Name Index
A
Abercom, James Hamilton, Duke of (1811-1885)—Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1866-68 and 1874-76).—374
Acollas, Emile (1826-1891)—French lawyer and politician; socialist radical.—371
Adams.—361
Albany, Robert Stewart, Duke of (c. 1340-1420)—younger brother of King Robert III of Scotland; ruler of Scotland (1389-99 and 1402-20).—226
Albert Edward (1841-1910)—son of Queen Victoria; Edward VII, King of England (1901-10).—324, 432
Alexander Ludwig Georg, Prince of Hesse (1823-1888)—Austrian general, took part in the Italian war of 1859; commanded an allied army corps during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.-64
Alexeyev—see Bartenev, Viktor Ivanovich
Allen—Marx's family doctor.—45, 50, 51, 425, 428, 550, 551
Altmeyer, Jean Jacques (1804-1877) — Belgian historian.—9
Angerstein, Wilhelm—Austrian journalist and writer, editor-in-chief of the Vienna Allgemeine Volkszeitung.—238
Annabella Drummond of Stobhall (c. 1350-1402)—Queen of Scotland, wife of Robert III.—226
Applegarth, Robert (1833-1925)—a trade union leader, cabinet-maker; General Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (1862-71), member of the London Trades Council; member of the General Council of the International (1865, 1868-72); delegate to the Basle Congress (1869); one of the Reform League leaders; subsequently left the working-class movement.—198, 251, 253, 346, 386, 393, 395, 497
Ariosto, Lodovico (1474-1533)—Italian poet of the Renaissance.— 541
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.—158, 173
Arneth, Alfred von (1819-1897)— Austrian historian.—442
Assi, Adolphe Alphonse (1841-1886)— prominent figure in the French working-class movement, mechanic; member of the Paris sections of the International; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and the Paris Commune.—553, 554
Avrial, Augustin Germain (1840-1904)—-prominent figure in the French working-class movement, mechanic; Left Proudhonist; organised the trade union of mechanics; member of the Federal Council of the Paris sections of the First International.—556
Aycard, M.—Paris banker.— 7
B
Badinguet—see Napoleon HI
Bakunin (Bakounine, Bakunine), Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1876) — Russian revolutionary, journalist; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; later an ideologist of Narod-ism and anarchism; opposed Marxism in the First International.—121, 142, 153, 154, 190, 193, 198, 200, 202, 208, 218, 222, 223, 235, 237, 240, 327, 332, 335, 362-63, 364, 404, 405, 411, 413, 414, 424, 428, 430, 431, 436, 441, 462, 468, 479, 480, 488, 489-94, 499, 502, 506, 508, 511, 516, 518, 523, 530, 531
Bakunina, Antonina Xaveriyevna (née Kvyatkovskaya) (c. 1840-1887) — Mikhail Bakunin's wife.—193
Balzac, Honoré de (1799-1850)—French realist writer.—85, 189
Bancel, Jean Baptiste François Desire (1822-1871)—French lawyer and politician; bourgeois radical; deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); exiled from France after the coup d'état of 2 December 1851; member of the Corps législatif from 1869.—546, 553
Bangya, Jânos (1817-1868)—Hungarian journalist and officer, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; after its defeat, Kossuth's emissary abroad and at the same time secret police agent; later served in the Turkish army under the name of Mehemed Bey, acting as a Turkish agent in the Caucasus (1855-58).—58
Bora, Jules (1835-1900)—Belgian statesman, Liberal, Minister of Justice (1865-70, 1878-84).—43
Baring, Thomas (1799-1873)—financier, head of a banking house in London, Conservative M.P.—438
Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odilon (1791-1873)—French lawyer and politician; leader of the liberal dynastic opposition until February 1848; headed the monarchist coalition ministry (December 1848-October 1849); withdrew from political activities after the dismissal of the ministry in November 1849.—216
Barry, Charles Robert (b. 1834)—Irish lawyer; Public Prosecutor in Dublin (1859-65); M.P.; Solicitor-General (1869-70) and Attorney-General (1870-71) for Ireland.—162
Bartels, Marie (d. 1869)—Engels' niece, daughter of his sister Marie and Karl Emil Blank.—212
Bartels, Robert—Marie Bartels' husband.—212
Bartenev, Viktor Ivanovich (pseudonyms Alexeyev, Netov) (1838-1918)— Russian army officer; emigrated to Switzerland in 1867; member of the initiating group of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; in 1869 broke with the Bakuninists; member of the Russian Section Committee of the International in Geneva; vigorously opposed the Bakuninist splitting activities.—193
Bassot—trustee of A. Frank's (Paris publisher) inheritance.—138, 150
Bastiat, Frederic (1801-1850)—French economist and politician; preached harmony of class interests in bourgeois society.—65, 66, 68
Baudin, Jean Baptiste Alphonse Victor (1801-1851)—French politician, physician; Republican; deputy to the Legislative Assembly; was killed on the barricades in the faubourg of Saint-Antoine on 3 December 1851.—159, 188, 191
Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882)—German philosopher; Young Hegelian; author of works on the history of Christiani-ty; radical; National Liberal after 1866.—123, 343
Bauer, Edgar (1820-1886)—German philosopher and journalist; Young Hegelian; brother and associate of Bruno Bauer; emigrated to England after the 1848-49 revolution; editor of the London Neue Zeit in 1859; Prussian official after the amnesty of 1861.—15
Bailey, Thomas (1797-1885)—English manufacturer and politician, Free Trader, Liberal; a founder of the Anti-Corn Law League; Chairman of Manchester Chamber of Commerce (1845-59), M.P.—157, 163, 254, 257
Beales, Edmond (1803-1881)—British lawyer, radical; President of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; supported the Northerners during the Civil War in the USA; President of the Reform League (1865-69).—166
Beaury, Camille (born c. 1848)—French non-commissioned officer.—505
Bebel, August (1840-1913)—a leading figure in the German and international working-class movement, turner; President of the Union of German Workers' Associations from 1867; member of the First International; deputy to the Reichstag from 1867; one of the founders and leaders of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; opposed the Lassalleans; friend and associate of Marx and Engels; prominent figure in the Second International.—75, 108, 210, 249, 250, 253, 255, 274, 276, 304, 306, 307, 313, 332, 338, 349, 511
Beck, Karl Isidor (1817-1879)— Austrian poet; representative of 'true socialism' in the mid-1840s.— 373
Becker, Bernhard (1826-1891)—German journalist, follower of Lassalle; President of the General Association of German Workers (1864-65); subse-
quently supported Eisenachers; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872); abandoned the working-class movement after 1884.—87, 89, 92, 112, 250, 252, 255
Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-1886) — German revolutionary; participant in the democratic movement of the 1830s-40s in Germany and Switzerland; took an active part in the 1848-49 revolution; organised sections of the International in Switzerland and Germany; delegate to the London (1865) Conference and all the congresses of the International; editor of Der Vorbote (1866-71); member of the Provisional Committee of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy (October 1868); under the influence of Marx and Engels, broke with the Bakuninists; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—14, 81, 94, 102, 142, 172, 190, 191, 199, 202, 203, 208-09, 218, 238, 240, 254, 266, 304, 323, 332, 336, 340, 350, 396, 405, 430, 463, 491, 494, 502
Beesly, Edward Spencer (1831-1915)— British historian and politician, radical, positivist philosopher; professor at London University; Chairman of the inaugural meeting of the International held at St. Martin's Hall (28 September 1864); defended the International and the Paris Commune in the English press in 1870-71; Marx's friend.—36, 50, 73, 74, 81, 84, 138, 141, 208, 211, 217, 226, 230, 244, 246, 262, 271, 293, 298, 299, 341, 400, 537
Bentinck, William Cavendish, Lord (1774-1839)—British general and statesman; took part in the wars against Napoleonic France; Governor of Madras (1803-07), Governor-General of India (1827-35).—477
Bergenroth, Gustav Adolph (1813-1869)—German historian and journalist, democrat; participant in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated in 1850.—238 Bernard, Marie—Belgian house-painter; member of the General Council of the International (September 1868-1869); Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (September 1868-November 1869).—272, 275 Bernard, Simon François (Bernard le Clubiste) (1817-1862)—French politician, republican; refugee in England in the 1850s; in 1858 was accused by the French government of complicity in Orsini's attempt on Napoleon Ill's life, acquitted by the British court.— 505, 559
Bervi, Vasily Vasilyevich (pseudonym Flerovsky, N.) (1829-1918)—Russian economist and sociologist, democrat; Narodnik Utopian socialist; author of The Condition of the Working Class in Russia.— 362, 390, 423, 426, 429-31, 433, 440, 441, 450, 462, 480, 487, 508, 531, 545
Besson, Alexandre—French worker, mechanic; refugee in London; member of the General Council of the International (1866-68); Corresponding Secretary for Belgium; a leader of the French Section in London; joined Félix Pyat's group.—139
Beta (pen name of Bettziech), Johann
Heinrich (1813-1876)—German journalist, democrat; refugee in London, follower of Gottfried Kinkel.— 74
Bethell, Richard, 1st Lord Westbury (1800-1873)—British lawyer and liberal statesman; Attorney-General (1856-59 and 1860-61) and Lord Chancellor (1861-65).—219, 506 Beust, Friedrich von (1817-1899) — Prussian army officer, took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; emigrated to Switzerland; member of the Zurich local section of the International; professor of pedagogics.— 366 Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand, Count von (1809-1886) —Saxon and Austrian statesman; opposed the unification of Germany under the supremacy of Prussia and supported the independ-
ence of small German states; held several ministerial posts in the Government of Saxony (1849-66); Foreign Minister (1866-71) and Chancellor of Austria-Hungary (1867-71).—58, 64, 261, 366
Birley—M.P. from Manchester, elected in the autumn of 1868; Conservative.—163
Biscamp (Biskamp), Elard—German democratic journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated after the defeat of the revolution, member of the editorial board of Das Volk, organ of the German refugees in London published with Marx's collaboration.— 121, 126, 444
Bismarck (or Bismarck-Schönhausen), Otto, Prince von (1815-1898) — Prussian and German statesman, diplomat; Ambassador to St. Petersburg (1859-62) and Paris (1862); Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-71 and 1873-90); Chancellor of the North German Confederation (1867-71) and of the German Empire (1871-90).—6, 19, 104, 141, 151, 209, 276, 289, 307, 330, 343, 407, 436, 470
Blake, William—English economist of the first half of the 19th century; author of works on money circulation.—224
Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis (1811-1882)— French socialist, historian; member of the Provisional Government and President of the Luxembourg Commission in 1848; pursued a policy of conciliation with the bourgeoisie; a leader of petty-bourgeois emigrants in London from August 1848; deputy to the National Assembly of 1871; opposed the Paris Commune.—373, 377, 497
Blank, Karl Emit (1817-1893)—German merchant, closely connected with socialist circles in the 1840s-50s; married Frederick Engels' sister Marie.— 212, 322
24-<)8S Blank, Marie (1824-1901) —Frederick Engels' sister; from 1845 Karl Emil Blank's wife.—212
Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881) — French revolutionary, Utopian communist; organised several secret societies and plots; adhered to the extreme Left of the democratic and proletarian movement during the 1848 revolution; sentenced to imprisonment several times.—113, 174, 217, 230, 244, 288, 290, 316, 442, 449
Bleichräder, Gerson von (1822-1893) — head of a big bank in Berlin; Bismarck's private banker and unofficial adviser.—438
Blind, Frederike (née Ettlinger)— Karl Blind's wife.—43, 205
Blind, Karl (1826-1907) —German journalist, democrat; participated in the revolutionary movement in Baden in 1848-49; a leader of the German pettv-bourgeois refugees in London in the 1850s; National Liberal in the 1860s.—16, 43, 62-64, 74, 101, 425, 525
Bohn—bookseller.—442
Boisguillebert, Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de
(1646-1714)—French economist, pre-cursor of the Physiocrats; father of French classical political economy.— 429 Bonaparte—see Napoleon III
Bonaparte, Pierre Napoleon (1815-1881)—cousin of Napoleon III; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic — 317, 409, 466
Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul (1822-1891) —son of Jerome Bonaparte, cousin of Napoleon III; adopted the name of Jerome after the death of his eider brother (1847); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; went by the name of Plon-Plon and the Red Prince.—138, 188, 512
Bonar—banker.—438
Bonhorst, Leonhard von (b. 1840) — German Social-Democrat, technician; Secretary of the Brunswick Committee of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; subsequently abandoned politics.—358, 363, 364-65, 367, 394, 428, 464, 499, 500
Boon, Martin James—British mechanic; prominent figure in the British working-class movement; follower of O'Brien; member of the General Council of the International (1869-72); Secretary of the Land and Labour League; member of the British Federal Council (1872).—364
Borchardt, Louis—German physician, acquaintance of Engels in Manchester.—20, 164, 168, 267, 268, 275
Borkheim—Sigismund Ludwig Borkheim's wife.—430, 496
Borkheim, Sigismund Ludwig (1826-1885)—German democratic journalist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising, emigrated after its defeat; London merchant from 1851; was on friendly terms with Marx and Engels.—5, 9, 36, 38, 55, 71-72, 81, 86, 88, 99, 103, 104, 106, 108, 119-21, 126, 142, 151, 153-55, 162, 178, 181, 186, 189, 190, 202, 206, 215, 219, 222, 223, 244, 254, 266, 275, 279, 336, 363, 371, 376, 405, 410, 427, 430, 436, 437, 440, 441, 464, 478, 482, 496, 499, 507, 509, 512, 519, 531, 556 Boruttau, Karl (d. 1873)—German physician and journalist, Lassallean; later member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party, contributed to the newspaper Volksstaat.— 71, 72 Bouverie, Edward Pleydell (1818-1889) — British statesman, Whig; member of the House of Commons; Vice-President of the Board of Trade (1855); President of the Poor-Law Board (1855-58); was in opposition to the Gladstone government (late 1860s-early 1870s).—429 Bracke, Wilhelm (1842-1880)—German Social-Democrat; a founder (1869) and leader of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Eisenachers); opposed the Lassalleans; was close to Marx and Engels.—327, 328, 331, 358, 393, 395, 396, 428, 464, 498, 500, 515, 520, 522
Bradlaugh, Charles (1833-1891)— English journalist and politician, radical; editor of the weekly The National Reformer.—162, 217, 388
Bramwell, George William Wilshere, Baron (1808-1892) —English lawyer.— 26
Brass, August (1818-1876)—German journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to Switzerland; follower of Bismarck from the 1860s; National Liberal; publisher of the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung.—344
Brentano, Lujo (Ludwig Joseph) (1844-1931)—German economist; one of the major representatives of armchair socialism.— 253
Brewer, John Sherren (1810-1879)— English historian and philologist, professor at King's College, London.—416
Bright, Jacob (1821-1899) —English politician, Liberal M.P.—136, 157, 163
Bright, John (1811-1889)—English manufacturer and politician; one of the Free Trade leaders and founders of the Anti-Corn Law League; leader of the Left wing of the Liberal Party from the early 1860s; held several ministerial posts.—168, 176, 305, 409, 429, 431, 458, 544
Bronner, Eduard—German physician, democrat; deputy to the Baden Constituent Assembly (1849); emigrated to England; follower of Karl Blind.— 64
Brontë, Charlotte (pseudonym Currer Be«)—English writer.—292
Brooks—banker.—265
Brooks, Milna—daughter of the above.— 265
Brophy, Charles—an author of the book A Residence in Bulgaria: or Notes on the Resources and Administration of Turkey, published in London in 1869.—346
Brosset, François—Swiss fitter; member of the International; a leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; delegate to the Basle Congress (1869).— 413
Bruce, Henry Austin, 1st Baron Aberdare (1815-1895)—British statesman, Liberal, Home Secretary (1868-73).— 300, 305, 308, 451, 455, 457, 459, 460, 504
Bruhin, Caspar Aloys (b. 1824)—Swiss journalist and politician; prosecutor of canton Baselland from 1864; member of the International; delegate to the Basle Congress (1869).— 480.
