakuninists; engineer; member of the Paris section of the International; took part in the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to England.—159, 222, 341

Leblanc (Le Blanc), F. D.— refugee in London.—113, 213

Leeson, E.—acquaintance of Engels' family in London.—119, 201

Lefrançais, Gustav Adolphe (1826-1901)—French revolutionary, Left-wing Proudhonist, teacher; participant in the 1848 revolution; member of the International (from the late 1860s), member of the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to Switzerland and joined anarchists.—259

Le Moussu, Benjamin (pseudonym Constant) (b. 1846) — participant in the French working-class movement; en-graver; member of the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to London; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for the French-speaking sections in the USA (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); supported Marx and Engels in their struggle against Bakuninists.—11, 29, 44, 448

Lenchen—see Demuth, Helene

Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; tailor; member of the Communist League from 1847; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; defendant at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); emigrated to London in 1856; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London and of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872); took part in the British socialist movement (the 1880s-90s); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 49, 112, 204-05, 274, 277, 319, 374, 377, 391, 434, 443

Lever, Charles James (1806-1872)—Irish-born British novelist.— 371 Levy, Joseph Moses (1812-1888) — English journalist, a founder and publisher of The Daily Telegraph (from 1855).—328, 331

Lewes, George Henry (1817-1878) — English positivist philosopher, physiologist and writer.— 179

Liebig, Justus, Baron von (1803-1873)— German scientist, agrochemist.—107

Liebknecht, Natalie (née Reh) (1835-1909)—Wilhelm Liebknecht's second wife (from 1868).—55, 247, 256, 274-75, 336

Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900) —prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League and the International; propagator of the International's ideas in the German working-class movement; deputy to the North German (1867-70) and the German (from 1874) Reichstag; a founder and leader of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party; editor of Der Volksstaat (1869-76) and the Vorwärts (1876-78, 1890-1900); during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71 took an internationalist stand; supported the Paris Commune; delegate to the international socialist congresses in 1877 (Ghent), 1889, 1891 and 1893; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—4, 6, 7, 9, 30, 43, 45, 50, 54, 55, 60, 65, 66, 69-70, 75, 85, 94, 96, 98, 103, 118-23, 125-30, 132, 134, 147, 151, 154-56, 166, 175-76, 184, 186-87, 194, 201, 203, 207, 218-20, 227, 228, 236, 238, 239, 243, 247, 249, 251, 254-60, 274-76, 295, 296, 299, 303, 321, 331, 334, 336, 352-53, 361, 364, 366-67, 372-75, 378, 381, 385, 388, 394-98, 408, 412, 413, 416, 420, 422, 433, 434, 449

Lieven, Christofor Andreyevich, Count (1774-1839)—Russian diplomat, envoy to Berlin (1810-12), Ambassador to London (1812-34).—303

Lindheimer, B.— German Social-Democrat.—225-26, 229-30

Ungenau, Johann Karl Ferdinand (c. 1814-1 877)—German-born American socialist, took part in the 1848-49

revolution in Germany, emigrated to the USA; he bequeathed his fortune to the German Social-Democratic Party.—279, 392

Lissagaray, Hippolyte Prosper Olivier (1838-1901) —French journalist and historian, Left Republican; participant in the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to Belgium and then to England.—36, 149-52, 155, 157, 166, 172, 189, 190, 196, 222, 230-31, 234, 262, 266, 288, 308, 333, 440, 445, 446, 450

Liszt, Franz (1811-1886) — Hungarian composer and pianist.— 143

Longuet, Charles (September 1873-July 1874)—son of Jenny and Charles Longuet, Marx's grandson.—14, 15, 26, 28, 29, 31, 36, 38, 43

Longuet, Charles Félix César (1839-1903)—prominent figure in the French working-class movement, journalist; Proudhonist; member of the General Council of the International (1866-68, 1871-72); Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (1866); delegate to the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and Hague (1872) congresses and the London Conference (1871); member of the Paris Commune, later joined the Possibilists; member of the Paris Municipal Council in the 1880s and 1890s.—12, 15, 27, 32, 34, 35, 75, 118, 121, 123, 131, 143, 244, 262, 263, 268, 274, 332, 341, 372, 373, 390, 391, 447

Longuet, Edgar (1879-1950)—active in the French working-class movement; son of Marx's daughter Jenny and Charles Longuet; physician; member of the Socialist Party.—372, 375, 376, 378, 391, 392

Longuet, Félicitas—Charles Longuet's mother.— 234

Longuet, Henry (Harry) (1878-1883) — son of Jenny and Charles Longuet, Marx's grandson.— 316, 321 Longuet, Jean—Charles Longuet's father.—121 Longuet, Jean Laurent Frederic (Johnny) (1876-1938) —active in the French and international working-class movement; son of Marx's daughter Jenny and Charles Longuet; lawyer; a leader in the French Socialist Partv.—121, 123, 143, 235, 271, 318, 320,'322, 324-26, 332, 372, 376, 382, 447

Longuet, Jenny (1844-1883)—prominent figure in the international working-class movement; Marx's eldest daughter, Charles I.onguet's wife from 1872.—14-15, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34-36, 38-39, 43, 50, 51, 75, 118, 120, 123, 131, 138, 139, 143, 212, 244, 262, 263, 268, 274, 316, 320-22, 324, 325, 332, 333, 371-73, 375-76, 378, 381, 382, 390-92, 447

Lopatin, Hermann Alexandrovich (1845-1918) — Russian revolutionary, Narodnik, member of the General Council of the International (1870); a translator of the first volume of Marx's Capital into Russian: friend of Marx and Engels.—53, 58. 76, 242, 248, 306, 313, 316, 439 Loria, Achille (1857-1943) —Italian sociologist and economist, falsifier of Marxism.—426 Loris-Melikov, Mikhail Tarielovich, Count (1825-1888) —Russian general and statesman, commander of the Caucasian Corps during the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78; Minister of the Interior (1880-81).—240 Lormier, Marie—French acquaintance of Marx's family.—75, 234

Louis Philippe (1773-1850)—Duke of Orleans, King of the French (1830-48).—356 Louis XIV (1638-1715) —King of France (1643-1715).—358 Louis XV (1710-1774) —King of France (1715-74).—358 Louis XVI (1754-1793)—King of France ( 1774-92), guillotined during the French Revolution.—260

Lover, Samuel (1797-1868)—British writer, Irish by birth.—371

Lowe, Robert, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke (1811-1892)—British statesman and journalist; contributor to The Times; Whig and later Liberal; M.P., Chancellor of the Exchequer (1868-73); Home Secretary (1873-74).—29, 156, 158, 300

