Name Index

A

Abarbanell (d. 1863)—banker in Paris, Marx's acquaintance.— 433, 439, 446

Abel, Karl (1837-1906) —German philologist and journalist; Berlin correspondent of The Daily Telegraph.—29, 32, 33, 41, 48, 56, 71, 75, 76, 95, 131-32, 136, 144, 145, 155

About, Edmond François Valentin (1828-1885) —French writer and journalist; Bonapartist.— 159, 160. 164, 197, 235

Abt—German journalist, petty-bourgeois democrat; emigrated to Geneva in the early 1850s; expelled for slander from the Geneva German Workers' Association.— 71, 185, 324

Aeschines (389-314 B. C.) —Athenian orator and politician.— 343

Afinger, Bernhard (1813-1882) — German sculptor.— 50

Albert, Prince Consort of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1819-1861).—4

Alberts—secretary of the Prussian embassy in London in the 1850s and 186(k — 147, 149, 224, 305, 315

Alexander II (1818-1881) —Emperor of Russia (1855-81).—4, 456

Alexandra (1844-1925) — daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark; in 1863 married Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, latef King Edward VII.—544

Allen—English physician, doctor to the Marx family.—165, 214, 216-18, 220, 221, 228, 230, 231, 243, 247, 248, 250, 258, 313, 333, 341, 361, 362, 399, 433, 460, 468, 479, 483, 495, 497, 514, 530, 531, 543, 573, 577, 585, 587

Allsop, Thomas (1795-1880) —English author, Chartist; persecuted on suspicion of being an accomplice in Orsini's attempt on the life of Napoleon III in 1858; later collabo-rated with Marx in helping refugees of the Paris Commune.— 369

Altenhbfer, August Joseph (1804-1876)—German journalist, an editor of the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung.— 18

Anders, Albert August (the Laplander) (b. 1802)—German journalist; emigrated to London, member of the Communist League, a leader of a branch of the London German Workers' Educational Society (from the end of 1858).—3, 581

Anneke, Carl Friedrich Theodor (1818-1872) — Prussian artillery officer, discharged from the army for his political views; member of the Cologne community of the Communist League; participated in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany and in the US Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the Northerners.—322, 371-73

Anrooij, Antonie Johannes Wouters van (1816-1893)—physician in Zalt-Bommel.— 314, 501, 503, 504, 510, 551

Anrooij, Henriette Sophia van (Jettchen) (1825-1902)—Karl Marx's cousin, daughter of Lion Philips, wife of Antonie Johannes Wouters van Anrooij.—275, 314, 501, 510, 551

Appian of Alexandria (d. in the 170s A.D.) — Roman historian.— 265

Archimedes (c. 287-212 B.C.)—Greek mathematician and engineer.— 515

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.—318

Armstrong, William George, Baron of Cragside (1810-1900)—English inventor of rifled cannon.— 325

Assing, Ludmilla (Camilla Essig) (1821-1880)—German authoress, published Diaries of a well-known German writer, Varnhagen von Ense; Lassalle's friend and Marx's acquaintance.—117, 210, 217, 271, 280, 358, 561, 578

Auerswald, Rudolf von (1795-1866)— Prussian statesman, Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (June-September 1848), Minister without portfolio (1858-62).—81

August Paul Friedrich (1783-1853) — Grand Duke of Oldenburg (1829-53).—549

Augustenburger—see Friedrich Christian August, Prinz von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg

B

Badinguet—see Napoleon III

Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1876)—Russian revolutionary and writer; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; later an ideologist of Narodism and anarch-ism; opposed Marxism in the First International.—91, 329, 341, 456, 489, 492

Bakunina, Antonina Ksaverievna (née

Kwiatkowska) (c. 1840-1887)— Bakunin's wife.— 492

Bamberger, Ludwig (1823-1899)— German democratic journalist, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland, later lived in England, Holland and France; a banker in Paris; returned to Germany in the late 1860s and became a National-Liberal.—10, 187, 190, 212

Bandiera brothers, Attilio (1810-1844) and Emilio (1819-1844)—Austrian naval officers; participants in the Italian national liberation movement; members of the Young Italy society; executed for their attempt to raise a revolt in Calabria (1844).— 516

Bangya, Jânos (1817-1868)— Hungarian journalist and army officer; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; later Kossuth's emissary abroad and at the same time a secret police agent; under the name of Mehemed Bey served in the Turkish army and was a Turkish agent in the Caucasus (1855-58).—84, 85, 152, 182, 439, 493

Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss (1816-1894)— American general and politician, a Republican, Governor of Massachusetts (1858-61); commanded the Union forces in Virginia (1862) and Louisiana (1862-64) during the US Civil War.—372, 386 Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odilon (1791-1873) —French politician and lawyer, leader of the liberal dynastic opposition until February 1848; from December 1848 to October 1849 headed the monarchist coalition Ministry.— 265

Bastian, Adolf (1826-1905)—German ethnographer.— 232, 246

Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882)—German idealist philosopher, Young Hegelian.—288, 393

Bauer, Edgar (1820-1886)—German philosopher and writer, Young Hegelian; editor of the London newspaper Die Neue Zeit (1859); Prussian official after the 1861 amnesty; Bruno Bauer's brother.— 325, 487

Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant (1818-1893)—American general; took part in the war against Mexico (1846-48); commanded the Southern troops in Virginia (1861-early 1862), Mississippi (1862), and in Charleston (September 1862-April 1864).—360, 367. 539

Becker—German refugee in London.— 149-50

Becker—Leipzig correspondent of the Hermann in the 1860s.— 342

Becker, Gottfried (1827-1865) — German democratic journalist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; emigrated to America (1853); fought in the US Civil War; son of Johann Philipp Becker.— 129

Becher, Hermann Heinrich ('Red Becker') (1820 1885) — German lawyer and journalist, participated in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League from 1850; sentenced to five years' imprisonment at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); a member of the Party of Progress in the 1860s, later a

\alional-I.iberal, member of the

Prussian Chamber of Deputies (1862-66).— 79, 90, 366, 375

Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-1886)— German revolutionary, took part in the democratic movement of the 1830s-50s, the international working-class movement and the 1848-49 revolution; after the defeat of the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849) left Germany; prominent figure in the First International and delegate to all its congresses; editor of the Vorbote; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—110, 114, 115-16, 127, 129, 163, 164, 202, 237, 246, 316, 341-43, 356, 466, 568

Becker, Max Joseph (d. 1896)— German engineer, democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849 and after its defeat emigrated to Switzerland and later moved to the USA.— 70

Becker, Oskar (1839-1868)—son of a Baltic German, studied at a gym-nasium in Odessa; student at Leipzig University; sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment for an attempt on the life of King William I of Prussia in 1861, pardoned in 1866.—314, 316

Beckmann—Prussian police spy in Paris in the early 1850s, Paris correspondent of the Kölnische Zeitung.—10, 148, 149

Beethoven, Ludwig van (1770-1827) — German composer.— 159

Behrend, G.—German publisher.— 108, 135, 145

Beneke—merchant in Manchester.— 525

Bennigsen, Rudolf von (1824-1902)— German politician, advocate of Germany's unification under Prussia's supremacy, President of the National Association (1859-67), from 1867 leader of the Right wing in the National-Liberal Party.— 194 Bentley, Richard (1794-1871)—head of a publishing house in London.— 5

Bermbach, Adolph (1821-1875) — German lawyer, democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly; member of the Communist League; witness for the defence at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); Marx's correspondent; liberal in later years.— 73, 90, 135

Bernai Osborne, Ralph (1808-1882)— English liberal politician, M.P., Secretary of the Admiralty (1852-58).—517

