Name Index
A
Abercom, James Hamilton, Duke of (1811-1885)—Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1866-68 and 1874-76).— 461, 463, 464
Acland, Sir Thomas—British radical, member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League in the 1860s.—464
Adams, Charles Francis (1807-1886)— American diplomat and politician, Republican, US envoy to London (1862-68).—49
Adolf (1817-1905)—Duke of Nassau (1839-66), Grand Duke of Luxem-bourg (1890-1905).—506
Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.) —Greek dramatist.— 568
Alaux, Jules Emile (1828-1903)—French journalist.—338, 340
Alcott, Louisa May (1832-1888) — American author of popular novels for young people.—370
Alexander I (1777-1825)—Emperor of Russia (1801-25).—282 Alexander II (1818-1881)—Emperor of Russia (1855-81).—38, 223, 282, 290, 374, 379 Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the
Great) (356-323 B.C.)—general and statesman.—290
Allen—English physician, doctor of the Marx family.—24, 51, 180, 183, 231, 233, 261, 262, 281, 283, 510
Allen, William Philip (1848-1867)— Irish Fenian, sentenced to death by an English court and executed.—474, 483, 492, 506
Andral, Gabriel (1797-1876)—French physician, professor of pathology and therapy, author of works on medicine.—26
Anne (1665-1714)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1702-14).—487
Annette, Carl Friedrich Theodor (1818-1872)—former Prussian artillery officer; member of the Communist League, a founder of the Cologne Workers' Association (1848); lieutenant-colonel in the Baden-Palatinate revolutionary army (1849); after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Switzerland and later to the USA; fought in the Civil War as colonel of the Northern Army.—40
Anrooij, Antonie Johannes Wouters van (1816-1893)—husband of Karl Marx's cousin Henriette Sophie Philips, physician in Zalt-Bommel.—48 Anrooij, Henriette Sophia van (Jettchen)
(née Henriette Sophie Philips) (1825-1902)—Karl Marx's cousin, daughter of Lion Philips, wife of Antonie van Anrooij.—48
Arago, Dominique François Jean (1786-1853)—French astronomer, physicist and mathematician, republican politician.—27
Arminius (Hermann) the Cheruscan (17 B.C.-A.D. 21)—leader of the resistance of Germanic tribes against Roman rule, annihilated a Roman army in the Teutoburg Woods in A.D. 9 . - 3 7 3
Augustus (Gaius Julius Caesar Oc-tavianus) (63 B.C.-A.D. 14)—Roman Emperor (27 B.C.-A.D. 14).—340
B
Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St Albans (1561-1626)—English philosopher, naturalist and historian.—388 Boer, Wilhelm (d. 1872)—German chemist and physicist.—27
Baines, Sir Edward (1800-1890)— English economist, Liberal M.P. (1859-74).—158
Bakunin, Mikhail (1814-1876)—Russian revolutionary and writer; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; one of the ideologists of Narodism and anarchism in later years; opposed Marxism in the First International.—18, 19, 140, 150,420, 434, 577, 582
Balzac, Honoré de (1799-1850)—French novelist.—348, 568
Bamberger, Ludwig (1823-1899)— German democratic journalist; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; émigré in France in the 1850s, in 1866 returned to Germany; later National-Liberal.—518, 581
Bangya, Jânos (Johann) (1817-1868)— Hungarian journalist and army officer; took part in the 1848-49 revolu-
tion in Hungary, after its defeat Kossuth's emissary abroad, and at the same time secret police agent; later served in the Turkish army under the name of Mehemed Bey.—118, 176, 191
Barnett—banker in Liverpool; went bankrupt in 1866.—281, 284
Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882)—German idealist philosopher, Young Hegelian; author of works on the history of Christianity; radical; National-Liberal after 1866.—549
Bauer, Edgar (1820-1886)—German journalist; Young Hegelian; emigrated to England after the 1848-49 revolution; Prussian official after the 1861 amnesty.—53, 166, 299
Beales, Edmond (1803-1881)—English lawyer, radical; President of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; supported the Northerners during the US Civil War; President of the Reform League (1865-69).—60, 92, 93, 109-10, 158, 300, 519
Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant (1818-1893)—American general, took part in the war against Mexico (1846-48); commanded Southern troops during the US Civil War.—21, 123
Bebel, August (1840-1913)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; turner; President of the Union of German Workers' Associations from 1867; member of the First International, deputy to the Reichstag (from 1867); a founder and leader of German Social-Democracy; fought Lassalleanism; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—348, 492, 515
Beck, John—English railway worker; witness for the prosecution at the Fenian trial in Manchester in November 1867.—462
Becher, Bernhard (1826-1891)—German journalist and historian; follower of Lassalle; President of the General Association of German Workers (1864-65), subsequently sided with the Eisenachers; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—3, 15, 30, 33, 36, 51, 57, 58, 65, 68, 75, 82, 90, 104, 114, 135, 139, 140, 152, 154, 158, 161, 165, 170, 174, 175-76, 179, 191, 203, 205, 532, 548, 566
Becker, Hermann Heinrich ('Red Becker') (1820-1885)—German lawyer and journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; from 1850 member of the Communist League; one of the accused at the Cologne Communist trial (1852), sentenced to five years' imprisonment; member of the Party of Progress in the 1860s; later National-Liberal; member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies (1862-66), then of the Reichstag (1867-74).—52, 53, 56, 75, 80, 94
Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-1886)— German revolutionary, participant in the democratic movemeni in Germany and Switzerland (1830s-40s) and in the 1848-49 revolution; organiser of the International's sections in Switzerland and Germany, delegate to the London Conference (1865) and all congresses of the International; editor of Der Vorbote (1866-71); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—30, 163, 190, 191, 202, 207, 213-15, 219, 221, 314-15, 358, 425, 428, 434, 450, 456, 548, 567, 568, 571-72, 577, 580-82
Beesly, Edward Spencer (1831-1915)— British historian and politician; radical, Positivist; professor at London University; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International at St Martin's Hall on 28 September 1864; took an active part in the movement for the electoral reform (1867); in 1870-71 supported the International and the Paris Commune; was on friendly terms with Marx.—55, 60, 162, 185, 283, 291, 407, 423, 433, 455, 512, 516, 518
Beethoven, Ludwig van (1770-1827)— German composer.—571
Béluze, Jean Pierre (1821-1908)— French petty-bourgeois socialist; cabinet-maker; follower of Cabet; director of the Crédit du Travail bank (1862-68); one of the founders of L'Association, organ of the co-operative movement; member of the International; subsequently left the working-class movement.—118
Bender, H.—bookseller in London, publisher of the Londoner Anzeiger (1864-67), organ of the German refugees.— 50, 63, 66, 81, 114, 130, 133-34, 214, 447
Benedek, Ludwig von (1804-1881)— Austrian general, Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian army during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.— 256, 263, 279, 288, 510, 517, 523
Bennigsen, Rudolf von (1824-1902)— German politician, advocate of Germany's unification under Prussia's supremacy; President of the National Association (1859-67); from 1867 leader of the National-Liberal Party (Right wing).—276, 340, 361
Berghaus, Heinrich (1797-1884)— German geographer and carto-grapher.—28
Berndes—German democrat, in the 1860s refugee in London.—151
Bemstorff, Albrecht, Count von (1809-1873)—Prussian diplomat, envoy to London (1854-61), Foreign Minister (1861-62), ambassador to London (1862-73).—355 Beta—see Bettziech, Heinrich
Bettziech, Heinrich (pen-name Beta) (1813-1876)—German democratic journalist; a refugee in London; follower of Gottfried Kinkel.—336, 447, 450
Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand, Count von (1809-1886)—Saxon and Austrian statesman, adherent of independence of small German states; held several ministerial posts in the Saxonian Government (1849-66); Foreign Minister (1866-71) and Chancellor (1867-71) of Austria-Hungary.—207, 349, 435
Beust, Friedrich von (1817-1899)— former Prussian army officer; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849), emigrated to Switzerland; member of a section of the International in Zurich; professor of pedagogics; participant in the Congress of the League of Peace and Freedom in Geneva (1867).—433
Bille, Carl Steen Andersen (1828-1898)— Danish journalist and politician; liberal; editor and owner of the Dagbladet (1851-72); member of the lower chamber of the Rigsdag.—6
Biscamp (Biskamp), Elard—German democratic journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated after the defeat of the revolution; member of the editorial board of Das Volk, organ of the German refugees in London published with Marx's collaboration.— 135
Bismarck-Schönhausen, Otto, Prince von (1815-1898)—statesman of Prussia and Germany, diplomat; representative of Prussia in the Federal Diet in Frankfurt am Main (1851-59); ambassador to St Petersburg (1859-62) and Paris (1862); Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-71 and 1873-90); Chancellor of the North German Confederation (1867-71) and of the German Empire (1871-90).—7, 38, 53, 69, 71, 75-76, 77, 82, 83, 89, 95, 96, 102-05, 111, 113, 124, 126, 161, 169, 179, 182, 201, 204, 208, 211, 217, 226, 229, 254, 255-57, 258, 263-67, 270, 272, 275, 278, 280, 281, 285, 288, 292-94, 296, 297, 302, 303, 306-07, 328, 338, 339, 340, 345, 349, 351, 352-55, 361, 364, 372, 373, 374, 380, 417, 421, 426, 435, 456, 460, 461, 462, 466, 480, 494, 498, 505, 506, 523, 537, 545, 560, 566
Blackburn, Colin, Baron (1813-1896)— English judge.—462, 466
Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis (1811-1882)— French petty-bourgeois socialist, historian; in 1848 member of the Provisional Government and President of the Luxembourg Commission; pursued a policy of conciliation with the bourgeoisie; emigrated to England in August 1848; a leader of the petty-bourgeois refugees in London.—32, 33, 55, 270, 420, 429
Blank, Emil—Frederick Engels' nephew, son of Karl Emil Blank.— 11, 337
Blank, Karl Emil (1817-1893)—German merchant; closely connected with socialist circles in the 1840s-50s; married Frederick Engels' sister Marie.— 11, 77, 79
Blank, Marie—Frederick Engels' niece, daughter of Karl Emil Blank.—11, 313
Blind, Friederike (née Ettlinger)—Karl Blind's wife.—31, 34, 35, 274
Blind, Johann Adam—Karl Blind's father, owner of a tavern in Mannheim.—33, 41
Blind, Karl (1826-1907)—German democratic journalist; took part in the revolutionary movement in Baden (1848-49); in the 1850s-early 1860s, a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in London; later National-Liberal.—27, 30, 31-38, 41-43, 44-46, 50-52, 56-57, 72, 78, 91, 97, 102, 107, 110, 115, 119, 120, 126, 129, 131, 134, 151, 182, 237, 273-74, 275, 278, 286, 380, 447, 518-19, 567, 581
Blind, Mathilde (née Cohen) (1841-1896)—English translator, author and poet; Karl Blind's adopted daughter.—35
Blum, Babette (c. 1791-1865)—Karl Marx's paternal aunt.—194
Bobczynski, Konstanty (b. 1817) — participant in the Polish uprising of 1863; then emigrated to London; member of the General Council of the International (1865-68), Corresponding Secretary for Poland (May-September 1866); took part in the London Conference (1865); left for Birmingham in 1866.—217, 250
Boelling, Friedrich (1816-1884)— German merchant; husband of Frederick Engels' sister Hedwig.— 11, 260
Böhme, Jacob (1575-1624)—German handicraftsman; pantheist philosopher.—476, 497
Bolleter, Heinrich—German refugee in London; owner of a restaurant where workers' meetings took place; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the Central Council of the International (November 1864 to 1865), took part in the London Conference (1865).—130, 278
Bolzig, von—captain of the Prussian Guards regiment.—374, 426
Bonaparte—see Napoleon III
Bonaparte, Eugene Louis Jean Joseph (1856-1879)—Napoleon Ill's son, got the title of Imperial Prince at his birth.—418
Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul (1822-1891)—son of Jérôme Bonaparte, cousin of Napoleon III; assumed the name of Jérôme after his elder brother's death (1847); known under the nicknames of Plon-Plon and the Red Prince.—76, 108, 208, 555
Borchardt, Louis—German physician, Engels' acquaintance in Manchester.—6, 20, 38, 63, 115, 116, 127, 534, 555
Borkheim, Sigismund Ludwig (1826-1885)—German democratic journalist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising, emigrated after its defeat; London merchant from 1851; was on friendly terms with
Marx and Engels.—113, 140, 284, 350, 389, 394, 397, 401, 417, 419, 432-33, 435-36, 437, 439-43, 445-46, 447, 448-49, 450, 452-53, 457, 476-77, 478, 484, 491, 497, 501, 513, 515-16, 519, 520, 526, 527, 539, 548, 552, 578, 581
Boustrapa—see Napoleon III
Bowring, Sir John (1792-1872)—British politician, linguist and man of letters; follower of Bentham; Free Trader, big colonial official in the 1850s.— 571
Bradlaugh, Charles (1833-1891)— English journalist and radical politician; editor of The National Reformer.— 239, 459, 464
Brass, August (1818-1876)—German journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to Switzerland; from the 1860s supported Bismarck; publisher of the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung; National-Liberal.—373, 394, 516
Breitschwert, Otto Ludwig (pseudonym L Otto) (1836-1890)—German Journalist; member of the Central Council of the International (1864), Corresponding Secretary for Spain (1866).—50
Brentano, Lorenz Peter (1813-1891)— Baden lawyer, democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; head of the Baden Provisional Government (1849); after defeat of the Baden-Palatinate uprising emigrated to Switzerland, then to the USA.—35
Bridges, John Henry (1832-1906)— English positivist philosopher; physician; contributed to The Commonwealth.— 283
Briggs, John (1785-1875)—British general; was in the service of the East India Company (1801-35); Free Trader; author and translator of works on India and Persia.—550
Bright, John (1811-1889)—English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and co-founder of the Anti-Corn Law League; leader of the Left wing of the Liberal Party from the early 1860s, held several ministerial posts.—15, 18, 44, 47, 71, 74, 130, 212, 253, 374
Bronner, Eduard—German physician; democrat; deputy to the Baden Constituent Assembly (1849); emigrated to England; supporter of Karl Blind.—32, 33, 41, 44, 51
Brown, John (1800-1859)—American farmer; took part in the Abolitionist movement, organised armed struggle against slave-owners in Kansas; tried to raise an uprising of Black slaves in Virginia in 1859; was put on trial and executed.— 474
Bruhn, Karl von (b. 1803) — German journalist; member of the Communist League, expelled from it in 1850; supported the Willich-Schapper group; editor of the Nordstern, a Lassallean paper in Hamburg (1861-66).—26, 57, 116, 117-18, 130, 135, 165
Bucher, Lothar (1817-1892)—Prussian official and journalist; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848; refugee in London, subsequendy National-Liberal and supporter of Bismarck.—30, 53, 166, 202, 350, 352, 497, 498, 566