Loyola, St Ignatius of (Inigo Lopez de

Loyola) (1491-1556)—Spanish noble-man, a founder of the Society of Jesus (1534).—199

Lübeck, Carl—German journalist, Social-Democrat, emigrated in 1873.— 381, 386, 411, 414

Luther, Martin (1483-1546)—prominent figure of the Reformation, founder of Protestantism (Lutheranism) in Germany; ideologist of the German burghers.—74, 191

M

Macdonald, Alexander (1821-1881)—one of the reformist leaders of the British trade unions, President of the National Miners' Union (from 1863), M.P. (from 1874); advocated the Liberal Party's policy.—300

M(a)cDonnel(l), Joseph Patrick (1847-1906) — prominent figure in the Irish working-class movement; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Ireland (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); emigrated lo the L'SA in 1872 and look part in the working-class movement there.— 76

MacMahon (Mac-Mahon), Marie Edme Patrice Maurice, comte de, duc de Magen-ta (1808-1893) —French marshal, senator, Bonapartist; participant in a number of wars of the Second Empire; a butcher of the Paris Commune; President of the Third Republic (1873-79).—23, 24, 35, 233, 235, 246, 251 Mackenzie, Wallace.—170

Magne, Pierre (1806-1879) —French statesman, Bonapartist, Minister of Finance (1855-60, 1867-69, 1870, 1873-74),—25 Mahmud II (1785-1839) —Sultan of Turkey (1808-39).— 301 Mahmud Dschelal ed-din Pasha Damad (1840-1884)—Turkish statesman, member of the War Council, War Minister several times, demoted and deported (1878); returned in 1880; was exposed as an accomplice in the assassination (in 1876) of the Turkish Sultan Abdul Aziz and sentenced (in 1881) to exile for life.—234, 260, 263, 280, 293, 296-97 Mahomet—see Mohammed

Malon, Benoît (1841-1893) —French socialist, member of the International; delegate to the Geneva Congress (1866); member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to Italy and then to Switzerland where he joined the Bakuninists; a leader of the reformist trend in the French Workers' Party and of the Possibilists (from 1882).— 157, 214, 259, 431

Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834) — English clergyman and economist, author of a theory of population.— 62, 108 Manning, Charles—one of Marx's witnesses when he applied for British naturalisation in 1874.— 28 Maret, Henri (1838-1917) —French radical journalist, writer and politician, editor of La Marseillaise; deputy to the National Assemblv from 1881.— 339-40 Maria Alexandrovna (1853-1920)— Grand Duchess, Alexander II's daughter, Duke of Edinburgh's wife from 1874.—14, 18 Maria Fyodorovna (1759-1828) — Princess of Württemberg, Empress of Russia, Paul I's wife (from 1776).— 14

Martin, Constant (1839-1906) —French revolutionary, Blanquist, took part in the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to London, member of the General Council of the International (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871).— 36

Marx—Austrian police official, chief of police in Vienna.— 82

Marx, Eleanor (Tussy) (1855-1898) — Karl Marx's youngest daughter, took part in the British and international working-class movement; married Edward Aveling in 1884; active prop-agator of Marxism.—26, 34, 37, 39-40, 46, 47, 51, 56, 75, 87, 89, 93, 121, 132, 135, 136, 138-42, 144-46, 148, 190, 191, 212, 222, 226, 244, 245, 268, 269, 289, 291, 321, 323, 324, 329, 333, 369-72, 374, 376-78, 380, 390, 392, 441-42, 444-46, 449, 450

Marx, jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881) —Karl Marx's wife.—13-14, 30, 33, 49, 52, 75, 76, 93, 121, 131-32, 138-41, 201, 211, 222, 225, 235, 244, 245, 263, 268, 269, 274, 279, 289, 294, 307, 312, 315, 318-19, 322, 329, 332, 333, 349, 353, 369, 371, 372, 375, 376, 380, 382, 388, 391, 414, 422, 432, 441-48

Maskelyne, John Nevil (1839-1917) — English illusionist, organised anti-spiritualist seances.—291

Matheson—one of Marx's witnesses when he applied for British naturalisation in 1874.— 28

Mayer, Karl (1819-1889) —German democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848-49); after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Switzerland; editor of Der Beobachter in Stuttgart in the 1860s.—9, 85, 190

Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—Italian revolutionary, democrat; leader of the national liberation movement in Itah, head of the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic (1849); an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London; fought against the International and the Paris Commune.— 81

Mehemed Ali Pasha (real name Karl Detroit) (1827-1878)—Turkish general; German by birth; commanded a corps in Bosnia (1875-76), commander-in-chief in Bulgaria (1877), recalled in 1878; took part in the Berlin Congress (1878); later commander-in-chief in Albany.— 255, 272, 280

Mehmed Sadek, effendi—Turkish statesman, Minister of Finance, pleni-potentiary at the Russo-Turkish peace negotiations in Adrianople (1829). — 302

Mehring, Franz (1846-1919) — prominent figure in the German working-class movement, philosopher, historian and journalist; author of several works on the history of Germany and German Social-Democracy and of a biography of Marx; member of the German Social-Democratic Party (from 1891); a regular contributor to Die Neue Zeit ; one of the leaders and theoreticians of the Left wing of the German Social-Democratic Party.— 260, 334

Meissner, Otto Karl (1819-1902) — Hamburg publisher, printed Marx's Capital and other works by Marx and Engels.—45, 47, 51, 52, 57, 125

Mercier de la Rivière, Paul Pierre (1720-1793) — French economist, Physiocrat.—452

Merriman—Marx's attorney.— 11, 13

Mesa y Leompart, José (1840-1904) — participant in the Spanish working-class and socialist movement, printer; an organiser of the International's sections in Spain, member of the Spanish Federal Council (1871-72) and the New Madrid Federation (1872-73), fought anarchism; a founder of the Spanish Socialist Work-

ers' Party (1879); translated into Spanish a number of works by Marx and Engels; their supporter.— 39, 42, 306, 330, 439

Meshchersky, Vladimir Petrovich, Prince (1839-1914)—Russian writer and journalist, an ideologist of the reac-lionary nobility, monarchist.—164

Metz, Theodor—an innkeeper in Cologne.— 106

Mevissen, Gustav von (1815-1899) — German banker and politician, leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie; founder of a number of big joint-stock and credit banks and industrial joint-stock companies.—182

Meyer, Hermann (1821-1875) — prominent figure in the German and American working-class movement, socialist; look part in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated to the USA in 1852, an organiser of the International's sections in St Louis.—115

Meyer, Rudolph Hermann (1839-1899) — German economist and publicist, conservative.—7, 17, 304, 359, 368, 382, 391, 424