Bernard, Simon-François (1817-1862) — French politician, republican; emigrated to England after the defeat of the 1848 revolution; in 1858 was accused by the French Government of being an accomplice in Orsini's attempt on the life of Napoleon III but was acquitted by the British court.—284, 356, 358, 368, 369

Bernstorff, Albrecht, Count von (1809-1873)—Prussian diplomat, envoy to London (1854-61), Foreign Minister (1861-62), ambassador to London (1862-73).—305

Bessel—German lawyer, chairman of the German Workers' Educational Society in Cologne (I860).—189

Beta—see Beltziech, Heinrich

Bethlen, Gergely, Count (1818-1867) — Hungarian army officer, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary, emigrated after its defeat; Lassalle's second.— 555, 557

Bettziech, Heinrich (pen-name Beta) (1813-1876)—German democratic journalist, refugee in London, follower of Gottfried Kinkel.— 4, 85, 244-45, 325, 354, 355, 369

Beust, Friedrich von (1817-1899)— Prussian army officer, resigned for political reasons; committee member of the Cologne Workers' Association (1848); an editor of the

Neue Kölnische Zeitung (September 1848-February 1849); took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; emigrated to Switzerland; professor of pedagogy.—133

Bille, Carl Steen Andersen (1828-1898)—Danish journalist and politician, member of the National-Liberal Party, editor and owner of Dagbladet (1851-72), member of the Lower Chamber of the Rigsdag (Parliament).— 554

Biscamp (Biskamp), Elard—German democratic journalist, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated after its defeat; member of the editorial board of Das Volk published by German refugees in London in 1859 with Marx's active participation.— 41, 45, 52, 61, 63, 64, 66-68, 166, 213, 215, 228, 234, 241, 548

Bischoffsheim, Louis Raphael (1800-1873) — French financier, sharehold-er of a French bank which had a branch in London.— 335

Bismarck-Schiinhausen, Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince von (1815-1898) — statesman of Prussia and Germany, diplomat, Prussian envoy to St. Petersburg (1859-62) and Paris (1862); Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-72, 1873-90); Chancellor of the North German Union (1867-71) and of the German Empire (1871-90); tarried through the unification of Germany under the aegis of Prussia.—418, 428, 431, 440, 456, 461, 477,'478, 494, 519, 531, 538, 554

Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis (1811-1882) — French petty-bourgeois socialist, historian; member of the Provisional Government and President of the Luxembourg Commission in 1848; pursued a policy of conciliation with the bourgeoisie, a leader of the petty-bourgeois refugees in London from August 1848.—47, 86, 104 Blanckenburg, Karl Henning Moritz von

(1815-1888) —Prussian politician, leader of the Right-wing conservatives, member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies (from 1852), North German (1867-71) and German (1871-73) Imperial Diets; abandoned politics in 1873.—289

Blank, Emil—son of Marie and Karl Emil Blank, Frederick Engels' nephew.— 529

Blank, Karl Emil (1817-1893) — German merchant in London; connected with socialist circles in the 1840s-50s; husband of Frederick Engels' sister Marie.—168, 228, 259, 261, 267, 529

Blank, Marie (1824-1901)—Frederick

Engels' sister; married Karl Emil Blank in 1845.—529

Blank, Rudolf (b. 1851)—son of Marie and Karl Emil Blank, Frederick Engels' nephew.—529

Blanqui, Louis Auguste (I805-1881)— French revolutionary, Utopian communist, organiser of conspiracies and secret societies; took an active part in the 1830 and 1848 revolutions, a leader of the French proletariat; was repeatedly sentenced to imprisonment.—284, 291, 298, 318, 326, 439

Bleibtreu, Georg (1828-1892)— German battle-painter.— 271

Blind, Friederike—Karl Blind's wife.—86

Blind, Karl (1826-1907)—German democratic journalist; took part in the Baden revolutionary movement in 1848-49; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in London in the 1850s-early 1860s; later a National-Liberal.—4, 23, 30, 31, 33, 35-39, 41-42, 47-49, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58-66, 85-87, 89, 104-05, 184, 188, 224-26, 232, 233, 235-36, 255, 264-65, 302, 311, 325, 379, 424, 455, 467-68, 470, 473, 489, 516-17

Blum, Babette (Bübchen) (c. 1791-c. 1865)—sister of Karl Marx's father.—498, 501

Blum, Robert (1807-1848)—German democratic journalist; leader of the Left in the Frankfurt National Assembly; took part in the defence of Vienna against counter-revolutionary forces in October 1848; court-martialled and executed after the fall of the city.— 236

Bodin (Bodinus), Jean (1530-1596)— French philosopher and economist, ideologist of absolutism.—479,

Boelling, Friedrich (1816-1884)— German merchant, Frederick Engels' brother-in-law.—261, 267, 529

Boelling, Hedwig (1830-1904)— Frederick Engels' sister, wife of Friedrich Boelling.—529

Boethius, Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus (c. 480-524)—Roman Neoplatonist, translator and com-mentator of treatises by ancient philosophers and mathematicians.— 514

Boisguillebert, Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de

(1646-1714)—French economist, predecessor of physiocrats and father of classical bourgeois political economy in France.—479

Bombalino—see Francis II

Bonaparte, Louis—see Napoleon III

Bonaparte, Mathilde Letizia Wilhelmine (1820-1904)—Jerome Bonaparte's daughter, cousin of Napoleon III.—580

Bonaparte—see Napoleon I

Bonaparte, Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul (1822-1891)—cousin of Napoleon III; during the Second Republic deputy to the Constituent and Legislative assemblies; a divi-sional commander (1854) in the Crimea; commanded a corps in the Austro-Italian-French war of 1859, went by the name of Prince Napoleon, Plon-Plon, and the Red Prince.— 109, 116, 174, 198, 203, 205, 463, 465

Borchardt—Louis Borchardt's wife.— 526

Borchardt—Louis Borchardt's elder daughter.— 526

Borchardt—Louis Borchardt's younger daughter.—526

Borchardt, Louis—German physician, one ol Engels' acquaintances in Manchester.—29, 68, 211, 238, 240, 321, 490, 518, 520-25, 531, 535, 545, 547

Borkheim, Sigismund Ludwig (1825-1885) — German democratic journalist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; emigrated after its defeat; London merchant from 1851; a friend of Marx and Engels.—34, 48, 50, 70, 71, 113, 136, 190, 196, 197, 202, 212, 213, 214, 227, 228, 232, 237, 246, 250, 252-55, 321-24, 341, 354, 359, 363, 364, 382, 391, 392, 399, 401, 403-07, 409-12, 415-16, 423, 424, 534, 537, 539

Bernstein, Heinrich (1805-1892)— German democratic journalist, in 1844 founded Vorwärts! in Paris and edited it with Marx's collaboration; emigrated to the USA in 1849; editor of the Anzeiger des Westens (St. Louis), took part in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners.— 300

Boucher de Crèvecoeur de Perthes, Jacques (1788-1868) —French ar-chaeologist and author, known for his study of material culture of primitive society.—473

Bragg, Braxton (1817-1876) — American general; commanded the Southern Army in Kentucky and Tennessee during the Civil War.—530

Branicki, Ksawery, Count (1812-1879)—Polish magnate, a leader of

Polish conservative-monarchist refugees in Paris, was close to Prince Napoleon (Plon-Plon).—465

Brass, August (1818-1876)—German journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to Switzerland after its defeat; editor-in-chief of the Neue Schweizer Zeitung (1859-60); later a National-Liberal and supporter of Bismarck.—118, 124, 206, 227, 234, 255, 548

Breckinridge, John Cabell (1821-1875)—American statesman, Democrat; Vice-President (1857-61); a leader of the rebellion of Southern slave-owners; Secretary of War for the Confederacy (1865).— 400