Brunnow, Filipp Ivanovich, Baron von, from 1871 Count (1797-1875)— Russian diplomat; envoy (1840-54, 1858-60), then Ambassador (1860-74) to London.—260, 264
Brutus, Lucius Junius (6th cent. B.C.) — according to legend, founder of the Roman Republic, Roman Consul (509 B.C.); condemned his own sons to death for having conspired against the Republic — 63, 244
Bûchez, Philippe Joseph Benjamin (1796-1865)—French politician, historian, Christian socialist.—105, 133, 260
Büchner, Ludwig (1824-1899)—German philosopher and naturalist; vulgar materialist, liberal; member of the International; delegate to the Lausanne Congress (1867) and participant in the congress of the League of Peace and Freedom in Geneva (1867).—28, 131, 158, 162, 167, 168, 173, 206, 210, 486, 528
24* Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert (1784-1849)—Marshal of France, Orleanist; participated in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s, commander-in-chief of the army in the Alps (1848-49); deputy to the Legislative Assembly.—159
Burke, Richard (d. 1870)—Fenian; officer of the North American army; an organiser of the 1867 uprising in Ireland; arrested in 1867, died in prison.— 26
Burns, Lydia (Lizzy, Lizzie) (1827-1878) — Irish working woman, Frederick Engels' second wife.— 8, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 77, 79, 80, 84, 129, 143, 147, 156, 159, 167. 168, 189, 204, 205, 241, 242, 245. 247, 249, 250, 254, 277, 310, 311, 317, 336, 341, 342, 345, 348, 349, 351, 354, 357, 365, 378, 399, 407, 411, 425, 427, 442, 455, 458, 463, 502, 503, 507, 514, 521, 529, 532, 534, 535, 561
Burns, Mary Ellen ('Pumps') (born c. 1861)—niece of Engels' wife.— 80, 147, 205, 207, 308, 311, 341, 514, 535
Butt, Isaac (1813-1879)—Irish lawyer and politician; Liberal M.P.; defended Fenian prisoners in state trials in the 1860s; an organiser of the Home Rule movement in the 1870s.—361, 393
C
Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges (1757-1808) — French physician and philosopher.—159, 173
Caesar (Gajus Julius Caesar) (c. 100-44 B.C.)—Roman general and statesman.— 558
Camden, William (1551-1623) —English antiquary and historian.—402
Cameron, Andrew—prominent figure in the American working-class movement; editor of the newspaper Work-ingman's Advocate (Chicago); rep-
resented the US National Labour Union at the Basle Congress of the First International (1869).— 543
Camperio, Philipp (1810-1882)—Swiss statesman, Italian by birth; lawyer; member of the Grand Council (1847-70); President of the State Council of Geneva and head of the Department of Justice and Police (1868).—11
Camphausen, Ludolf (1803-1890) — German banker, a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie; Prime Minister of Prussia (March-June 1848).—395
Cannon, John—-American military writer.—402
Cardwell, Edward Cardwell, Viscount (1813-1886) —British statesman; Peelite, later Liberal; President of the Board of Trade (1852-55); Chief Secretary for Ireland (1859-61); Secretary for the Colonies (1864-66) and Secretary for War (1868-74).—113
Carey, Henry Charles (1793-1879) — American economist; advocated har-monv of class interests in capitalist society.—59, 369, 374, 378-87, 545
Carl, P.— member of the German workers' association in New York.— 472
Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881) —British writer, historian, philosopher, Tory; preached views bordering on feudal socialism up to 1848; later a relent-less opponent of the working-class movement.—482
Carter, James—prominent figure in the British working-class movement; hairdresser; member of the Reform League; member of the General Council of the International (October 1864-67) and Corresponding Secretary for Italy (1866-67), participant in the London Conference (1865), Geneva (1866) and Lausanne (1867) congresses of the International.—106
Cassagnac—see Granier de Cassagnac, Paul Adolphe Marie Prosper Castille, Charles Hippolyte (1820-1886)— French writer, publicist; republican at the beginning of his career; Bonapartist during the Second Empire; author of several works on the history of France.— 232, 242, 244, 246
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount (1769-1822)—British Tory statesman; Chief Secretary for Ireland (1799-1801); Secretary for War and for the Colonies (1805-06 and 1807-22) and Foreign Secretary (1812-22).—368, 429
Catiline, Lucius Sergius Catilina (c. 108-62 B.C.)—Roman politician and con-spirator against the aristocratic republic — 217
Cavaignac, Louis Eugène (1802-1857) — French general and politician, moderate republican; took part in the conquest of Algeria; after the February 1848 revolution War Minister of France (from May 1848); played a leading role in suppressing the June 1848 uprising; head of the executive power (from June to December 1848).—495
Cawley—M.P. from Salford, elected in the autumn of 1868; Conservative.— 163 Charles I (1600-1649)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1625-49); executed during the English Revolution.—517
Charles the Great (Charlemagne) (742-814)—King of the Franks from 768 and Holy Roman Emperor (800-814).—156
Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe (1810-1865) — French military expert, politician, moderate republican; took part in suppressing the uprising of Paris workers in June 1848; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies under the Second Republic (1848-51), opposed Louis Bonaparte; banished from France after the coup d'état of 2 December 1851.—138
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889)—Russian revolutionary democrat; socialist; materialist philosopher, writer and literary critic; one of the precursors of Russian Social-Democracy.—531
Cherval, Julien (real name Joseph Cramer) — Prussian policeman, spy for Prussia and France at the same time in Paris; gained entry into the Communist League and headed a Paris community of the separatist Willich-Schapper group; accused of complicity in the so-called Franco-German plot in Paris in February 1852; escaped from prison with the connivance of the French police; acted as a spy and agent-provocateur under the name of Nugent in Switzerland in 1853 and 1854.—283
Choras Leibel.—30
Chorinsky, Gustav, Count von—Austro-Hungarian army officer; was prosecuted in 1868 on a charge of poison-ing his wife.— 34
Chorley—M.P. from Salford, elected in the autumn of 1868, Conservative.— 163
Chorlton—Lydia Burns' friend.—147
Clanricarde, Ulick John, de Burgh, Marquis and Earl of (1802-1874)—British politician and diplomat, Whig; Ambassador to St. Petersburg (1838-41).—466, 468, 493
Classen-Kappelmann, Johann (c. 1817-1879)—Cologne manufacturer; town councillor in Cologne; member of the Party of Progress in the 1860s.— 371
Clement, Knut Jungbohn (1810-1873)— German historian and linguist, professor at Kiel University.—459
Clossmann, A. von (d. 1871)—German army officer; petty-bourgeois democrat; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; later emigrated to Switzerland; Swiss correspondent of the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung.— 238
Cluseret, Gustave Paul (1823-1900) — French politician, general; joined Garibaldi's volunteers in Italy (1860); took part in the American Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the Northerners; member of the International; was close to the Bakuninists; in the spring of 1870 acted as the General Council's correspondent in the USA; member of the Paris Commune; emigrated to Belgium after its suppression.—472
Cobbett, William (c. 1762-1835)— English politician and radical writer; from 1802 published Cobbett's Weekly Political Register.— 368, 429
Coenen, Philippe—prominent figure in the Belgian working-class movement, shoemaker; secretary of the Antwerp newspaper Werker; delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868), London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; subsequently a founder of the Belgian Workers' Party (1885).—464
Collet, Collet Dobson—English radical journalist and public figure; editor and publisher of the Urquhartist Free Press (1859-65) and Diplomatic Review (from 1866).—159, 165, 168, 264, 296, 346, 438, 468
Combault, Amédée, Benjamin Alexandre (c. 1837-d. after 1884)—prominent figure in the French working-class movement, jeweller; member of the General Council of the International (1866-67), founder of a Paris section of the International in 1870; prosecuted during the third trial of the First International in France; member of the Paris Commune; subsequently emigrated to London.— 556
Comte, Isidore Auguste François Marie (1798-1857) —French philosopher and sociologist, founder of positivism.—242
Congreve, Richard (1818-1899)— English positivist philosopher; journalist; follower of Comte.—261, 293
Coningsby, Robert—prominent figure in the British democratic movement, journalist.—195
Conneau, Henri (1803-1877)—French doctor, personal physician and favourite of Napoleon III.—495
Coppel, Carl—banker in Hanover.—3
Costello, Augustin—Fenian, American army officer; came to Ireland in 1867 to take part in the uprising; was arrested and sentenced to twelve years of penal servitude; released on 25 February 1869.—224
Cremer, Sir William Randall (1838-1908)—active participant in the British trade union and pacifist movement; member of the London Trades Council, carpenter; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held at St. Martin's Hall (28 September 1864); member of the General Council of the International and its General Secretary (1864-66); delegate to the London Conference (1865) and Geneva Congress (1866) of the International; member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; opposed revolutionary tactics; subsequently Liberal M.P.; Nobel peace prize winner (1903); was knighted in 1907.—178
Crompton, Henry (1836-1904)—English lawyer and radical politician; positivist; took part in the trade union movement; E. S. Beesly's brother-in-law.—271
Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)—leader of the English Revolution; Lord Pro-tector of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1653.—217, 363, 376, 391, 398, 416
Curran, John Philpot (1750-1817) —Irish politician and judge, radical; member of the Irish Parliament; defended leaders of the United Irishmen revolutionary society at state trials.— 398, 401
Currer Bell—see Bronte, Charlotte
D
Dakyns—English geologist; member of the International from 1869; was on friendly terms with Marx and Engels.—242, 291-93, 423, 426, 454, 459, 525
Daniels, Roland (1819-1855)—German physician; member of the Communist League and of its Cologne Central Authority from 1850; one of the accused in the Cologne communist trial (1852); friend of Marx and Engels.— 35
Danielson, Nikolai Frantsevich (pseudonym Nikolai — on) (1844-1918)— Russian economist and writer; an ideologist of Narodism in the 1880s-90s; translated into Russian volumes I (together with Hermann Lopatin and N. N. Lubavin), II and III of Marx's Capital; corresponded with Marx and Engels for several years.— 120, 123, 211
Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882) — English naturalist; founded the theory of natural selection.—141, 162, 206, 217, 423, 482, 527
Davenport, Samuel Th.—treasurer of the Society of Arts and Trades.—372
Davies—doctor at a London hospital.— 550
Davies, Edward (1756-1831) —English clergyman, author of works on the ancient Celts.—515
Davies, Sir John (1569-1626)—English statesman, lawyer, Attorney-General for Ireland (1609-19), author of several works on the history of Ireland, supporter of the English colonisation of Ireland.—388, 398, 401, 483, 501
Davis, Thomas Osborne (1814-1845)— Irish democrat, historian and poet; a Young Ireland leader.—398
Davisson, A. N.—Secretary of the Schiller Institute in Manchester.— 118
Defoe, Daniel (c. 1660-1731)—English journalist and novelist.—344
Delescluze, Louis Charles (1809-1871) — French revolutionary, journalist; participant in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, founder, editor and publisher of Le Réveil (1868-71), member of the Paris Commune of 1871.— 195, 232
Demuth, Helene (Lenchen) (1820-1890)—housemaid and devoted friend of the Marx family.—270, 271, 399, 458, 526, 547
De Paepe, César (1841-1890)—Belgian socialist, compositor, subsequently physician; a founder of the Belgian Section of the International (1865); member of the Belgian Federal Council; delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and to the London Conference (1871) of the International; following the Hague Congress (1872) supported the Bakuninists for some time; a founder of the Belgian Workers' Party (1885).—9, 43, 198, 243-44, 405, 411-15, 424, 440, 453
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784) —French philosopher of the Enlightenment, atheist, leader of the Encyclopaed-ists.—263, 265
Dietzgen, Joseph (1828-1888)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, leather-worker; philosopher who independently arrived at dialectical materialism; champion of Marxism; member of the International; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; emigrated to the USA in 1884.—31, 54, 65, 70, 120, 121, 126, 149, 152, 154, 173, 249, 353, 357
Dixon—managing director of a Liverpool bank.—113 Dönniges, Helene von (1845-1911)— daughter of Friedrich Wilhelm Dön-niges; wife of Janko von Racowija. —88
Drengler.— 285
Dronke, Ernst (1822-1891)—German Journalist; first 'true socialist', then member of the Communist League and an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; emigrated to England after the 1848-49 revolution; follower of Marx and Engels; subsequently withdrew from politics and took up commerce.—443
Drury—member of the French Section of the International in London; emigrated to the USA in 1867.—97, 177
Duchinski, Franciszek (1817-1893) — Polish historian and ethnographer; emigrated to Paris after the 1830-31 uprising; author of several works on the history and ethnography of Poland and the Eastern Slavs.—435
Duffy, James (1809-1871) —Irish publisher.—374, 398
Dühring, Eugen Karl (1833-1921) — German eclectic philosopher; his philosophical views were a mixture of idealism, vulgar materialism, positivism and metaphysics; also concerned himself with the problems of political economy, law, and natural science; lecturer at Berlin University from 1863 to 1877.—59. 73, 344, 528 Duncker, Franz (1822-1888)—German publisher, prominent figure in the Party of Progress; in 1868, together with Max Hirsch, founded reformist trade unions, known as Hirsch-Duncker unions, which existed until 1933.—130, 210, 276
Dupont—Eugène Dupont's wife.—481
Dupont, Eugène (c. 1831-1881)— prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement, musical instrument maker; took part in the June 1848 uprising in Paris; from 1862, lived in
London; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872); Corresponding Secretary for France (1865-71); participant in the London Conference (1865), Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867) (Chairman), Brussels (1868) and the Hague (1872) congresses, London Conference (1871) of the International; associate of Marx and Engels; became a member of the British Federal Council of the Internationa! in 1872; moved to the USA in 1874.—45, 78, 91, 101, 106, 148, 204, 216, 218, 262, 268, 271, 284, 350, 406, 481, 487, 489, 529, 532, 534, 535, 536
Durst.—194
E
Ebergenyi, Julie, Baroness von— Hungarian aristocrat; was prosecuted in 1868 on a charge of poisoning Gustav Chorinsky's wife.—34
Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, tailor; member of the League of the Just, later of the Communist League; a leader of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held at St. Martin's Hall (28 September 1864); member of the General Council of the International (1864-72), Council's General Secretary (1867-71); Corresponding Secretary for America (1870-72); delegate to all the International's congresses and conferences; supported Marx till 1872; in the spring of 1872 joined the reformist leaders of the British trade unions.—75, 91, 93, 94, 96-98, 99, 101, 103, 106, 109, 115, 147, 148, 184, 221, 228, 240, 262, 275, 276, 284, 304, 364, 377, 392, 414, 442, 471, 503, 543