Büchner, Ludwig (1824-1899)—German philosopher and naturalist, vulgar materialist; liberal; member of the International, delegate to the Lausanne Congress (1867); participant in the Congress of the League of Peace and Freedom in Geneva (1867).— 367-68, 433, 469
Buol-Schauenstein, Karl Ferdinand, Count von (1797-1865)—Austrian statesman and diplomat; envoy to St Petersburg (1848-50) and to London (1851-52), Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1852-59).—54
Bürgers, Heinrich (1820-1878)— German journalist; an editor of the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung; member of the Communist League, from 1850 member of its Central Authority; one of the accused at the Cologne Communist trial; later supported the Party of Progress; National-Liberal; editor of the Rheinische Zeitung in Düsseldorf.—112, 207, 221, 430, 471, 493, 498, 502, 529
Burns, Lizzie (Lizzy, Lydia) (1827-1878)—Irish working woman, took part in the Irish national liberation movement; Frederick Engels' second wife.—27, 53, 67, 91, 99, 148, 158, 160, 177, 179, 181, 185, 193, 194,205, 206, 208, 228, 237, 251, 254, 269, 283, 291, 301, 311, 341, 344, 357, 362, 374, 386, 389, 391, 394, 399, 408,448,455, 479, 495, 508, 517, 521, 559
Burns, Robert (1759-1796)—Scottish poet, democrat.—91
Burton—English house owner.—343
Butler, Benjamin Franklin (1818-1893)—American politician and general; a leader of the Left wing of the Republican Party; during the Civil War commanded the expeditionary Northern Army at the capture of New Orleans, military governor of New Orleans (1862).—199
C
Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar) (c. 100-44 B.C.)—Roman general and statesman.—185, 558
Card, Ioseph (Cwierczakiewicz, Jôsef) (1822-1869)—participant in the 1863 Polish uprising; journalist; emigre in Geneva; member of the International; co-editor of the Journal d'Association
Internationale des Travailleurs; delegate to the Geneva Congress (1866).—528, 532, 533, 580
Carey, Henry Charles (1793-1879)— American economist; advocated har-mony of class interests in capitalist society.—513, 514, 536, 544, 548
Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, Earl of (1831-1890)—British statesman; Conservative; Minister for Colonies (1866-67 and 1874-78).— 459
CarnoU Laiare Hippolyte (1801-1888)— French journalist and politician; member of the Provisional Government (1848); after 1851 a leader of the republican opposition to the Bonapartist regime.—47
Carpenter, William Benjamin (1813-1885)—English naturalist and physiologist.—571
Carrire—French emigre in London; professor of mathematics, physics and chemistry.— 304
Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina) (c. 108-62 B.C.)—Roman patrician, formed a conspiracy against aristocratic republic — 185
Cavaignac, Louis Eugène (1802-1857)— French general and politician, moderate republican; took part in the conquest of Algeria; War Minister of France from May 1848; directed the suppression of the June 1848 uprising; head . of the executive (from June to December 1848).—429
Chassepot, Antoine Alphonse (1833-1905)—French military inventor.— 426
Chaucer, Geoffrey (1340-1400)—English poet.—246
Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (106-43 B.C.)—Roman orator and statesman; philosopher.—136
Clarendon, George William Frederick Vil-liers, Earl of, Baron Hyde (1800-1870)—British statesman, Whig, later Liberal; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1847-52), Foreign Secretary (1853-58, 1865-66 and 1868-70).—282
Classen-Kappelmann, Johann (c. 1817-
1879)—Cologne manufacturer, town councillor in Cologne; member of the Party of Progress in the 1860s.—182, 185, 229
Clauren, Heinrich (literary pseudonym Carl Heun) (1771-1854)—German writer, author of sentimental novels.—513
Clément, Knut Jungbohn (1809-1873)— German historian and linguist, professor at Kiel University.—8
Cluseret, Gustave Paul (1823-1900)— French politician and military figure, took part in the Crimean war (1853-56), Garibaldi's campaigns in Italy (1860) and in the US Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the Northerners, became general; member of the International, sided with Bakuninists; military delegate of the Paris Commune (April 1871), after its suppression emigrated to Belgium.—496, 508, 520, 523
Cobden, Richard (1804-1865)—English manufacturer and politician; a leader of the Free Traders and co-founder of the Anti-Corn Law League, M.P.— 18, 74
Cohen—banker, first husband of Friederike Ettlinger (Blind by second marriage).— 31, 35
Cohen, Ferdinand (c. 1842-1866)— German student, Karl Blind's step-son; in 1866 made an unsuccessful attempt on Bismarck's life, committed suicide in prison.—35, 272, 273-74
Colcraft—a man who executed Irish Fenians Allen, Larkin and O'Brien in Manchester in 1867.—474
Collet, Collet Dobson—English radical journalist, editor and publisher .of The Free Press (1856-65) and from 1866 of The Diplomatic Review.—54, 370, 434
Colleville de—representative of the League of Peace and Freedom in London.—420
24-1196 Collins, William Wilky (1824-1889) — English writer.—336
Comte, Isidore Auguste François Marie
(1798-1857)—French philosopher and sociologist, founder of positivism.— 292
Connolly, Thomas—member of the Bricklayers' Society in the 1860s, reformist, member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League.— 154
Contzen, Karl Wilhelm—German economist, follower of Roscher; lecturer at Leipzig University in the 1860s.—477, 489, 527, 539 Cotta, Bernhard von (1808-1879)— German geologist.— 28
Cowper, William Francis, Baron Mount-Temple (1811-1888) —British statesman, M.P., held several posts in Liberal ministries.—374
Cremer, William Randall (1838-1908)— active participant in the British trade-union and pacifist movement, reformist; a founder of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (1860); member of the London Trades Council, the British National League for the Independence of Poland, the Land and Labour League; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International at St Martin's Hall on 28 September 1864, member of the General Council of the International and its General Secretary (1864-66), took part in the London Conference (1865), Geneva Congress (1866) of the International; member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; later Liberal M.P.—15, 16, 17, 55, 73, 130, 131, 148, 149, 158, 173, 249, 250, 252, 301, 314, 318, 424, 464, 519
Crespelle (or Crespel) — member of the French branch of the International in London where he upheld the Central Council's policy; member of the General Council of the International (1866-67).—214, 216
Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)—leader of the English Revolution, Lord Pro-tector of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1653.—486
Cuvier, Georges Leopold Chrétien Frédéric
Dagobert, baron de (1769-1832)— French naturalist, author of works on comparative anatomy, paleontology and the classification of animals.— 322, 323, 558
Cuza (Cusa), Alexander (1820-1873)— Romanian politician; as Alexander Johann I, Hospodar (1859-66) of the Danubian principalities, Moldavia and Wallachia, which formed a united Romanian state in 1862; was removed from power as a result of a reactionary plot (1866) and emigrated.—256
D
Dante, Alighieri (1265-1321)—Italian poet.—568
Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882)— English naturalist, founded the theory of natural selection.—127, 136, 304, 322, 323, 327, 494, 558, 571
Davis, Jefferson (1808-1889)—American politician, Democrat, big planter; took part in the US war against Mexico (1846-48); Secretary of War (1853-57); an organiser of the Southern slave-holders' revolt; President of the Confederate States of America (1861-65).—123
Deasy, Michael—a Fenian leader, in 1867 was arrested in Manchester and released by his supporters.—474
Dell, William—participant in the British workers' and democratic movement; interior decorator; member of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; took part in the inaugural meeting of the International at St Martin's Hall on 28 September 1864; member of the General Council of the International (1864-69) and its Treasurer (1865, 1866-67); took part in the London Conference (1865); a leader of the Reform League.—93, 110, 317
Demuth, Helene (Lenchen) (1820-1890)—housemaid and devoted friend of the Marx family.—63, 309, 376
Denis, Chateaugiron de—French journalist.—218, 223
Denis, Hector (1842-1913)—Belgian politician.—213, 223
Dénouai, Jules—French democrat; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International at St. Martin's Hall on 28 September 1864; member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65).—140
De Paepe, César (1841-1890)—Belgian socialist; compositor, subsequently physician; a founder of the Belgian section of the International (1865), member of the Belgian Federal Council, delegate to the London (1865) Conference, Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868), Basle (1869) congresses, and to the London (1871) Conference of the International; following the Hague Congress (1872) supported the Bakuninists for some time; a founder of the Belgian Workers' Party (1885).—191, 203-04
Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of (1799-1869)—British statesman, Tory leader, subsequently a leader of the Conservative Party; Prime Minister (1852, 1858-59 and 1866-68).—369, 374, 394, 474
Descartes (Latin: Cartesius), René (1596-1650)—French philosopher, mathematician and naturalist.—435
Dickson—English army officer; a leader of the Reform League in the 1860s.—464
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784)—French philosopher of the Enlightenment, atheist, leader of the Encyclopae-dists.—34, 568
Dietzgen, Joseph (1828-1888)—active participant in the German and international working-class movement; philosopher who independently arrived at dialectical materialism; member of the International, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), leather-maker.—473, 476, 497
Diogenes, Laertius (3rd cent.)—Greek historian of philosophy, compiled a large work on the ancient philosophers.— 373
Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881) — British statesman and writer, Tory leader, later leader of the Conservative Party, Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59 and 1866-68), Prime Minister (1868 and 1874-80).—48, 282, 300, 458, 468
Dollfus—family of Alsace big cotton manufacturers.— 552-53
Dollfus, Jean (1800-1887) —Alsace manufacturer; philanthropist; Mayor of Mulhouse.—550, 552
Donniges, Franz Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm von (1814-1872)—German historian and diplomat; Bavarian envoy to Switzerland (1862-64).—12
Dbnniges, Helene von (1845-1911) — daughter of Friedrich Wilhelm Don-niges; wife of the Romanian nobleman Racowiia.—12, 19, 31, 162, 211
Dresemann—editor of the Düsseldorfer Zeitung in the 1860s.—133
Dronke, Ernst (1822-1891)—German journalist; 'true socialist'; later member of the Communist League and an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; emigrated to England after the 1848-49 revolution; supporter of Marx and Engels, subsequently withdrew from politics and took up commerce.—140, 148, 158, 175, 198, 281, 284, 398, 399, 434, 438, 446
Dubois, L.—French journalist, socialist.—420
Duchinski, Franciszek (1817-1893)— Polish historian and ethnographer;
24* refugee in Paris after the 1830-31 uprising; author of several works on the history and ethnography of Poland and Eastern Slavs.—163, 164, 305
Duller, Eduard (1809-1853)—German poet and historian, author of historical novels.— 27
Duncker, Franz Gustav (1822-1888)— Berlin publisher and politician, member of the Party of Progress; founder and editor of the Volks-Zeitung.—328, 382, 384, 395, 543
Duncker, Friedrich Wilhelm August (b. 1797)—Prussian official, Police Superintendent in Berlin in the 1840s.—299
Duncker, Max (1811-1886)—German historian, professor in Halle and then in Tübingen; from 1859 Prussian government official; director of the Prussian state archives (1867-74).— 27
Dunning, Thomas J. (1799-1873)— British trade unionist and journalist, reformist; leader of the bookbinders' union; member of the London Trades Council.—159
Dupanloup, Félix Antoine Philibert (1802-1878)—French politician; a leader of the Catholic party; Bishop of Orleans (from 1849).—434, 460
Dupleix, François—French refugee in Switzerland; bookbinder; a founder and president of the French section of the International in Geneva; delegate to the London Conference (1865), Geneva (1866) and Lausanne (1867) congresses.—190, 214, 215, 315
Dupont, Eugène (c. 1831-1881)—active participant in the French and international working-class movement; musical instrument maker; took part in the June (1848) uprising in Paris; from 1862 on lived in London; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872), Corresponding Secretary for
France (1865-71), took part in the London Conference (1865), Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867) (its Chairman), Brussels (1868), and the Hague (1872) congresses, London Conference (1871); associate of Marx and Engels; joined the British Federal Council of the International (1872); moved to the USA in 1874.— 140, 144, 149, 196, 250, 318, 334, 416, 428, 516, 520
E
Eccarius, Johann Georg (John George) (1818-1889)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; tailor; member of the League of the Just and later of the Communist League; a leader of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, member of the General Council of the International (1864-72) and its General Secretary (1867-71), Corresponding Secretary for America (1870-72), delegate of all congresses and conferences of the International; follower of Marx; in the spring of 1872 joined reformist leaders of the British trade unions.—4, 15-17, 50, 74, 84, 90, 91, 101, 106, 107, 108, 114, 134, 150, 152, 163, 215, 219, 224, 249, 252-53, 255, 262, 314, 315, 339, 394, 416, 418, 420, 422, 423, 425, 428, 429, 433, 434, 438, 455, 456, 462, 519, 552
Eckardt, Ludwig (1827-1871)—Austrian democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Austria and Germany, emigrated to Switzerland; in 1865, a leader of the German People's Party and editor of the Deutsches Wochenblatt; opposed Germany's unification under Prussia's supremacy; returned to Austria in 1867.—198, 204
Egli, Johann Jakob (1825-1896)—Swiss geographer and teacher.—28, 188 Eichhoff, Albert—German publisher, brother of Karl Wilhelm Eichhoff— 542, 545
Eichhoff, Karl Wilhelm (1833-1895) — German socialist, Journalist; in 1859 exposed Stieber as a police spy in the press and was brought to trial for this; refugee in London (1861-66); member of the First International from 1868, and one of its first historians; member of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party from 1869.—152, 175, 178, 284, 349, 542, 545
Einhorn—see Horn, Eduard (Ignâcz)
Eisenbart, Johann Andreas (1661-1727)— German physician; prototype of the quack 'Doctor Eisenbart' in German folklore.—457
Elcho, Francis Wemyss Charteris Douglas, Lord (1818-1914)—British politician, Conservative M.P., opposed electoral reform in the 1860s.—300
Elizabeth I (1533-1603)—Queen of England (1558-1603).—486 Enfantin, Barthélémy Prosper (1796-1864)—French Utopian socialist, a disciple of Saint-Simon.— 218
Engel, Ernst (1821-1896)—German statistician, director of the Royal Prussian Statistical Bureau in Berlin (1860-82).—157, 361 Engels, Elisabeth Francisco Mauritzia (née van Haar) (1797-1873)— Frederick Engels' mother.—11, 192, 248, 261, 481 Engels, Emil (1828-1884)—Frederick Engels' brother.—312-13
Engels, Emma (née Croon) (b. 1834)— wife of Hermann Engels, Frederick Engels' brother.— 11
Engels, Hermann (1822-1905)— Frederick Engels' brother.—9-11, 247-48, 480-81