Bright, John (1811-1889)—English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League; leader of the Left-wing Liberals (from the early 1860s); held several posts in the government.—85, 468, 535

Brockhaus, Heinrich (1804-1874)— German publisher and bookseller, owner and head of F. A. Brockhaus Publishing House in Leipzig.—202, 233, 274," 280, 285, 315, 319, 357, 402, 404, 434, 436, 439

Bronner, Eduard—German physician, petty-bourgeois democrat; deputy to the Baden Constituent Assembly in 1849; emigrated to England.— 29, 38, 264

Brown, John (1800-1859)—American farmer; a revolutionary leader in the Abolitionist movement; fought against slave-owners in Kansas (1854-56); tried to organise an uprising of Black slaves in Virginia in 1859; was put on trial and executed.—4

Brück, Karl Ludwig, Baron von (1798-1860)—Austrian statesman, diplomat and big manufacturer; Minis-

1er of Trade, Industry and Public Works (1848-51); Minister of Finance (from 1855); committed suicide in April 1860.—136

Bruckmr brothers — Borkheim's acquaintances.—410

Brüggemann, Karl Heinrich (1810-1887)—German liberal journalist; editor-in-chief of the Kölnische Zeitung (1845-55).—24]

Bruhn, Karl von (b. 1803)—German journalist, member of the League of Outlaws, the League of the Just and subsequently of the Communist League from which he was expelled in 1850; editor of the Lassallean paper Nordstern in Hamburg (1861-66).—489

Briiningk, Maria, Baroness von (d. 1853) — wife of Baron A. von Brüningk, a German refugee in London.—262

Buchanan, James (1791-1868; — American statesman, Democrat; State Secretary (1845-49); minister to London (1853-56); President of the United States (1857-61); advocate cjf slave-owners' interests.—295, 307

Bucher, Lothar (1817-1892) —Prussian official and journalist; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848; after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution emigrated to London; correspondent of the Berlin National-Zeitung; later a National-Liberal, supporter of Bismarck.—67, 153, 154, 227, 232, 234, 246, 249, 253, 255, 258, 262. 268, 376, 391, 408, 412, 458, 573

Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821-1862) — English historian and sociologist, positivist.—381

Buell, Don Carlos (1818-1898)— American general; fought in the Civil War on the side of the North-

erners; commanded an army in Tennessee and Kentucky (1862).— 360, 371

Bühring, Karl Johann (b. 1820)— German worker, member of the Communist League.— 264, 290

Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias, Baron von (1791-1860)—Prussian diplomat, writer and theologian, was close to the Prussian court, ambassador to London (1842-54).—146

Bürgers, Heinrich (1820-1878)— German radical journalist, member of the Cologne Community of the Communist League (from 1848); an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, member of the Communist League Central Authority from 1850; was sentenced to six years' imprisonment in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); member of the National Association and the Party of Progress in the 1860s.—25, 83, 189, 192', 194, 265, 319. 329, 403, 418, 419

Burns, Lydia (Lizzy, Lizzie) (1827-1878) — Irish working woman, took part in the Irish national liberation movement; Frederick Engels' second wife, Mary Burns' sister.— 370, 398, 431, 438, 441, 517, 534, 562

Burns, Mary (1821-1863)—Irish working woman, Frederick Engels' first wife.—344, 370, 398, 431, 438, 441-43. 446, 449

Burnside, Ambrose Everett (1824-1881)—American general, Republican; commanded the Northern Army on the Potomac (November 1862-January 1863) during the Civil War.—434, 437-39

Bustrapa—see Napoleon [If

Butler, Benjamin Franklin (1818-1893) — American politician and general; commanded the expedi-tionary Northern Army during the Civil War.—530, 539 c Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar) (c. 100-44 B. C.) — Roman general and statesman.—265, 450

Campe, Johann Julius Wilhelm (1792-1867)—German publisher and bookseller, co-proprietor of the Hoffmann & Campe Publishing House in Hamburg.— 32, 202

Camphausen, l.udolj (1803-1890) — German banker, a leader of the Rhine liberal bourgeoisie; Prime Minister of Prussia from March to June 1848; pursued a policy of collaboration with the reactionaries.—101, 102

Cardan(o), Gerolamo (1501 or 1506-1576) — Italian mathematician, philosopher and physician.—450

Garden, Sir Robert Walter (b. 1801) — British official, Tory M. P.—84

Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte (1801-1888) — French journalist and politician; republican; member of the Provisional Government (1848); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative assemblies during the Second Republic; after 1851 a leader, of the republican opposition to the Bonapartist regime.—439

Carpenter, William Benjamin (1813-1885) — English naturalist and physiologist.— 546

Catherine 11 (1729-1796) — Empress of Russia (1762-1796).—336, 470-71, 538

Cavour, Camilla Benso, conte di (1810-1861) — Italian statesman, head of the Sardinian government (1852-59, 1860-61); pursued a policy of unify-ing Italy under the supremacy of the Savoy dynasty relying on the support of Napoleon III; headed the first government of united Italy in 1861.—191, 203, 246, 293

Charpentier, Gervais (1805-1871) — French publisher and bookseller.— 357

Chavée, Honoré Joseph (1815-1877)— Belgian philologist.— 540

Chenu, Adolphe (born c. 1817) — member of secret revolutionary-societies in France during the July monarchy, secret police agent-provocateur.—12, 15

Cherval, julien (real name Joseph Cramer) — Prussian policeman, spy in Paris for Prussia and France; gained entry into the Communist League and headed a Paris community of the sectarian Willich-Schapper group, accused of complicity in the so-called I;ranco-German plot in Paris in February 1852; escaped from prison with the connivance of the French police; acted as a spy and agent-provocateur under the name of Nugent in Switzerland in 1853-5 4 . - 4 5 , 72, 73. 75, 78-79, 92-94, 110, 130, 146-49, 152, 202

Christian IX (1818-1906) —Prince of

Glücksburg, King of Denmark (1863-1906).—337, 513, 544

Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (106-43 B.C.)—Roman statesman, orator and philosopher.—166, 279

Ciaessen, Heinrich Joseph (1813-1883)— German physician and politician; liberal; member of the Board of Directors of and contributor to the Rheinische Zeitung: Camphausen's confidential agent.—101

Clanricarde, Ulick John de Burgh, Mar-quis and Earl of (1802-1874) — British diplomat and politician, Whig, Ambassador to St. Petersburg (1838-41), Lord Privy Seal (1857-58).—516

Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, Earl of, Baron Hyde (1800-1870) — British statesman, Whig, later Liberal; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1847-1852); Foreign Secretary (1853-58, 1865-66, 1868-70).—336 Clausewitz, Karl von (1780-1831) — Prussian general and military theoretician.— 359

Cluss, Adolf (1825-1905)—German engineer; took part in the workers' movement in Germany and the USA; member of the Communist League, secretary of the German Workers' Educational Society in Mainz (1848); emigrated to the USA (autumn 1848); one of the first propagandists of scientific communism in America in the 1850s; later abandoned politics; known as an American architect of the late 19th century.—89, 90, 99

Cobb, Howell (1815-1868)—American statesman, Democrat, Governor of Georgia (1851-53), Secretary of the Treasury (1857-60) in the Buchanan Administration, took an active part in the Southern slave-holders' rebellion.— 307

Cobbett, William (c. 1762-1835)— British politician and radical journalist; published Cobbett's Weekly Political Register from 1802.—114. 336, 489

Cobden, Richard (1804-1865)—English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League; M.P.—215, 229, 246, 535

Coburgs—members of the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty; ruled in Belgium, Portugal, Britain and several other European states.—153