Eck, Johann (Maier) (1486-1543)— German theologian; one of the main opponents of the Reformation in Germany; opposed Luther many times.— 249
Edwards, Edward Watkin—an official assignee in the • Court of Bankruptcy.—208
Eichhoff, Albert—book-seller and publisher, Wilhelm Karl Eichhoff's brother.—211, 237, 238, 261, 264, 266, 277, 282, 322, 356
Eichhoff, Wilhelm Karl (1833-1895)— German socialist; in 1859 exposed Stieber as a police spy in the press and was brought to trial for this; refugee in London (1861-66): member of the International from 1868; one of its first historians; member of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party from 1869.—11, 36, 37, 50, 55,'78, 80, 100, 116, 118, 120, 140, 151, 152, 153, 162, 223, 230, 239, 273-74, 277, 282, 297-99, 531
Einhorn—see Horn, Eduard (Ignâcz)
Eliot, George (pen name of Mary Ann Evans) (1819-1880)—English woman novelist.—292, 423
Elpidin, Mikhail Konstantinovich (1835-1908) — took part in the Russian students' revolutionär) movement in the early 1860s; emigrated to Geneva in 1865, founded a Russian printing plant where the newspaper Narodnoye Dyelo (People's Cause) was published; member of the initiating group of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy.— 193
Emma—see Engels, Emma
Engel, Ernst (1821-1896)—German statistician; director of the Royal Prussian Statistical Bureau in Berlin (1860-82).—253, 352
Engels, Elizabeth Franzisca Mauritia (née
van Haar) (1797-1873) —Frederick Engels' mother.—34, 88, 90, 93, 194, 195, 281, 300, 302, 317-20, 336, 348, 452. 453, 548
Engels, Emma (née Croon) (1834-1916) — wife of Frederick Engels'
brother Hermann Engels.—195, 282, 322
Engels, Friedrich (1796-1860)—Frederick Engels' father.—456
Engels, Hermann (1822-1905) — Frederick Engels' brother.—194, 280, 318, 319, 320, 322
Engels, Rudolf (1831-1903)—Frederick
Engels' brother.—195, 322, 352, 452-53
Ensor, George (1769-1843) — Irish journalist; opposed Anglo-Irish Union; in his works exposed the colonial policy of the British ruling classes; criticised Malthusianism.— 368, 375
Ermen, Anton Gottfried (1807-1886) —a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.—36, 140, 280, 301, 302
Ermen, Gottfried Peter Jakob (1811-1899)—a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.—33, 92, 104, 167, 170, 182, 187, 194, 206, 210, 280-82, 299, 301-02, 320, 321, 329, 336, 346, 395, 402, 435
Ermen, Heinrich (Henry) Eduard (1833-1913) — a partner in the firm of Ermen Brothers; nephew of Gottfried Ermen; manager of Bridge-water Mill at Pendlebury.—32-33
Ermen, Johanna Emilie Julie (née Sar-
torius)—Anton Ermen's wife.—302
Ermen, Peter (Pitt) Albertus Ermen (1800-1889)—a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.—281, 321
Eugénie Marie Ignace Augustine de Mon-
tijo de Guzmân, comtesse de Teba (1826-1920) —Empress of France, Napoleon Ill's wife.— 399
Eulenburg, Friedrich Albrecht, Count von (1815-1881) — Prussian statesman and diplomat; Minister of the Interior (1862-78).—391, 395
Ewald, Georg Heinrich August (1803-1875)—German orientalist; Bible scholar.—408 F
Failly, Pierre Louis Charles Achille de
(1810-1892)—French general.—36
Falloux, Frederic Alfred Pierre, comte de
( 1811 -1886)—French politician and writer, Legitimist and clerical; in 1848 initiated the closure of the national workshops and organised the suppression of the June uprising of the Paris workers; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Minister of Education (1849).—232
Faucher, Julius (Jules) (1820-1878)— German economist and journalist, Young Hegelian; advocate of Free Trade; refugee in England from 1850 till 1861; returned to Germany in 1861; member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies; member of the Party of Progress; National Liberal from 1866.—55, 56, 62, 65, 68, 86, 142 Favre, Jules Gabriel Claude (1809-1880)—French lawyer and politician; a leader of the bourgeois republican opposition from the late 1850s; deputy to the Corps législatif (1860s);
Foreign Minister (1870-71); together with Thiers headed the struggle against the Paris Commune; inspired the struggle against the International.—232, 442, 553
Fechner, Gustav Theodor (1801-1887)— German physicist and philosopher.— 528
Fehrenbach—photographer in London.—231, 278 Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872)—German philosopher.—152, 154, 354 Firdousi (Firdausi or Firdusi) (pen name of Abul Kasim Mansur) (c. 940-1020 or 1030)—Persian and Tadjik poet.—336
Flavigny de, Marie, comtesse dAgoult— see Stern, Daniel Flerovsky, N.—see Bervi, Vastly Vas-ilyevich
Flocon, Ferdinand (1800-1866)—French politician and journalist, democrat; an editor of the newspaper La Re-forme; in 1848 member of the Provisional Government.— 76
Flourens, Gustave (1838-1871)—French revolutionary and naturalist, follower of Blanqui; advocate of Marxism; member of the Paris Commune; was brutally killed by the Versaillese in April 1871.—419, 423, 431, 442, 481, 488, 493, 497, 504-06, 559
Flourens, Pierre Jean Marie (1794-1867)—French physiologist and physician; member of the Paris Academy of Sciences from 1828 and its secretary from 1833; Peer of France (1846-48); Gustave Flourens' father.—423, 559
Forcade-Laroquette, Jean Louis Victor Adolphe de (1820-1874)—French statesman, Bonapartist; Minister of Finance (1860-61), Minister of the Interior (1868-69).—395
Foster, John Leslie (c. 1780-1842) —Irish lawyer, Tory.—113, 215, 219-21
Foster, Peter Le Neve (1809-1879)— Secretary of the Board of the Society of Arts and Trades.—287
Pouche, Joseph, due d'Otrante (1759-1820)—prominent figure in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire; Minister of Police (1799-1810); notorious for his unscru-pulousness.— 225
Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837)—French Utopian socialist.— 512
Fourlong, J.—487
Fowler—judge in Manchester.—265
Fox—Peter Fox's mother.—285
Fox, Peter (André, Peter Fox) (d. 1869)—journalist; prominent figure in the British democratic and working-class movement; Positivist; a leader of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held at St. Martin's Hall (28 September 1864); member of the General Council of the International (1864-69); correspondent of the General Council for the press from 1865; General Secretary of the Council in September-November 1866; Corresponding Secretary for America (1866-67); an editor of The Commonwealth (1866); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League.—14, 75, 106, 285
Francis Joseph I (1830-1916)—Emperor of Austria (1848-66); Emperor of Austria-Hungary (1867-1916).— 289
Frank, A.—Paris publisher.—138, 150
Frankel, Leo (1844-1896)—prominent figure in the Hungarian and international working-class movement, jewel-ler; member of the Paris Commune and the General Council of the International (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; a founder of the General Workers' Party of Hungary; associate of Marx and Engels.—479, 483, 537, 557
Fränkel—banker.—382
Frankland, Sir Edward (1825-1899) — English organic chemist; fellow of the Royal Society from 1853, professor.—33, 52 Frederick William IV (1795-1861) — King of Prussia (1840-61).—30
Freiligrath, Ferdinand (1810-1876) — German revolutionary poet; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49; member of the Communist League (1848-52); during his emigration in London (1851-68) abandoned revolutionary struggle.—4, 7, 34, 53, 57, 74, 142, 323, 371, 373, 391
Freund, Wilhelm Alexander (1833-1918) — German physician; lecturer.—180, 184
Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl (1831-1888)—Prussian Crown Prince; King
of Prussia and German Emperor under the name of Frederick III (1888).—503
Fritzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1825-1905)—tobacco-maker; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; a founder and leader of the General Association of German Workers; Lassallean; joined Eisenachers in 1869; deputy to the North German Reichstag (1868-71); emigrated to the USA in 1881.—322, 323, 327
Fuad Pasha, Méhémmed (1815-1869) — Turkish statesman, repeatedly held the posts of Grand Vizier and Foreign Minister in the 1850s and 1860s.—260
Funke.—194
G Gallwey.—456
Gambetta, Léon (1838-1882)—French statesman and lawyer, bourgeois republican; member of the Government of National Defence (1870-71).—188, 546, 553
Ganilh, Charles (1758-1836)—French economist and politician, epigone of mercantilism.—67
Gans.—560
Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882)— Italian revolutionary, democrat; took part in the revolutionary movement in South America in the 1830s and 1840s and in Italy in 1848-49; headed the struggle for Italy's national liberation and unification in the 1850s-60s.—218
Gamier, Germain, marquis (1754-1821) — French economist and politician, monarchist; epigone of Physiocrats; translator and critic of A. Smith.—67
Gaudissart—see Borkheim, Sigismund Ludwig
George IV (1762-1830)—Prince Regent (1811-20); King of Great Britain and Ireland (1820-30).—506 George V— (1819-1878)—King of Hanover (1851-66).—19, 209
Gerlach, Karl Heinrich Eduard Friedrich von—Prussian official, Regie-rungspräsident in Cologne (1839-44).—76
Gibson, Thomas Milner (1806-1884) — British politician and statesman, Free Trader, then Liberal; President of the Board of Trade (1859-65, 1865-66).—163
Gimborn, T. von—manufacturer from Emmerich.—201, 209
Giraldus Cambrensis (Sylvester Gerald de
Barry) (c. 1146-c. 1220) —English medieval writer; took part in the military expedition to Ireland in 1185; author of several works on Ireland.—402, 416, 442
Girardin, Emile de (1806-1881) — French journalist and politician; editor of La Presse (1836-66, with intervals), La Liberté (1866-70), lacked principles in politics; moderate Republican during the 1848-49 revolution; deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1850-51); subsequently Bonapartist.—216
Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898)— British statesman, Tory, later Peelite; leader of the Liberal party in the latter half of the 19th century; Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94).—3, 10, 92, 157, 163, 168, 227, 305, 366, 373, 375, 386, 387, 390, 432, 437, 445, 454, 456, 461, 475
Gobineau, Joseph Arthur, comte de (1816-1882) — French reactionary sociologist, diplomat and writer; a founder of the racialist theory.—446
Goegg, Amand (1820-1897)—German journalist, democrat; member of the Baden Provisional Government in 1849; emigrated from Germany after the defeat of the revolution; took part in pacifist activities of the League of Peace and Freedom; joined the German Social-Democrats
in the 1870s.—11, 172, 339, 353, 363, 364, 366
Goegg, Marie (b. 1826)—chairman of the International Women's Association.—131, 184
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet.—295, 331, 466, 541
Goldstücker, Theodor (1821-1872) — German Sanskrit scholar; professor at London Universitv from 1852.—64 Gounod, Charles François (1818-1893)— French composer.—292
Graglia, François—member of the Committee of the Geneva Section of the First International; delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868).—8
Graham, Sir James Robert George of Netherby (1792-1861)—British statesman, a Whig at the beginning of his career and later a Peelite; Home Secretary in Peel's Cabinet (1841-46); First Lord of the Admiralty (1830-34 and 1852-55).—462
Grandperret, Michel Etienne Anthelme Théodore (1818-1890)—French politician, Bonapartist; Prosecutor-General in Paris from 1867.—505, 508
Granier de Cassagnac, Paul Adolphe Marie Prosper (1843-1904)—French journalist and politician, Bonapartist; editor-in-chief of Le Pays.—174, 553
Grant, Ulysses Simpson (1822-1885)— American general and statesman; member of the Republican Party; took part in the US Civil War (1861-65); Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Army from March 1864; War Secretary (1867-68), US President (1869-77).—271, 402
Grattan, Henry (1746-1820)—Irish politician, lawyer; leader of the moderate Liberal opposition to the British government in the Irish Parliament (1775-1800), M.P. from 1805.—398
Green, Alexander Henry (1832-1896)— English geologist; carried on geological explorations in Devonshire and Yorkshire (1861-74).—292
Griesheim, Adolf von (1820-1894) — German manufacturer; partner in the firm of Ermen &r Engels, husband of Elise, Frederick Engels' sister.—169, 280
Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Carl (1785-1863)—German philologist, author of a historical grammar of the German language and of folklore adap-tations; professor in Göttingen and then in Berlin; liberal.—156, 186
Gromier, M.— French journalist, contributor to The Glowworm in the 1860s.—267, 275
Grosselin, Jacques (1835-1892)—Swiss watch-maker; member of the International; delegate to the Basle Congress (1869).—413
Gue'roult, Adolphe (1810-1872)—French journalist and politician, Bonapartist; editor-in-chief of L'Opinion Nationale (1859-71).—554
Guguste.— 558
Guillaume, James (1844-1916)—Swiss teacher, anarchist, follower of Bakunin; member of the International; participant in the Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867), Basle (1869) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the International; an organiser of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; editor of the newspapers Le Progrès, La Solidarité and the Bulletin de la Fédération Jurassienne; was expelled from the International at the Hague Congress for his splitting activities.— 413, 479, 480, 492, 493
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874) — French historian and statesman; virtually directed French home and foreign policy from 1840 to the February 1848 revolution; expressed the views of the financial bourgeoisie.—123
Gumpert—Eduard Gumpert's wife.— 210, 293
Gumpert, Eduard (d. 1893)—German physician in Manchester; friend of Marx and Engels.—6, 20, 43, 50, 51, 74, 119, 156, 168, 205, 206, 210, 242, 245, 267, 269, 293, 340, 349, 408, 479, 482, 487, 503, 521, 524, 525, 551
Gumey—a director of an English banking firm Overend, Gurney and Company.—208, 305, 548
Gustavus II Adolphus (1594-1632) — King of Sweden (1611-32) and general.—344
H Habsburgs (or Hapsburgs)—a dynasty of emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1273 to 1806 (with intervals); Spanish kings (1516-1700), Austrian emperors (1804-67) and Austro-Hungarian emperors (1867-1918).— 288 '
Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919) —German biologist, Darwinist; adherent of materialism in natural science, atheist; one of the founders and ideologists of 'social Darwinism'.— 162
Hagen, Theodor (1823-1871) — Communist League member in Hamburg; took part in publishing and distributing the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue.— 353
Hales, John (b. 1839)—British trade unionist, weaver; member of the Reform League, the Land and Labour League; member of the General Council of the International (1866-72) and its Secretary (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; headed the reformist wing of the British Federal Council from the beginning of 1872; expelled from the International by General Council's decision of 30 May 1873.—376 Hammacher, Dr.—deputy to the North German Reichstag (1869), National Liberal.—230 Harney, George Julian (1817-1897)— prominent figure in the English labour movement; was on friendly terms with Marx and Engels; a leader of the Left-wing Chartists (the 1840s); emigrated to the USA in 1863, where he served in the Secretary's Office in the Massachusetts State House; member of the International; returned to Great Britain in 1888.—276, 386
Harris, George—prominent figure in the English labour movement; follower of the Chartist O'Brien; member of the General Council of the International (1869-72), Financial Secretary of the Council (1870-71).— 376, 392, 397
Harrison, Frederic (1831-1923) — English lawyer and historian; radical; positivist; took part in the democratic movement of the 1860s.—262
Hasenclever, Wilhelm (1837-1889) — German Social-Democrat, Lassallean; President of the General Association of German Workers (1871-75), a chairman of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (1875-76); deputy to the Reichstag (1874-78 and 1879-88).—230, 276
Hatzfeld(t), Sophie, Countess von (1805-1881) — friend and supporter of Lassalle.—276, 304, 322, 326, 408, 522, 524