Engels, Rudolf (1831-1903)—Frederick
Engels' brother.—11, 61-62
Ermen, Anton Gottfried (1807-1886)—a
partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen 8c Engels.—248, 261, 481 Ermen, Franz Julius (b. 1840)—a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.—168 Ermen, Gottfried, Peter Jakob (1811-1899)—a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.—129, 192, 248, 260, 285, 363, 364, 381, 439, 451, 457, 481 Ermen, Peter (Pitt) Albertus Ermen (1800-1889)—a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.—260
Eulenburg, Friedrich Albrecht, Count von
(1815-1881)—Prussian statesman and diplomat, Minister of the Interior (1862-78).—302
Eves, Charles—author of popular school textbooks (mid-19th cent.).—246
Eynern, Ernst von (1838-1906)—German businessman and politician.—546, 548 Eyre, Edward John (1815-1901)—British official, Governor of Jamaica (1864-66), suppressed Negros' uprising in 1865.—208
F
Fallmerayer, Jakob Philipp (1790-1861)— German historian and traveller.— 548 Faucher, Julius (Jules) (1820-1878)— German economist and writer, Young Hegelian; advocate of free trade; refugee in England from 1850 till 1861 when he returned to Germany; member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies; member of the Party of Progress; National-Liberal from 1866.—104, 444, 467, 473, 490
Favre, Jules Gabriel Claude (1809-1880)—French lawyer and politician; a leader of the bourgeois republican opposition from the late 1850s; deputy to the Corps législatif (1860s); Foreign Minister (1870-71); together with Thiers headed the struggle against the Paris Commune; among others, inspired the struggle against the First International.—290, 429
Fazy, Jean Jacob (James) (1794-1878) — Swiss statesman and journalist; radical; head of government of the Geneva Canton (1846-53 and 1855-61); founder of the Swiss State Bank; pursued a pro-Bonapartist policy.— 63, 158, 185, 237
Fellner, Karl Konstanz Viktor (1807-1866)—German merchant and politician, last burgomaster of the free city of Frankfurt am Main (1866).—299
Ferdinand II (1810-1859)—King of the Two Sicilies (1830-59), nicknamed King Bomba for his bombardment of Messina in 1848.—292
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872)—German philosopher.—360, 520
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814)— German philosopher.—453
Fielden, John (1784-1849)—English manufacturer, philanthropist, propo-nent of factory legislation.—552
Figuier, Guillaume Louis (1819-1894)— French naturalist.— 27
Fontaine, Léon—Belgian journalist; participant in the democratic movement; Central Council's Corresponding Secretary pro tern for Belgium (1865), delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868) of the International.—144-45, 170-71
Fontana, Giuseppe P. (1840-1876) —took part in the 1848 revolution in Italy, then refugee; a leader of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the Central Council of the International (October 1864 to 1865); Corresponding Secretary for Italy (1864-65).—16-18, 110, 115, 140
Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837) — French Utopian socialist.— 287, 326, 559
Fowler, Thomas (1736-1801)—English pharmacist and physician.—225
Fox, Peter (André Peter Fox) (d. 1869)— journalist; active member of the British democratic and working-class movement; Positivist; a leader of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, member of the General Council of the International (1864-69), General Secretary of the Council (September-November 1866), Corresponding Secretary for America (1866-67); an editor of The Commonwealth (1866), member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League.—22, 23, 49, 54, 55, 131, 148, 149, 173, 199, 218, 224, 228, 230, 252, 269, 271, 278, 290, 291, 318, 434, 437, 464, 485, 516, 532, 536, 538, 548
Fraas, Karl Nikolaus (1810-1875)— German botanist and agronomist, professor in Munich.— 507, 510, 548, 559
Francis II (1836-1894) —King of Naples and Sicily (1859-60).—292
Francis Joseph I (1830-1916)—Emperor of Austria (1848-66), Emperor of Austria-Hungary (1867-1916).—54, 256
Frankenheim, Moritz Ludwig (1801-1869)—German physicist and philosopher.— 28
Frederick Charles, Prince of Prussia (1828-1885)—Prussian general, later field marshal-general; during the Danish war (1864) Commander-in-Chief of the Prussian and then Allied armies, commanded First Prussian Army in the Austro-Prussian war (1866).—8, 39, 121, 256, 263, 279, 365, 523
Frederick William IV (1795-1861)— King of Prussia (1840-61).—293, 374
Freiligrath, Ferdinand (1810-1876) — German revolutionary poet; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); member of the Communist League (1848-52); during emigration in London (1851-68) withdrew from revolutionary activity.—32, 33, 63, 72, 97, 151, 164, 185, 202, 208, 229-30, 237, 274, 275, 290, 362, 378, 385, 397, 398, 424, 430, 440, 447, 454, 472, 473, 513, 532, 542
Freiligrath, Ida (1817-1899)— Ferdinand Freiligrath's wife.—164, 378, 386, 472
Freiligrath, Käthe (Kätchen) (1845-1904) — Ferdinand Freiligrath's daughter.—164, 290, 425, 430
Fremont, John Charles (1813-1890)— American explorer and politician, belonged to the Left wing of the Republican Party, was nominated for the presidency in 1856; during the Civil War commanded Northern troops in Missouri (till November 1861) and West Virginia (1862).—51
Frenzel—a representative of opposition in the Prussian Chamber of Deputies in die 1860s, member of the Party of Progress.—333 Freytag, Gustav (1816-1895)—German dramatist and writer.—28
Fribourg, Ernest Edouard—active member in the French working-class movement; engraver, subsequently businessman; Right-wing Proudhonist; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall; a leader of the International's Paris section, delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866); in 1871 published the book L'Association internationale des travailleurs which was hostile to the International and the Paris Commune.—85, 109, 130, 149, 213, 263, 318
Friedländer, Max (1829-1872)—German democrat, member of the editorial boards of the Neue Oder-Zeitung and Die Presse, to which Marx contributed in the 1850s-60s; founder and editor
of the Neue Freie Presse (1864-72); Ferdinand Lassalle's cousin.—516
Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl (1831-1888)—Prussian Crown Prince, King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany under the name of Frederick III (1888); commanded Second Prussian Army in the Austro-Prussian war (1866).—279, 340, 510, 523
Fritzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1825-1905)—cigar-maker; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; a founder and leader of the General Association of German Workers; Lassallean; deputy to the North German Reichstag (1868-71); joined the Eisenachers in 1869.—161
Fuld, Salomon—lawyer in Frankfurt am Main.—194
Funke, Robert—businessman in Liverpool.—248, 312
G
Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882)— Italian revolutionary, democrat, chief organiser of the defence of the Roman Republic (April-July 1849), headed the Italian people's struggle for national independence and unification of the country (1850s-60s).—15, 16, 33-36, 44, 45, 47, 159, 281, 292, 365, 420, 435, 460, 496
Garnier-Pagès, Louis Antoine (1803-1878)—French politician, moderate republican; in 1848 member of the Provisional Government and Mayor of Paris; during the Second Empire deputy to the Corps législatif (1864-71).—47
Garrido y Tortosa, Fernando (1821-1883)—Spanish republican; Utopian socialist; author of works on the history of Spain.—28
Gathorne-Hardy, Gathorne (1814-1906)—British statesman, Conservative, Home Secretary (1867-68).— 474, 485 Geffcken, Friedrich Heinrich (1830-1896)—German diplomat and lawyer; Hanseatic envoy to London (1866-69).—355
Geib, August (1842-1879)—German bookseller in Hamburg, Social-Democrat; member of the General Association of German Workers; participant in the Eisenach Congress (1869) and a founder of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party.—495
Genta, Friedrich von (1764-1832)— Austrian statesman and writer; adviser and confidant of Metternich; Secretary at the Vienna Congress (1814-15) and congresses of the Holy Alliance.—478, 520
George II (1683-1760)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1727-60).—487
George V (1819-1878) —King of Hanover (1851-66).—298, 506, 536
Gerhardt, Charles Frederic (1816-1856)— French chemist.—385, 387
Giebel, Christoph Gottfried Andreas (1820-1881)—German zoologist and paleontologist.—28
Girardin, Emile de (1802-1881)— French journalist and politician; editor of La Presse (1836-66 with intervals) and La Liberté (1866-70); moderate republican during the 1848-49 revolution; deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1850-51); later Bonapartist, notorious for lack of principles in politics.—418, 424
Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898)— British statesman, Tory and later Peelite; leader of the Liberal Party in the latter half of the 19th century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55 and 1859-66), Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94).— 269, 374
Glais-Bizoin, Alexandre Olivier (1800-1877)—French lawyer and politician, moderate republican, deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49);
member of the Corps législatif in the 1860s.—290
Gneist, Heinrich Rudolf Hermann Friedrich von (1816-1895)—German lawyer and politician; professor at Berlin University; member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies (from 1858); representative of the liberal opposition in the early 1860s; National-Liberal from 1866.— 154
Goegg, Amand (1820-1897)—German democratic journalist, member of the Baden Provisional Government (1849); after the revolution emigrated; took part in pacifist activities of the League of Peace and Freedom; joined German Social-Democracy in the 1870s.—433, 517, 519, 541, 581, 582
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet.—25, 355, 356, 455, 504, 568
Goltz, Robert Heinrich Ludwig, Count von (1817-1869)—Prussian diplomat, ambassador to Paris (December 1862 to 1869).—293
Gorchakov, Alexander Mikhailovich, Prince (1798-1883)—Russian statesman and diplomat; ambassador to Vienna (1854-56), Minister for Foreign Affairs (1856-82).—506
Götz (Goetz), Ferdinand (1826-1915)— German physician and politician; in the 1860s member of the Party of Progress and later National-Liberal; deputy to the North German and German Reichstags.—489
Gounod, Charles François (1818-1893)— French composer.—571
Gracchus, Cornelia—mother of Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus.—244
Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius (153-121 B.C.)—tribune (123-122 B.C.) in ancient Rome; stood out for agrarian laws in the interests of the peasants; brother of Tiberius Gracchus.— 244 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (163-133 B.C.)—tribune (133 B.C.) in ancient Rome; stood out for agrarian laws in the interests of the peasants.—244
Grach—wife of Grach, banker in Trier.—244
Graff, Eberhard Gottlieb (1780-1841)— German philologist.—554
Grant, Ulysses Simpson (1822-1885)— American general and statesman; Republican, took part in the US Civil War (1861-65); from March 1864 Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Army, War Minister (1867-68), President of the USA (1869-77).—21, 39, 82, 121-123, 153
Greif—Prussian police officer, a chief of the Prussian secret service in London.—286
Grey, Sir George (1799-1882)—British statesman, Whig, Home Secretary (1846-52, 1855-58 and 1861-66) and Secretary for Colonial Affairs (1854-55).—155
Griesheim, Karl Gustav Julius von ( 1798-1854)—Prussian general and military writer.—303
Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Carl (1785-1863)—German philologist, author of a historical grammar of the German language and of folklore adap-tations; professor in Göttingen and then in Berlin; liberal.—69, 168, 173, 197, 373, 548, 558
Groote, Alfred (c. 1815-1878)—German politician and lawyer; member of the Party of Progress; member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies (1862-66).—176
Grossmith, John—took part in the British democratic and working-class movement, member of the Central Council of the International (November 1864 to 1865).—60
Grove, Sir William Robert (1811-1896)— English physicist and lawyer.—138
Grube, August Wilhelm (1816-1884)— German teacher.—28
Grübel—took part in the German working-class movement, member of the Communist League in Hamburg.—118
Grün, Karl Theodor Ferdinand (1817-1887)—German journalist; 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s; during the 1848-49 revolution participant in the democratic movement; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly; in 1850-61 émigré in Brussels; professor in Frankfurt am Main (1862-65), took part in the Geneva congress of the League of Peace and Freedom (1867); left for Vienna (1870).—24, 30, 433, 482, 505, 534, 540
Guhl, Ernst Karl (1819-1862)—German art critic, professor in Berlin.—28
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874)—French historian and statesman; virtually directed the home and foreign policy of France from 1840 to the February 1848 revolution; expressed the interests of the financial bourgeoisie.—530
Gumpert, Eduard (d. 1893)—German physician in Manchester, friend of Marx and Engels.—12, 27, 30, 56, 63, 72, 78, 107, 117, 157, 177, 178, 194, 225, 227, 230, 231, 233, 235, 236, 238, 266, 281, 283, 284, 289, 294, 304, 324, 332, 344, 378, 382, 418, 446, 503, 510, 517, 524, 528, 555
H
Habsburgs (or Hapsburgs) — dynasty of emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1273 to 1806 (with intervals), of Austria (1804-67) and of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).—258, 263, 300
Hall—notary in Manchester.—313
Hall, Carl Christian (1812-1888)— Danish statesman and politician, lawyer, deputy to the Rigstag, Prime Minister (1857-63).—183 Hancock, Ottilie—Karl Blind's daughter by second marriage.— 35
Handel, George Frederick (1685-1759) — German composer.—571
Hansen, N.P.—Danish tailor; member of the General Council of the International (December 1864 to 1867), participant in the London Conference (1865), Corresponding Secretary for Denmark (1866) and for Denmark and Holland (1867).—274
Hardee, William Joseph (1815-1873)— American general, took part in the Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the Southerners.—123
Hardy—see Gathorne-Hardy, Gathorne
Harkort, Friedrich Wilhelm (1793-1880)—German industrialist and liberal politician; member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies (till 1867); member of the Party of Progress.— 169
Harring, Harro Paul (1798-1870)— German radical writer; emigrated in 1828, lived in various countries of Europe and America, including the USA.—182
Harrison, Frederic (1831-1923)—British lawyer and historian; radical; Positivist; took part in the democratic movement in the 1860s.—60, 162, 185, 283, 291, 394, 407
Harting, Pieter (1812-1885)—Dutch naturalist.—28
Hatzfeldt (Hatzfeld), Sophie, Countess von (1805-1881) —friend and supporter of Lassalle.—5, 12, 19, 20, 24, 26, 30, 31-37, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 53, 56-57, 58, 71, 75, 78, 80, 82, 102, 103, 124, 126, 139, 140, 165, 175, 180, 181, 190, 191, 202, 336, 349, 415, 548, 553, 556
Haufe, Albert F.—German tailor; lived in London; member of the Central Council of the International (1866).—274
Hebel, Johann Peter (1760-1826) — German writer and poet.—188
Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz (1811-1881)—German democrat; a leader of the Baden republican uprising in April 1848, after its defeat emigrated to Switzerland and later to the USA.—32