Cohnheim, Max—German petty-bourgeois democrat; took part in the Baden revolutionary movement in 1848-49; emigrated after the defeat of the revolution.— 70

Colenso, John William (1814-1883) — English clergyman and theologian, criticised some Bible texts.—541

Collet, Collet Dobson—English radical journalist and public figure, editor and publisher of The Free Press, organ of Urquhart's followers.— 21,

28, 33, 46, 65, 104, 105, 144, 341, 347, 517, 536, 552

Collins, William Wilhie (1824-1889) — English novelist.— 570

Colomb, Friedrich August von (1775-1854) — Prussian army officer, subsequently general; fought against Napoleonic France.— 367 Coningham, William (b. 1815) — English radical M.P.—336

Conradi. Emilie (1822-1888) —Karl Marx's sister, wife of Johann Jakob Conradi.—220, 499, 502 Conradi, Johann Jakob (1821-1892) — engineer in Trier, Marx's brother-in-law.—220, 499, 500, 501, 514

Conslantine (Konstantin Nikolayevich) (1827-1892) —Russian Grand Duke, second son of Nicholas I, Admi-ral-General, head of the Naval Department (1853-81) and commander-in-chief of the Navy (1855-81); Viceroy of Poland (1862-63).—492

Cosenz. Enrico (1820-1898) — Intalian general; took part in the national liberation movement in Italy; commanded a division during Garibaldi's revolutionary campaign in South Italy (1860); Chief of the General Staff (1882-93).—322

Colla, Johann Georg, Baron von Cotten-dorf (1796-1863) — German publisher, owner of a large publishing house (1832-63); publisher of the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung.— 202, 227, 262

Crassus (Marcus Licinius Crassus) (c. 115-53 B.C.) — Roman politician and general; suppressed the slave uprising under Spartacus in 71 B.C.—265

Creuz, Anna Maria (Marianne) (1835-1862) — Helene Demuth's step-sister.—433, 581

Curtis, Samuel Ryan (1807-1866)^ American general and politician; Republican; Congressman (1857-

61); commanded the Northern troops in Missouri and Arkansas (1861-62) during the Civil War.— 372, 386

Czarioryski, Wladystaw, Prince (1828-1894)—Polish magnate, a leader of the Polish conservative monarchist émigrés, a diplomatic representative of the Provisional National Government in Paris from May 1863.— 489, 490, 492

D

Datier, André (1651-1722)—French philologist, translator of and com-mentator on works by ancient authors.—318

Dà-Dâ— Arabian writer, translated Bonapartist pamphlets into his native tongue on the instructions of the Algerian authorities (1850s).— 197-98, 202, 205, 212

Dummer, Otto (d. 1910)—German chemist; a leader of the General Association of German Workers and its representative in Leipzig.— 489

Dana. Charles Anderson (1819-1897) — American journalist, Fourierist, Abolitionist; an editor (1848) and then editor-in-chief (1849-62) of the New-York Daily Tribune-- an editor of the New American Cyclopaedia (1857-63).—68, 95, 110, 196, 199, 201, 220, 252, 255, 257, 263, 315, -322. 353. 359, 362

Daniels, Amalie ,(1820-1895)—Roland Daniels' wife.—289, 369

Daniels, Roland (1819-1855)—German physician, member of the Communist League from 1850; defendant in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852), acquitted by the jury; died of tuberculosis contracted in prison, friend of Marx and Engels.— 80

Dante, Alighieri (1265-1321)—Italian poet.— 571

Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882) — English naturalist; founded the theory of natural selection.—232, 246, 381, 542

Davis, Jefferson (1808-1889)—American politician, Democrat; an organiser of the Southern slave-holders' revolt; President of the Confederate States of America (1861-65).—306, 428, 429, 562

Delahodde—see Hodde, Lucien de la

Delane, Jahn Thadeus (1817-1879) — English journalist, an editor of The Times (1841-77).—452

Demuth—Helene Demuth's relative.— 500

Demuth, Helene (Lenchen) (1820-1890)—housemaid and devoted friend of the Marx family.—88, 216, 220, 231, 354, 433, 445, 488, 548, 572, 575-77, 580, 587

Denonville—see Watteau, Louis

Dietz Oswald (c. 1824-1864)—German architect; took part in the 1848-49 revolution, emigrated to London; member of the Communist League Central Authority, after the split of the League (1850) belonged to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group, was a member of its Central Committee; later took part in the American Civil War on the side of the Union.—91, 140, 146-47

Diodorus Siculus (c. 90-21 B.C.) — Greek historian.—354, 359

Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881)—British statesman and writer; leader of the Conservative Party in the second half of the 19th century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68); Prime Minister (1868, 1874-80).— 517

Dönniges, Franz Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm von (1814-1872)—German historian and diplomat, Ranke's pupil; author of works on German medieval history; Bavarian envoy to Switzerland (1862-64).—555, 557, 558, 561

Donniges, Helene von (1845-1911) — Franz Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm von Dönniges' daughter: fiancée of Janko von Racowija, Romanian nobleman,—555-58, 561

Dozy, Rheinhart Pieter Anne (1820-1883)—Dutch orientalist, professor at Leyden University; author of several works on the history of the Arabs.—541, 542

Dralle, Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1820)— German democratic journalist; emigrated to London after 1852; a leader of the London branch of the National Association.—302

Drenhmann—court officer in Berlin.— 141

Dronke, Ernst (1822-1891)—German author, a 'true socialist', a member of the Communist League and an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); after the 1848-49 revolution emigrated to Switzerland and then to England; sided with Marx and Engels at the time of the split in the Communist League (1850); later withdrew from politics and engaged in commerce.—8, 21, 22, 29, 38, 71, 89, 332-35, 337, 344, 354, 460, 461, 465, 476, 479, 481-83, 525-27, 548, 575

Drucker, Louis—German democratic journalist; publisher of the comic weekly How Do You Do? in London.— 245

Dumont (Du Mont), Joseph (1811-1861)—German journalist, moderate liberal; publisher of the Kölnische Zeitung from 1831.— 241 Duncker—Prussian official; Police Superintendent in Berlin in 1848.—80

Duncker, Franz Gustav (1822-1888) — German politician and publisher.— 9, 13, 17, 21, 27, 28, 32, 48, 50, 51, 102, 103, 108, 109, 135, 210, 217, 227, 274, 280, 436, 458

E

Eccarius—Johann Georg Eccarius' wife.—183

Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889) — German tailor; prominent figure in the German and the international working-class movement, journalist; member of the League of the Just and later of the Communist League; a leader of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, member of the General Council of the First International; took part in the British trade union movement.—11, 172, 174, 176, 183, 189, 426, 427, 493, 536

Eichhoff, Karl Wilhelm (1833-1895) — German socialist, journalist; in the late 1850s exposed Stieber as a police spy in the press and was brought to trial; refugee in London (1861-66); member of the First International from 1868 and one of its first historians; member of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party from 1-869.—16, 54, 74, 80-81, 140-41, 189, 190, 194, 195, 247, 251, 355, 362, 369, 371, 374, 464, 526-27, 576

Elizabeth (1801-1873)—Queen of Prussia, wife of Frederick William IV.—428

Eisner, Karl Friedrich Moritz (1809-1894)—Silesian radical journalist and politician; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; in the 1850s an editor of the Neue Oder-Zeitung to which Marx contributed in 1855.—69, 282, 533-34, 545, 552, 554, 588, 589

Emmermann, Karl—chief forester from the Rhine Province; commanded an infantry unit of the Baden-Palatinate insurgent army in 1849; emigrated to Switzerland.— 133 Engel, Ernst (1821-1896)—German statistician, director of the Prussian Royal Statistical Bureau in Berlin (1860-82).—480-81