Haussmann, Georges Eugene, baron (1809-1891)—French politician, Bonapartist; took part in the coup d'état of 2 December 1851; prefect of the department of the Seine (1853-70); directed work on the reconstruction of Paris.—316
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.— 31, 39, 123, 155, 263, 276, 482, 509, 511, 520, 528
Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—German revolutionary poet.— 249, 371, 489
Heinemann—Prussian police agent in England; from 1869, editor-in-chief of
the German weekly Hermann.—178, 266, 268, 276, 436
Heimen, Karl Peter (1809-1880) — German radical journalist; participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland, then to England and in the autumn of 1850 to the USA where he became editor-in-chief of Der Pionier (1854-79).—285, 367, 371, 445, 522, 524
Held, Adolf (1844-1880)—German economist; representative of the historical school in political economy; armchair socialist; lecturer (1867), then professor in Bonn.— 213, 527
Heng, Fritz—Swiss engraver; follower of Bakunin; a leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; member of the International; delegate to the Basle Congress (1869).—413
Henry, Mitchel (1826-1910) —Irish politician, Liberal; participated in the Home Rule movement till the 1880s.—92, 163
Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870) — Russian revolutionary, democrat, materialist philosopher and writer; left Russia in 1847, from 1852 lived in England where he established the Free Russian Press and published the periodical Polyarnaya Zvezda (Polar Star) and the newspaper Kolokol (The Bell).—200, 411, 424, 426, 445, 463, 468, 492, 508, 518
Hess, Moses (1812-1875)—German radical journalist; a representative of 'true socialism' in the mid-1840s; member of the Communist League, after its split supported the sectarian group of Willich-Schapper; Lassallean in the 1860s; member of the International; delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International.— 79, 100, 102, 359, 442
Hewitt, James, 1st Viscount Lifford (1709-1789)—Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1768.—374 Heydemann.— 543
Higham.—529
Hillmann, Hugo—German democrat; participant in the 1848-49 revolution; refugee in London after the defeat of the revolution; member of the General Association of German Workers; in 1869 joined the Social-Democratic Workers' Party.— 268
Hins, Eugene (1839-1923)—Belgian teacher, Proudhonist, subsequently Bakuninist; a founder of the Belgian Section of the International, delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses.—412, 414, 415, 424, 430, 431
Hirsch, Carl (1841-1900)—German Social-Democrat, Lassallean, later member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; contributor to the Demokratisches Wochenblatt from 1868; Paris correspondent of the German Social-Democratic newspapers after 1872.—248, 250, 434
Hirsch, Max (1832-1905)—German economist, prominent figure in the Party of Progress; in 1868, together with Franz Duncker, founded reformist trade unions, known as Hirsch-Duncker trade unions, that existed until 1933.—121, 136, 276
Hoares—family of bankers in London. — 136
Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679) —English philosopher.— 217
Hohenzollern—see Frederick William IV
Holyoake, George Jacob (1817-1906)— English journalist; associated with the Olenites and the Chartists in the 1830s and 1840s; subsequently leader of the co-operative movement, reformist.—217, 376, 378
Holzenhauer, W.—employee in the firm of Ermen & Engels in Engelskirchen.— 169
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65-8 B.C.) —Roman poet.—115, 136, 171, 216, 435, 437, 447
Horn, Eduard (Ignâcz) (real name Einhorn) (1825-1875)—Hungarian economist and journalist, democrat; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; refugee in Paris from 1855; contributor to L'Association and other French magazines in the 1860s; returned to Hungary in 1869.—7, 11, 158
Howel Dda ('the Good') (d. 950)—King and lawmaker of the ancient Wales.—515
Hudson, George (1800-1871)—English capitalist, big railway owner.— 352
Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885) — French writer.— 489
Hühnerbein (Hünerbein), Friedrich Wilhelm (born c. 1817) — German tailor; member of the Communist League; participant in the Elberfeld uprising in May 1849.— 407
Huleck—member of the General Council of the International (1868); member of the French Section in London; after its split (1868) came out against the General Council.— 178
Humbert, Albert (1835-1886) —French writer and caricaturist; member of La Marseillaise editorial board in 1870.— 507, 509
Hume, David (1711-1776) —Scottish philosopher, historian and economist.—183
Hume, Robert William—American petty-bourgeois radical; leader of the National Labour Union; member of the International and correspondent of the General Council.— 472
Humphrey de Traf ford—English landlord.—381
Hunter, Henry Julian—English physician; author of reports on the workers' dire living conditions.—196
Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895)— English naturalist; close associate of Charles Darwin and populariser of his teaching.—183, 242, 261, 293, 454, 482
I
Imandt, Peter (b. 1824)—German teacher; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League; emigrated to London in 1852; supported Marx and Engels.— 440, 443
Isabella II (1830-1904)—Queen of Spain (1833-68); overthrown by the 1868-74 revolution; fled to France on 30 September 1868.—108, 114, 115, 119, 137
Ivanov, Ivan Ivanovich (d. 1869) — student of the Agricultural Academy in Moscow; took part in the student movement of the 1860s and the Nechayev organisation; murdered by Nechayev.— 530
J
Jaclard, Charles Victor (1843-1900) — French journalist, Blanquist; member of the International; active in the Paris Commune; following the suppression of the Paris Commune, emigrated to Switzerland and then to Russia; after the 1880 amnesty returned to France and continued to take part in the socialist movement.— 9, 480
Jacoby, Johann (1805-1877)—German radical journalist and politician; a Left-wing leader in the Prussian National Assembly (1848); member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies (1862); founder of Die Zukunft (1867); joined Social-Democrats in the 1870s.—371, 417, 418, 435, 552
Jäger, Gustav (1832-1916)—German zoologist; follower of Charles Darwin; author of several works on natural sciences.— 162
Jaeger.— 266
Jakub Beg, Mohammed (1820-1877)— ruler of Kashgar (1865-77).—373
James I (1394-1437) —King of Scotland from 1424.—226
James I (1566-1625) —King of Great Britain and Ireland (1603-25).—388
Janin, Jules Gabriel (1804-1874)— French writer, critic and journalist.— 263
Jenny (Jennychen)—see Marx, Jenny
Jessup, William J.—American worker, carpenter; active participant in the American labour movement; Vice-President (1866) and Corresponding Secretary (1867) of the National Labour Union of the United States for the State of New York, a leader of the Workers' Union of New York; General Council's correspondent in the USA.—58, 96, 147, 149
Johannard, Jules (1843-1888)—active in the French working-class movement, lithographer; member of the General Council of the International (1868-69 and 1871-72) and Corresponding Secretary for Italy (1868-69); in 1870 founded a section of the International in St. Denis; member of the Paris Commune; Blanquist; after the defeat of the Commune emigrated to London; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).—78, 485
Johnson, Reverdy (1796-1876) — American lawyer and statesman; Attorney-General (1849-50); member of the Democratic Party (conservative wing); Minister to Great Britain (1868-69).—195
Johnston, James Finlay Weir (1796-1855) — English agricultural chemist.—384
Jones—librarian in the British Museum Library.— 518
Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-1869) — prominent figure in the English labour movement; proletarian poet and journalist, leader of the Left-wing Chartists; friend of Marx and Engels; took part in the work of the International in the 1860s.— 26, 71, 92, 136, 157, 161, 163, 165, 166, 168, 207, 210, 244, 246
Jones, Lloyd (1811-1886)—active in the British co-operative movement, Owenite, journalist; fustian-cutter by profession.—100, 251, 253, 262
Juarez, Benito Pablo (1806-1872) — Mexican statesman; fighter for national independence of the country; leader of the Liberal Party during the Civil War (1858-60) and intervention in Mexico (1861-67), President of Mexico (1858-72).—16
Jubitz, F.—member of the German workers' association in New York.— 472
Juch, Hermann—German democratic journalist, refugee in London; editor of the Hermann (from July 1859) and publisher of the Deutsche Post (from December 1869).—266, 444
Jung.—238
Jung, Georg Gottlob (1814-1886) — German democratic journalist, Young Hegelian; a publisher of the
Rheinische Zeitung; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848.—201
Jung, Hermann (1830-1901)— prominent figure in the international and Swiss working-class movement, watch-maker; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Switzerland (November 1864 to 1872); Treasurer of the General Council (1871-72); participant in the London Conference (1865); Chairman of the Geneva (1866), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and of the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the British Federal Council; supported Marx before the Hague Congress (1872), later joined the reformists of the British trade unions.—45, 78, 95, 98, 139, 160-61, 198, 203, 218, 220, 271, 346, 406, 413, 424, 463, 480, 537
Jung, Thesmar.—201
Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis) (c. A.D. 60-died after 127)—Roman satirical poet.— 228, 444
K
Kalisch—teacher of German in Manchester.—118
Kampfmeyer—secondhand bookseller in London.—282
Kane, Anna—cousin of Lizzy and Mary-Burns.— 534
Kane, Sir Robert John (1810-1890) — Irish scientist; professor of chemistry and physics; also studied the economy of Ireland.— 402
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)—German philosopher.— 276
Kapp, Friedrich (1824-1884)—German lawyer, historian and politician, democrat; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to the USA in 1850.—354
Karl Theodor Maximilian August (1795-1875)—Bavarian prince, Field Marshal; during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, Commander-in-Chief of the troops of the South German states that were Austria's allies.— 64
Katkov, Mikhail Nikiforovich (1818-1887)—Russian reactionary journalist; editor of Moskovskiye Vedomos-ti (1850-55 and 1863-87).—436, 440, 441
Kaulbach, Wilhelm von (1805-1874) — German painter.— 558
Keil, Ernst (1816-1878)—German journalist; publisher and bookseller, democrat; founder of the weekly Die
Gartenlaube.—73, 77, 144
Keller, Charles (1843-1913) —French socialist; member of the International; translated into French part of Volume I of Marx's Capital in 1869-70; participant in the Paris Commune (1871); after the suppression of the Commune, emigrated to Switzerland.—359, 399, 450, 546 Kertbény, Kâroly Marie (real name Ben-kert) (1824-1882)—Hungarian writer, liberal; was in contact with the participants in the 1848-49 revolution.—73, 77, 144
Keßler—deputy to the North German Reichstag in 1869, district president.—230
Ketteier, Wilhelm Emanuel, Baron von (1811-1877)—German ecclesiastic, Roman Catholic, bishop of Mainz (from 1850).—354
King, P. St.—bookseller in London.— 306
Kinkel, Gottfried (1815-1882)—German poet and democratic journalist; participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; sentenced to life imprisonment by the Prussian court; in 1850 escaped and emigrated to England; a leader of the petty-bourgeois refugees; opposed Marx and Engels.— 74, 142, 435
Kirchmann, Julius Hermann von (1802-1884)—German lawyer and philosopher, radical; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848, later member of the Party of Progress; author of several works on philosophy and law.— 258
Klein, Johann Jacob (c. 1818-c. 1896) — Cologne physician; member of the Communist League; defendant in the Cologne Communist trial (1852); acquitted by the jury; in the early 1860s took part in the German working-class movement.— 408
Klein, Karl Wilhelm—German worker, took part in the Elberfeld and Solingen uprisings of 1849; member of the Communist League; refugee in the USA from 1852; participant in the German working-class movement in the 1860s-70s; member of the General Association of German Workers; member of the International; delegate to the Lausanne (1867) and Brussels (1868) congresses.— 397, 420-21
Klemm, Friedrich Gustav (1802-1867) — German historian, author of several works on the history of culture.— 328
Knowles.—181, 206
Knowles, George—manufacturer in Bolton.—281
Knowles, John—manufacturer in Bolton.—281
Knox, Alexander Andrew (1818-1891)— English journalist, contributor to The Times (1846-60); police magistrate, member of a commission which reported to Parliament in 1867 on the treatment of political prisoners in British prisons.—224, 457, 459
Kock, Charles Paul de (1793-1871) — French novelist and dramatist.—159
Kolb, Georg Friedrich (1808-1884)— German politician, democratic journalist and statistician.— 485
Korklow—doctor to Marx's children in London; Irish by birth.— 49, 51-52, 57
Korvin-Krukovskaya (Jaclard), Anna Va-silyevna (1843-1887) — Russian revolutionary; member of the Russian Section- of the International; took part in the Paris Commune (1871); Charles Victor Jaclard's wife.— 480
Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von (1761-1819)—German writer and journalist, extreme monarchist.— 263
Kugelmann, Franziska (1858-c. 1930) —
Ludwig Kugelmann's daughter.— 4, 13, 48, 70, 175, 214, 233, 279, 318, 337, 359, 391, 436, 467, 544, 554, 560, 564
Kugelmann, Gertrud (b. 1839)—Ludwig
Kugelmann's wife.—3, 12, 13, 57, 131, 175, 184, 214, 233, 279, 318, 327, 337, 359, 389, 391, 436, 466, 528, 544, 552, 554, 558, 563
Kugelmann, Ludwig (1828-1902)— German physician; participant in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the International; delegate to the Lausanne (1867) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the International; member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party from 1869; friend and regular correspondent of Marx and Engels.—3, 4, 8, 12-13, 25, 28, 48, 54, 56, 65, 67, 73, 77, 78, 81, 82, 130, 142, 144, 158, 173, 180, 184, 208, 210, 213, 214, 222, 231, 233, 248, 266, 278, 312, 317, 318, 324, 325, 327-29, 331, 333, 334, 337, 338, 353, 355, 357, 359, 389, 393, 417, 433, 466, 471, 478, 482, 512, 527, 529, 532-33, 543, 545, 547, 552, 555, 558, 562, 563
Kyllmann.— 251
L
Ladendorf, August—German democrat, a leader of the German workers' educational societies in Switzerland in the 1860s, delegate to the Lausanne Congress of the International (1867) and the Inaugural Congress of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party (1869).—366
Lafargue, Charles Etienne (31 December 1868-May 1872)—Paul and Laura Lafargue's son.—199, 211, 214, 216, 219, 253, 271, 315, 317, 327, 338, 342, 350, 353, 355, 358, 359, 446, 450, 544, 552
Lafargue, François (1806-1870)—Paul Lafargue's father.—10, 287, 290, 309, 314-15, 316, 327, 486
Lafargue, Gustave—French journalist, contributed to the reactionary gutter press.— 557
Lafargue, Laura (1845-1911) —Karl Marx's second daughter, Paul Lafargue's wife from 1868, participant in the French working-class movement.—3, 7, 9-10, 20, 25, 30, 51, 53, 56, 64, 72-74, 95, 105, 106, 121, 122, 137, 155, 170, 175, 178, 196, 211, 216, 219, 225, 243, 246, 250, 251, 253, 271, 305, 309, 314, 315, 316, 327, 338, 342, 347, 350, 353, 355, 358, 359, 423, 447, 454, 493, 544, 551, 552, 555
Lafargue, Paul (1842-1911) — prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement, journalist, member of the General Council of the International, Corresponding Secretary for Spain (1866-69), helped to organise the International's sections in France (1869-70), Spain and Portugal (1871-72), delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), a founder of the Workers' Party in France (1879), disciple and associate of Marx and Engels, husband of Marx's daughter Laura.— 3, 7, 9-10, 18, 20, 25, 30, 44, 47, 49-51, 53, 56, 64, 72-74, 78, 82, 103, 106, 122, 137, 150, 155, 158, 162, 171, 175, 178, 196, 199, 214, 216-19, 220, 225, 230, 233, 242, 243, 262, 266, 276, 287, 315, 316, 327, 338, 342, 347, 350, 353, 356, 358-62, 410, 446, 454, 480, 485, 486, 488, 530, 531, 546, 555-57