Midhat Ahmed Pasha (1822-1884) — Turkish statesman, Grand Vizir (1872, 1876-77), succeeded in pro-claiming the first Turkish Constitution (23 December 1876); later was condemned and banished to Arabia.— 234, 260, 297, 331

Mikhailovsky, Nikolai Konstantinovich (1842-1904)—Russian sociologist, journalist and literary critic, ideologist of liberal Narodism; an editor of the Otechestvenniye Zapiski (1868-84).—343 Milyutin, Dmitry Alexeyevich, Count (1816-1912) —Russian general, War Minister (1861-81).—168, 170

Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873) —English economist and philosopher.— 58, 346

Miquel, Johannes von (1828-1901) — German lawyer, politician and financier; member of the Communist League; chief burgomaster of Osna-brück (1865-70, 1876-80); a leader of the Right-wing National Liberals (from 1867); deputy to the North German and the German Reichstag.— 405 Mohammed (Muhammad, Mahomet) (c. 570 -632) —founder of Islam.—447 Moleschott, Jakob (1822-1893) —Dutch physiologist and philosopher; lec-tured in Germany, Switzerland and Italy.—107

Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Count von (1800-1891) — Prussian military leader and writer; general, field-marshal (from 1871); chief of the Prussian (1857-71) and the Imperial (1871-88) General Staff.—8, 163, 182, 297, 300

Montefiore, Leonard (1853-1879) — English journalist.— 329

Moore, George—English engraver.—10-13

Moore, Samuel (1838-1911)—English lawyer, member of the International, translated into English the first volume of Marx's Capital (in collaboration with Edward Aveling) and the Manifesto of the Communist Party; friend of Marx and Engels.— 387

Morel—French refugee in London.— 110

Morley, John, Viscount Morley of Black-burn (1838-1923)—British journalist and statesman, Liberal; editor-in-chief of The Fortnightly Review (1867-82).—6, 213

Morley, Samuel (1809-1886)—British in-dustrialist and politician, Liberal M.P. (1865, 1868-85).—6, 299

Most, Johann Joseph (1846-1906) — participant in the German working-class movement, anarchist; book-binder; deputy to the German Reichstag (1874-78); emigrated to London in 1878; published the newspaper Die Freiheit there; expelled from the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany as an anarchist (1880); emigrated to

the USA (1882).—118-20, 122, 123,

125, 130, 150, 152, 218, 247, 276, 283, 351, 353, 362, 363, 365, 368, 381, 383, 386, 389, 411, 413, 414, 423, 425, 429, 433

Mottershead, Thomas G. (c. 1825-1884)— English weaver; member of the General Council of the International (1869-72), Corresponding Secretary for Denmark (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); later opposed Marx's and Engels' line in the General Council and the British Federal Council, one of the active members of the latter's reformist wing; expelled from the International by decision of the General Council (1873).—92, 15'5, 158, 292, 300, 448

Muffling, Friedrich Ferdinand Karl, Baron (1775-1851) — Prussian general, then field-marshal general, military writer, took part in the wars against Napoleonic France.— 301-02

Muhtar Ahmed Pasha (1832-1919) — Turkish general, commander-in-chief of the Turkish troops in Asia Minor during the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78.—232

Mulberger, Arthur (1847-1907) — German physician, journalist; Social-Democrat.— 120

Müllner, Amadeus Gottfried Adolf (1774-1829)—German poet, dramatist and literary critic.—154

Mundella, Anthony John (1825-1897)— British statesman and manufacturer; M.P. from 1868; Vice-President of the Committee of Council for Education (1880-85); held a number of ministerial posts.— 299

Mur ad V (1840-1904)—Sultan of Turkey (May-August 1876); nephew of Sultan Abdul Aziz.—120

Muravyov (Muravieff), Mikhail Nikolayevich, Count ( 1796-1866) — Russian statesman, participant in the campaign against Napoleon in 1812, Governor General of the North-

Western Territory (1863-64).—169, 170

Mutzelberger—German Catholic priest in Frankfurt am Main.— 84, 85

N

Sadler, Karl Christian Gottfried (1809-1849)—German poet.—133

Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821) — Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—14, 68 Napoleon 111 (('hartes Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873) —Napoleon I's nephew, President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French ( 1852-70).— 52, 175, 303, 314, 340, 357

Nassauer.—84

Nesselrode, Karl Vasilyevich, Count (1780-1862) — Russian statesman and diplomat; Minister of Foreign Affairs (1816-56); State Chancellor (from 1845).—303 Neumann.— 84

Neustadt an der Hardt—participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; refugee in England, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London.— 364

Nicholas I (1796-1855) — Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—164, 301, 302

Nikolai Nikolayevich (1831-1891) — Grand Duke, Nicholas I's son; commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the Balkans during the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78.— 241

Nobiling, Karl Eduard (1848-1878) — German anarchist; made an attempt on William I's life in 1878.—419, 449, 450 Noel — see Idelson, Rozalia Christopho-rovna

Noel—see Smirnov, Valerian Nikolayevich

Novikov (Nov(w)ikoff), Yevgeny Petrovich (1826-1903)—Russian 'writer and

statesman, envoy to Athens (1865), Ambassador to Vienna (1870) and to Constantinople (1879-82).— 167

Novikov (Nov(w)ikoff), Ivan Petrovich — Russian general, Olga Alexeyevna Novikova's husband.—167

Novikova (Nov(w)ikoff), Olga Alexeyevna (née Kireyeva) (1840-1925)—Russian journalist, for a long time lived in London.—167-70, 178, 179, 205, 277

O

O'Clery, Keyes, Count (1849-1913)— Irish historian and politician, M.P. (1874-80).—210, 221

O'Connell, Daniel (1775-1847)—Irish lawyer and politician, leader of the liberal wing of the national liberation movement.— 84

Offenbach, Jacques (1819-1880)—French composer.—143

Oppenheim, Max—Gertrud Kugelmann's brother, lived in Prague.— 47, 48, 52, 53, 55-56, 86, 87,'89, 142, 144-45, 146, 147

Oriol. Henri — clerk in Lachâtre's publishing house in Paris; owner of the printshop which put out socialist literature (1883-86).—153, 439

Orlov, Alexei Fyodorovich, Count, Prince (from 1856) (1786-1861)—Russian military leader, statesman and diplomat; signed the treaties of Adrianople (1829) and LJnkiar-Skelessi (1833) with Turkey; headed the Russian delegation to the Paris Congress (1856).—302

Orsini, Cesare—Italian refugee; member of the General Council of the International (1866-67); spread the International's ideas in the USA; Felice Orsini's brother.— 81

Orsini, Felice (1819-1858)—Italian democrat, republican, prominent figure in the struggle for Italy's national liberation and unification; executed for his attempt on the life of Napoleon III.—81