Engels. Elisabeth Franziska Mauritïa 0 797-1873)—Frederick Engels' mother.—120, 137, 138. 256-61, 266, 267, 528-29, 559

Engels, Emil (1828-1884) —Frederick

Engels' brother; a partner in the firm of Ermen & Engels in Engelskirchen.—120, 134^ 137, 259, 260, 266, 267

Engels. Emma (1). 1834) — Hermann

Engels' wife.—529

Engels, Friedrich (1796-1860) — Frederick Engels' father.—15, 116, 138, 266, 528, 575

Engels, Hermann (1822-1905) — Frederick Engels' brother; manufacturer in Barmen.—259, 261, 267, 528-29

Engels. Rudolf (183 1-1903) —Frederick

Engels' brother; manufacturer in Barmen.—259, 261, 266, 267, 529

Engländer. Sigmund (1828-1902) — Austrian journalist; emigrated to France (1848) and later to England; secret police agent.— 70, 121-22, 144

Epicurus (c. 341-c. 270 B.C.) —Greek materialist philosopher, atheist.— 515

Erhard(t), Johann Ludwig Albert (born c. 1820)—German shop assistant, member of the Communist League; one of the accused at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); acquitted by the jury.—90

Ermani—publisher and bookseller in London.— 31, 37

Ermen, Gottfried,— a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.—106, 112, 120-21, 127, 134-37, 222. 260, 267, 386, 414, 447. 528-29, 548, 549, 554. 575

Ernst II (1818-1893)—Duke of Sax-ony, Coburg and Gotha (1844-93); brother of Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband; opposed the policy of uniting Germany under Prussia's supremacy (early 1860s); supported Bismarck from 1866.— 8, 153, 319

Esser, J. P.—Prussian judiciary officer, democrat; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly in 18-18 anil to the Second Chamber (Left wing) in 1849.—101

Esser I, Johann Heinrich Theodor— Prussian official, lawyer, advocate of clericalism, Vice-President of the Prussian National Assembly (Centre) in 1848; counsel for the defence in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—151

Esterhâzy von Galântha, Anton, Count (1825-1865)—cousin of Georg Esterhâzy von Galântha.—122

Esterhâzy von Galântha, Georg, Count (1811-1856)—Austrian diplomat.— 122

Eugénie Marie Ignace Augustine de Montijo de Guzman, comtesse de Teba (1826-1920)—French Empress, wife of Napoleon III.—206, 580

Ewerbeck, August Hermann (1816-1860) —German physiologist and man of letters; leader of the Paris communities of the League of the Just, later member of the Communist League until 1850.—90, 206

Ezra—reformer and codifier of Judaism.— 541

F

Farini, Luigi Carlo (1812-1866) — Italian statesman and historian; championed the unification of Italy under the Savoy dynasty; Minister of Public Education (1851-52); Sardinian Minister of the Interior (1860); Vicegerent of Naples (November 1860-January 1861); head of the Italian Government (1862-63).—246

Farragut, David Glasgow (1801-1870)—American naval officer, ad-miral (from July 1862); fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners; commanded a flotilla during the seizure of Mobile, Alabama (August 1864).—559

Faucher, Julius (Jules) (1820-1878) — German writer, Young Hegelian; Free Trader; refugee in England from 1850 to 1861; contributor to The Morning Star; returned to Germany in 1861; member of the Party of Progress.—9, 54, 79, 131, 136, 246, 264, 506

Fazy, Jean Jacob (James) (1794-1878)—Swiss journalist and statesman, radical; head of government of the Geneva Canton (1846-53, 1855-61); founder of the Swiss Bank, pursued a pro-Bonapartist policy.—17, 63, 99, 115, 129, 188, 212, 224, 226, 284, 362, 525, 527, 555, 556

Ferrand, William Bushfield—English landowner, Tory.—544

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814) — classical German philosopher.— 124, 131

Fischart, Johann (c. 1545-1590)— German satirist.— 225

Fischet, Eduard (1826-1863)—German journalist; belonged to the Party of Progress; assessor of the Berlin Municipal Court from 1858; editor of the Berlin Urquhartist journal Das Neue Portfolio (1859-60); sharply criticised the foreign policy pursued by Palmerston and Napoleon III.—8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 22, 29, 34, 40, 46, 112, 113, 130, 133, 135, 136, 141-44, 152, 153, 154, 155, 163, 164, 227

Fleury, Charles (real name Carl Friedrich August Krause) (b. 1824)—

merchant in London; Prussian spy and police agent.—84, 141, 146-51

Flocon, Ferdinand (1800-1866)— French journalist and politician; petty-bourgeois democrat; an editor of La Réforme; member of the Provisional Government (1848).— 95, 101-02

Floyd, John Buchanan (1807-1863)— American statesman, Democrat; Governor of Virginia (1850-53); Secretary of War (1857-60); fought in the Civil War on the side of the Southerners.—307, 429

Förster, Friedrich Christoph (1791-1868)—Prussian historian, writer and poet.—271

Fould, Achille (1800-1867)—French banker and politician, Orleanist, subsequently Bonapartist; several times Minister of Finance between 1849 and 1867; Minister of State , and Minister of the Imperial Court (1852-1860).—329

Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837) — French Utopian socialist.— 265, 285

Francis II (1836-1894)—King of Naples and Sicily (1859-60); son of Ferdinand II nicknamed King Bomba for the bombardment of Messina in 1848.—189, 205

Francis Joseph I (1830-1916) — Emperor of Austria (1848-1916).— 173, 242, 492 Francoeur, Louis Benjamin (1773-1849) — French mathematician, author of several textbooks on mathematics, astronomy and mechanics.— 532

Frank, A.— Paris publisher in the 1840s-early 1860s.—101

Franklin, William Buel (1823-1903)— American general, participated in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners; commanded two corps in the battle of Fredericks-berg, Virginia.—437

Frankowski, Leon (c. 1843-1863)— participant in the Polish national liberation movement; member of the Central National Committee, belonged to the party of the 'Red'; leader of the insurgents in the Lublin province in 1863; taken prisoner and executed on June 4 . - 4 5 6

Frederick I (1657-1713) —first King of Prussia, crowned in Königsberg on 18 January 1701.—319

Frederick I (1826-1907)—virtual ruler of Baden from 1852; Grand Duke of Baden from 1856.—473

Frederick II (the Great) (1712-1786) — King of Prussia (1740-86).—462

Frederick William III (1770-1840) — King of Prussia (1797-1840).—460

Frederick William IV (1795-1861) — King of Prussia (1840-61).—23, 238, 271, 377, 428, 537

Freiligrath, Ferdinand (1810-1876)— German poet; member of the Communist League; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); clerk of the London branch of the Swiss Bank in the 1850s-1860s; withdrew from revolutionary activity in the 1850s.—3, 4, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 30, 31, 35, 36, 43, 47, 54-57, 67, 68, 73, 80-88, 95, 113, 118, 124, 133, 188, 192, 195, 203, 224-26, 233, 235-37, 246, 251, 252, 255, 256, 258, 261, 268, 323, 335, 384, 422, 424, 425, 432, 435, 448, 475, 489, 502, 525, 527, 534-35, 546, 548, 555, 556, 557, 576

Freiligrath, Ida (1817-1899) — Ferdinand Freiligrath's wife.— 556, 576 Freiligrath, Louise (married name Wiens) — Ferdinand Freiligrath's daughter.—556

Fremont, John Charles (1813-1890)— American traveller and politician; Left-wing Republican; candidate to the presidency (1856); commanded the Northern troops in Missouri

(up to November 1861) and Virginia (1862) during the Civil War.— 345, 361, 363, 372, 386