Lafargue, Virginie (b. 1803)—Paul Lafargue's mother.— 309
Lalor, John (1814-1856) — British journalist and economist.— 38
Lange, Friedrich Albert (1828-1875) — German philosopher, economist, neo-Kantian; member of the Standing Committee of the General Association of German Workers (1864-66), member of the International, delegate to the Lausanne Congress (1867).—158, 173, 525, 527-28
Langley, J. Baxter—English radical journalist.—166
Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of (1845-1927)—British statesman, Liberal, held several ministerial posts from the 1870s.—456
Laplace, Pierre Simon (1749-1827)— French astronomer, mathematician and physicist.— 246
La Rochefoucauld, François, duc de (1613-1680)—French moralist writer.— 297-98 Lasher, Eduard (1829-1884)—German politician, deputy to the Reichstag, member of the Party of Progress till 1866, later a founder and leader of the National Liberal Party in Germany.— 38
Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864)— German journalist and lawyer; took part in the democratic movement in the Rhine Province (1848-49), founder and first President of the General Association of German Workers (1863-64), an initiator of the oppor-tunist trend in the German working-class movement.—87-90, 92, 105, 120, 132-34, 162, 188, 213, 250, 259, 261, 263, 323, 326, 328, 331, 336, 352, 365, 367, 369, 397, 420, 459, 524, 544
Lassassie, F. de—French refugee in London, hairdresser, member of the General Council of the International (1865-68), member of the French Section in London, where he supported the General Council's policy; took part in the London Conference (1865).—78
Laura—see Lafargue, Laura
Laveleye, Emile Louis Victor, baron de
(1822-1892)—Belgian economist and journalist.— 412
Lavergne, Louis Gabriel Léonce Guilhaud
de (1809-1880)—French economist, author of a number of works on agricultural economics.— 374
Law, Harriet (1832-1897)—a leading figure in the atheist movement in England, member of the General Council (June 1867 to 1872) and of the Manchester Section of the International (1872).—43, 184
Law, John (1671-1729)—Scottish economist and financier, Director-General of Finance in France (1719-20).—7
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874) — French journalist and politician, a leader of the petty-bourgeois democrats, editor of La Réforme;
Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (1848), where he headed the Montagne Party; emigrated to England after the demonstration of 13 June 1849; returned to France in 1870.—195, 216, 232, 371, 373
Lee, Robert Edward (1807-1870) — American general, took part in the war against Mexico (1846-48); during the Civil War commanded the Southern Army in Virginia (1862-65), Commander-in-Chief of the Southern Army (February-April 1865).— 402
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von (1646-1716)—German philosopher and mathematician.— 512, 513, 558
Le Lubez, Victor (b. 1834)—French refugee in London, was connected with republican and radical elements in France and Britain; took part in the inaugural meeting of the International held at St. Martin's Hall (28 September 1864), member of the General Council of the International (1864-66), Corresponding Secretary for France (1864-65), participant in the London Conference (1865), expelled from the Council by the Geneva Congress (1866) for intrigue and slander.—139, 526
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781)— German writer.— 528, 541
Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, tailor, member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution, prosecuted at the Cologne Communist trial in 1852; emigrated to London in 1856, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London and of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872), participant in the London Conference (1865), the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868), Basle (1869) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the International; member of the British Federal Council; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—83, 93, 98, 101, 102, 120, 122, 127, 161, 166, 203, 252, 284, 290, 465, 471, 478, 544
Lever, Charles James (1806-1872) —Irish novelist.—507, 509
Levy, Joseph Moses (1812-1888)—English journalist, a founder and publisher of The Daily Telegraph.— 101, 454
Lichfield, Thomas George Anson, Earl of (b. 1825)—British Liberal politician.— 393
Liebig, Justus, Baron von (1803-1873)— German chemist.— 51
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900) —prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, participant in the 1848-49 revolution, member of the Communist League and of the International, delegate to the Basle Congress of the International (1869), deputy to the Reichstag from 1867, a founder and leader of the German Social-Democratic Party, friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 5-6, 8, 11, 15, 19, 20, 30, 38, 40, 48, 58, 73, 75, 102, 105, 106, 108-13, 114-18, 120, 121, 126-27, 131, 135, 136, 141-42, 147, 148, 151, 153, 161, 172, 175, 177, 189, 208, 209, 210, 220-23, 227-31, 234, 236, 239, 242, 248-50, 253, 255-57, 260, 262, 265-67, 274, 276, 282-84, 295-97, 299, 303, 304, 306, 307, 313, 322-28, 330-32, 338, 339, 343, 344, 353, 354, 355, 356, 364, 367, 369, 371, 376, 378, 382, 405, 411, 417-19, 426, 428, 431, 442, 445, 452, 477, 478, 482, 485, 496, 500, 503, 508-11, 513, 519-20, 544, 553
Lifford—see Hewitt, James, 1st Viscount Lifford
Lilienfeld-Toal, Pavel Fedorovick (1829-1903)—Russian sociologist, a Baltic
country squire and high-ranking Tsarist official — 55, 154, 419, 426, 430, 434
Livy (Titus Livius) (59 B.C.-A.D. 17)— Roman historian.— 85
Lizzie—see Burns, Lydia (Lizzy)
Lloyd—see Jones, Lloyd
Lochner, Georg (born c. 1824)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, carpenter, member of the Communist League, the German Workers' Educational Society in London and of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872), delegate to the London conferences of 1865 and 1871; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 184
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807-1882)—American poet, translator and literary critic.— 275
Lopatin, Hermann Alexandrovich (1845-1918)—Russian revolutionary, Na-rodnik, member of the General Council of the International (1870), translated into Russian Volume I of Marx's Capital, friend of Marx and Engels.—530-31, 533, 535
Louis XIV (1638-1715) —King of France (1643-1715).—429, 434, 512
Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon III
Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)—Duke of Orleans, King of the French (1830-48).—105, 159, 260, 264, 316, 389
Lowe, Robert, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke
(1811-1892)—British statesman and journalist, contributor to The Times, Whig and later Liberal, M.P., Chancellor of the Exchequer (1868-73), Home Secretary (1873-74).—176
Luby—Thomas Clarke Luby's wife.— 562
Luby, Thomas Clarke (1821-1901)— Irish revolutionary, Fenian, journalist, contributor to The Irish People; sentenced to twenty years of penal servitude in 1865, was released in 1871 and emigrated to the USA where he worked as a journalist.— 399, 563
Lucraft, Benjamin (1809-1897)—a reformist leader of the British trade unions; furniture-maker, participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held at St. Martin's Hall (28 September 1864), member of the General Council of the International (1864-71), delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses, member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League, opposed the Paris Commune, refused to sign the General Council's address The Civil War in France (1871) and left the International.— 245, 248, 376, 386
Ludlow, John Malcolm Forbes (1821-1911)—participant in the British cooperative movement, lawyer and journalist, Christian socialist.— 259, 260, 261, 262-64
Ludwig III (1806-1877)—Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt (1848-77).—16, 141, 209
Lupus—see Wolff, Wilhelm
Luther, Martin (1483-1546)—German theologian and writer, prominent figure of the Reformation; founder of Protestantism (Lutheranism) in Germany.—249, 271, 434
M
Macleod, Henry Dunning (1821-1902) — Scottish economist, engaged mainly in credit problems.— 38
Maddison—Marx's doctor.—417
Maguires, the—ancient Irish aristocratic family.— 484
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)— English clergyman and economist, author of a theory of population.— 270, 381
Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron von (1805-1882)—Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (November 1848 to November 1850), Prime Minister (1850-58).—124
Marie, Alexandre Thomas (1795-1870)— French lawyer and politician, moderate republican, Minister of Public Works in the Provisional Government (1848); later Minister of Justice in Cavaignac's government.— 232
Marryat, Frederick (1792-1848)—British naval officer and writer.— 507
Martin, Bon Louis Henri (1810-1883) — French historian and politician, republican, joined the International in 1865.—435
Martinaud—former French abbot, then compositor, anarchist, member of the Paris Section of the International, delegate to the Basle Congress (1869).—413
Marx, Eleanor (Tussy) (1855-1898)— Karl Marx's youngest daughter, took part in the British and international working-class movement.— 6, 7, 12, 14, 37, 40, 44, 45, 47-54, 60, 63, 64, 67, 71, 74, 75, 79, 82, 87, 91, 122, 159, 167, 187, 189, 200, 205, 211, 243, 246-48, 253, 256, 261, 270, 273, 275, 278, 284, 286, 290, 294, 295, 298-99, 308, 311, 317, 324, 336, 338, 339, 341, 342, 345, 347-51, 354, 357, 359, 368, 370, 382, 389, 393, 399, 410, 419, 423, 425, 433, 447, 458, 521-22, 525, 534, 546, 548, 560
Marx, Henriette (née Pressburg) (1787-1863)—Karl Marx's mother.—25
Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881) —Karl Marx's wife.—30, 40, 53, 56, 64, 73-75, 79, 87, 95, 122, 171, 187, 200, 205, 211, 261, 269, 272-76, 278, 284, 286, 309, 315, 326, 327, 342, 355, 359, 399, 410, 419, 458, 465, 488, 519, 525, 528, 560
Marx, Jenny (1844-1883)—Karl Marx's eldest daughter, Journalist, took part in the international working-class movement.—15, 19, 30, 45, 47-51, 53, 57, 60, 63-67, 74, 82, 87, 122, 171, 172, 187, 205, 207, 211, 213, 214, 232, 243, 246-48, 253, 261, 273, 275, 284, 286, 290, 291-94, 297, 300, 308, 310, 312, 318, 324, 325, 327, 329, 330, 334, 339, 341, 351, 354, 355, 357, 359, 361, 389, 399, 400, 410, 419, 423, 426, 429, 444, 447, 451, 455, 458-61, 466, 471, 473, 476, 487, 488, 500, 501, 503, 522, 523, 525, 532, 533, 537, 543, 545, 547, 552, 557, 558, 560, 561, 564
Marx, Laura—see Lafargue, Laura
Massol, Marie Alexandre (1805-1875)— French journalist, Utopian socialist; Proudhon's friend; editor-in-chief of La Morale indépendante (1865-70).— 79
Mayer.—155
Mayer, Karl (1819-1889)—German petty-bourgeois democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848-49), editor of the Stuttgart newspaper Der Beobachter in the 1860s.—325, 343, 364
Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—Italian revolutionary, democrat, a leader of the Italian national liberation movement; headed the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic (1849); an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London (1850); when the International was founded in 1864 tried to bring it under his influence.— 240
Meissner, Otto Karl (1819-1902)—publisher in Hamburg, printed Marx's Capital and other works by Marx and Engels.—5, 9, 37, 55, 74, 78, 99, 100, 102, 104, 106, 211, 214, 217, 222, 223, 234, 237-39, 241, 243, 249, 257, 276, 277, 279, 285, 297, 300, 305, 308, 318, 327, 333, 339, 354, 357, 358, 417, 428, 446, 452, 511, 527, 528, 529, 533
Mende, Fritz (d. 1879)—member of the General Association of German Workers; President of the Lassallean General Association of German
Workers founded by Hatzfeldt (1869-72), deputy to the North German Reichstag (1869).—276, 322, 408
Mendelssohn, Moses (1729-1786)—German deist philosopher.—528
Menke—Theodor Heinrich Menke's wife.— 545
Menke, Theodor Heinrich—German statistician, Ludwig Kugelmann's friend, member of the International.—397, 407, 427, 456, 465
Merriman, J. J.—member of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1867).—139
Meyen (Mayen), Eduard (1812-1870)— German journalist, Young Hegelian, after the 1848-49 revolution emigrated to England, later National Liberal.—479 Meyer, Carl Joseph (1796-1856)—German industrialist, journalist and publisher, founded the Bibliographi-cal Institute which put out several editions of the Encyclopaedic Dictionary named after him (1826).—144
Meyer, Gustav—manufacturer in Bielefeld, Ludwig Kugelmann's acquaintance.— 13
Meyer, Hermann (1821-1875)—leading figure in the German and American working-class movement; merchant; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to the USA in 1852; an organiser of the International's sections in St. Louis; Joseph Weydemeyer's friend.— 97, 354
Meyer, Sigfrid (c. 1840-1872)—prominent figure in the German and American working-class movement; engineer, member of the General Association of German Workers; opposed Lassalleanism, member of the International; emigrated to the USA in 1866, member of the New York Communist Club and an organiser of the International's sections in the USA; follower of Marx and Engels.— 58-59, 96-98, 148-49, 177, 184, 354, 471-76 Michaelis, Otto (1826-1890)—German economist and journalist; member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies from 1861; a publisher of the journal Vierteljahrschrift für Volkswirthschaft und Kulturgeschichte; National Liberal (from 1867); deputy to the North German Reichstag.— 59
Michel, Louis Chrysostome (1798-1853)— French lawyer and politician, petty-bourgeois republican; counsel for the defence at several trials against republicans during the July monarchy, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51), belonged to the Montagne Party.—188
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873) —English economist and positivist philosopher.—166, 263, 293
Milner, George—prominent figure in the British working-class movement, Irish by birth, follower of James O'Brien; member of the National Reform League, of the Land and Labour League, and of the General Council of the International (1868-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871), member of the British Federal Council (autumn of 1872 to 1873), fought the reformist wing in the Council — 376, 386
Milton, John (1608-1674)—English poet.—348
Miquel, Johannes (1828-1901)—German lawyer, politician and financier; member of the Communist League up to 1852; a leader of the National Liberals (Right wing) from 1867, member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies; deputy to the North German Reichstag and later German Reichstag.—142, 255, 376
Mitchel, John (1815-1875)—Irish revolutionary democrat, Left-wing leader of the Young Ireland group; deported to a penal colony for taking part in the preparation of an uprising in 1848; escaped in 1853 and emigrated to the USA; fought on the side of the Southerners during the
US Civil War (1861-65), author of The History of Ireland.—445
Moelmud, Dufnwal (second half of the 5th cent.-first half of the 6th cent.)— semi-legendary legislator of ancient Britain.— 515
Moilin, Jules Antoine (Tony) (1832-1871)—French physician and journalist, petty-bourgeois socialist; took part in the Paris Commune (1871), shot by the Versaillese.—225, 230, 242, 244, 449
Moll, Friedrich Wilhelm (c. 1835-1871)—Solingen worker, member of the General Association of German Workers, emigrated to the USA (1864), a founder of the General Association of German Workers in New York, member of the International after his return to Germany, delegate to the Geneva Congress (1866).—420-21, 456, 465