Osborne, John—English trade unionist; plasterer; participant in the Inaugural Meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-67), reformist.—292, 300

Osman Nuri Pasha (1832-1900) — Turkish military leader, marshal; participant in the Crimean (1853-56) and Russo-Turkish (1877-78) wars, War Minister (1878-85).—255, 272

Oswald, Eugen (1826-1912)—German journalist, democrat; took part in the revolutionary movement in Baden (1848-49); emigrated to London after the defeat of the revolution.— 74

Otto-Walster, August (1834-1898) — German journalist and writer; member of the General Association of German Workers, Social-Democrat; emigrated to the USA in 1876.—100

Owen, Robert (1771-1858) —English Utopian socialist.—99, 262-63, 292, 335

P

Pahlen, Fyodor Petrovich, Count (1780-1863)—Russian diplomat, Russia's representative during the conclusion of the Adrianople Peace Treaty (1829); member of the State Council (from 1832).—302

Panayev—shareholder of Louis Blanc's newspaper L'Homme Ltire.—440

Parnell, Charles Stewart (1846-1891) — Irish politician and statesman, Liberal, M.P. (from 1875), leader of the Home Rule League (1877-90); President of the Irish Land League (from 1880).—261

Paul I (1754-1801) —Emperor of Russia (1796-1801).—14

Pauli, Ida—Philipp Viktor Pauli's wife.—104, 115-17, 133, 134, 141-42, 146, 180, 197-98, 215, 216, 316

Pauli, Philipp Viktor (1836-d. after 1916)—German chemist, friend of Marx and Engels; headed a chemical plant in Rheinau (1871-80).—104, 105, 115-17, 133, 134, 142, 146, 180, 181, 198, 215, 216, 288, 314, 316

Perret, Henri—participant in the Swiss working-class movement, engraver; a leader of the International in Switzerland, Secretary of the Romance Federal Council (1868-73); member of the Égalité editorial board; delegate to the Geneva (1866) and Basle (1869) congresses and to the London Conference (1871) of the International; broke with the Bakuninists in 1869; after the Hague Congress (1872) adopted a conciliatory stand.—4-6

Perrot, Franz— 19th-century German economist and journalist.— 304

Pertev, Reis, effendi (d. 1837)—Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs (from 1827).—301 Peter III (1728-1762)—Emperor of Russia (1761-62).—14

Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca ) ( 1304-1374) — Italian poet of the Renais-sance.—25 Petty, Sir William (1623-1687)—English economist, father of the classical bourgeois political economy.— 208, 329, 452

Petzler, Johann (d. 1898)—German democrat, teacher of music; refugee in London from the 1850s.—332, 333

Phaedrus (c. 15 B.C.-A.D. c. 70)— Roman fabulist.— 219

Pindar (c. 522-c. 443 B.C.)—Greek poet.— 358

Pindy, Jean Louis (1840-1917)—French joiner, Proudhonist; member of the International, delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congres-

37-406 ses, organiser of the International's section in Brest (1869); took part in the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to Switzerland and joined the anarchists.—157

Pio, Louis Albert François (1841-1894)— a leader of the Danish working-class and socialist movement, propagated Marx's ideas, an organiser of the International's Danish sections (1871), a founder of the Danish Social-Democratic Party (1876); emigrated to the USA in 1877.— 117, 121, 126, 221

Plater, Wladyslaw (1806-1889)—Polish politician; took part in the insurrection of 1830-31.—37

Plon-Plon—see Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul

Polyakov, Nikolai Petrovich (c. 1843-1905)—Russian democratic publisher, was close to Narodniks; published the first Russian edition of the first volume of Marx's Capital (1872).—57

Potapov, Alexander Lvovich (1818-1886) — Russian adjutant general; took part in the Crimean war (1853-56); Chief of Staff of the gendarmes' corps and of the Third Department of the Imperial Chancellory (1861-64); Governor General of the North-western Territory (from 1868); chief of gendarmes (1874-76).—170

Potter, George (1832-1893)—a British trade union leader, carpenter; member of the London Trades Council and a leader of the Amalga-mated Union of Building Workers; founder and publisher of The Bee-Hive Newspaper.— 81

Powell—Marx's lawyer.—11, 13

Premerlani—policeman in Turin (Italy).—199

Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)— French writer, economist and sociologist; founder of anarchism.— 64, 80, 92, 99, 433

Pumps—see Burns, Mary Ellen

Pyat, Félix (1810-1889) —French journalist, playwright and politician, democrat; took part in the 1848 revolution; opposed an independent working-class movement; conducted a slander campaign against Marx and the International; deputy to the National Assembly (1871); member of the Paris Commune (1871), after its suppression emigrated to England; returned to France after the amnesty of 1880; member of the Chamber of Deputies (from 1888).—440

Q

Quesnay, François (1694-1774)—French economist, founder of the School of Physiocrats; physician by profession.—262, 263, 265, 452

Quest, Adolphe—judicial administrator, manager of Lachâtre's publishing house in Paris.—79, 153, 193-94, 204, 227

Que'telet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques ( 1796-1874)—Belgian statistician, mathema-tician, astronomer and sociologist.— 82

Quinet, Edgar (1803-1875)—French politician and historian; participant in the 1848 revolution; refugee (1852-70); took part in the bourgeois-pacifist congress of the League of Peace and Freedom in Geneva (1867); deputy to the National Assembly (1871-75).—25

R

Ragsky, Ferdinand—Austrian chemist, professor at Vienna.— 88

Ralston, William Ralston Shedden (1828-1889)—English writer, author of works on literature and history of Russia.—329

Ramm, Hermann—German Social-Democrat, member of the editorial board of Der Volksstaat and Vorwärts.— 59, 66, 194-95, 238, 326

Rasch, Gustav (d. 1878)—German lawyer, democrat, journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; after its defeat a refugee in Switzerland and France; member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party from 1873.—175, 177, 239

Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke (1810-1895) — English historian, orientalist, army officer in Persia; member of the Council of India (1858-59, 1868-95); M.P. (1858-59, 1865-68); President of the Royal Asiatic Society (1878-81); contributed to many English newspapers.— 163

Razoua, Eugene Angele (1830-1878)— French journalist, Republican; deputy to the National Assembly; took part in the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to Geneva; member of the International; contributed to a number of periodicals.— 259

Reclus—Protestant priest, father of Elie and Elisée Reclus.— 259

Reclus, Jean Jacques Elisée (1830-1905) — French geographer, sociologist and politician, theoretician of anarchism; member of the International; took part in the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated and lived in Italy, Switzerland and Belgium.— 132, 172, 257, 259, 440