Frerichs, Friedrich Theodor von (1819-1885)—German clinician and pathologist, professor at Berlin University and director of a clinic from 1859.—286

Freytag, Gustav (1816-1895)—German playwright and novelist.— 270, 289

Friedländer, Julius—assessor in Berlin, brother of Max Friedländer.—280, 282, 292

Friedländer, Max (1829-1872)— German democratic journalist; member of the editorial boards of the Neue Oder-Zeitung (1855) and Die Presse (1862) to which Marx contributed; cousin of Ferdinand Lassalle.—280, 292, 323, 353, 358, 370

Friedrich Christian August, Prince of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg -Augustenburg (1829-1880)—Duke of Schleswig-Holstein under the name of Friedrich VIII (from 1863).—494, 496, 503, 508, 511, 549, 554

Friedrich Karl Nikolaus, Prince (1828-1885) — Prussian general, Commander-in-Chief of the Prussian and then of the Allied army in the Danish war of 1864.—200-01, 280, 519

Fröbel, Julius (1805-1893)—German writer and publisher of progressive literature; democrat, later liberal; participated in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; emigrated to America in 1849; returned to Europe in 1857.—20, 61, 101

G

Gabriel—a dentist in London.—220

Ganesco, Gregory (c. 1830-1877) — French journalist, Romanian by birth; during the Second Empire a Bonapartist; subsequently supported the Thiers government; editor of Courrier du Dimanche (1860-61).—215

Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882) — Italian revolutionary, democrat; participated in the revolutionary movement in South America (1830s-40s) and in Italy (1848-49); led the Italian people's struggle for national liberation and the unification of the country (1850s-60s); supported the Paris Commune in the 1870s.—155, 165, 168, 171, 172, 174, 178, 181, 182, 184, 185, 189, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 199, 200, 202-07, 237, 246, 265, 293, 321-, 322, 333, 356, 389-90, 417, 513, 516-18, 544

Gamier-Pages, Louis Antoine (1803-1878) — French politician, moderate republican; member of the Provisional Government (1848); during the Second Empire, member of the Corps législatif (from 1864) and the Government of National Defence (1870-71).—8, 575

Gerstenberg, Isidor (d. 1876)—London banker, a supporter of Gottfried Kinkel.—81, 389

Gibson, Thomas Milner (1806-1884)— British politician; a leader of the Free Traders, subsequently liberal; President of the Board of Trade (1859-65, 1865-66).—335

Gilpin, Charles—managing director of the London branch of the Swiss Bank, creditor of The People's Paper; M.P.—85

Gipperich (Gibberich), Joseph—German tailor; member of a Paris community supporting the separatist Willich-Schapper group after the split of the Communist League; one of the accused in the case of the so-called Franco-German plot in Paris in February 1852; later emigrated to England.—148

Gisquet, Henri-Joseph (1792-1866) — French businessman and politician; prefect of the Paris police (1831-36).—80

Gladstone, Robert (1811-1872)— British businessman, philanthro-pist; William Gladstone's cousin.— 480

Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898) — British statesman, Tory and later Peelite; a leader of the Liberal Party in the latter half of the century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55, 1859-66) and Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94).—335

Glennie, John Stuart—British author, accompanied Buckle in his journey in Palestine (1862).— 381

Glücksburg—see Christian IX

Gneist, Heinrich Rudolf Hermann Friedrich von (1816-1895)—German lawyer and politician, professor at Berlin University, member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies (from 1858) and of the North German and German Imperial Diets (1867-84); belonged to liberal opposition (early 1860s); National-Liberal from 1866.—494

Göbel—presiding judge of the Assizes in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—140, 151

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet.—159, 265, 379, 507, 515

Goldheim—Prussian police officer, a secret agent of the Prussian police in London in the early 1850s.— 140, 146, 147, 149-51, 248

Goldmann, Karl Eduard (died c. 1863)—German journalist.— 393

Goudchaux, Michel (1797-1862)— French banker, republican; Minister of Finance in the Provisional Government (1848); a leader of the republican opposition to the Bonapartist regime in the 1850s.— 439 Grabow, Wilhelm (1802-1874) — Prussian politician, moderate liberal; President of the Prussian National Assembly (Right wing) in 1848; Deputy Chairman (1850-61) and Chairman (1862-66) of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies.— 377 Grant, Ulysses Simpson (1822-1885)— American general and statesman, Republican; commanded the Northern troops in Kentucky and Tennessee in 1861-62; Commander-in-Chief from March 1864; Secretary of War (1867-68), President of the USA (1869-77).— 360, 478, 530, 531, 538-40, 558-59, 561

Greeley, Horace (1811-1872) — American journalist and politician; founder and editor of the New-York Daily Tribune.—359, 362

Green—Marx's acquaintance in London.—171, 193

Greif—Prussian police officer; one of the chiefs of the Prussian secret service in London in the, early 1850s.—140, 141, 146-50, 241, 248 Griesheim, Karl Gustav von (1798-1854)—Prussian general and writer; reactionary; War Ministry representative in the Prussian National Assembly (1848).—328 Grimm brothers — see Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Carl and Grimm, Wilhelm Carl Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Carl (1785-1863)—German philologist, professor at Berlin University, author of a historical grammar of the German language, and of the folklore adap-tations; liberal.— 572, 582

Grimm, Wilhelm Carl (1786-1859)— German philologist, co-author of his brother Jacob Grimm in his main works; professor in Göttingen and then in Berlin; liberal.— 572, 582 Grove, Sir William Robert (1811-1896) — British physicist, qualified as a barrister.— 551, 553

Grün, Karl Theodor Ferdinand (pen-name Ernst von der Haide) (1817-1887)—German writer, a 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s; petty-bourgeois democrat during the 1848-49 revolution; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing).—138, 139, 187, 190

Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874)—French historian and statesman; de facto directed France's domestic and foreign policy from 1840 until the February revolution of 1848.—101

Gumpert—Eduard Gumpert's wife.— 539

Gumpert, Eduard (d. 1893) — German physician in Manchester; a friend of Marx and Engels.—68, 112, 113, 133, 138, 139, 185, 190, 204, 211, 222, 240, 243, 245, 250, 256, 282, 285, 290, 322, 423, 447, 460, 483, 490, 518, 520-21, 523, 524,525,529, 531, 539

Guthrie, James (1792-1869) — American statesman and big businessman; Democrat; Secretary of the Treasury (1853-57) in the Pierce Administration; advocated compromise with the slave-owners of the South.—308-09

H Habsburgs (or Hapsburgs)— dynasty of emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1273 to 1806 (with intervals), of Spanish kings (1516-1700), of emperors of Austria (1804-67) and of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).—229, 230

Hadji Hayden Hassan—Circassian deputy to London in 1862.—491

• Hafner, Leopold (b. 1820)—Austrian journalist, petty-bourgeois democrat; participated in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to France.—18, 34

Halleck, Henry Wager (1815-1872) — American general, moderate Republican; commander of the Missouri Department (November 1861-March 1862) and the Mississippi army (March-July 1862); Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Army (July 1862-March 1864).—360, 371-72, 386, 420

Hansemann, David Justus (1790-1864)—German capitalist, banker, a leader of the Rhine liberal bourgeoisie; Prussian Minister of Finance (March-September 1848).— 287

Harney, George Julian (1817-1897)— prominent figure in the English labour movement, a Chartist leader (Left wing); editor of The Northern Star and other Chartist periodicals; was on friendly terms with Marx and Engels.—527, 534

Hartmann, Moritz (1821-1872) — Austrian writer; a 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (extreme Left).—212