Moll, Joseph (1813-1849) —German watch-maker, a leader of the League of the Just, member of the Central Authority of the Communist League, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, was killed in the battle of the Murg.— 456, 465
Moilin, Gabriel—French gilder, member of the International, delegate to the Basle Congress (1869).—459
Monroe—physician, Scottish by birth; Marx's daughter Jenny gave lessons to his children.—171, 300, 357, 423, 429
Monroe—wife of Dr Monroe.— 171, 300, 327, 330, 357
Mont(h)eil, Amans Alexis (1769-1850)— French historian.— 423, 429
Montijo—see Eugénie Marie Ignace Augustine de Montijo de Guzmân, comtesse de Teba
Moore, George Henry (1811-1870) — Irish politician and leader of the tenant-right movement, M.P. (1847-
57, 1868-70), defended the imprisoned Irish Fenians.—461
Moore, Samuel (1838-1911)—English lawyer, member of the International, translated into English Volume I of Marx's Capital (in collaboration with Edward Aveling) and the Manifesto of the Communist Party, friend of Marx and Engels.—53, 80, 84, 91, 92, 96, 113, 143, 152, 177,210,230,234,242, 245, 249, 254, 277, 291, 292, 298, 300, 348, 357, 367, 375, 378, 418, 426, 461, 481, 502, 503, 507, 525
Moore, Thomas (1779-1852) —Irish poet, author of Irish Melodies glorify-ing the struggle of the Irish people for independence.— 341
Morley, John, Viscount (1838-1923)— English journalist and statesman, Liberal; editor-in-chief of The Fortnightly Review (1867-82).—73, 81, 84, 99
Morley, Samuel (1809-1886)—English industrialist and politician, Liberal, M.P. (1865, 1868-85), owner of The Bee-Hive Newspaper (1869).—334, 336, 376, 497 Moses— see Hess, Moses
Mottershead, Thomas (c. 1825-1884)— English weaver, member of the General Council (1869-72), Corresponding Secretary for Denmark (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); opposed Marx's line in the General Council and the British Federal Council, expelled from the International by decision of the General Council on 30 May 1873.—386, 392, 459, 497
Müller, Friedrich Max (1823-1900) — British philologist specialising in Indian studies; German by birth.— 64
Müllner, Amadeus Gottfried Adolf (1774-1829)—German writer and literary critic — 231
Mundella, Anthony John (1825-1897) — British statesman and manufacturer, M.P. (from 1868), held several ministerial posts.— 393
Murât, André Pierre (1833-1893)— French mechanic, Proudhonist, member of the Paris Section of the International, delegate to several International's congresses, prosecuted at the first (1868) and third (1870) trials against the International in Paris.—294
Murphy (called O'Leary) — Irish Fenian, was arrested for agitation among the royal army soldiers in Ireland in 1864, sentenced to ten years' penal servitude,—165
N
Nagle.—57 Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—325, 391, 423, 463
Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—Napoleon I's nephew, President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—36, 60, 100, 104-05, 108, 115, 119, 164, 174, 188, 243, 253, 317, 325, 327, 369, 388, 391, 395, 407, 409, 422, 425, 484, 495-97, 500, 506, 508, 523, 553, 558, 559, 563 Nechayev, Sergei Cennadievich (1847-1882)—Russian revolutionary, con-spirator, intriguer and trouble-maker, took part in the student movement in St. Petersburg (1868-69), founded a secret society, Narod-naya Rasprava (People's Judgment) (1869); in 1872 was extradited by the Swiss authorities to the Russian government; died in Peter and Paul Fortress, St. Petersburg.—519, 521, 530, 533
Nefftzer, Auguste (1820-1876) —French journalist, contributor to La Presse, editor-in-chief of Le Temps.—526 Neumayr, Ludwig— Austrian Social-Democrat, journalist, member of the International, delegate to the Basle Congress (1869), editor of the Wiener-Neustädter Wochenblatt.—350 Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)—English physicist, astronomer and mathematician, founder of classical mechanics.—246
Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—436
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1776-1831)— German historian, author of a number of works on the history of antiquity.—42
Niebuhr, Carsten (1733-1815)—Danish traveller and orientalist; Barthold Georg Niebuhr's father.—42
Noir, Victor (1848-1870)—French journalist, republican, contributed to La Marseillaise; murdered by Prince Pierre Bonaparte on 10 January 1870.—419, 423, 553
O
Oberwinder, Heinrich (1846-1914) — prominent figure in the Austrian working-class movement, journalist, Lassallean in the early 1860s, later sided with Eisenachers, delegate to the Basle Congress of the International (1869), editor of the Volksstimme and Volkswille, withdrew from the working-class movement in the late 1870s.—229, 233, 234, 238, 254
Oborski, Ludwik (1787-1873)—Polish colonel; took part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31; emigrated to London, member of the Fraternal Democrats Society; commanded a division in the Baden-Palatinate revolutionary army (1849); member of the General Council of the International (1865-67), President of the Central London Section of the United Polish Exiles.—495
O'Brien, James (literary pseudonym Bronterre) (1802-1864)—British journalist, Chartist leader, editor of The Poor Man's Guardian (1830s); author of several social reform projects, founder of the National Reform League (1849).—334, 376
O'Connell, Daniel (1775-1847)—Irish lawyer and politician, leader of the liberal wing in the national liberation movement.—399
O'Connell, Morgan (1804-1885) —Irish politician, opposed abolition of the Anglo-Irish Union (1801), Daniel O'Connell's son.—394
O'Connor, Arthur (1763-1852)—a prominent figure in the Irish national liberation movement; a leader of the United Irishmen Society and editor-in-chief of its organ, The Press (1797-98); arrested on the eve of the 1798 uprising; emigrated to France in 1803.—368
O'Conor, Charles (1764-1828)—Irish priest and collector of antiquities, translator and editor of Irish chronicles.—516, 517
Odger, George (1820-1877)—a leader of the British trade unions, shoemaker, Secretary of the London Trades Council (1862-72), member of the British National League for the Independence of Poland, the Land and Labour League; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held at St. Martin's Hall (28 September 1864); member of the General Council of the International (1864-71) and its President (1864-67), took part in the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; opposed revolutionary tactics.—3, 43, 114, 128, 198, 251, 253, 386-88, 392, 395, 404, 437, 445, 497
O'Donnells, the—ancient Irish aristocratic family.—483
O'Donovan, John (1809-1861)—Irish philologist and historian, member of the government commission on the translation and publication of ancient Irish laws (from 1852).—517, 518
O'Donovan Rossa, Jeremiah (1831-1915)—a leader of the Fenian movement, publisher of The Irish People (1863-65), was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1865, amnestied in 1870, emigrated to the USA where he headed the Fenian organisation; retired from political life in the 1880s.—162, 373, 386, 389, 391, 429, 445, 451, 454, 455, 457, 458, 476, 518, 530, 532, 548-49, 562, 563
O'Donovan Rossa, Mary J.—Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa's wife; organised collection of funds for the families of the Irish political prisoners in 1865-66; author of an appeal to Irish women published in the Workman's Advocate on 6 January 1866 by the General Council's decision.—458
Offenbach, Jacques (1819-1880) — French composer.—507
O'Flaherty, Roderic (1629-1718)—Irish historian.—516
Ogarev, Nikolai Platonovich (1813-1877)—Russian revolutionary, journalist, poet, friend and associate of Alexander Herzen.—516, 518
Ollivier, Emile (1825-1913) —French politician and statesman, bourgeois republican, deputy to the Corps législatif (from 1857); was close to the Bonapartists in the late 1860s; head of government (January-August 1870) and Minister of Justice and Cult.—409, 411, 422, 451
O'Neills, the—ancient Irish aristocratic family.—483
Oppenheim, Heinrich Bernhard (1819-1880)—German democratic politician, economist and journalist; an editor of the Berlin newspaper Die Reform (1848); refugee (1849-50), subsequently National Liberal.— 85
Orsini, Cesare—Italian refugee; member of the General Council of the International (1866-67); spread the International's ideas in the USA; Felice Orsini's brother.—57
Orsini, Felice (1819-1858)—Italian democrat, republican, a prominent
figure in the struggle for Italy's national liberation and unification, executed for his attempt on the life of Napoleon III.—57, 505
O'Shea, William Henry (1840-1905)— Irish public figure, defended the imprisoned Fenians in 1869.— 375
Overend—a director of an English banking firm, Overend, Gurney and Company.—305, 548
Owen, Sir Richard (1804-1892)—English zoologist and paleontologist, was the first to describe archaeop-teryx, a primitive reptile-like bird.— 162, 509
P
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount (1784-1865)—British statesman, Tory, from 1830 Whig; Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58, 1859-65).— 64, 161, 243, 261, 278, 390, 505, 506, 559
Parker, Sarah—Frederick Engels' house-keeper.—156, 204
Parsons, William, 3rd Earl of Rosse (1800-1867)—British astronomer, published a pamphlet on relationship between landowners and tenants in Ireland (1867).—374
Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850)—British statesman; moderate Tory; Prime Minister (1834-35, 1841-46); repealed the Corn Laws in 1846.—113, 159, 166
Pelletan, Pierre Clement Eugene (1813-1884)—French journalist and politician, bourgeois republican, deputy to the Corps législatif; member of the Government of National Defence (1870-71).—232, 546, 553
Pelletier, Claude (1816-1881)—French democrat, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (1848-51); exiled from France after the coup d'état of 2 December 1851; emigrated to the USA; the International's correspondent for the French-language Section in America.—147, 148 Perret, Henri—prominent figure in the Swiss working-class movement; engraver, a leader of the International in Switzerland, General Secretary of the Romance Federal Committee (1868-73), member of the Égalité editorial board; delegate to the Geneva (1866) and Basle (1869) congresses and to the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the initiating group of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; broke with the Bakuninists in 1869, but adopted a conciliatory stand after the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—203, 240, 364, 404, 413, 424, 426, 488
Perron, Charles Eugène (1837-1919)—a leader in the Swiss working-class movement; enamel painter, then car-tographer; delegate to the Lausanne (1867) and Brussels (1868) congresses of the International; follower of Bakunin; member of the Central Bureau and of the initiating group of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; an editor of L'Egalité (1869) and La Solidarité; a leader of the Jura Federation; subsequently left the working-class movement.— 413 Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, comte
(1808-1872)—French statesman, Bonapartist, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); an organiser of the coup d'état of 2 December 1851; Minister of the Interior (1852-54, 1860-63), Ambassador to Britain (1855-58, 1859-60).—495
Pétrie, George (1789-1866) —Irish scholar, archaeologist, member of the Irish Royal Academy; author of works on ancient Irish architecture; member of the government commission on the translation and publication of ancient Irish laws (from 1852).—410
Petty, Sir William (1623-1687)—English economist and statistician, founder of
the classical school of bourgeois political economy in Britain.—224, 388, 402
Pfänder, Karl (1818-1876)—a leader in the German and international working-class movement; artist; refugee in London from 1845, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, of the Central Authority of the Communist League and of the General Council of the International (1864-67 and 1870-72), friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—478, 509
Philips, August (d. 1895)—Karl Marx's cousin, lawyer in Amsterdam.— 72, 85
Philips, Karl—Karl Marx's cousin, merchant in Aachen.— 85, 354
Philipses, the—Dutch maternal relatives of Karl Marx.—72, 85, 95, 244, 354 Pietri, Joseph Marie (1820-1902)— French politician, Bonapartist, Prefect of Police in Paris (1866-70).— 504, 508
Pigott, Richarjl (1828-1889)—Irish journalist, publisher of The Irishman (1865-79), supported Fenians, sided with the British government in the 1880s.—392-93, 399, 458, 460, 497, 500, 532, 537, 562
Pigres of Halicarnassus—according to ancient legend author of Bat-rachomyomachia (Battle of the Frogs and Mice).—174
Pitt, William (1759-1806)—British statesman, a Tory leader, Prime Minister (1783-1801, 1804-06).—398
Planck, Gottlieb (1824-1910)—German lawyer and politician, National Liberal, member of the North German Reichstag and the Prussian Chamber of Deputies from 1867.—242, 250
Plon-Plon—see Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul
Polyakov, Nikolai Petrovich (c. 1843-1905)—Russian democratic publisher, printed books mainly on social questions, was close to Narodniks, published the first Russian edition of Volume I of Marx's Capital (1872).— 130, 429
Pollock, George D.—British army doctor; member of the commission, which in 1867 submitted to Parliament a report on treatment of political prisoners in English convict prisons.—224, 457, 459
Potter, George (1832-1893)—a reformist leader of the British trade unions, carpenter, member of the London Trades Council and a leader of the Amalgamated Union of Building Workers; founder, editor and publisher of The Bee-Hive Newspaper.— 3, 114, 375, 377, 395
Prendergast, John Patrick (1808-1893) — Irish historian, Liberal, author of works on the history of Ireland.— 374, 388, 401, 403, 409, 415
Prévost-Paradol, Lucien Anatole (1829-1870)—French journalist and liberal politician.—388, 409
Probert, William (1790-1870)—British clergyman, specialist on ancient Welsh laws and customs.— 515
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865) — French writer, economist and sociologist; a founder of anarchism.—101, 130, 225, 260, 383, 429
Prudhomme (b. 1843)—member of the International, its correspondent in Bordeaux (France).— 557
Pyat, Félix (1810-1889)—French journalist, playwright and politician, democrat; took part in the 1848 revolution; emigrated to Switzerland in 1849 and later to Belgium and England; opposed independent working-class movement; conducted a slander campaign against Marx and the First International; member of the Paris Commune (1871).—43, 63, 64, 75, 78, 91, 143, 155, 159, 174, 272
Q
Queen Annabella—see Annabella Drum-mond of Stobhall
Quételet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques (1796-1874)—Belgian scientist, statistician, mathematician and astronomer.— 232
Quo-Quo—see Marx, Eleanor
R
Racowi{a, Janko von (d. 1865)—Ro-manian nobleman; mortally wound-ed Lassalle in a duel (1864).—88
Ramsay, Sir Andrew Crombie (1814-1891) — British geologist, professor in London, conducted geological explorations in England and Wales (from 1862).—291
Ranc, Arthur (1831-1908)—French politician and journalist, moderate republican.—361, 486
Randall, G. W.— participant in the American working-class movement, secretary of the workers' society in Boston (USA), member of the International.—98
Rasch, Gustav (1825-1878)—German democrat, journalist and lawyer; took part in the 1848 revolution in Berlin, after the defeat of the revolution, refugee in Switzerland and France.— 4
Raspail, François Vincent (1794-1878) — French naturalist and writer; socialist, sympathised with the revolutionary proletariat; took part in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848; after the revolution of 1848 was imprisoned, then lived in exile in Belgium; returned to France in 1863; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1869).—316, 317, 369, 553
Real, W.—78
Reclus, Jean Jacques Elisée (1830-1905)—French geographer, sociologist and politician, theorist of anarchism; member of the International, editor of La Cooperation (1866-68), participant in the Paris Commune (1871).—9, 28, 79, 377, 378