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.—138, 184, 185, 232, 258, 292, 370, 376, 382, 385, 387, 388, 395, 453, 464, 513, 520, 522, 544, 556, 558, 568
Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—German revolutionary poet.—32, 52, 242, 245, 340, 386
Heintzmann, Alexis (born c. 1812) — Prussian lawyer; liberal; member of the Committee of Public Safety during the Elberfeld uprising (May 1849), later emigre in London; President of the London group of the National Association (1861).—151, 447
Heinzen, Karl Peter (1809-1880)— German radical journalist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising, emigrated to Switzerland, later to England and, in the autumn of 1850, to the USA.—26, 31, 34, 213, 556
Held, Friedrich Wilhelm Alexander (1813-1872)—German radical journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; editor of the Berlin radical Staatsbürger-Zeitung.—211
Hennessy, John Pope (1834-1891)—Irish politician, M.P., Conservative; in the early 1860s submitted to Parliament several moderate reforms for Ireland.—486
Heraclitus (c. 540-c. 480 B.C.)—Greek philosopher, a founder of dialectics.—129
Herbert, Auberon Edward William Molyneux (1838-1906) — British philosopher and politician, Liberal M.P. (1870-74); follower of Herbert Spencer.— 459
Herwegh, Emma (née Siegmund) (1817-
1904)—Georg Herwegh's wife.—12, 19, 24 Herwegh, Georg Friedrich (1817-1875)—German democratic poet, in the 1860s supported Lassalle.—12, 19, 29, 30, 120, 126, 140, 147 Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870)—Russian revolutionary democrat; materialist philosopher, journalist and writer; left Russia in 1847; from 1852 lived in England where he established Free Russian Press and published the periodical Polyarnaya Zvezda (Polar Star) and the newspaper Kolokol (The Bell).—213, 552, 577, 582 Hess, Moses (1812-1875)—German radical writer; one of the chief representatives of 'true socialism' in the mid-1840s; member of the Communist League, after its split belonged to the separatist Willich-Schapper group; Lassallean in the 1860s; took part in the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International.—3, 29, 30, 51, 65, 66, 68, 70, 75, 78, 80, 81, 83, 85, 89, 90, 95, 96, 115, 156, 157, 158, 190, 478, 483, 484, 487, 488, 528, 532, 533, 542, 567, 580
Hess, Sibylle (née Pesch) (1820-1903)— Moses Hess' wife.—150, 156
Heydt, August, Baron von der (1801-1874)—Prussian conservative statesman; Elberfeld banker; Minister of Trade, Industry and Public Works (December 1848 to 1862); Finance Minister (1862, June 1866-October 1869).—285
Heywood, Abel (1810-1893)—newspaper- and bookseller, active in the affairs of his native Manchester (Mayor in 1862-63); twice unsuccessful Liberal parliamentary candidate (1859, 1865).—168
Hilberg, Arnold—Austrian journalist, publisher and editor of the Internationale .Reim«.—216, 229, 464, 484, 516 Hildebrand (real name Beets, Nicolaas)
(1814-1903)—Dutch poet and writer.—242
Hildebrand, Bruno (1812-1878) — German economist and statistician; representative of historical school in political economy.—491-92
Hill—employee at the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels in the 1850s-60s.—252
Hirsch—Moses Hess' relative; contributed to Le Courrier français,—487
Hirsch, J. M.—treasurer in Erfurt; publisher of song-books.—417
Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus (1776-1822)—German writer.—230, 232, 233
Höfling, Eugen—German poet.—113
Hof mann, August Wilhelm von (1818-1892)—German chemist.—382, 385
Hofstetten, Johann Baptist von (d. 1887)—Bavarian army officer; Lassallean; member of the General Association of German Workers (1864-68); publisher and an editor of Der Social-Demokrat (1864-67).—495, 509, 529
Hohenzollems—dynasty of Brandenburg electors (1415-1701), Prussian kings (1701-1918) and German emperors (1871-1918).—105, 258, 263, 264, 302
Holloway, Thomas (1800-1883)— English patent-medicine vendor.— 120
Holtorp, Emile—Polish refugee in London; member of the Central Council of the International (October 1864 to 1866), Corresponding Secretary for Poland (1864-65), delegate to the London Conference of the International (1865), in 1866 joined the International Republican Committee set up by Mazzini.— 217, 278
Holyoake, George Jacob (1817-1906)— English journalist; prominent figure in the co-operative movement; reformist.—22, 300 Hood, John Bell (1831-1879)— American general, took part in the US Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the Southerners.—21, 39, 61
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65-8 B.C.)—Roman poet.—73, 250, 340 Horn, Eduard (Ignâcz) (real name Einhorn) (1825-1875)—Hungarian economist and journalist, democrat; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; from 1855 refugee in Paris; in the 1860s worked in L'Association and other French journals; returned to Hungary in 1869.—66, 76, 80, 85
Howell, George (1833-1910)—a reformist leader of the British trade unions; bricklayer; former Chartist; Secretary of the London Trades Council (1861-62), participant in the inaugural meeting of the International on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, member of the General Council of the International (October 1864 to 1869), delegate to the London Conference of the International (1865); Secretary of the Reform League.— 158, 224, 250 Huber, Victor Aimé (1800-1869)— German journalist and historian of literature; Conservative.—27
Hübner, Otto (1818-1877)—German economist and statistician; in 1849 founded the Central Statistical Archives in Berlin and became its director.—421, 422
Hughes, Thomas (1822-1896)—British politician and writer; Liberal M. P. (1865-74); took part in publishing The Workman's Advocate in the 1860s; author of Tom Brown's School-days (1856).—206
Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885)— French writer.—420
Hunter, Henry Julian—English physician, author of reports on the workers' dire living conditions.—301
Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895)— English naturalist, close associate of
Charles Darwin and populariser of his teaching.—284, 571
I
Imandt, Peter Joseph (1823-1897)— German teacher; took part in the 1848-49 revolution, member of the Communist League, emigrated to London in 1852, supporter of Marx and Engels.—431
Isabella II (1830-1904)—Queen of Spain (1833-68).—435
Izzy—see Lassalle, Ferdinand
J
Jacobi, Abraham (1830-1919)—German physician; member of the Communist League, one of the accused at the Cologne Communist trial (1852), acquitted; emigrated to the USA, took part in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners; professor and president of several medical establish-ments.—330, 377, 452
Jacobi, Johann (1805-1877)—German radical journalist and politician; a Left-wing leader in the Prussian National Assembly (1848), in 1862 member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies, founder of Die Zukunft; sided with Social-Democrats in the 1870s.—374
Jacobs, Friedrich Christian Wilhelm (1764-1847)—German philologist and historian of ancient literature.— 28
James, Edward (1807-1867)—British lawyer; Liberal M. P. (1865-67).— 168
Janison—notary in Manchester.—313
John (Johann) (1782-1859)—Archduke of Austria, Imperial Regent of Germany (June 1848-December 1849).— 87 Johnson, Andrew (1808-1875)— American statesman, Democrat, Senator (1858-62); supporter of the North in the Civil War; Vice-President (1864-April 1865) and President of the USA (1865-69), pursued a policy of compromise with the Southern planters.—150, 153, 159, 163, 167, 269, 334, 414
Johnston, Joseph Eggleston (1807-1891)— American general, during the Civil War commanded Southern troops in Virginia (1861-62), then in Tennessee and Mississippi.—153
Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-1869)— prominent figure in the English working-class movement; proletarian poet and journalist; leader of the Left-wing Chartists, took part in the work of the International in the 1860s; an organiser of the Reform movement; friend of Marx and Engels.—15, 30, 49, 62, 69, 74, 91, 93, 108, 112, 127, 130, 148, 149, 150, 155, 157, 168, 199, 365, 442, 466, 502, 503, 531
Jones, Mason—British radical, member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League in the 1860s.—158
Juch, Hermann—German democratic journalist, refugee in London, editor of the Hermann (from July 1859).— 15, 24, 33, 63, 130, 134, 378, 447
Jung, Georg Gottlob (1814-1886)— German democratic journalist, Young Hegelian, a publisher of the
Rheinische Zeitung, deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848.—8
Jung, Hermann (1830-1901)— prominent figure in the international and Swiss working-class movement; watchmaker; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Switzerland (November 1864 to 1872), Treasurer of the General Council (1871-72), participant in the London Conference (1865), Chairman of the Geneva (1866), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and of the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the British
Federal Council; supported Marx before the Hague Congress of 1872, later joined the reformists of the British trade unions.—55, 60-61, 131-32, 143, 148-49, 150, 191, 196, 200, 214, 250, 314, 485
Juta, Johann Carl (1824-1886)—Dutch bookseller in Cape Town, husband of Karl Marx's sister Luise.—115, 117, 194 Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis) (born c. A. D. 60-died after 127)—Roman satirical poet.—504
K
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)—German philosopher.—453
Kappell—priest in the German Luthe-ran Church in London.—24
Kaub (Kolb), Karl—German worker; a refugee in London and after 1865 in Paris; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the Central (General) Council of the International (November 1864 to 1865 and 1870-71), participated in the London Conference (1865).—191, 200, 254, 263
Kekulé von Stradonitz, Friedrich August (1829-1896)—German chemist.—387
Kell—Bradford manufacturer, radical.—283
Kelly, Thomas (born c. 1831)—a Fenian leader, in 1867 was arrested in Manchester and released by his supporters.—474 Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)—German astronomer.—185, 568
Kertbény, Kâroly Marie (real name Ben-kerf) (1824-1882)—Hungarian writer, liberal, was in contact with the participants in the 1848-49 revolution.— 527, 529, 531, 533
Kiesselbach, Wilhelm—German historian and sociologist.—28
King, P. St.—bookseller in London.— 401 Kinkel, Johann Gottfried (1815-1882)— German poet and democratic journalist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising, sentenced to life imprisonment by the Prussian court, in 1850 escaped and emigrated to London; leader of the petty-bourgeois refugees; opposed Marx and Engels.—24, 33, 48, 151, 177, 278, 283, 284, 296, 307, 336, 447
Kirkwood, Daniel (1814-1895)— American astronomer and mathematician.—184, 186, 187
Kiss, Miklés (1820-1902)—Hungarian army officer, democrat, refugee, Kossuth's agent in France and Italy.— 208
Klapka, György (Georg) (1820-1892)— general in the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49), emigrated in 1849; maintained contact with Bonapartist circles in the 1850s.— 158
Klein, Johann Jacob (c. 1818-c. 1896)— Cologne physician; member of the Communist League, one of the accused at the Cologne Communist trial (1852), acquitted; in the early 1860s took part in the German working-class movement.—112, 462
Klings, Karl (c. 1825-after 1874) — German metal-worker; member of the Communist League and then of the General Association of German Workers; emigrated to the United States (1865), took an active part in the Chicago section of the International.—3-4, 15, 20, 30, 51, 58, 75, 80, 82, 135, 152, 337
Klinke—German worker, refugee in London; member of the International, a leader of the 'Teutonia', a branch of the German Workers' Educational Society in London.—150 Klinker, A.—member of the International, a leader of the 'Teutonia', a branch of the German Workers' Educational Society in London.—150
Knowles, Alfred—cotton-manufacturer
in Manchester; went bankrupt in 1868.—168, 199
Knox, Alexander Andrew (1818-1891)— English journalist and police magistrate; member of a commission which reported to Parliament in 1867 on the treatment of political prisoners in British prisons — 300, 394
Kolatschek, Adolph (1821-1889)— Austrian journalist and politician, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848-49), democrat; publisher of the Stimmen der Zeit ( 1858-62) and founder of the newspaper Der Botschafter (1862).—141, 204
König—owner of a printing shop in Erfurt.—417
Kosel, Esther (c. 1786 - 1865) — Karl Marx's paternal aunt.—194, 251
Kossuth, Laps (1802-1894)—leader of the Hungarian national liberation movement; head of the revolutionary government (1848-49); after the defeat of the revolution emigrated first to Turkey and then to England and the USA.—123, 529
Kriege, Hermann (1820-1850)—German journalist, 'true socialist', founder and editor of the New York newspaper Der Volks-Tribun.—373
Kröker, Eduard—German merchant in London, Käthe Freiligrath's husband.—425
Kugelmann, Franziska (1858-c. 1930)—
Ludwig Kugelmann's daughter.— 360, 381, 395, 396, 450, 490, 497, 521, 522, 529, 544, 579
Kugelmann, Gertruda (b. 1839)— Ludwig Kugelmann's wife.—360, 369, 372, 380, 396, 443, 450, 469, 490, 497, 521-22, 529, 579
Kugelmann, Ludwig (1828-1902)— German physician; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; member of the First International, delegate to the Lausanne (1867) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the International; member of the Social-
Democratic Workers' Party from 1869; friend and regular correspondent of Marx and Engels.—45, 101, 105, 107, 112, 114, 117, 165, 203, 207, 214, 216, 220-21, 262, 272, 311-12, 325-30, 346-47, 358-62, 365, 366, 369, 371, 372, 376, 379-81, 389, 395, 396, 418, 427, 433, 438, 440-45, 449-50, 458, 461-62, 463, 467-70, 473, 477, 479, 480, 482, 489-93, 495, 496-501, 503, 505, 510, 511, 512, 518, 521-22, 527-29, 531, 536, 543, 551-53, 573-75, 577-79
L
Lafargue, François (1806-1870)—Paul Lafargue's father.—304, 310, 334-35, 395, 396, 502, 503, 542, 553, 579
Lafargue, Paul ( 1842-1911 )—prominent figure in the international and French working-class movement, member of the General Council of the International, Corresponding Secretary for Spain (1866-69), helped to organise the International's sections in France (1869-70), Spain and Portugal (1871-72), delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), a founder of the Workers' Party in France (1879); disciple and associate of Marx and Engels; husband of Marx's daughter Laura.—246, 250, 281, 283, 287, 303, 304, 307-09, 310, 313, 315, 316, 319, 331, 334, 335, 355, 376, 378, 383, 396, 407, 416, 424, 428, 429, 431, 434, 435, 436, 437, 446, 447, 453, 457, 463, 476, 484, 498, 502, 503, 512, 516, 524, 526, 532, 535, 540, 541, 542, 548, 550, 553, 576, 579
Lafargue, Virginie (b. 1803) — Paul Lafargue's mother.—335, 396, 579
Lama, Domenico—President of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London), participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65).—140
Lange, Friedrich Albert (1828-1875)— German philosopher, economist, neo-Kantian; member of the Standing Committee of the General Association of German Workers (1864-66), member of the International, delegate to the Lausanne Congress (1867).—116, 119, 127, 135, 138, 502
Lange, Ludwig (1825-1885)—German philologist and historian of ancient Rome.—27
Langiewicz, Maryan Melchior (1827-1887)—a Right-wing leader during the 1863 uprising in Poland; fled to Austria where he was arrested; in 1865 emigrated to England; was in contact with Mazzini's circles in London; later refugee in France and Turkey.—278