Hatzjeldt zu Trachenberg-Schönstein, Maximilian Friedrich Karl Franz, Count von (1813-1859)—Prussian diplomat; envoy to Paris in 1849; Sophie von Hatzfeldt's brother.— 147 Hatzfeldt, Sophie, Countess von (1805-1881)—friend and follower of Ferdinand Lassalle.—35, 124, 217, 251, 252, 257, 269-71, 275, 278, 280, 282-85, 288, 291, 293, 298, 299, 313, 315, 326. 358, 389, 563, 578, 579, 586 Haupt, Hermann Wilhelm (born c. 1831)—German shop assistant, member of the Communist League; arrested with other Cologne Communists he turned King's evidence and was released before the trial; fled to Brazil.—74, 149

Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz (1811-1881)—German democrat, a leader of the Baden republican uprising in April 1848; emigrated to the USA where he fought in the Civil War

on the side of the Union.— 265, 361

Heckscher, Martin— Frederick Engels'

physician, a German who lived in Manchester.—68, 129, 134, 167, 168, 211, 218, 240

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.—19, 220, 265, 281, 330, 333, 381, 546

Heilbronner, Karl (1789-1864)— Bavarian writer and traveller, contributed to the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung.— 14

Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856) — German revolutionary poet.— 33, 101, 159, 342, 462

Heintzmann, Alexis (born c. 1812) — Prussian lawyer, liberal; member of the Committee of Public Safety during the Elberfeld uprising in May 1849; emigrated to London; Chairman of the London branch of the National Association (1861).— 297, 301, 302, 309-11, 319, 342

Heinzen, Karl (1809-1880)—German journalist, radical; from 1847 Marx's opponent; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland, later to England and in the autumn of 1850 to the USA.—10, 127, 263

Heise, Hermann (1820-1860)— German democratic journalist; participated in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, later emigrated to England.—16, 21, 67

Hennessy, John Pope (1834-1891)— Irish politician, M. P.—484

Henry, Sir Thomas (1807-1876) — English judge.—32, 38, 53, 78

Heraclitus (c. 540-c. 480 B. C.) — Greek philosopher, one of the founders of dialectics.—142, 281, 567

Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744-1803)—German writer and literary theorist.—265 Herwegh, Georg Friedrich (1817-1875)—German democratic poet; participated in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated to Switzerland; supported Lassalle in the 1860s.—101, 389, 489, 561

Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870) — Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher and writer; left Russia in 1847; lived in England (from 1852) where he established the Free Russian Press and published the periodical Polyarnaya Zvezda (Polar Star) and the newspaper Kolokol (The Bell).— 341, 454, 492

Hess, Moses (1812-1875)—German radical writer, a 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s; member of the Communist League; after the split in the League sided with the sectarian Willich-Schapper group; a Lassallean in the 1860s.—156

Hess, Sibylle (née Pesch) (1820-1903)— Moses Hess's wife.—185, 580

Heydt, August, Baron von der (1801-1874)—Prussian statesman; Minister of Trade, Industry and Public Works (from December 1848 to 1862); Minister of Finance (May-September 1862, 1866-69).— 506

Hiersemenzel, Karl Christian Eduard (1825-1896)—German lawyer, judge in Berlin from 1859, editor of the Preußische Gerichts-Zeitung; Lassalle's friend.—282

Hildebrand (1814-1903) (real name Beets, Nicolaas)—Dutch poet and writer.—274, 510, 516

Hill—employee at the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels in the 1850s-60s.—392, 434, 447, 540

Hinckeldey, Karl Ludwig Friedrich von

(1805-1856) — Prussian government official, Chief Commissioner of Berlin police from 1848; chief of the police department in the Minis-

try of the Interior from 1853.— 74, 149, 287

Hirsch, Johann Peter Wilhelm (b. 1830)—commercial clerk from Hamburg; Prussian police agent in London in the early 1850s.—16, 24, 74, 81, 141, 146-51

Hirschfeld, Rudolph—owner of a printshop in London which printed Die Neue Zeit and the weekly Hermann; Marx's pamphlet Herr Vogt was printed there in 1860.—190, 199, 202, 208, 211, 226, 234, 236, 298

Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679)—English philosopher.— 381

Höchster—Ernst Hermann Höchster's son; an employee in the Koenigswar-ter Bank in Paris, later at a private firm in London.—235

Höchster, Ernst Hermann (born c. 1811) — Elberfeld lawyer, petty-bourgeois democrat, Chairman of the Committee of Public Safety during the uprising in Elberfeld (May 1849); emigrated after the failure of the uprising; lived in Paris in the 1860s; abandoned politics.—232, 235

Hodde, Lucien de la (Delahodde, pseudonym Duprez) (1808-1865)— French writer; participated in secret revolutionary societies during the Restoration and July monarchy, police agent.—12, 15, 148, 149

Hohenzollerns—dynasty of Brandenburg electors (1415-1701), Prussian kings (1701-1918) and German emperors (1871-1918).—460, 462, 477

Hollinger—Fidelio Hollinger's wife,— 31, 37 Hollinger, Fidelio—German refugee, owner of a printshop in London which printed Das Volk.—30-32 36, 37, 41, 42, 60-65, 68, 87, 104

Homer—semi-legendary Greek epic poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey.— 311, 357 Hooker, Joseph (called 'Fighting Joe') (1814-1879)—American general, Abolitionist, Republican; first commanded a corps of the Northern army on the Potomac (1862) and then the whole Potomac army (January-June 1863).—420, 430, 454, 478

Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65-8 B.C.).—Roman poet.—92, 354, 452

Hörfei, Gustav—Austrian petty-bourgeois democrat; emigrated to Paris in 1850 and became an agent of the French police.— 70, 122

Horner, Leonard (1785-1864) — English geologist and public figure, factory inspector (1833-59).—5

Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885)— French writer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; opposed Louis Bonaparte.—513, 519

Humboldt, Alexander, Baron von (1769-1859)—German naturalist and traveller.—116, 131, 153, 159, 271, 567

Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895) — English naturalist, biologist; a friend and follower of Charles Darwin; popularised his teaching.— 449, 465

I

lmandt, Peter (born c. 1824)—German teacher; democrat; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated first to Switzerland and, in 1852. to London; member of the CoLiino-nist League; follower of Marx and Engels.—16, 21, 34, 71, 213, 324,, 398, 401, 420, 576, 579

Imbert, Jacques (1793-1851) — French socialist; took part in the Lyons uprising of 1834; refugee in Belgium in the 1840s: Vice-President

of the Brussels Democratic Association (1847); commandant of the Tuileries after the February 1848 revolution.— 102

Ives, Malcom—American journalist, Democrat; contributor to The New-York Herald from the late 1850s.— 345

Izzx—LassaUe, Ferdinand

J

Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (1824-1863)—American general; commanded the Southern troops in Virginia (1861-63) during the Civil War; was nicknamed Stonewall Jackson after the battle of Bull Run (July 1861).—386, 414, 416

Jacobi, Abraham (1830-1919) — German physician, member of the Communist League, defendant at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852), acquitted by the jury; later emigrated to the USA where he disseminated Marxism in the workers' press; took part in the Civil War on the side o( the Northerners; President of the Medical Academy in New York (1885-89).— 89, 99, 100, 541

James, Edwin John (1812-1882) — British lawyer, M.P.; counsel for the defence at Simon Bernard's trial in April 1858.—33, 203

Jardine, David (1794-1860)—British lawver; a magistrate in London from 1839.—151

Jecker, Jean Baptiste (c. 1810-1871) — Swiss banker; French subject from 1862; was close to the ruling circles of Bonapartist France; assisted the French intervention in Mexico; held as hostage and shot by the Com-munards — 363, 456