Reclus, Jean Pierre Michel Elie (1827-1904)—French ethnographer, journalist, Utopian socialist; took part in the 1848 revolution; director of the National Library during the Paris Commune.—132, 172, 257, 259 Redif Pasha—Turkish statesman, War Minister (1877).—260

Reichenbach—young German writer.— 359

Reichensperger, August (1808-1895)— German lawyer and politician; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right wing) (1848-49) and to the

German Reichstag (1871-84); a leader of the Catholic Party of the Centre.—322, 325, 328

Renshaw—an acquaintance of Engels' family in London.— 321, 324

Reshid Mustafa Mehemed Pasha (1802-1858) — Turkish statesman; repeatedly held posts of Grand Vizir and Foreign Minister.— 301

Reuß, Heinrich VII, Prince (1825-1906)—Prussian diplomat and general, Ambassador Extraordinary to Constantinople (1877), Ambassador to Vienna (1878-94).—301

Reuter, Paul Julius, Baron von (1816-1899)—founder of the Reuter telegraph agency in London (1851); German by birth.—158, 325

Ricardo, David (1772-1823)—English economist.—62, 153, 205, 261, 452

Richter, Dmitry Ivanovich (1848-1919) — Russian statistician, economist and geographer; lived in emigration in the 1870s.—121, 126-28

Richter, Eugen (1838-1906)—German politician, leader of the Party of Progress, deputy to the German Reichstag (1871-1906).—309

Rittinghausen, Moritz (1814-1890)— German journalist, democrat; contributed to the Neue Rheinische Zeitung

(1848-49); member of the International; member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party till 1884; deputy to the German Reichstag (1877-78 and 1881-84).—195

Rivers, George—bookseller in London.—317-18

Roby, Henry John (1830-1915)—British manufacturer, classical scholar; Liberal; member of the government schools commissions (1864-74); a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Roby (1874-94); M.P. (1890-95).— 67

Roby, Mary Ann Matilda (née Ermen)

(d. 1889) — Peter Ermen's daughter, wife of the above from 1861.— 67

37* Rachat, Charles Michel (b. 1844)—a leader of the French working-class movement; member of the Paris Federal Council of the International; took part in the Paris Commune; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Holland (October 1871 to 1872); delegate to the London Conference (1871).—49

Rochefort, Victor Henri, marquis de Rocheforl-Luçay (1831-1913) — French journalist, writer and politician, Left-wing republican; member of the Government of National Defence; after the suppression of the Paris Commune was exiled to New Caledonia whence fled to England; organised the second edition of the Anglo-French magazine Lanterne in London and Brussels (1874-76).—25, 29, 34

Rocher, L.— 11

Rörig—Wilhelm Liebknecht's acquaintance, forester.— 55

Rothschild, Alphonse, baron de (1827-1905)—French banker, head of the banking house.—136

Roy, Joseph (1830-1916) —French teacher, translated the first volume of Marx's Capital and works by Feuer-bach into French.—16

Royer, von—Prussian diplomat, envoy to Constantinople (1829).—302

Ruge, Arnold (1802-1880)—German radical journalist and philosopher, Young Hegelian; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in England in the 1850s; became a National Liberal after 1866.—374

Rümelin, Gustav (1815-1888)—German writer and statistician, sociologist, author of works on statistics, history and literature.—191

Russell, John, 1st Earl Russell (1792-1878) — British statesman, Whig leader; Prime Minister (1846-52,

1865-66), Foreign Secretary (1852-53, 1859-65).—140, 156

S

Sadek, effendi—see Mehmed Sadek, effendi

Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825)—French Utopian socialist.—263

Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquis of (1830-1903)— British statesman, Conservative leader (from 1881), Secretary of State for India (1866-67, 1874-78), Foreign Secretary (1878-80), Prime Minister (1885-86, 1886-92, 1895-1902).—296, 299

Salzmann.— 83 Samarin, Yuri Fyodorovich (1819-1876) — Russian writer and public figure.—103

Samter, Adolph (1824-1883)—German economist, follower of Rodbertus.— 328

Sargant, William Lucas (1809-1889) — English teacher and economist, Owen's biographer.— 263

Sarny, Eduard—German journalist, an editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung und Handelsblatt.—180

Schaffte, Albert Eberhard Friedrich (1831-1903)—German vulgar economist and sociologist, armchair socialist, rejected the class struggle.—163, 190, 413

Schaible, Karl Heinrich (1824-1899)— German physician and writer; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising, then emigrated to England.—175-77

Scheu, Andreas (1844-1927)—a leader in the Austrian (1868-74) and British socialist movement; member of the International; emigrated to England in 1874; a founder of the Social-Democratic Federation.—49, 189 Scheu, Heinrich (1845-1926)—Austrian Social-Democrat, member of the International, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); emigrated to England in 1873; brother of the above.— 49, 189

Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von

(1759-1805)—German poet, dramatist, historian and philosopher.— 259

Schily—Victor Schily's wife.—92

Schily, Victor (1810-1875)—German democrat, lawyer; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; refugee in France; member of the International, delegate to the London Conference (1865); Marx's friend.— 92

Schlesinger, Maximilian (1855-1902) — German journalist, Social-Democrat, Lassallean; contributor to a number of newspapers and magazines.— 386

Schmidt, Eduard Oscar (1823-1886)— German zoologist, Darwinist, professor at Strasbourg (from 1872).—313-14, 317

Schmidt, Johann Joseph.— 180

Schmitz, Richard (1834-1893)—German physician in Neuenahr (from 1863).—267

Schneckenburger, Max (1819-1849) — German poet.—444

Schüler, Caroline (Lina) (1819-1891) — German teacher in Cologne; friend of Marx's family.—202, 203, 205

Schollymeyer, Schorlemeyer—see Schorlemmer, Carl

Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860) — German idealist philosopher, irrationalist and pessimist, ideologist of Prussian Junkers.— 50

Schorlemmer, Carl (1834-1892) —German organic chemist, professor at Manchester; member of the International and of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party; friend of Marx and Engels.—116, 133, 215,

268, 270, 271, 350, 371, 374, 375, 377-80, 382-83, 385, 387, 389, 390

Schott, Sigmund (1818-1895) — Württemberg writer and politician; advocate of Germany's unification under Prussia's supremacy; a founder of the National Association.—287, 304-05, 311-12

Schramm, Carl August (1830-1905)— German Social-Democrat, reformist; left the Party in the 1880s.—73, 75, 375, 378, 393, 395-98, 402-08, 411-13, 417, 422, 428, 431

Schumacher, Balthasar Gerhard (1755-d. after 1801) — German lawyer, author of the song on which Prussian National Anthem was based.— 301