Lapinski Theophil (Lapinski, Teofil) (1827-1886)—Polish colonel, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; served in the Turkish army under the name of Tewfik Bey; headed a military expedition to help the Polish insurgents in 1863.—163
Laplace, Pierre Simon (1749-1827)— French astronomer, mathematician and physicist.—184, 187
Larkin, Michael (d. 1867)—an Irish Fenian, executed in Manchester for taking part in freeing Fenian leaders Kelly and Deasy in the autumn of
1867.—474, 483
Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864) — German journalist and lawyer, petty-bourgeois socialist; took part in the democratic movement in the Rhine Province (1848-49); founder of the General Association of German Workers and its first President (1863-64); an initiator of the oppor-tunist trend in the German Social-Democratic movement.—5, 12, 15, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 30-33, 34, 36-38, 41-42, 44, 46, 53, 57-58, 66, 69, 70-71, 75,77, 78, 80, 81, 87, 88-90, 96, 101-05, 107, 111, 114, 120, 124-27, 129, 134, 147, 158, 161, 165, 175, 176, 181, 190, 211, 266, 278, 282, 329, 379, 415, 417, 447, 493, 494, 516, 520, 526, 527, 532, 536, 548, 566, 567
Lau, Thaddäus (d. 1871)—German historian and teacher.—28
Laurent, Auguste (1807-1853)—French chemist.—385
Law, Harriet (1832-1897)—a leading figure in the atheist movement in England, member of the General Council (1867-72) and of the Manchester section of the International (1872).—396
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874)—French journalist and politician, a leader of the petty-bourgeois democrats, editor of La Réforme; Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assem-blies (1848), where he headed the Montagne Party; emigrated to England after the demonstration of 13 June 1849.—32, 33-34, 278
Lee, Robert Edward (1807-1870)— American general, took part in the war against Mexico (1846-48), during the US Civil War commanded Southern troops in Virginia (1862-65), Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate Army (February-April 1865).— 21, 39, 82, 113, 122, 123, 147 Lefort, Henry (1835-1917)—French lawyer, journalist, republican; member of L'Association's editorial board; took part in the preparations for the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall; dissociated himself from the International in March 1865.—85, 109, 118-19, 131, 140
Le Lubez, Victor (b. 1834) — French refugee in London, was connected with republican and radical elements in France and Britain; took part in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, member of the
Central Council of the International (1864-66), Corresponding Secretary for France (1864-65), participant in the London Conference of the International (1865); expelled from the Council by the Geneva Congress (1866) for intrigue and slander.—15-18, 49, 66, 74, 92, 108, 118, 130, 131, 132, 140, 149, 155, 158, 170, 212, 214, 216-18, 250, 318, 519
Le Prince de Beaumont, Jeanne Marie (1711-1780)—French authoress.— 242 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781)— German writer.—568
Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910)— prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, tailor; member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; prosecuted at the Cologne Communist trial in 1852; emigrated to London in 1856; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London and of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872), participant in the London Conference (1865), the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868), Basle (1869) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the International; member of the British Federal Council; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—94, 118, 229-30, 416, 424, 429, 477, 507, 571
Levy, Joseph Moses (1812-1888)— English journalist, a founder and publisher of The Daily Telegraph,—86
Lewes, George Henry (1817-1878)— English positivist philosopher, journalist, literary critic; editor of The Fortnightly Review (1865-66).—455, 512
Lewis, Leon—American journalist; in 1865, in London, was elected member of the Central Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for America, did not take part in the work of the Council.— 162 Liebieg, Johann, Baron von (1802-1870)—Austrian manufacturer.— 142
Liebig, Justus, Baron von (1803-1873)— German chemist.—227, 232, 507
Liebknecht, Alice (b. 1857)—Wilhelm Liebknecht's eldest daughter.—202 Liebknecht, Ernestine (d. 1867)— Wilhelm Liebknecht's first wife.—52, 80, 134, 176, 202, 262, 272, 370
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; participant in the 1848-49 revolution, member of the Communist League and of the International, delegate to the Basle Congress of the International (1869); deputy to the Reichstag from 1867; a founder and leader of the German Social-Democratic Party; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—12, 22, 24, 25, 26, 30, 52, 53, 58, 65-68, 75, 76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 88-90, 94, 95, 99, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107-08, 112, 119, 124-26, 129, 134, 139, 140, 141, 152, 160-61, 165, 166, 167, 175-76, 178, 180, 181-82, 189, 191, 198, 201-02, 214, 215, 218-19, 225, 261-62, 271-72, 278, 298, 310, 336, 346, 370, 430, 431, 433, 437, 444, 445, 448, 450, 456, 462, 463, 467, 468, 477, 479, 484, 488-89, 491, 492, 495, 499, 509, 511, 513, 515-16, 518, 522, 526, 527, 529, 534, 538, 539, 540, 542, 546, 552, 556, 565, 566
Limousin, Charles Mathieu (1840-1909)—French working-class leader; printer, later journalist; follower of Proudhon; Secretary of the Board of L'Association; a leader of the Paris section of the International; delegate to the London Conference (1865), took part in the co-operative movement; published several journals.— 109, 170
Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865)— American statesman, a leader of the Republican Party; President of the United States (1861-65); under pres-
sure from the masses carried out a number of bourgeois-democratic reforms during the Civil War, thus making possible the adoption of revolutionary methods of warfare; as-sassinated by a slave-owners' agent in April 1865.—10, 44, 48, 49, 51, 70, 73, 80, 86, 122, 150, 153, 161
Lippe, Leopold, Count zur (1815-1889) — Prussian statesman and lawyer, Public Prosecutor in Berlin (I860); Minister of Justice (1862-67).—427, 432, 506
List, Friedrich (1789-1846)—German economist, supporter of Protec-tionism.—536
Livy (Titus Livius) (59 B.C.-A.D. 17)—Roman historian.—17, 52, 295
Lizzie—see Burns, Lizzie (Lizzy, Lydia)
Locke, John (1632-1704)—English philosopher and economist.—388
Longstreet, James (1821-1904)— American general, took part in the Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the Southerners.—61
Longuet, Charles Félix César (1839-1903)—prominent figure in the French working-class movement; journalist; Proudhonist; member of the General Council of the International (1866-67 and 1871-72); Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (1866), delegate to the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and the Hague (1872) congresses and to the London Conference (1871); member of the Paris Commune; emigrated to England; subsequently joined the op-portunist group of Possibilists; married Marx's daughter Jenny.—213, 214, 216, 243, 250, 281
Larmier—acquaintance of Marx's family.—316, 438 Lormier, Marie—acquaintance of Marx's family.—231, 316
Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon III
Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)—Duke of Orleans, King of the French (1830-48).—274, 334, 368
'/.25-1196 Louis XV (1710-1774)—King of France (1715-74).—55
Lucraft, Benjamin (1809-1897)—a reformist leader of the British trade unions; furniture-maker; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, member of the General Council of the International (1864-71), delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International; member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; in 1871 refused to sign the General Council's address The Civil War in France and left the International.—290
Ludwig III (1806-1877)—Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt (1848-77).—298, 302
Lupus—see Wolff, Wilhelm
Luther, Martin (1483-1546)—German theologian and writer, prominent figure of the Reformation, founder of Protestantism (Lutheranism) in Germany.— 334
Lyell, Charles (1797-1875)—English chemist and geologist.— 73, 571
M
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron (1800-1859)—British historian and politician, Whig M.P.—28
McClellan, George Brinton (1826-1885)—American general, cham-pioned a compromise with the Confederacy; Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Army (November 1861-March 1862) and commander of the army on the Potomac (March-November 1862) during the US Civil War; candidate for the presidency (1864).—10
McCulloch, John Ramsay (1789-1864)— British economist, vulgarised David Ricardo's theory.—23, 186, 408
MacDonald—British army officer; in
September 1860 arrested in Bonn and put on trial on the charge of insubordination to the local authorities.— 24
Macdonald, Adelaide (born c. 1848)— took part in the Fenian movement, sentenced to five years of penal servitude in 1867.—492
Macleod, Henry Dunning (1821-1902) — Scottish economist, engaged mainly in elucidating the nature of credit.— 511, 543
Magendie, François (1783-1855)— French physician, professor of physiology and general therapy in Paris.—304
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)— English clergyman and economist; author of a theory of population.— 127, 136, 455
Marie (b. 1818)—Queen of Hanover (1851-66).—345
Marie de Saint-Georges, Alexandre Pierre Thomas Amable (1795-1870)—French lawyer and politician, moderate republican; in 1848 Minister of Public Works in the Provisional Government, then Minister of Justice in Cavaignac's government.—21
Markheim, Bertha (née Levy)—close acquaintance of Marx's family in 1854-6 5 . - 4 5
Marr, Wilhelm (1819-1904)—German journalist; a leader of the Young Germany, German refugees' secret society in Switzerland (1840s); publisher of the newspaper Beobachter an der Elbe in Hamburg (1865-66); Prussian police agent.—102, 379
Martin, Bon Louis Henri (1810-1883) — French historian and politician, republican; joined the International in
1865.—202
Martin, John (1812-1875)—Irish politician, participant in the national liberation movement, British M.P. (1871-75).—462 Martin, William (born c. 1832)—an Irish Fenian; official in Manchester; in the autumn of 1867 was convic-ted for taking part in freeing the Fenian leaders Kelly and Deasy.—462
Marx, Edgar (Musch) (1847-1855)—Karl Marx's son.—273 Marx, Eleanor (Tussy) (1855-1898)— Karl Marx's youngest daughter, took part in the British and international working-class movement.—63, 166-67, 181, 184, 230, 235, 246, 249, 313, 316-17, 318, 370, 375, 376, 381, 395-96, 406, 408, 416, 424, 427, 472, 490, 508, 513, 520, 522, 524, 526, 540, 541, 571, 572
Marx, Heinrich (1777-1838)—Karl Marx's father, lawyer and later Coun-sellor of Justice in Trier.— 557
Marx, Henriette (née Pressburg) (1787-1863)—Karl Marx's mother.—46
Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881)—Karl Marx's wife.—9, 20, 43, 50, 63, 64, 133, 134, 142, 153, 173, 184, 193, 205, 215, 226, 245, 246, 266, 271, 277, 307, 308, 314, 316, 331, 337, 362, 363, 376, 377, 378, 383, 385, 388, 395, 399, 402, 406, 427, 446, 457, 463, 484, 502, 503, 508, 521, 524, 526, 528, 540, 541, 542, 565, 567, 568-79, 580-82 Marx, Jenny (1844-1883)—Karl Marx's eldest daughter, took part in the international working-class movement.—62, 64, 149, 151, 181, 184, 186, 196, 197, 198, 240-41, 244, 249, 271, 291, 294, 313, 317, 361, 369-70, 376, 378, 395, 396, 406, 408, 416, 424, 427, 479, 492, 512, 515, 522, 524, 526, 540, 541, 567, 568
Marx, Laura (1845-1911)—Karl Marx's second daughter, married Paul Laf argue in 1868; active in the French working-class movement.— 23, 63, 150, 151, 181, 183, 184, 186, 193, 216, 244-46, 249, 271, 303, 306, 307, 309, 311, 313, 315, 316, 317, 330, 334, 335, 347, 351, 370, 375-76, 380, 395, 396, 406, 408, 416, 424, 427, 428, 432, 436, 470, 502, 503,
523, 525, 537, 538, 540, 542, 544, 551, 553, 554, 556, 568, 583
Massol, Marie Alexandre (1805-1875) — French journalist; Utopian socialist; friend of Proudhon; editor-in-chief of La Morale indépendante (1865-70).—66
Matzeratt, G.—German worker; participant in the 1848-49 revolution; in the 1850s-early 1860s a refugee in London, member of the German Workers' Educational Society there; later returned to Germany, member of the General Association of German Workers.—98
Maughan—British politician, Owenite, participant in the free-thinkers' movement.—459
Maurer, Georg Ludwig von (1790-1872)—German historian, studied the social system of ancient and medieval Germany.—547-49, 554, 557
Mayer, Karl (1819-1889)—German petty-bourgeois democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848-49), editor of the Stuttgart newspaper Der Beobachter in the 1860s.—43, 44, 51, 52, 493-95, 498, 500, 503
Mayer, Karl Friedrich Hartmann (1786-1870)—German lawyer and poet, representative of the Swabian school; father of the above.—52
Mayne, Sir Richard (1796-1868) — London Chief of Police from 1850.— 300
Mazade, Louis Charles Jean Robert de
(1821-1893)—French journalist, worked in Revue des deux Mondes.— 257 Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—Italian revolutionary, democrat, a leader of the Italian national liberation movement; headed the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic (1849); an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London (1850); when the Interna-
l s * tional was founded in 1864, tried to bring it under his influence.—16, 17, 20, 23, 32, 33, 110, 115, 140, 144, 162, 242, 243, 250, 278, 420, 424
Meagher, Thomas Francis (1823-1867)— leader of the Irish national liberation movement in the 1840s, a founder of the Irish Confederation (1847); in 1848 was arrested and sentenced to penal servitude for life for taking part in the preparation of an uprising; escaped in 1852, fled to the USA; during the US Civil War (1861-65) commanded the brigade of Irish volunteers that fought on the side of the Northerners.—486
Meissner, Otto Karl (1819-1902)— publisher in Hamburg, printed Marx's Capital and other works by Marx and Engels.—73, 78, 84, 99, 100, 107, 111, 112, 113, 116, 119, 133, 173, 174, 214, 219, 222, 226, 228, 328, 332, 336, 338, 343, 344, 348, 350, 352, 357, 358, 359, 362, 363, 364, 366, 367, 370, 371, 375, 379, 389, 391, 392, 407, 415, 420, 424, 426, 427, 432, 437, 439, 442, 444, 451, 458, 462, 463, 471, 472, 475, 477, 487, 489, 491, 498, 507, 509-10, 534, 540, 541, 542, 545, 546, 548, 556, 576
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Jakob Ludwig Felix (1809-1847)—German composer.—571
Menke, Theodor Heinrich—German statistician; member of the International; Ludwig Kugelmann's friend.—263, 395 Mensdorff-Pouilly, Alexander, Count (1813-1871)—Austrian general and statesman, Minister of the Imperial Court and Foreign Minister (1864-66).—54 Merkel—official in a statistical bureau in Hanover.—361
Metzner, Theodor (1830-1902)— prominent figure in the German working-class movement; shoemaker; a leader of the General Association of German Workers; fol-
lower of Wilhelm Liebknecht (from the mid-1860s), opposed Lassalleans; member of the International; from 1869 member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party.—180, 202, 215, 220, 261
Meyer, Gustav—a manufacturer in Bielefeld; acquaintance of Ludwig Kugelmann.—549, 552, 559