Reich, Eduard (1836-1919)—German physician, author of works on public hygiene and sanitation.—391
Rémy, Theodor—Swiss teacher, Secretary of the Central Committee of the German-speaking sections in Geneva; follower of Bakunin; member of the Geneva Section of the International named Alliance of Socialist Democracy and of the initiating group of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy.— 332
Reuter, Paul Julius, Baron von (1816-1899)—German-born founder of the British news agency.— 505
Ricardo, David (1772-1823)—English economist.—69, 224, 263, 378-81, 383, 385
Richard, Albert (1846-1918)—French journalist, a founder of the Lyons Section of the International, follower of Bakunin, member of the secret Alliance of Socialist Democracy; took part in the Lyons uprising in September 1870.—414, 437, 492
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, duc de
(1585-1642)—French statesman; Cardinal; Chief Minister to Louis XIII.— 344 Ris, F.—194
Risse, Joseph (b. 1843)—singer in Hanover, composed and published a collection of Irish folk songs (1870).—532, 562, 563
Rittinghausen, Moritz (1814-1890)— German democratic journalist, contributed to the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); member of the Cologne Democratic Society, of the International, later (till 1884) of the German Social-Democratic Party.— 352
Robert III (c. 1340-1406) —King of Scotland (1390-1406).—226
Robert, Fritz (1845-1899)—Swiss teacher, Bakuninist, delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869)
congresses of the International, editor of La Solidarité.— 488
Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de (1758-1794)—Jacobin leader in the French Revolution, head of the revolutionary government (1793-94).—259, 260
Robin, Paul (1837-1912) —French teacher, Bakuninist, a leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy (from 1869), member of the General Council (1870-71), delegate to the Basle Congress (1869) and the London Conference (1871) of the International.—413, 489, 492, 506
Rochefort, Henri, marquis de Rochefort-
Luçay (c. 1831-1913)—French journalist and politician, Left-wing republican; publisher of the journal La
Lanterne (1868-69) and the newspaper La Marseillaise (1869-70); after the revolution of 4 September 1870, a member of the Government of National Defence; monarchist from the end of the 1880s.—199, 422, 427, 445, 451, 553
Roesgen, Charles—employee of the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.—80, 84, 119, 238, 302, 325, 333, 349, 469, 533
Roesgen von Floss, Philipp von—Dutch journalist, member of the working-class movement, mechanical engineer.—463, 464, 468, 469
Rogeard, Auguste Louis (1820-1896) — French democratic journalist, a founder and editor of La Rive gauche (1864); in 1865, persecuted for an anti-Bonapartist pamphlet, emigrated to Belgium and then to Germany; a leader of the Paris Commune (1871).—507
Roon, Albrecht Theodor Emil, Count von (1803-1879)—Prussian statesman and military leader; field marshal-general from 1873, War Minister (1859-73) and Naval Minister (1861-71); carried out reorganisation of the Prussian army.— 376 Rasing, Johannes (b. 1791)—Bremen merchant, leader of the Democratic Society in Bremen from 1848.—295
Rosse, 3rd Earl of—see Parsons, William, 3rd Earl of Rosse
Rothesay, Duke of—see Stewart, David, Duke of Rothesay
Rothschild, Karl, Baron von (1820-1886)—head of the Rothschild banking house in Frankfurt am Main, member of the Customs Parliament, deputy to the North German and later German Reichstags.—20
Rothschild, Lionel Nathan, Baron (1808-1879)—head of the Rothschild banking house in London; Whig, M.P. from 1858; finance agent of the Russian government for twenty years.—438
Rotteck, Karl Wenzeslaus Rodecker von
(1775-1840)—German historian and liberal politician.—511
Royer, Clémence Auguste (1830-1902) — French writer, author of works on philosophy and political economy.— 217 Rückert, Friedrich (1788-1866)—German romantic poet and translator of oriental poetry.—196
Ruge, Arnold (1802-1880)—German radical journalist, Young Hegelian; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in Britain (the 1850s); National Liberal after 1866.—64, 123, 213, 354, 417, 495, 542-43
Rüstow, Friedrich Wilhelm (1821-1878)—German officer and military-writer, democrat; refugee in Switzerland; Chief of Garibaldi's staff in 1860; Lassalle's friend.—88
S
Sadler, Michael Thomas (1780-1835) — English economist and politician, philanthropist, sided with the Tory party.—362
Saint-Clair, S. G. B.—an author of the book A Residence in Bulgaria: or Notes on the Resources and Administration of Turkey published in London in 1869.—345
Saint-Paul, Wilhelm (c. 1815-1852) — Prussian army officer, then an official in the Ministry of the Interior; censor of the Rheinische Zeitung in
1843.—76
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825) — French Utopian socialist.—490
Samelson, Adolf (1817-1888)—German oculist, liberal, refugee in Manchester from 1857, member of the Schiller Institute's board.— 541 Sawaszkiewicz, Leopold—Polish refugee, member of the Permanent Committee of the London section of Polish democrats in the early 1850s.—438 Schack, Adolf Friedrich, Count von (1815-1894)—German writer, historian of literature and art, orientalist, translator of the Arab classics.— 336 Schapper—Karl Schapper's wife.—496 Schapper, Karl (1812-1870) —prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, a leader of the League of the Just, member of the Central Authority of the Communist League, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; a leader of the separatist group during the split of the Communist League (1850); again drew close to Marx in 1856; member of the Central Council of the International (1865), participant in the London Conference of 1865.—456, 478, 487, 488, 496, 499, 501-03, 507, 509
Schédo-Ferroti, D. K. (real name Firks, Fyodor Ivanovich), Baron (1812-1872)—Russian liberal journalist, author of works on agrarian question in Russia.—154, 434 Schily, Victor (1810-1875)—German lawyer, democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849);
then emigrated to France, member of the International.—9, 25, 28, 138, 178, 179, 218, 316, 359, 443
Schloffel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1800-1870)—Silesian manufacturer, democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848.— 110 Schmalz, Theodor Anton Heinrich (1760-1831)—German lawyer and economist.—66 Schnake (Schnaake), Friedrich (b. 1822)—German journalist, a 'true socialist' (the mid-1840s), took part in the 1848-49 revolution.—54, 56, 70
Schneider, Eugene (1805-1875) — French industrialist, owner of iron and steel plants in Creuzot.—554
Schneider II, Karl—German lawyer, democrat; participant in the 1848-49 revolution, counsel for the defence of Marx and Engels at the trial of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung on 7 February 1849; counsel for the defence at Cologne Communist trial (1852).— 267 Schorlemmer, Carl (1834-1892)—German organic chemist, professor in Manchester, member of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party; friend of Marx and Engels.—3, 12, 33, 35-37, 57, 92, 118, 143, 239, 243, 249, 277, 291, 296, 312, 349, 375, 378, 426, 460, 487, 502, 507, 525 Schramm, Conrad (c. 1822-1858)—German revolutionary, member of the Communist League, emigrated to London in 1849; responsible editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue; sided with Marx's supporters during the split of the Communist League; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—35 Schtal, Theodor.—55 Schulze, Franz Eilhard—Hegelian.—482 Schulze-Delitzsch, Franz Hermann (1808-1883)—German economist; liberal politician, advocated unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy; a founder of the National Association
and leader of the Party of Progress; sought to divert the workers from revolutionary struggle by organising co-operative societies.—116, 133, 276, 459
Schunk—co-owner of a trade firm in Manchester.— 321
Schütz, Jakob Friedrich (1813-1877) — German democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, representative of the Baden Provisional Government in Paris; later a refugee in England, Switzerland and the USA.—425
Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von (1833-1875)—German lawyer, a Lassallean leader, editor of Der Social-Demokrat
(1864-67); President of the General Association of German Workers (1867-71); supported unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy; opposed the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; expelled from the General Association for his contacts with the Prussian authorities.—8, 11, 26, 28, 30, 38, 58, 69, 73-76, 88-90, 105, 107-12, 115-18, 120, 125-28, 131-36, 138, 140, 142, 166, 172, 175, 176, 230, 231, 234, 249, 253-57, 259, 262, 264, 268, 274, 276, 289, 296, 299, 304, 306, 307, 313, 326-28, 330, 331, 339, 364, 367, 369, 382, 404, 405, 408, 417, 418, 428, 479, 511, 520, 544
Schyler.— $7, 88
Seiler.— 291 Seiler, Sebastian (c. 1810-c. 1890)—German journalist, member of the Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee (1846), member of the Communist League, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, later refugee in London and the USA.—88 Senior, Edward—Nassau William Senior's brother.—484
Senior, Nassau William (1790-1864)— English economist, vulgarised Ricardo's theory, opposed shortening the working day.—331, 357, 484 Serno-Solovyevich, Alexander Alexandrovich (1838-1869) —Russian revolutionary of the early 1860s, refugee from 1862, member of the Geneva Section of the International (from 1867).—172, 177, 186, 189, 202, 363, 376
Serraillier, Auguste (b. 1840)—a prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement, shoemaker, member of the General Council of the International (1869-72); Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (1870) and France (1871-72); member of the Paris Commune (1871), delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress of the International (1872); supporter of Marx.—430, 529, 533, 535
Seume, Johann Gottfried (1763-1810) — German writer and poet.—7, 9
Seward, William Henry (1801-1872)— American politician and statesman; a leader of the Right wing of the Republican Party, US State Secretary (1861-69).—195
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)— English playwright and poet.— 216, 466, 507, 541, 545
Shaw, Robert (d. 1869)—a leader of the British working-class movement, house-painter, attended the inaugural meeting of the International held at St. Martin's Hall (28 September 1864), member of the General Council of the International (1864-69), Treasurer of the Council (1867-68), Corresponding Secretary for America (1867-69), delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Brussels Congress (1868) of the International.—96, 406
Shee—partner of a German publisher in Brussels, Carl Georg Vogler, and owner of a bookshop.—138
Siebel, Carl (1836-1868)—German poet, helped to propagate works by Marx and Engels, including Volume I
of Capital; a distant relative of Engels.—5, 8, 28, 34, 35, 74
Simon, Jules François Simon Suisse (1814-1896)—French statesman and idealist philosopher, moderate republican, deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49), member of the Corps législatif.—232, 546
Slack—London correspondent of The New-York Daily Tribune.— 544
SUde, Sir Adolphus (1804-1877) — English naval officer, later admiral, served in Turkey (1849-66).—139
Smith, Adam (1723-1790)—Scottish economist.—25, 39, 45, 46, 67
Smith, Goldwin (1823-1910)—British historian, economist and journalist, Liberal, supported England's colonial policy in Ireland, moved to the USA (1868) and then to Canada (1871).— 374, 388 Sonnemann, Leopold (1831-1909)— German politician and journalist, a founder of the National Association (1859); in the 1860s took the stand of South German Federalists; supported working-class movement.— 102, 479 Sorge, Friedrich Adolf (1828-1906)— prominent figure in the international and American working-class and socialist movement, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to the USA (1852), organised the International's sections there, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), General Secretary of the General Council in New York (1872-74), active propagandist of Marxism, friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—58, 59, 97, 149, 471-72
Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903)—British positivist philosopher and sociologist.— 38
Speyer, Carl (b. 1845)—carpenter, Secretary of the German Workers' Educational Society in London in the 1860s, member of the International and its General Council (from 1870)
25-983 in London and then in the USA.—166
Spier, Samuel (1838-1903)—German Social-Democrat, teacher; member of the General Association of German Workers (from 1867) and the Social-Democratic Workers' Party (from 1869), member of the Brunswick Section of the International, delegate to the Basle Congress (1869).—358
Spinoza (Baruch or Benedictus) de (1632-1677)—Dutch philosopher.— 528 Spurgeon, Charles Haddon (1834-1892)—well-known English Baptist preacher.— 541 Steinthal— clergyman in Manchester, Unitarian, an acquaintance of Engels.—118
Steinthal—owner of the Manchester trading firm where Georg Weerth worked from 1852 to 1856.—118, 542-43 Steinthal—wife of the above.— 543
Stepney, Cowell William Frederick (1820-1872) — active participant in the British working-class movement, member of the Reform League, member of the General Council of the International (1866-72), and its Treasurer (1868-70), delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and to the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the British Federal Council.— 95, 160, 213, 217, 220, 412, 424, 430, 472-73
Stern, Daniel (real name Flavigny de,
Marie, comtesse d'Agoult) (1805-1876)—French authoress and journalist.—217
Sterne, Laurence (1713-1768)—English writer.— 297
Steuart, Sir James, afterwards Denham (1712-1780)—British economist, one of the last Mercantilists.—39
Stewart, David, Duke of Rothesay (c. 1378-1402)—son of King Robert III
of Scotland, Lieutenant of Scotland (1399-1402).—226
Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882)—Prussian police officer, chief of the Prussian political police (1850-60), organised the prosecution in the Cologne Communist trial (1852) and acted as main witness, chief of military police during the Austro-Prussian (1866) and Franco-Prussian (1870-71) wars.— 36, 221, 266, 268, 276, 307, 461, 525
Stirling, James Hutchinson (1820-1909)—Scottish philosopher, propa-gated Hegel's philosophy in England.—39, 481
Strohn, Eugen (d. 1868)—Wilhelm Strohn's brother.—190, 191
Strohn, Wilhelm—member of the Communist League, a friend of Marx and Engels, refugee in Bradford.—109, 112, 142, 147, 213, 256, 403, 454
Strousberg, Bethel Henry (1823-1884)— big German railway contractor and industrialist.— 352
Struve, Gustav von (1805-1870)— German democratic journalist, a key figure in the Baden uprisings in April and September 1848 and the Baden-Palatinate uprising in 1849; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in England, took part in the US Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the Northerners.—4, 110, 175
Stumpf, Paul (c. 1826-1913)—participant in the German working-class movement, mechanic; member of the German Workers' Society in Brussels (1847), of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, member of the International, delegate to the Lausanne Congress of the International (1867), member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party in Germany.— 354
Sulla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla) (138-78 B.C.) — Roman general and statesman, Consul (88 B.C.), dictator (82-79 B.C.).—35 Swift, Jonathan (1667-1745)—Irish satirist.— 512, 513
Sybel, Heinrich von (1817-1895)— German historian and politician, National Liberal from 1867.—432, 437, 442
Sylvis, William (1828-1869)—a member of the American working-class movement, a founder of the International Ironmoulders' Union (1859), its President (1863-69), took part in the US Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the Northerners, a founder of the National Labour Union of the United States (1866) and its President (1868-69), favoured affiliation to the International.— 58, 351