Schumacher, Hermann (c. 1826-1904) — German economist.—90

Schumann, Fritz—delegate to the International Socialist Congress in Paris (September 1878) from the Danish Social-Democratic Workers' Party and from the International Labour Union.—339, 340

Schupps—family of Engels' acquaintances in Heidelberg, with whom Mary Ellen Burns stayed in 1875-77.—116, 180, 197

Schuyler, Eugene (1840-1890)—American historian and diplomat, secretary of the diplomatic mission in Russia (1869), General Consul in Constantinople (1876-78), later American minister in Athens and US representative in Romania and Serbia.—168

Schweitzer—owner of a printing-house in London, where the Londoner Journal was printed.— 315

Schweitzer, Johann Baptist tion (1833-1875)—German lawyer, a Lassallean leader; editor of Der Social-Demokrat

(1864-67); President of the General Association of German Workers (1867-71); supported unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy; fought against the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; was expelled from the General Association for his contacts with the Prussian authorities (1872).—6, 402

Schwitzguébel, Adhémar (1844-1895)— prominent figure in the Swiss working-class movement, anarchist; en-graver; member of the International; a leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy and of the Jura Federation; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); expelled from the International by the General Council's decision (1873).—49, 306

Seidliti, Georg von—German naturalist, follower of Darwin.—107

Serraillier, Auguste (b. 1840)— participant in the French and international working-class movement; shoemaker; member of the General Council of the International (1869-72), Corresponding Secretary for Belgium, Holland, Spain (1870) and France (1871-72); in September 1870 was sent to Paris as the General Council's agent, member of the Paris Commune; delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International, member of the British Federal Council (1873); associate of Marx and Engels.—44, 341, 448

Seton—one of Marx's witnesses when he applied for British naturalisation in 1874.—28

Shaen—English lawyer.—11, 12

Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)— English poet and playwright.—65, 122, 191, 226, 446 Shipton, George (1839-1911) — prominent figure in the British trade union movement, reformist, Secretary of the House-Painters' Union and of the London Trades Council (1871-96).— 300

Shuvalov (Schuwaloff), Pyotr Andreyevich, Count (1827 — 1889)—Russian statesman and diplomat, general, member of the State Council (1874); chief of

gendarmes (1866-74); Ambassador to London (1874-79).—168, 170, 389

Sieber, Nikolai Ivanovich (1844-1888) — economist; one of the first popularis-ers of Marx's economic works in Russia; held radical bourgeois reformist views.— 343

Simon, Jules François Simon Suisse (1814-1896) — French statesman and idealist philosopher; moderate republican, deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49); member of the Government of National Defence, Minister of Public Instruction in that government and in Thiers' government (1870-73); deputy to the National Assembly of 1871, an instigator of struggle against the Paris Commune; Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1876-77).—440

Singer, Paul (1844-1911)—prominent figure in the German working-class movement, a leader of the German Social-Democrats; member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party (from 1878); deputy to the German Reichstag (1884-1911); member (from 1887) and Chairman (from 1890) of the Executive Committee of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany.— 396, 412

Smirnov, Valerian Nikolayevich (pseudonym Doctor Noel) (1848-1900) — Russian revolutionary, Narodnik, physician; emigrated to Zurich in the early 1870s, then to London, Paris, and Berne; member of the International; an editor of the newspaper and magazine Vperyod!—78, 91, 129, 134, 147, 154, 305, 312-13, 316

Smith, Adam (1723-1790)—Scottish economist.—153, 260, 452

Sonnemann, Leopold (1831-1909) — German politician, journalist, banker, democrat; founder and publisher of the Frankfurter Zeitung und Handelsblatt ; deputy to the German Reichstag (1871-77, 1878-84).—7, 9, 85, 95, 98, 156, 180, 305, 334, 412'

Sorge, Friedrich Adolph (18.28-1906^— prominent figure in the international and American working-class and socialist movement, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to Switzerland, then to Belgium, from 1852 lived in the USA; organised the International's American sections, Secretary of the Federal Council for North America, tielegate to the Hague Congress (1872), General Secretary of the General Council of the International in New York (1872-74), propagated Marxism; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—7-10, 28, 30, 40, 41, 43, 44, 51, 114-15, 124-25, 275-77, 279, 282-84, 318-19, 385, 392, 410, 414, 422, 445-48

Spinoza, Baruch (Benedictus) de (1632-1677) —Dutch philosopher.—452

Spurgeon, Charles Haddon (1834-1892)—English Baptist priest.—22

Staël, Madame de (Anne Louise Germaine

Necker, baronne de Staël-Holstein) (1766-1817)—French authoress.— 252

Staël, Madame de (d. 1877)—a relative

of the above.—252

Stahl, Heinrich—German socialist in Chicago.—42

Stern—Joseph Stern's wife.—85

Stern, Joseph (1839-1902)—German Journalist, petty-bourgeois democrat; an editor of the Frankfurter Zeitung und Handelsblatt (from 1873).— 85

Steward, Ira (1831-1883)—prominent figure in the American labour movement, leader of the Eight-Hour League in Boston and of the National Ten-Hour League; an organiser of the Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statistics (1869) and of the International Labor Union (1878).—411

Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882)—chief of Prussian political police (1850-60);

an organiser of and main witness for the prosecution at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); chief of military police during the Austro-Prussian (1866) and Franco-Prussian (1870-71) wars.—29, 96, 100, 103, 121, 147, 327

Stoffel, Eugene, baron (1823-1907) — French army officer; during the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71) served in MacMahon's General Headquarters; discharged from the army (1872).—251

Stolberg-Wemigerode, Otto, Prince (1837-1896)—German statesman and politician, conservative, deputy to the German Reichstag (1871-78), Vice-Chancellor of the German Empire (from 1878).—322-24

Strausberg, Bethel Henry (1823-1884)— German-born railway contractor who lived in England; went bankrupt in 1873.—228, 405

Suleiman Pasha (1840-1892)—Turkish general; commander-in-chief in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78, then commander of the Danubian army; commander-in-chief of Turkish troops (December 1877-February 1878).—272

T

Talandier, Pierre Theodore Alfred (1822-1890)—French democratic journalist, took part in the 1848 revolution; emigrated to London after the coup d'état of 1851; member of the General Council of the International (1864); senator (1876-80, 1881-85).—336-42

Taneyev, Vladimir Ivanovich (1840-1921)—Russian public figure, lawyer, materialist philosopher; from 1866, counsel for the defence at a number of political processes.—185

Tenge, Thérèse (née Bolongaro-Crevenna)