Meyer, Hermann (1821-1875)—leading figure in the German and American working-class movement; merchant, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to the USA in 1852; an organiser of the International's sections in St Louis; friend of Joseph Weydemeyer.—377, 451, 455, 537
Meyer, Julius (1817-1863)—Westphalian businessman and writer; 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s.—373
Meyer, Ludwig (1827-1900)—German psychiatrist.—360
Meyer, Sigrid (c. 1840-1872)— prominent figure in the German and American working-class movement; engineer; member of the General Association of German Workers; opposed Lassalleanism; member of the International; in 1866 emigrated to the USA, member of the New York Communist Club and an organiser of the International's sections in the USA; follower of Marx and Engels.— 202, 216, 220, 222, 261, 366-67, 415, 473, 541, 572-73
Miall, Edward (1809-1881)—English writer and radical politician, preacher of non-conformism, flirted with the Chartists in the 1840s; M.P. (1852-57, 1869-74); editor of The Nonconformist (1841-79), a publisher of The Commonwealth.—224, 255, 268, 280, 283
Michaelis, Otto (1826-1890)—German economist and journalist; from 1861 member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies; National-Liberal (from 1867); deputy to the North German Reichstag.—444, 467 Mignet, François Auguste Marie (1796-1884)—French historian.—28
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)—English economist and positivist philosopher.—162, 269, 394, 407, 536, 537
Miquel, Johannes von (1828-1901)— German lawyer, politician and finan-cier; member of the Communist League up to 1852; a founder of the National Association (1859), chief burgomaster of Osnabrück (1865-70, 1876-80), from 1867 a leader of the National-Liberals (Right wing), member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies, deputy to the North German Reichstag and later to the German Reichstag.—45, 102, 104, 112, 207, 221, 330, 373, 482, 499
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Victor Riqueti,
comte de (1749-1791)—leading figure in the French Revolution; constitutional monarchist.—103, 169, 435
Mohl, Moritz (1802-1888)—German economist; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (moderate Left wing).—490 Moilin, Jules Antoine (Tony) (1832-1871)—French physician and journalist, petty-bourgeois socialist; took part in the Paris Commune, shot by Versaillists.—310, 319, 320, 324, 325, 327, 335, 344
Moleschott, Jakob (1822-1893)—Dutch physiologist and philosopher, vulgar materialist; taught in Germany, Switzerland and Italy.— 28
Molière (real name Jean Baptiste Po-quelin) (1622-1673) —French dramat-ist.—290, 296
Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhardt, Count von (1800-1891)—Prussian military leader and writer; general, from 1871 field marshal-general; Chief of the Prussian (1857-71) and the Imperial (1871-88) General Staff.—520
Mommsen, Theodor (1817-1903) — German historian, author of works on the history of ancient Rome.— 27
Moore, Samuel (1838-1911)—English lawyer; member of the International; translated into English Volume One of Marx's Capital (in collaboration with Edward Aveling) and the Manifesto of the Communist Party; friend of Marx and Engels.—157, 168, 169, 182, 186, 317, 378, 386, 394, 409, 419, 453, 456, 459, 480, 499, 508, 555
Morley, Samuel (1809-1886)—English manufacturer and politician, Liberal M.P. (1865, 1868-85); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League in the 1860s.— 74
Moser, Justus (1720-1794)—German historian and politician, a founder of the conservative romantic trend in historiography.—207, 221, 547, 558
Moustier, Léonel Desle Marie François René, marquis de (1817-1869)— French diplomat, Minister for Foreign Affairs (1866-68).—462
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791)—Austrian composer.—571
Mozin (c. 1771-1840)—French clergy-man, philologist.—28
Müller, Johann Heinrich Jacob (1809-1875)—German physicist.—27
Münster, Georg Herbert (von Dorneburg),
Prince (1820-1902)—German diplomat, Hanover envoy to St Petersburg (1856-64); went over to Prussia's side in 1866.—520
Muraviov, Mikhail Nikolayevich, Count (1796-1866)—Russian statesman; appointed plenipotentiary Governor-General of Poland during the 1863 Polish uprising; nicknamed 'hang-man' for the cruel suppression of the uprising.—85
Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey (1792-1871)—English geologist, took part in the geological survey of European part of Russia and the Urals in the 1840s.—164
25-1196 N
Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—47, 55, 77, 124, 422, 524
Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873) —Napoleon I's nephew; President of the Second Republic (December 1848 to 1851), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—18, 38, 47, 55, 124, 130, 177, 182, 208, 211, 215, 216, 218, 242, 254, 256, 258, 263, 265, 269, 274, 276, 280, 282, 285, 288, 290-94, 296, 300, 302, 306, 307, 334, 338, 340, 341, 345, 346, 351, 352, 364, 365, 268, 374, 416, 418, 425, 438, 459, 462, 464, 466, 468, 473, 474, 520, 529, 537
Nebuchadrezzar (or Nebuchadnezzar) II (625-562 B.C.)—King of Babylon (604-562 B.C.).—54
Nélaton, Auguste (1807-1873)—French surgeon.—519
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)—English physicist, astronomer and mathematician, founder of classical mechan-ics.—185 Niemann, Albert (1831-1917)—German opera singer.—379
Nösselt, Friedrich August (1781-1850)— German teacher, author of textbooks on history, geography and German literature.— 27
Nothjung, Peter (1821-1866)—German tailor; member of the Cologne Workers' Association and of the Communist League, one of the accused at the Cologne Communist trial (1852).— 249
O
Oborski, Ludwik (1787-1873)—Polish colonel; took part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31; later emigrated to London, member of the Fraternal Democrats society; commanded a division in the Baden-Palatinate rev-
olutionary army (1849); member of the General Council of the International (1865-67); President of the Central London Section of the United Polish Exiles.—86
O'Brien, Michael (d. 1867)—Irish Fenian, executed in Manchester for taking part in freeing the Fenian leaders Kelly and Deasy in the autumn of 1867.—474, 483 Odger, George (1820-1877)—a reformist leader of the British trade unions, shoemaker; Secretary of the London Trades Council (1862-72), member of the British National League for the Independence of Poland, the Land and Labour League; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-71) and its President (1864-67); took part in the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; in 1871 refused to sign the General Council's address The Civil War in France, and left the Council.— 15, 16, 148, 149, 155, 158, 173, 250, 252, 314, 315, 318, 329, 424, 434, 519
O'Donovan Rossa, Jeremiah (1831-1915)—a leader of the Irish Fenians, publisher of The Irish People (1863-65), in 1865 sentenced to life imprisonment, amnestied in 1870 and emigrated to the USA; retired from political life in the 1880s.—394 O'Donovan Rossa, Mary J.—wife of Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa, organised the collection of funds for the families of the Fenian prisoners in 1865-66.—228, 394 Oppenheim—influential banking house established in Cologne since 1798.— 285 Orsini, Cesare—Italian refugee; member of the General Council of the International (1866-67), spread the International's ideas in the USA;
Felice Orsini's brother.—238, 242-43, 246, 250, 255, 259
Orsini, Felice (1819-1858)—Italian democrat, republican, a prominent figure in the struggle for Italy's national liberation and unification; executed for his attempt on the life of Napoleon III.—238, 242
Otto, L.—see Breitschwert, Otto Ludwig
Overbeck, Johannes Adolf (1826-1895)— German archaeologist.—28
Overstone, Samuel Jones Loyd, Baron (from 1860) (1796-1883)—English banker, economist, follower of the 'principle of money circulation' school.—186
Owen, Robert (1771-1858)—British Utopian socialist.—326, 552
P
Palmerston, Emily Mary (c. 1787-1869) (previously Countess Cowper)—wife of Henry John Temple Palmerston.— 374
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount (1784-1865)—British statesman, Tory, from 1830 Whig, Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58, 1859-65).—36, 44, 45, 208, 269, 394
Pasteur, Louis (1822-1895)—French microbiologist and chemist, founder of microbiology.—284
Pauli, Reinhold (1823-1882)—German historian, author of works on the history of Britain.— 28
Payne, A. H.—German publisher in Leipzig.—447
Petzler—German photographer, refugee in Manchester in the 1860s.— 98
Petzler, Johann (d. 1898)—German democrat, refugee in England in the 1850s-60s.—49, 94, 98
Philips—Dutch maternal relatives of Karl Marx.—538, 542, 545, 548
Philips, Antoinette (Nannette) (c. 1837-1885)—Karl Marx's cousin, Lion Philips' daughter; member of the Dutch section of the International.— 241-44, 567
Philips, Friedrich (Fritz)—Karl Marx's cousin; banker in Zalt-Bomme!.—48
Philips, Lion Benjamin (1794-1866) — Dutch merchant, maternal uncle of Karl Marx.—46-48, 243, 249, 341
Pieper, Friedrich Ludwig Wilhelm (1826-1899)—German philologist and journalist, member of the Communist League, refugee in London; was close to Marx and Engels in the 1850s.— 165 Pierre l'Ermite (c. 1050-1115)—French monk and preacher, headed peasants' volunteer corps during the First Crusade (1096-99).—452
Pigott, Richard (1828-1889)—Irish journalist, publisher of The Irishman (1865-79); sided with the British government in the 1880s.—550
Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) (1792-1878)—Pope (1846-78).—338, 460, 462
Platen-Hallermund, Adolf Ludwig Karl, Count von (1814-1889)—Hanover Minister for Foreign Affairs (1855-66); opposed unification of Germany under Prussia's hegemony.— 307
Plon-Plon—see Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul
Pollock, George D.—British army doctor; member of the commission which in 1867 submitted to Parliament a report on the treatment of the political prisoners in the English convict prisons.—394
Polo, Marco (1254-1324)—Italian traveller and writer, made expedition to China (1271-95).—28
Potter, George (1832-1893)—a reformist
25* leader of the British trade unions, carpenter; member of the London Trades Council and a leader of the Amalgamated Union of Building Workers; founder and publisher of The Bee-Hive Newspaper.—18, 50, 154, 155, 156, 169, 173, 253, 259, 424 Preller, Ludwig (1809-1861)—German philologist, studied ancient mythology.— 27
Prokesch-Osten, Anton, Count von (1795-1876)—Austrian diplomat, general and writer, envoy to Athens (1834-49), envoy (1855-67), then ambassador (1867-71) to Constantinople.— 464, 520
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)— French writer, economist and sociologist; a founder of anarchism.—67, 75, 102, 213, 218, 281, 287, 326, 368, 379, 455, 488, 557
Prutz, Robert Eduard (1816-1872)— German poet and historian of literature, liberal; publisher of the journal Deutsches Museum in Leipzig (1851-67).—484 Purdy, Frederick—English official.— 53
Puttkamer, Elisabeth von—daughter of Prussian statesman Robert von Puttkamer, Otto Bismarck's niece.—390
Pyat, Félix (1810-1889)—French journalist, playwright and politician, democrat; took part in the 1848 révolution; from 1849 refugee in Switzerland, Belgium and England; opposed Marx and the International's leadership making use of the French section in London; member of the Paris Commune (1871).—474, 516
Q
Quenstedt—Wilhelm Liebknecht's acquaintance.—202
Quinet, Edgar (1803-1875)—French politician and historian; took part in the 1848 revolution, refugee in 1852-70; anti-Bonapartist; participant in
the League of Peace and Freedom Congress in Geneva (1867).—435
R
Racowifa, Janko von (d. 1865)— Romanian nobleman; mortally wounded Lassalle in duel (1864).— 19, 20, 31, 69, 162, 211, 415
Rasch, Gustav (1825-1878)—German lawyer and journalist, democrat; took part in the 1848 revolution in Berlin, later refugee in Switzerland and France.—33, 34, 119, 397
Rattazzi, Urbano (1808-1873)—Italian statesman of liberal-monarchist trend; Minister of the Interior in the Kingdom of Sardinia (1855-58 and 1859-60), headed Italian government (1862 and 1867).—460
Rau, Karl Heinrich (1792-1870)— German economist.—444, 490, 491
Ravenstein—refugee in England; secretary of the Deutsche Freiheit und Einheit
society.—32
Reaumur, René Antoine Ferchault de (1683-1757)—French naturalist.— 170 Rebour—French inventor.—254
Reclus, Jean Jacques Elisée (1830-1905)— French geographer, sociologist and politician, theorist of anarchism; member of the International, editor of La Cooperation (1866-68), participant in the Paris Commune (1871).— 483, 487, 532, 533
Regnault, Elias Georges Soulange Oliva (1801-1868)—French historian and journalist, state official, Bonapartist.—163 Régnier, Mathurin (1573-1613)—French satirical poet.—453, 454 Reinach, Arnold (c. 1820-1870)— German democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution, emigrated to Switzerland.—63, 158, 164, 185, 208
Reincke, Peter Adolf (1818-1887)— German physician; member of the General Association of German Workers who was elected deputy to the North German Reichstag in 1867; expelled from the Association; in June 1868 relinquished his deputy powers.— 430
Reusche, Friedrich—German journalist; member of the General Association of German Workers, Lassallean, contributed to the Nordstern and Der Social-Demokrat (1864-65).—147, 548, 566-67
Reuter, Paul Julius, Baron (1816-1899)—founder of the Reuter telegraph agency in London (1851); German by birth.—267
Reybaud, Marie Roch Louis (1799-1879)—French writer and economist, liberal.—338, 340
Ricardo, David (1772-1823)—English economist.—137, 402, 457, 514, 543
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, duc de
(1585-1642) — French statesman during the period of absolutism, Car-dinal.—71
Richter, Eugen (1838-1906)—German politician, leader of the liberals (Left wing); a founder and leader of the party of free-thinkers.—211, 430
Richter, Heinrich Moriz Karl (b. 1841)— Austrian historian and journalist, liberal; professor at Vienna trade academy; worked in several Austrian newspapers.—512, 515, 518, 525, 537
Rimestad, Christian Vilhelm (1816-1879)—Danish teacher, politician and journalist, liberal; founder and leader of the Workers' Union (1860-79); editor of the Dags-Telegraphen (1864-75).—183
Ritter, Karl (1779-1859)—German geographer, professor at Berlin University.—28
Rittershaus, Emil (1834-1897)—German poet, democrat, belonged to the Party of Progress (Left wing) in the 1860s.—427, 433, 440, 471
Roberts, William R.—a leader of the Fenian movement in the USA, inspired an adventurist attempt of Fenians' invasion into Canada (May 1866) to arouse conflict between Britain and the USA.—485
Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de (1758-1794)—Jacobin leader in the French Revolution, head of the revolutionary government (1793-94).—71
Robin, Charles Philippe (1821-1885)— French anatomist.—283
Racket, August (d. 1876)—German musician, democratic journalist; took part in the 1849 Dresden uprising, sentenced to penal servitude for life, amnested in 1862; from mid-1866 was in the service of the Austrian government.—270
Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Johann Karl (1805-1875)—German economist and politician; leader of the Left Centre in the Prussian National Assembly during the 1848-49 revolution; later advocated 'state socialism'.—30, 54
Rode (Rohde) — German refugee in Liverpool.—152, 203, 281, 337, 338
Roesgen, Charles—employee in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.— 168, 192, 277, 451