T
Taine, Hippolite Adolphe (1828-1893)— French philosopher, specialist in aesthetics, writer, historian; moderate liberal till the 1870s.—9
Talandier, Pierre Theodore Alfred (1822-1890)—French democratic journalist, took part in the 1848 revolution in France; emigrated to London after the coup d'état of 1851, member of the General Council of the International (1864).—445, 459, 476, 497
Tenge, Thérèse (née Bolongaro-Crevenna) (born c. 1833)—wife of Westphalian landowner in Tenge-Ritberg; Hanover acquaintance of Kugelmann's family.— 233
Tennyson, Alfred, 1st Baron (1809-1892)—English poet.—275
Ténot, Pierre Paul Eugène (1839-1890)—French journalist, republican.—157, 168, 178, 188, 191, 195, 205, 232, 244
Terence (Publius Terentius Afer) (c. 190-159 B.C.) — Roman playwright.— 174, 268
Thesmar.— 267
Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)— French historian and statesman,
Prime Minister (1836, 1840); deputy to the Constituent (1848) and Legislative (1849-51) Assemblies, head of the Orleanists after 1848; suppressed the Paris Commune (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73).—232
Thiou, Eugène— Committee's member of the French Section in London, which was expelled from the International in 1868.—143
Tholuck, Friedrich August Gottreu (1799-1877)—German Protestant theologian, Pietist.—196
Thompson, John (1802-1891)—American publisher and banker.—438
Thornton, William Thomas (1813-1880)—British economist, follower of John Stuart Mill.—158, 264, 293
Tibaldi, Paolo (1825-1901) —Italian revolutionary, Garibaldian and Communard (1871).—497
Tolain, Henri Louis (1828-1897)— prominent figure in the French working-class movement; engraver; Proudhonist; a leader of the Paris Section of the International; delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International; went over to the side of the Versaillese during the Paris Commune, was expelled from the International in 1871; subsequently a senator.— 95, 102, 556
Tone, Theobald Wolfe (1763-1798) — Irish revolutionary, democrat, leader of the United Irishmen society, an organiser of the 1798 uprising in Ireland.—374
Tooke, Thomas (1774-1858)—English economist, adherent of the classical school in political economy.— 39
Trautchen—see Kugelmann, Gertrud
Trench, William Steuart (1808-1872) — Irish land agent, author of books on agriculture.—356, 357, 456
25* Tridon, Edme Marie Gustave (1841-1871)—French politician and journalist, Blanquist, member of the International, deputy to the National Assembly (1871), Communard (1871), emigrated to Belgium after the defeat of the Commune.—175, 225, 233, 308
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, baron de l'Aulne (1727-1781) —French economist and statesman, Physiocrat, Con-troller-General of Finance (1774-76).—39
Tussy—see Marx, Eleanor
U
Ulricks, Karl Heinrich—German lawyer.—295, 403
Urquhart, David (1805-1877)—British diplomat, writer and politician, Tur-kophile; went on diplomatic missions to Turkey in the 1830s; Tory M. P. (1847-52), founder and editor of The Free Press (1855-65) and The Diplomatic Review (1866-77).—31, 159, 165, 261, 275, 278, 345, 433
Utin (Utine, Outine), Nikolai Isaakovich (1841-1883)—Russian revolutionary, took part in the student movement; in 1863 emigrated to England and then to Switzerland, an organiser of the Russian Section of the International, member of the Narodnoye Dyelo editorial^ board (1868-70), an editor of L'Égalité (1870-71), opposed Bakunin and his supporters, delegate to the London Conference of the International (1871), withdrew from the revolutionary movement in the mid-1870s.—480, 493, 499
V
Vallancey, Charles (1721-1812)—Irish historian, published documents on the history of ancient Ireland.— 518
Vdmbéry, Armin (1832-1913)—Hungarian orientalist and traveller; travelled in Central Asia in the early
1860s; author of works on the history and culture of the Middle East and Central Asia.—373
Vandenhouten, Alphonse—prominent in the Belgian working-class movement, house-painter, a founder of the Belgian Section of the International (1865), member of the Belgian Federal Council of the International, secretary for maintaining contacts with abroad and correspondent from several towns in Charleroi coal basin.—43, 272
Varlin, Louis Eugène (1839-1871) — prominent figure in the French working-class movement, bookbinder, Left-wing Proudhonist; one of the International's leaders in France, delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Geneva (1866) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International, Communard; shot by the Versaillese at the end of May 1871.—294, 556
Vauban, Sébastien le Prestre de (1633-1707) — French marshal, military engineer, criticised French system of taxation.— 429
Venedey, Jakob (1805-1871) —German radical journalist and politician; liberal after the 1848-49 revolution.— 19, 34, 367
Verlet, Henri (real name Place) — French journalist, Blanquist, member of the International.— 485, 556
Vermorel, Auguste Jean Marie (1841-1871) — French journalist, Proudhonist, editor of Le Courrier français (1866-67), Communard (1871).— 216, 233, 244, 553
Vésinier, Pierre (1824-1902) —French journalist, anti-Bonapartist, an organiser of the French Section of the International in London, delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Brussels Congress (1868), was expelled from the Central Council of the International for conducting a slanderous campaign against it in 1866 and from the International in 1868; Communard (1871).—43, 45, 60, 78, 91, 102, 174, 218
Victoria (1819-1901) —Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 367, 368
Vidal.—203
Vieweg, F.—Paris publisher.—138, 141, 150, 217
Villemessant, Jean Hippolyte Auguste Car-tier de (1812-1879) —French journalist, monarchist, publisher of Le Figaro (1854), flirted with Bonapartists during the Second Empire.— 553, 557
Virchow, Rudolf (1821-1902) —German naturalist and politician, founder of cellular pathology, opponent of Darwinism; a founder and leader of the Party of Progress.—12, 13
Vivanti, Anne—London acquaintance of Marx's daughter Jenny.—466
Vivenot, Alfred von (1836-1874) — Austrian historian, author of works on the history and foreign policy of Austria.— 442
Vogler, Carl Georg (born c. 1820) — German publisher and bookseller in Brussels.—137, 217
Vogt, August (c. 1830-c. 1883) — prominent in the German and American working-class movement; shoemaker; member of the Communist League, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; opposed Lassallean leaders of the General Association of German Workers, member of the International; emigrated to the USA in 1867, member of the New York Communist Club and an organiser of the International's sections in the USA; Corresponding Secretary of the General Council (1868-69); supporter of Marx and Engels.— 97, 98, 147-49, 184, 471-76
Vogt, Gustav (1829-1901) —Swiss lawyer, German by birth, pacifist, an organiser of the League of Peace and
Freedom; editor of Les États-Unis d'Europe (1867-70); Karl Vogt's brother.—161
Vogt, Karl (1817-1895) —German naturalist, vulgar materialist, petty-bourgeois democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left Wing) in 1848-49; one of the five imperial regents (June 1849); emigrated in 1849; later received subsidies from Napoleon III; slandered Marx and Engels.—11, 100, 103, 106, 113, 118, 119, 142, 159, 173, 179, 185, 189, 208, 210, 231, 248, 250, 353, 434 Voltaire (pen name of François Marie Arouet) (1694-1778)—French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlightenment.—131
W
Wachsmuth. Ernst Wilhelm Gottlieb (1784-1866) — German historian, professor in Leipzig, author of works on antiquity and history of Europe.— 515, 516 Waehry, Pierre—journeyman tailor, member of the Égalité editorial board, opposed Bakuninists.— 413
Wagener, Hermann (1815-1889) — German conservative journalist and politician, editor of the Neue Preußische Zeitung (1848-54); Privy Counsellor of Bismarck's government (1866-73); champion of Prussian 'state socialism'.— 255, 343
Wagner, Adolph (1835-1917) —German economist, armchair socialist.—527 Wakefield, Edward (1774-1854) — English statistician and agronomist.— 361, 362, 367, 374, 387, 388, 442, 477, 483
Walesrode, Ludwig Reinhold (pseudonym
Emil Wagner) (1810-1889) —German democratic journalist, published almanac Demokratische Studien (1860-61).—373
Ward, James Clifton (1843-1880) — English geologist, conducted geological explorations in Yorkshire (1865-69).—292
Ware, Sir James (1594-1666) — Irish historian and statesman, Auditor-General of Ireland (1632-49, 1660-66); author of works on the history of Ireland.—516, 517
Waterlow, Sydney Hudley (1822-1906) — British Liberal politician.—437
Watts, John (1818-1887) —English journalist, Utopian socialist, follower of Robert Owen; later Liberal.—182, 275 Weber, Josef Valentin (1814-1895) — German watch-maker, took part in the revolutionary movement in Baden (1848); in 1849 emigrated to Switzerland and then to London; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London.— 151, 155, 159, 174
Weber, Wilhelm—German watch-maker; Lassallean; refugee in New York (after 1864); President of the General Association of German Workers in New York (1866); Josef Valentin Weber's son.— 522
Weerth, Georg (1822-1856) —German proletarian poet and journalist, member of the Communist League, an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); friend of Marx and Engels.—35, 118, 389, 502, 547
Wehner,J. G.— German refugee in Manchester, Treasurer of the Schiller Institute in the 1860s; an acquaintance of Engels.— 221 Weiß, Guido (1822-1899) —German democratic journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; belonged to the Party of Progress (Left wing) in the 1860s; editor of the Berliner Reform (1863-66) and Die Zukunft (1867-71).—333, 369, 428, 479
Welcher, Karl Theodor (1790-1869) — German lawyer, liberal writer.— 511
Werner, Ernst—bookbinder in Leipzig, participant in the German working-class movement.— 350
Werner, Johann Peter—German lawyer, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848), belonged to the Left Centre.—253
West, Charles (1816-1898) —English physician, specialised in pediatrics.— 353, 355
Westbury—see Bethell, Richard, 1st Lord Westbury
Weston, John—prominent figure in the British working-class movement; carpenter, subsequently manufacturer; Owenite; attended the inaugural meeting of the International held at St. Martin's Hall (28 September 1864), member of the General Council of the International (1864-72); delegate to the London Conference (1865); member of the British Federal Council and of the Executive Committee of the Reform League, a leader of the Land and Labour League.—245, 376, 386
Weydemeyer, Joseph (1818-1866) — prominent figure in the German and American working-class movement; member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; editor of the Neue Deutsche Zeitung (1849-50); emigrated to the USA after the defeat of the revolution, took part in the US Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the Northerners; helped to propagate ideas and documents of the International in the USA; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 35, 97, 142, 502
Whaley, J. C.— prominent figure in the American working-class movement, President of the National Labour Union (1867).—58
Wigand, Otto (1795-1870) —German publisher and bookseller, owner of a firm in Leipzig which printed works by radical writers.— 276, 297
William I (1797-1888) —Prince of Prussia, Prince Regent (1858-61), King of Prussia (1861-88) and Emperor of Germany (1871-88).—19, 104
Williams,J.— see Marx Jenny
Willich, August (1810-1878) —Prussian officer, resigned from the army on account of his political views; member of the Communist League, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; a leader of the separatist group that split away from the Communist League in 1850; emigrated to the USA in 1853, took part in the US Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the Northerners.— 495
Wilhelm, Wilhelmchen—see Liebknecht Wilhelm
Winterbottom.—150
Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864) — German teacher, proletarian revolutionary; member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; took an active part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to Switzerland in the summer of 1849 and later to England; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—34, 35, 77, 210, 211, 312, 502
Y
Yor(c)k, Theodor (1830-1875) —prominent figure in the German working-class movement, carpenter, Lassallean; in 1869 left the General Associ-
Caliban—character in Shakespeare's The Tempest; half-man, half-monster.—10
Clare Vair de Voir—title character in Alfred Tennyson's poem; a heartless and arrogant aristocrat.— 275
Crispinus—character in Juvenal's Satire 4 . - 2 2 8
ation of German Workers and helped to organise the Social-Democratic Workers' Party, its Secretary in 1871-74.-242, 250
Young, Arthur (1741-1820) —English economist and writer on agriculture, supporter of the quantity theory of money.—361, 362, 388
Z
Zabicki, Antoni (c. 1810-1871) — a leader of the Polish national liberation movement; compositor; left Poland after 1831; participant in the Hungarian revolution of 1848-49; from 1851 a refugee in England; from 1863 published Glos Wolny— newspaper of the Polish democratic refugees; Secretary of the Polish National Committee; member of the General Council of the International (1866-71); Corresponding Secretary for Poland (1866-71).—347, 350
Zhukovski, Nikolai Ivanovich (1833-1895) — Russian anarchist, a refugee in Switzerland from 1862; member of the committee of the League of Peace and Freedom; a leader of the secret Bakuninist Alliance of Socialist Democracy.—193
Zitschke—one of Marx's creditors in London.—285
Zweiffel—Prussian official, Chief Public Prosecutor at Cologne; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Right wing) in 1848.—124
Eve (Bib.).—379, 382
Excelsior—title character in Longfellow's poem.— 275
Falstaff, Sir John—character in Shakespeare's tragedy King Henry IV and his comedy The Merry Wives of Wind-sor; a fat, sly braggart and jester.— 216, 507
INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES Holt, Felix— character in George Eliot's novel Felix Holt, the Radical.—292, 423
Gaudissart—character of Balsac's L'Illustre Gaudissart; successful travelling salesman.—85, 106, 108, 120, 121, 126, 219, 275, 363, 427, 430,436, 441, 531
Gudrun (Kudrun)— heroine of German epic and German medieval poem Gudrun (13th cent.).—295
Heineke—title character in a German folk song, parody on the so-called grobian literature (16th cent.). Heinzen's nickname.—522
Helen (Gr. Myth.) — daughter of Zeus and Leda, famous for her beauty.— 88
Jacob (Bib.)—traditional ancestor of the people of Israel.— 86
John Bull—title character in John Ar-buthnot's political satire The History of John Bull (1712); the name is used to personify England and Englishmen — 217, 225, 373, 392, 398, 429, 547, 562
Joseph (Bib.) — son of Jacob, sold by his brothers as a slave in Egypt where he became the Pharaoh's favourite because of his wisdom and beauty; his whole family moved to Egypt.— 86
Kobes I—title character of a satirical poem by Heine, a philistine; also nickname of Jakob Venedey (Kobes means Jakob in a dialect spoken in Cologne where Venedey was born).— 34
Mentor—character in Odyssey, adviser of Telemachus, Odysseus' son; an experienced and prudent adviser.— 112
Neptune (Neptunus) (Rom. Myth.) — god of the sea.— 512
Oerindur—character in A.G.A. Milli-ner's drama Die Schuld.— 231
Pater José (Frater José) — a character in Heine's satirical poem Disputation; a fanatical Christian monk.— 249
Rabbi Juda—a character in Heine's satirical poem Disputation; a fanatical rabbi.—249
Rameau—character in Diderot's Le Neveu de Rameau.— 263, 265
Robinson Crusoe—title character of Daniel Defoe's novel (1719). The name was later used to denote an individual isolated from society.— 379
Sigurd—hero of the Scandinavian epic Edda, Völsunga Saga; brave, mighty and noble warrior.— 295
Venus (Rom. Myth.) — goddess of love and beauty.— 512