(born c. 1833) —wife of the Westphalian landowner Tenge-

Ritberg; acquaintance of Ludwig Kugelmann's family in Hanover.— 17, 19 Tennyson, Alfred (1809-1892)—English poet.— 14

Terzaghi, Carlo (b. 1845)—Italian lawyer and journalist; editor of Proletario italiano, Secretary of the Federazione operaia and the Eman-cipazione del proletario societies in Turin; became police agent in 1872.—184, 199

Tessendorf(f), Hermann Ernst CÂristian (1831-1895)—Prussian Public Pro-secutor, member of the Berlin City Court (1873-79); organised persecution of Social-Democrats.—96, 100

Theisz, Albert Frederic Félix (1839-1881) — prominent figure in the French working-class movement, en-graver; Proudhonist; delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868) and the London Conference (1871) of the International, member of the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to England, member of the General Council of the International (1872) and its treasurer.—110

Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)— French historian and statesman, Or-leanist, Prime Minister (1836 and 1840), President of the Republic (1871-73); hangman of the Paris Commune.—16, 30, 210, 233, 235, 440

Thiinen, Johann Heinrich von (1783-1850)—German economist.— 90

Tkachov, Pyotr Nikitich (1844-1885) — Russian revolutionary, journalist, an ideologist of Narodism.— 59, 363

Tôlcke, Karl Wilhelm (1817-1893)— German Social-Democrat, Lassallean, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; President of the General Association of German Workers (1865-66) and member of its Executive Committee till 1874.—6, 60, 65

Tomanovskaya, Yelizaveta Lukinichna (pseudonym Yelizaveta Dmitrieva )

(née Kusheleva) (1851-d. after 1910)— Russian revolutionary, lived in emigration from 1868 to 1873, member of the Russian section of the International in Geneva, supported Marx in the struggle against Bakuninists; friend of Marx and his family; took an active part in the Paris Commune (1871); after its suppression emigrated; withdrew from revolutionary activities after her return to Russia.— 36, 185

Traube, Moritz (1826-1894)—German chemist and physiologist.— 78, 192

Treitschhe, Heinrich Gotthard von (1834-1896)—German historian and journalist; historiographer of the Prussian state (from 1886); deputy to the German Reichstag (1871-88).—260

Trochu, Louis Jules (1815-1896) — French general and politician, Or-leanist; head of the Government of National Defence; commander-in-chief of the armed forces of Paris (September 1870-January 1871); deputy to the National Assembly (1871).— 223, 224

Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, baron de

l'Aulne (1727-1781) —French economist and statesman; Physiocrat; Con-troller General of Finance (1774-76).—209

Turner.— 11

Tussy, Tussychen—see Marx, Eleanor

Tyndall, John (1820-1893)—English physicist, professor at the King's College in London.— 50

U

Urquhart, David (1805-1877)—British diplomat, writer and politician, Tur-cophile; exposed the foreign policy of Palmerston and the Whigs, M.P. (1847-52); founder and editor of The Free Press (1855-77) renamed Diplomatic Review (1866).—158, 167, 178, 206, 209, 235, 238 Utin (Outine), Nikolai Isaakovich (1841-1883)—Russian revolutionary, took part in the student movement, member of the Land and Freedom society; emigrated to England in 1863, then to Switzerland; an organiser of the Russian section of the International in Geneva and an editor of L'Égalité (1870-71); Marx's supporter in the struggle against Bakuninism; delegate to the London Conference of the International (1871); retired from political activity in the mid-1870s; returned to Russia in 1878.—36, 148, 163, 328, 351

Utina, Natalia Jeronimovna (née Cor-sini) — Nikolai Utin's wife; contributed to Vestnik Yevropy and other periodicals,— 211

V

Vahlteich, Karl Julius (1839-1915) — German Social-Democrat, shoemaker; first secretary of the General Association of German Workers (1863-February 1864); delegate to the Eisenach Congress (1869) and a leader in the Social-Democratic Workers' Party, deputy to the German Reichstag (1874-76 and 1878-81); emigrated to the USA and took part in the working-class movement there.—85, 95, 98, 257, 276

Vasilchikov, Alexander Illarionovich (1818-1881)—Russian economist and public figure.— 103

Vasiliyev, Nikolai Vasiliyevich (1857-1920) — Russian revolutionary, Narodnik; physiologist, Doctor of Medicine; carried on propaganda among St Petersburg students; emigrated to Switzerland in the latter half of the 1870s and continued his revolutionary activity there; lived in London for some time.—427

Vemouillet, Juste—director of Lachatre's publishing house in Paris.— 57, 79, 439

Viennet, Jeyn Pons Guillaume (1777-1868)—French writer and politician.—322

Viereck—German actress, Louis Viereck's mother.— 428

Viereck, Louis (1851-1921)—German Social-Democrat, a leader of the reformist wing of the party in the latter-half of the 1870s; deputy to the German Reichstag (1884-87); left Social-Democratic movement after '1888; emigrated to the USA in 1890.—375, 395-96, 399, 401, 412, 428

Virchow, Rudolf (1821-1902) —German naturalist and politician; founder of modern pathological anatomy and the theory of cellular pathology; a founder and leader of the Party of Progress (1861-84).—236, 313, 316

Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (70-19 B.C.)—Roman poet.—143

Vögele, August—German refugee in London, compositor in Hollinger's print-shop (1859).—176

Vogler, Carl Georg (born c. 1820) — German publisher and bookseller in Brussels, member of the Communist League.— 439

Vogt, Karl (1817-1895)—German naturalist, petty-bourgeois democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; one of the five Imperial Regents (June 1849); emigrated in 1849; Louis Bonaparte's paid agent in the 1850s and 1860s; slandered Marx and his associates; exposed by Marx in the pamphlet Herr Vogt (I860).—107, 162, 175-76

Vollmar, Georg Heinrich von (1850-1922)—German army officer, Social-Democrat, a leader of the reformist wing of German Social-Democracy; an editor of Der Sozialdemokrat (1879-80); deputy to the German Reichstag (1881-87 and 1890-1918).—375, 413, 417, 422 W

Wagner, Cosima (1837-1930) —Franz Liszt's daughter, Richard Wagner's second wife.— 143

Wagner, Richard (1813-1883)—German composer, conductor and musical writer.—135, 137, 143, 192, 268, 443

Wallace, Alfred Rüssel (1823-1913)— English biologist, a founder of zoogeography; simultaneously with Darwin came to the theory of natural selection.— 291

Walster—see Otto-Walster, August

Walstone (Waldstein), Charles (1856-1927)—English archaeologist, acquaintance of Marx's family.— 427