Rogeard, Auguste Louis (1820-1896)— French democratic journalist, a founder and editor of La Rive gauche (1864); in 1865 was persecuted for his anti-Bonapartist pamphlet and emigrated to Belgium and then to Germany; a leader of the Paris Commune (1871).—216, 243
Rogers, James Edwin Thorold (1823-1890)—British historian and economist.—339, 340, 344
Roodhuizen, A.—pastor in Zalt-Bornmel, subsequently husband of Karl Marx's cousin Antoinette Philips.—242
Roon, Albrecht Theodor Emil, Count von (1803-1879)—Prussian statesman and military leader, War Minister (1859-
73) and Naval Minister (1861-71), field marshal-general from 1873, reorganised the Prussian army.—83, 154, 157
Röscher, Wilhelm Georg Friedrich (1817-1894)—German economist, founder of the historical trend in political economy.—406, 444, 467, 473, 477, 489, 490, 511, 514, 536, 537, 539, 544
Rost, Valentin Christian Friedrich (1790-1862)—German philologist.—28
Rothschilds—dynasty of bankers with branches in many European countries.—536
Rotteck, Karl Wenzeslaus Rodecker von
(1775-1840)—German historian and politician, liberal.— 33
Rückert, Friedrich (1788-1866)— German romantic poet and translator of Oriental poetry.—149
Ruge, Arnold (1802-1880)—German radical journalist and philosopher, Young Hegelian; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in England in the 1850s; became a National-Liberal after 1866.—72, 151, 296, 530
Russell, John Russell, Earl (1792-1878) — British statesman, Whig leader; Prime Minister (1846-52, 1865-66); Foreign Secretary (1852-53, 1859-65).—236, 269, 374
Rüstow, Friedrich Wilhelm (1821-1878)—German officer and military writer, democrat; refugee in Switzerland; Chief of Garibaldi's staff in 1860; Lassalle's friend.—12, 107, 120, 126, 129, 139, 140, 147, 365
S
Sawyer—house-owner in London.— 317, 319, 321, 343
Schaaffhausen, Hermann (1816-1893)— German anthropologist and physiologist.— 24
Schabelitz, Jacob Lukas (1827-1899)— Swiss publisher and bookseller, member of the Communist League, was connected with Marx and Engels in the late 1840s-early 1850s.—432, 449, 452
Schaible, Karl Heinrich (1824-1899)— German physician and democratic writer; participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, later emigrated to England.— 32, 33 Schapper, Karl (1812-1870)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, a leader of the League of the Just, member of the Central Authority of the Communist League, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; a leader of the separatist group during the split in the Communist League (1850); again drew close to Marx in 1856, member of the Central Council of the International (1865), participant in the London Conference of 1865.—294, 300, 522
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von
(1759-1805)—German poet, dramat-ist, historian and philosopher.—12, 27, 53, 103, 242, 299
Schilling Carl—German compositor; member of the General Association of German Workers, opposed its leaders; member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party (from 1869).—176, 179, 180, 181
Schily, Victor (1810-1875)—German lawyer, democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, emigrated to France; member of the First International, delegate to the London Conference of 1865; Marx's friend.—66, 70, 80, 85, 108, 115, 118, 127, 130, 131, 150, 154, 155, 156, 163, 478, 483, 487, 488, 528, 532, 533, 580, 581 Schimmelpfennig, Alexander (1824-1865)—Prussian army officer, democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; belonged to the separatist Willich-Schapper group; later emigrated to the USA, fought in the US Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—125
Schleiden, Matthias Jakob (1804-1881)— German botanist.—27
Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph (1776-1861)—German historian.—27
Schmalhausen, Caroline—daughter of Marx's sister Sophie.—115, 128
Schmalhausen, Sophie (1816-1883)—Karl Marx's sister.—115
Schmeller, Johann Andreas (1785-1852)—German philologist, professor at Munich University.—554
Schmulewitsch (Chmoulevitch), Jakob S. (b. 1841)—Russian physiologist, student in several German and French universities.—510
Schaler, Caroline (1819-1891)—teacher in Cologne, friend of the Marx family.—181, 385 Schümann, Georg Friedrich (1793-1879)—German philologist and historian of ancient Greece.—27
Schönbein, Christian Friedrich (1799-1868)—German chemist, professor at Basle University.—227, 232
Schorlemmer, Carl (1834-1892)— German organic chemist, professor in Manchestei ; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—117, 378, 383, 387, 402, 418, 459, 469, 478, 480, 485, 495, 507, 508, 510, 517, 518, 536, 560, 581, 582
Schramm, Rudolf (1813-1882)—German journalist, petty-bourgeois democrat, deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848, after the revolution emigrated to England; supported Bismarck in the 1860s.— 53, 102 Schraps, R.—German lawyer, democrat, deputy to the North German Reichstag from Saxony.—348
Schulze-Delitzsch, Franz Hermann (1808-1883)—German economist, liberal politician, advocated unification of
Germany under Prussia's supremacy, a founder of the National Association (1859) and leader of the Party of Progress, sought to divert workers from revolutionary struggle by organising co-operative societies.—15, 104, 211, 221, 424, 435, 492, 493, 532
Schurz, Karl (1829-1906)—German petty-bourgeois democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland and in 1852 to the USA, fought in the US Civil War on the side of the Northerners, later US statesman.—40, 537
Schütz, Jacob Friedrich (1813-1877)— German democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, representative of the Baden Provisional Government in Paris; later a refugee in England, Switzerland and America.—35
Schwabe—merchant in Manchester.— 534 Schwabe—wife of the above.—534
Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von (1833-1875)—German lawyer, a Lassallean leader; editor of Der Social-Demokrat (1864-67); President of the General Association of German Workers (1867-71); supported unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy; opposed the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; expelled from the General Association for his contacts with the Prussian authorities (1872).—22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 40, 64-65, 66, 75, 78, 80, 82, 83, 89, 94-95, 99, 102, 104, 106, 107-08, 114, 120, 124, 126, 128-30, 133, 134, 152, 156, 169-70, 205, 349, 417, 426, 430, 450, 495, 553, 556
Scott, Sir Walter (1771-1832)—Scottish
poet and novelist.—234 Seebach, Albin Leo, Baron von (1811-
1884)—Saxon diplomat, envoy to Paris (1852-70).—349 Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp (1818-1865)— Hungarian gynaecologist, professor in Vienna and Budapest.— 360 Senior, Nassau William (1790-1864)— English economist, vulgarised Ricardo's theory, opposed the shortening of the working day.—391, 392
Seubert, Adolf Friedrich (1819-1890)— official in the War Ministry in Württemberg and writer, acquaintance of Ludwig Kugelmann, helped him in publishing Engels' reviews of Volume One of Marx's Capital.—500, 511, 512
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of (1801-1885)—British politician, head of parliamentary group of the Tory philanthropists in the 1840s, from 1847 a Whig.—374
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)— English dramatist and poet.—35, 177, 378, 568
Shaw, Robert (d. 1869)—a leader of the British working-class movement, house-painter, participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, member of the General Council of the International (1864-69), Treasurer of the Council (1867-68), Corresponding Secretary for America (1867-69), delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Brussels Congress (1868) of the International.—459
Sherman, William Tecumseh (1820-1891)—American general and politician, took part in the Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the Northerners; Commander-in-Chief of the US army (1869-84).—39, 53, 61, 113, 121-23
Sidney (or Sydney), Algernon (1622-1683)—British politician, took part in the Civil War (1642-48) on the side of the Parliament, member of the revolutionary tribunal.—273
Siebel, Carl (1836-1868)—German poet; helped to propagate works by Marx and Engels, Volume One of Marx's Capital in particular; Engels' distant relative.—4, 58, 75, 78, 79,
83, 84, 108, 111-12, 113-14, 116, 119, 120, 126, 127, 175, 363, 426, 427, 433, 440, 445, 451, 456, 461, 465, 471, 472, 475, 476, 492, 493, 498, 502, 503, 507, 509, 518, 529
Siebold, Eduard Kaspar Jakob von (1801-1861)—German gynaecologist, professor in Göttingen.—360
Siebold, P. F.—German democrat; acquaintance of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels.—78
Sigel, Franz (1824-1902)—Baden army officer; petty-bourgeois democrat; Commander-in-Chief (1849), then deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Baden-Palatinate revolutionary army; refugee in Switzerland, England and (from 1852) in the USA; fought in the US Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—40
Simon, Jules François Simon Suisse (1814-1896)—French statesman and idealist philosopher; moderate republican; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49); member of the Corps législatif, Minister of Public Education in the government of National Defence and in Thiers' Government (1870-73); an instigator of struggle against the Paris Commune; Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1876-77).—66, 356
Simon, Ludwig (1810-1872)—German lawyer; democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; emigrated to Switzerland; participant in the Congress of the League of Peace and Freedom in Geneva in 1867.—365, 433
Simson, Martin Eduard Sigismund von (1810-1899)—Prussian politician and lawyer; in 1848-49 deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre); President of the North German and German Reichstags (1867-74), National-Liberal.—444
Smith, Adam (1723-1790)—Scottish economist.—186, 514 Smith, Sir William (1813-1893)— English philologist.—28
Snider, Jacob (d. 1866)—American inventor of a breech-loading rifle.— 291, 303
Sonnemann, Leopold ( 1831 -1909)— German politician and journalist, a founder of the National Association (1859); in the 1860s took the stand of South German Federalists; supported the working-class movement.—80
Spartacus (d. 71 B.C.)—Roman gla-diator, leader of the slave revolt in Rome (73-71 B.C.).—568
Spruner von Men, Karl (1803-1892)— German historian and carto-grapher.—28
Stalder, Franz Josef (1757-1833)—Swiss philologist.—554
Stanley, Edward Henry, 15th Earl of Derby (1826-1893)—British statesman, Tory; Conservative in the 1860s-70s, then Liberal; Colonial Secretary (1858, 1882-85) and Secretary of State for India (1858-59), Foreign Secretary (1866-68, 1874-78); son of the Tory leader Edward Derby.— 341, 394
Stein, Lorenz von (1815-1890)—German lawyer, historian and economist, author of works on the socialist movement, advocate of 'social monarchy*.—513
Steinmetz, Karl Friedrich von (1796-1877)—Prussian general, field marshal-general from 1871, took part in the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—523
Steinthal—owner of a trading firm in Manchester.—127, 128
Steinthal—wife of the above.—534
Stephens, James (1825-1901)—Irish revolutionary, a founder and leader of the Fenian organisation; in 1866 emigrated to the USA.—338, 485
Stepney, Cowell William Frederick (1820-
1872)—active participant in the British working-class movement, member of the General Council of the International (1866-72) and its Treasurer (1868-70), delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and the London Conference (1871), member of the British Federal Council (1872).—459
Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882)—Prussian police officer, chief of the Prussian political police (1850-60), an organiser of and chief witness for the prosecution at the Cologne Communist trial (1852), chief of military police during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—118, 286, 299, 346, 347, 349, 361
StieUr, Adolf (1775-1836)—German cartographer.—28
Stirner, Max (real name Schmidt, Johann
Caspar) (1806-1856)—German Young Hegelian philosopher, an ideologist of individualism and anarchism.—287, 373
Strohn, Eugen (d. 1868)—Wilhelm Strohn's brother.—357
Strohn, Wilhelm—member of the Communist League, a friend of Marx and Engels, refugee in Bradford.—72, 78, 85, 107, 177, 179, 193, 357, 431, 438, 446, 515, 525
Struve, Gustav von (1805-1870)— German democratic journalist, a • leader of the Baden uprisings in 1848 and of the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in England; fought in the US Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the Northerners.—33, 35, 119, 397, 540
Stumpf, Paul (1826-1912)—German mechanic; member of the German Workers' Society in Brussels (1847), member of the Communist League, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; member of the First International, delegate to the Lausanne Congress (1867), member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party.— 165, 198, 202, 214, 290, 298, 299, 433, 443, 445, 498, 502 Sullivan, Alexander Martin (1830-1884)—Irish politician, owner of the Irish newspaper The Weekly News, came out in defence of the Fenians.—550
Sutherland, George Granville William Leveson-Gower, Duke of (1828-1892) — British aristocrat, M.P. (1852-61).— 33 Swan, Daniel—English ribbon-weaver; member of the International, delegate from Coventry to the Lausanne Congress (1867).—416
Swift, Jonathan (1667-1745)—Irish satirist, wrote in English.—376
Szemere, Bertalan (1812-1869)— Hungarian politician and journalist; Minister of the Interior (1848) and head of the revolutionary government (1849); emigrated after the defeat of the revolution.—529
Sznayde, Franz (1790-1850)— participant in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31; general of the Baden-Palatinate insurgent army in 1849.— 123
T
Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (c. 55-c. 120)—Roman historian and orator.—558
Taylor, Peter Alfred (1819-1891)— British politician, radical, M.P.—92, 110
Tenge, Thérèse (née Bolongaro-Crevenna) (born c. 1833) — wife of Westphalian landowner Tenge-Ritberg, Hanover acquaintance of Kugelmann's family.—369, 375, 396
Terence (Publius Terentius Afer) (c. 190-159 B.C.)—Roman writer of com-edies.—52, 498, 520, 568
Ternaux, Louis Mortimer (1808-1871)— French politician and historian.— 27
Thackeray, William Makepeace (1811-1863)—English writer.—246
Thiers, Louis Adolphe (I797-1877)— French historian and statesman, Prime Minister (1836, 1840), deputy to the Constituent (1848) and Legislative (1849-51) Assemblies; head of the Orleanists after 1848; organised the suppression of the Paris Commune (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73).—274, 290
Thimm, Franz—bookseller in Manchester.—136, 477
Thorbecke, Johann Rudolph (1798-1872) — Netherlandish statesman, leader of the Libera] Party, head of the government (1849-53, 1862-66 and 1871-72).—243
Thornton, William Thomas (1813-1880)—British economist, follower of John Stuart Mill.—455
Thouvenel, Edouard Antoine (1818-1866)—French statesman and diplomat, Bonapartist; Foreign Minister (1852, 1860-62).—208
Thiinen, Johann Heinrich von (1783-1850)—German economist, engaged in agricultural economies.—522, 543
Tolain, Henri Louis (1828-1897)— prominent figure in the French working-class movement, engraver; Right-wing Proudhonist; participant in the inaugural meeting held in St Martin's Hall on 28 September 1864; a leader of the Paris section of the International, delegate to the London Conference (1865), Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International; deputy to the National Assembly, after 4 September 1870; went over to the side of the Versail-lists during the Paris Commune, was expelled from the International in April 1871; subsequently a senator.— 3, 15, 47, 66, 85, 109, 130, 213, 263, 318