Walther von der Vogelweide (c. 1170-c. 1230)—German minnesinger.— 74

Weber, Carl Maria von (1786-1826)— German composer.— 177

Weber, Joseph Valentin (1814-1895) — German watchmaker; took part in the Baden revolutionary movement in 1848; after its suppression, refugee in London; member of the German Workers' Educational Society there; expelled from the Society for his splitting activities and the slander of the General Council of the International (December 1871).— 364

Weber, Louis—German watchmaker; refugee in London after the 1848-49 revolution, Lassallean, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; expelled from the Society for the intrigues against Marx and his supporters (April 1865); son of the above.— 364, 411

Wedde, Friedrich Christoph Johannes (1843-1890)—German journalist and writer, democrat.— 240, 259

Weiler, Adam (1841-1894)—German joiner; refugee in London, member of the British Federal Council of the International (1872-73), supporter of Marx and Engels, member of the London Trades' Council; member of

the Social-Democratic Federation (from 1883).—277

Weiß, Guido (1822-1899) —German democratic journalist, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; belonged to the Party of Progress (Left wing) in the 1860s; editor of Die Zukunft, organ of the People's Party (1867-71), publisher of a weekly Die Wage (1873-79).—85, 88

Weitling, Wilhelm (1808-1871)—one of the early leaders of the working-class movement in Germany, tailor by profession; theorist of Utopian egalitarian communism; emigrated to the USA in 1849.—284, 410

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852)—British general and statesman, Tory; commanded troops in the wars against Napoleon I (1808-14, 1815); commander-in-chief of the British army (1827-28, 1842-52), Prime Minister (1828-30) and Foreign Secretary (1834-35).—301, 303

Wenzel—see Kugelmann, Ludwig

Wessel, Jean Marc Albert (1829-1885) — Swiss lawyer and politician, notary in Geneva.—279

Westlake—English public figure, elected to the school board from Mary-lebone on 30 November 1876.— 444

Weydemeyer, Joseph (1818-1866)— prominent figure in the German and American working-class movement; member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; a responsible editor of the Neue Deutsche Zeitung (1849-50); emigrated to the USA in 1851, participated in the US Civil War on the side of the Northerners; disseminated Marxism in the USA; friend and associate of -Marx and Engels.— 115, 448

Weydemeyer, Otto—participant in the American working-class movement; son of the above.—276, 318-19 Wiede, Franz (born c. 1857)—German journalist, founder and editor of Die

Neue Gesellschaft, reformist.— 240-43, 247, 253, 255, 257, 259, 261, 362, 413

Wiehe, Johann Friedrich — German refugee in London, compositor in Hollinger's print-shop (1859).—176, 177

Willebrord—see Glaser de Willebrord, E.

William I (1797-1888) —Prince of Prussia, King of Prussia (1861-88) and Emperor of Germany (1871-88).— 16, 263, 301, 352, 384, 389, 412, 428 Willis, Edwin.—311

Wingfield, Lewis Strange (1842-1891) — English traveller, writer and actor; correspondent of The Times during the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71) and at the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—49

Withers, John—London baker, acquaintance of Marx's family.— 103, 245

Wohlauer, Ferdinand—bookseller in London, Engels' acquaintance.— 214 Wolff, Bernhard (Benda) (1811-1879)— German journalist, owner of the Berlin National-Zeitung (from 1848); founder of the first telegraph agency in Germany (1849).—158

Wolff, Luigi (Louis) — Italian major, follower of Mazzini; member of the Associazione di Mutuo Progresso (organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65), participant in the London Conference (1865); exposed as an agent of the Bonapartist police in 1871.— 81

Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864)— German proletarian revolutionary, teacher, prominent figure in the Communist League; editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—195, 391

Wollmann—factory owner in Paris.— 136, 212

Wollmann—Ferdinand Fleckles' cousin, wife of the above.—136, 190, 211-12

Wright, Carroll Davidson (1840-1909) — American economist and statistician, head of the Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statistics (1873-88).—377, 411

Wrâblewski, Walery (1836-1908) —Polish revolutionary democrat, a leader of the 1863-64 Polish uprising; general of the Paris Commune; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Poland (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); actively supported Marx and Engels in the struggle against Bakuninists.— 18, 51, 111-12, 221-22, 234, 332, 448

Z

Zanardelli, Tito (b. 1848)—Italian journalist, socialist, editor of a number of democratic newspapers; a refugee in Paris.—450

Zhukovsky (Joukowskt), Juli Galak-tionovich (1833-1907)—Russian economist, journalist, sociologist, manager of the State Bank, senator.— 344

Zhukovsky, Nikolai Ivanovich (1833-1895) — Russian revolutionary, anarchist; refugee (from 1862), Secretary of the Geneva Section of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; member of the International (from 1869), withdrew from it in 1872 in protest to Bakunin's expulsion by the Hague Congress.— 259

Zilinski (Zichlinsky)—German refugee in London, Lassallean, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; expelled from the Society in 1871.—49 INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES

Achilles (Gr. Myth.)—the bravest Greek warrior in the Trojan War, hero of Homer's Iliad.—351

Aesculapius (Rom. Myth.)—God of medicine and of healing.— 447

Ali Baba—hero of the Arabian fairy-tale Ali Baba and Forty Thieves.—18

Castor (Rom. Myth.)—one of the twin sons of Zeus and Leda.—259

Cid Campeador—national hero of Spain, the main character of the 12th-century Spanish poem El cantar de mio Cid, hero of Herder's poem Cid.—272

Don Quixote—the title character in Cer-vantes' novel.— 443

Egeria (Rom. Myth.) — the nymph who advised the Roman King Numa Pom-pilius.— 169

Faust—the title character in Goethe's tragedy.— 46

Figaro—the title character in Beaumarchais' comedy La folle journée, ou le mariage de Figaro.—324

Hans Heiling—an earth and mountain spirit, according to a saga. He married a mortal woman but out of jealousy he turned her into a rock.— 47

Harlequin—a character in Italian corn-media dell' arte, an enamoured quick-witted servant who finds a way out of various predicaments.— 440

John Bull—the title character in John Arbuthnot's The History of John Bull (1712); the name is often used to personify England.—18, 188, 190, 292

Mammon—the idol of wealth among some ancient peoples.— 283

Numa Pompilius—second King of Ancient Rome (715-673 or 672 B.C.).— 169

Oerindur—a character in Adolf Milli-ner's drama Die Schuld.—154

Pollux (Rom. Myth.)—one of the twin sons of Zeus and Leda.—259

Shylock—a character in Shakespeare's comedy The Merchant of Venice.—65

Siegfried—one of the main characters in an ancient Germanic epic and the title character of Richard Wagner's opera.— 443

Valkyrie—a character in an old Scan-dinavian epic and the title character of Richard Wagner's opera.— 443