Townshend, Marquis—British politician, Tory, an organiser and treasurer of the British National League for the Independence of Poland.—66, 93, 109
Trhnaux, Pierre (b. 1818)—French naturalist.—304, 306, 309, 320, 322-24
Trübner, Nikolaus (1817-1884)— German bookseller and publisher in London.—151
Tschudi, Friedrich von (1820-1886)— Swiss zoologist, agronomist and politician.—28
Tupper, Martin Farquhar (1810-1889)— English poet, author of trivial moralistic poems.— 568
Tussy—see Marx, Eleanor
Twesten, Karl (1820-1870)—German politician, lawyer, represented liberal opposition in the Prussian Chamber of Deputies (from 1861); a leader of I he Party of Progress; a founder of the National-Liberal Party (1866).— 333
Tyndall, John (1820-1893)—English physicist.—67, 91, 117, 212, 571
U
Ulmer, Johann—German tailor; member of the Communist League, refugee in London from the early 1850s; supporter of Marx and Engels.—230
Urquhart, David (1805-1877)—British diplomat, writer and politician; Tur-cophile; Tory M. P. (1847-52), opposed Palmerston's policy; founder and editor of The Free Press (1855-77) renamed The Diplomatic Review in 1866.—19, 54, 154, 183, 349, 434, 465, 508, 510, 520, 547
Usedom, Karl Georg Ludwig Guido, Count
von (1805-1884)—Prussian diplomat, ambassador to Italy (1863-69).—460, 466
V
Venedey, Jakob (1805-1871)—German radical journalist and politician; liberal after the 1848-49 revolution, opposed unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy.—488
Ver morel, Auguste Jean Marie (1841-1871)—French journalist, Proudhonist, editor of Le Courrier français (1866-67), member of the Paris Commune (1871).—413-14, 420, 422, 425, 428
Véron, Louis Desire (1798-1867)— French journalist and politician, Or-leanist until 1848, then Bonapartist; owner of Le Constitutionnel (1844-52).—445
Vésinier, Pierre (1824-1902)—French journalist, anti-Bonapartist, an organiser of the French section of the International in London, delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Brussels Congress (1868); was expelled from the Central Council of the International for conducting a slanderous campaign against it (1866) and in 1868 expelled from the International; member of the Paris Commune (1871).—200, 213, 214, 216, 218, 250, 259
Victor Emmanuel II (Vittorio Emanuele) (1820-1878) —King of Piedmont (Sardinia) (1849-61), King of Italy (1861-78).—277, 291-92, 457, 459
Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 458, 475
Vinçard, Pierre Denis (1820-1882)— French engraver, journalist, participant in the 1848 revolution; active in the co-operative movement, wrote several works on the condition of the working class; member of the International.—149
Virchow, Rudolf (1821-1902)—German naturalist and politician; a founder and leader of the Party of Progress.—34, 360 Virgil (Publius Vergilius Man) (70-19 B.C.)—Roman poet.—31, 276, 281, 327, 371 Vogt— Karl Vogt's wife.—518, 582 Vogt, August (c. 1830-c. 1883)—prominent in the German and American working-class movement; shoemaker; member of the Communist League, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; in the General Association of German Workers opposed its Lassallean leaders; member of the International; in 1867 emigrated to the USA, member of the New York Communist Club and an organiser of the International's sections in the United States; supporter of Marx and Engels.—180, 202, 215, 220, 222, 261, 573 Vogt, Gustav (1829-1901)—Swiss economist; pacifist, an organiser of the League of Peace and Freedom, editor of Les Etats-Unis d'Europe (1867-70); Karl Vogt's brother.—499 Vogt, Karl (Carl) (1817-1895)—German naturalist, vulgar materialist, petty-bourgeois democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; left Germany in 1849, received subsidies from Napoleon III; slandered Marx and Engels.—25, 41, 42, 44, 51, 63, 65, 185, 364, 365, 433, 435, 441, 445, 459, 493, 499, 518, 529, 581
Voltaire (pen-name of François Marie Arouet) (1694-1778)—French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlightenment.—342, 522 Volter, Daniel—German geographer.— 27
W
Wagener, Hermann (1815-1889)— German conservative journalist and politician; editor of the Neue Preussische Zeitung (1848-54); Privy Coun-sellor of Bismarck's Government (1866-73), a precursor of Prussian 'state socialism'.—19, 103, 124, 355, 548
Walpole, Spencer Horatio (Horace) (1806-1898)—British statesman, Tory, Home Secretary (1852, 1858-59, 1866-67).—300, 384, 394
Walton, Alfred Armstrong (b. 1816) — a leader in the British democratic movement; architect; took part in the electoral reform movement, member of the General Council of the International (1867-70), delegate to the Lausanne Congress (1867).— 416
Warnebold, Ernst—lawyer in Hanover, member of the Party of Progress, then a National-Liberal, supporter of Bismarck.—361, 441, 470
Washington, George (1732-1799)— American statesman, Commander-in-Chief during the war of the North American colonies for independence (1775-83); first President of the United States (1789-97).—414
Watts, John (1818-1887)—English journalist, Utopian socialist, follower of Robert Owen; later a liberal.—224, 228, 234
Weber, Josef Valentin (1814-1895)— German watchmaker; participant in the revolutionary movement in Baden in 1848; in 1849 emigrated to Switzerland and then to London; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London.—415
Weber, Louis—German watchmaker; after the 1848-49 revolution émigré in Germany, Lassallean, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; in April 1865 was expelled from the Society for the intrigues against Marx and his supporters; Josef Valentin Weber's son.—150, 190, 415
Weber, Wilhelm—German watchmaker; Lassallean; refugee in New York after 1864; President of the General Association of German Workers in New York (1866); Josef Valentin Weber's son.—415
Weerth, Georg (1822-1856)—German proletarian poet and journalist, member of the Communist League, an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49), friend of Marx and Engels.—521
Wehner, J. G.—German refugee in Manchester; Treasurer of the Schiller Institute in the 1860s; Engels' acquaintance.—302, 340, 361
Weiß, Guido (1822-1899)—German democratic journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; belonged to the Party of Progress (Left wing) in the 1860s; editor of the Berliner Reform (1863-66) and Die Zukunft (1867-71).—433, 437, 495, 504
Welker, Karl Theodor (1790-1869)— German lawyer and journalist, liberal; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre) in 1848-4 9 . - 3 3
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852)—British general and statesman, Tory; in 1808-14 and 1815 commanded troops in the wars against Napoleonic France; Prime Minister (1828-30), Foreign Secretary (1834-35).—122
Wermuth—police director in Hanover, an organiser of and witness for the prosecution at the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—394
Weston, John—prominent figure in the British working-class movement; carpenter, subsequently manufacturer; Owenite; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, member of the General Council of the International (1864-72); delegate to the London Conference (1865), member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League, a leader of the Land and Labour League.—16, 17, 159, 162, 168, 224, 464, 485
Westphalen, Edgar von (1819-1890)— brother of Jenny Marx, Karl Marx's wife; member of the Brussels Com-
munist Correspondence Committee (1846); in the 1850s-60s lived in emigration in America.—159, 163, 166, 174, 177, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 187, 195, 369, 559, 565
Westphalen, Ferdinand Otto Wilhelm Hen-ning von (1799-1876)—Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (1850-58); step-brother of Jenny Marx, Karl Marx's wife.—50, 180
Weydemeyer, Joseph (1818-1866)— prominent figure in the German and American working-class movement; member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to the USA; colonel in the army of the North during the US Civil War; helped to propagate ideas and documents of the International in the USA; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 37, 38, 41, 43-45, 47, 52, 65, 73, 97, 106, 107, 121-25, 152, 377, 565 Weydemeyer, Louise (née Lùning) (1822-1868)—wife of Joseph Weydemeyer.—40, 43, 125, 377, 451
Wheeler, George William—active in the British working-class movement, participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, member of the General Council of the International (1864-67), Treasurer of the Council (1864-65, 1865-67), delegate to the London Conference (1865), member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League.—361, 362 Wickede, Julius von (1819-1896)— German army officer and military writer, war correspondent of the Kölnische Zeitung during the Austro-Prussian war (1866) and Franco-Prussian war (1870-71).—264
Wigand, Hugo (1822-1873)—German publisher and bookseller; Otto Wigand's son; from 1864 actually headed the firm.—359, 371, 378, 392, 407, 432
Wigand, Otto (1795-1870)—German publisher and bookseller, owner of a firm in Leipzig which published works of radical authors.— 359, 363, 385
Wilke—Prussian army officer, refugee in London.—291
William I (1797-1888)—Prince of Prussia, Prince Regent (1858-61), King of Prussia (1861-88) and Emperor of Germany (1871-88).—12, 53, 67, 96, 103, 226, 236, 254, 257, 276, 278, 279, 290, 299, 302, 306, 338, 340, 355, 365, 374
William I (The Conqueror) (1027-1087)—King of England (1066-87).—299, 338, 365, 374
William, Prince of Orange (1840-1879)—Dutch Crown Prince.—293
Willich, August (1810-1878)—retired Prussian officer; member of the Communist League, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; a leader of the sectarian group that split away from the Communist League in 1850; in 1853 emigrated to the USA, took part in the US Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—40, 147
Wirth, Max (1822-1900)—German economist and journalist, liberal.— 467
Wolff, Luigi—Italian major; follower of Mazzini, member of the Association of Mutual Progress (organisation of Italian workers in London); participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65), participant in the London Conference (1865); exposed as an agent of the Bonapartist police in 1871.—16, 17, 55, 115, 131, 140, 162, 170, 243, 250
Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864)— German teacher; proletarian revolutionary, leading figure in the Communist League; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; deputy to the
Frankfurt National Assembly (1849); emigrated to Switzerland in the summer of 1849 and later to England; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—6, 19, 20, 31, 38, 44, 81, 115, 116, 125, 127, 188,231,378,381,402, 447, 456, 469
Wolff söhn—refugee in England, treasurer of the Deutsche Freiheit und Einheit society.—32
Wood—lawyer in Manchester.—127, 128
Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen (1821-1885)—Danish archaeologist, moderate liberal.—8
Wrangel, Friedrich Heinrich Ernst, Count von (1784-1877)—Prussian general; one of the chief participants in the counterrevolutionary coup d'état in Prussia (November 1848); Commander-in-Chief of the allied Prussian and Austrian forces during the Danish war (1864).—121
Wurtz, Charles Adolphe (1817-1884)— French organic chemist, adherent of atomic-molecular theory.—385, 388
Wuttke, Johann Karl Heinrich (1818-1876)—German historian and politician, professor at Leipzig University; close to the Lassalleans in the 1860s.—348
Y
York—bookseller of the German Workers' Educational Society in London.— 477
Z
Zamoyski, Ladislas ( Wladystaw), Count (1803-1868)—Polish magnate, took part in the insurrection of 1830-31; after its defeat a leader of the Polish conservative monarchist refugees in Paris.—110
Zange—owner of a printing shop in Erfurt.—417 INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES
Aaron—the first high priest mentioned in the Bible.—63
Achilles (Gr. Myth.)—the bravest Greek warrior in the Trojan War, hero in Homer's Iliad.—67, 129, 447
Adam (Bib.).—167
D'Arnouville, Machautt—character in Diderot's Le neveu de Rameau, con-troller general of finance and treasurer of the seal.—34
Bardolph—character in Shakespeare's comedy The Merry Wives of Windsor and his historical drama King Henry /V.— 177
Bouret—character in Diderot's Le neveu de Rameau, a footman's son who became rich as a controller general.— 34
Callipso (Gr. Myth.) — a nymph, titan Atlas' daughter in Homer's Odyssey, kept Odysseus (Ulysses) for seven years on the island of Ogygia.—316
Charles V—character in Ferdinand Lassalle's drama Franz von Sickingen, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.—66
Christ, Jesus (Bib.).—467, 578
Dioscuri (Gr. Myth.) — Castor and Pol-lux, the twin brothers, sons of Zeus and Leda, performed many ex-ploits.—361
Don Quixote—title character in Cer-vantes' novel.— 313
Eve (Bib.).—246
Faust—title character in Goethe's tragedy.—355
Gretchen—heroine in Goethe's Faust— 568
Gulliver—hero in Swift's novel Travels by Gulliver.—376
Isaac (Bib.)—patriarch, was saved by an angel when his father Abraham was about to sacrifice him to Jehovah.—274
Jesus Christ (Bib.)—see Christ, Jesus
Jo—character in Louisa May Alcott's novel Little Women.—370
John Bull—title character of John Ar-buthnot's The History of John Bull (1712); his name is used to personify England or Englishmen.—300, 356, 513, 521, 582
Jupiter (Jove)—supreme god of the Romans identified with the Greek Zeus.—290, 296, 578
Mercadet—main character in Balzac's Le faiseur, a man encumbered with debts and persecuted by creditors.—347
Munchausen—an extravagantly menda-cious story-teller.—118
Oedipus (Gr. Myth.)—the King of Thebes who solved the riddle of the Sphinx and saved Thebes from the monster; hero of Sophocles' tragedy Oedipus Rex.—190
Petrus—character in Hildebrand's novel Camera obscura, a student, shy and unsuccessful suitor.—242
Philipp II—character in Schiller's tragedy Don Carlos, King of Spain, a fanatic and despot.—12, 53, 103
Posa, Marquis—character in Schiller's tragedy Don Carlos, a noble-minded and freethinking courtier who tried to influence the despotic king.—12, 53, 103
Rameau—character in Diderot's Le neveu de Rameau.—34
Sabala (Çabalâ) — in Hindu religious mythology the miraculous cow which can fulfil all wishes of its owner.— 242, 245 Scapin—main character in Molière's comedy Les fourberies de Scapin, smart servant, mystifier and jester.—290, 296
Sickingen, Franz von—title character in Lassalle's play, leader of the knights' uprising in Germany (1522-23), champion for freedom and unification of the country.—66
Ulysses (or Odysseus) (Gr. Myth.)— character in Homer's Iliad and Odys-sey; king of Ithaca; a leader of the Greek troops during the Trojan War, noted for his eloquence, sagacity and prudence.—316
Vasishtha—in the ancient Indian epic poem Ramayana a priest and hermit,
owner of the miraculous cow Sabala, which fulfilled all his wishes; character in Heine's poem from the cycle 'Die Heimkehr1 (Buch der Lieder).— 242
Wagner—character in Goethe's Faust, a pedantic and feeble scholar.—355
Wiswamitra ( Viçvâmitra ) —- mythical king in the ancient Indian epic poem Ramayana who tried to get hold of the miraculous cow Sabala, which would fulfil all his wishes; character in Heine's poem from the cycle 'Die
Heimkehr" (Buch der Lieder).—242, 245
Zeus (Gr. Myth.)—the principal god of the Greeks.—444, 577