JeUchen—see Anrooij, Henriette Sophia

van

Johnston, Albert Sidney (1803-1862) — Aniericin general. Commander of the Western Department of the Confederate army (1861-62) during the Civil War; killed in the battle of Corinth.—346

Johnston, Joseph Eggleston (1807-1891)—American general, took part in the Mexican War (1846-48), during the Civil War, commander of the Southern troops in Virginia (1861-62), later in Tennessee and Mississippi.— 346

Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-1869) — prominent figure in the English labour movement, proletarian poet and journalist, Left-wing Chartist leader; friend of Marx and Engels.—33, 85, 86, 95, 103, 154, 284, 526, 530, 542, 553, 554

Jottrand, Lucien Leopold (1804-1877)— Belgian lawyer and journalist, petty-bourgeois democrat; President of the Brussels Democratic Association (1847).—95, 102, 107

Juarez, Benito Pablo (1806-1872) — Mexican statesman, fought for national independence; leader of the Liberals during the Civil War (1858-60) and French intervention in Mexico (1861-67); President (1858-72).—363

Juch, Hermann—German journalist, petty-bourgeois democrat, refugee in London, Kinkel's supporter, editor of the Hermann (from July 1859).—16, 36, 80, 81, 146, 297, 301, 302, 354, 355

Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus), the Apostate (c. 331-363)—Roman Emperor (361-63).— 377 fitta, Johann Carl (Jaan Caret) (1824-:886)—Dutch merchant, husband of Karl Marx's sister Louise.— 239 Juta. Louise (1821-t. 1865) — Karl Marx's sister, Johann Carl juta's wife.—239, 499

Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenaiis) (born c. 60-died after 127) — Roman satirical poet.— 327

K

Kapp, Friedrich (1824-1884)—German historian and politician, petty-bourgeois democrat; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; refugee in the USA (1850-70); visited Germany in the early autumn of 1862.—416

Karadzic, Vuk Stefanovic (Kapaytuh, Byk

Cmedjauoeun) (1787-1864)—Serbian philologist, historian and folklore specialist, founder of the modern Serbian literary language.—473

Kavannagh (Cavanagh)—one of Marx's acquaintances in London.—

17

Keil, Ernst (1816-1878)—German journalist, publisher and bookseller, petty-bourgeois democrat, founded the weekly Gartenlaube.— 233, 354

Kertbény, Kâroly Maria (real name Benkert) (1824-1882) —Hungarian man of letters, liberal, was in contact with the leaders of the 1848-49 revolution.— 533

Kinglake, Alexander William (1809-1891)—English historian and politician, Liberal M.P. (1857-68).—173, 175, 456, 478, 482, 517

Kinkel, Gottfried (1815-1882) — German poet and democratic journalist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; sentenced to life imprisonment by a Prussian court; in 1850 escaped and emigrated to England; a leader of the petty-bourgeois refugees in London; an editor of the Hermann (1859); opposed Marx and Engels.—4, 12, 15, 16, 27, 28, 43, 48, 70, 84, 98, 236, 237, 244, 246, 249, 253, 262, 293, 297, 298, 301, 302, 304, 309-11, 319, 322, 354, 355, 369, 419, 580

Kinkel, Johanna (née Mockel) (18 !•'.'-1858)—German writer, Gottfried Kinkel's wife.—92, 262, 580 Klapka, György (1820-1892)—general in the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49); emigrated in 1849; maintained contact with Bonapartist circles in the 1850s; returned to Hungary after the amnesty (1867).—17, 79, 84, 85, 109, 247, 362, 493, 555-57

Klein, Johann Jacob (c. 1818-c. 1896)—Cologne physician, member of the Communist League; a defendant in the Cologne Comrmmist Trial (1852); acquitted by the jury; took part in the German workers' movement in the early 1860s.— 289, 369, 371

Klings, Karl (born c. 1825-died after 1874)—German metal-worker, member of the Communist League, then of the General Association of German Workers; emigrated to the USA in 1865 where he worked in the Chicago Section of the First International.—533 Knorsch—German lawyer, Chairman of the German Workers' Educational Society in Düsseldorf (1860).— 189 Koenigswarter, Maximilien (1815-1878) — French banker, deputy to the Corps législatif (1852-63).—235

Kolalschek, Adolph (1821-1889) — Austrian journalist and politician; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848-49); petty-bourgeois democrat; publisher of the Deutsche Monatsschrift (1850-51) and the Stimmen der Zeit (1858-62).—206, 208, 212, 216, 253, 262, 321, 324

Kölle, Christoph Friedrich Karl (1781-1848) — German diplomat and writer; secretary of the Württemberg embassies in Paris, The Hague, Munich, Karlsruhe and Dresden (1806-14); Württemberg chargé d'affaires in Rome (1817-33).—358

Koller—a partner in the London publishing house of Petsch & Co.—327, 328, 334, 340, 344, 347, 362

Kölliher, Rudolf Albert von (1817-1905)—German histologist and em-bryologist; professor of anatomy at Würzburg University (1849-1902).—546

Komp, Albrecht—German refugee in the USA, an organiser of the Communist Club in New York (1857); Joseph Weydemeyer's friend.— 81

Koppen, Karl Friedrich (1808-1863)— German radical journalist and historian; Young Hegelian; later an authority on the history of Bud-dhism.—286, 287

Korn, Adolf (1822-1904)—Prussian officer (until 1845); took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to Switzerland after its defeat and to Argentina in 1857.— 70, 71

Koscielski, Wladyslaw (1818-1895)— Polish democrat; took part in the national liberation movement in Posen (1848), emigrated to Berlin; maintained contact with the editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; general in the Turkish army under the name of Sefer Pasha in the 1850s.—23, 91, 465, 466

Kosel, Esther (c. 1786-1865)—sister of Karl Marx's father.—498, 501, 584

Kossuth, Laps (1802-1894)—leader of the Hungarian national liberation movement; head of the revolutionary government (1848-49); after the defeat of the revolution emigrated first to Turkey and later to England and the USA; sought for support in the Bonapartist circles in the 1850s.—12, 17, 18, 27, 84, 106, 125, 148, 157, 181, 182, 196, 203, 215, 284, 362, 468, 493, 505

Krause, Carl Friedrich August—see Fleury, Charles

Krause, Friedrich August (d. 1834) — shoemaker, Charles Fleury's father.—148 Kugelmann, Ludwig (1828-1902)— German physician, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; member of the First International; corresponded with Marx from 1862 to 1874; friend of Marx and Engels.— 435-37, 461, 465, 582, 583

Kuhlmann, Georg (b. 1812)—secret informer in the service of the Austrian government; in the 1840s preached 'true socialism1 among the German artisans, followers of Weitling, in Switzerland; posing as a prophet he used religious phraseology.—9

Küpper—an innkeeper in Düsseldorf.—206

Kustar, Ogli hmael—Circassian deputy to London in 1862.—491

L

Laboulaye, Edouard René Lejebvre de

(1811-1883) —French lawyer, journalist and liberal politician.—502

Lacambre, Cyrill—French physician, refugee in Spain in the 1860s; Blanqui's close friend.— 326

Ladendorf(f), August—German petty-bourgeois democrat, philosopher; sentenced to five years' imprisonment on a trumped-up charge of conspiracy (1854).—148

La Farina, Giuseppe (1815-1863) — Italian liberal politician, writer and historian; a leader of the revolutionary movement in Sicily (1848-49); Cavour's emissary in Sicily in 1860 (up to July); adviser to the viceroy of Sicily (October 1860-January 1861).—172, 246

Lamennais (La Mennais), Hugues Féli-cité Robert de (1782-1854)—French abbot and philosophical writer.— 452

Lamoricière, Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de (1806-1865)—French general, moderate Republican; took

part in suppressing the June 1848 uprising in Paris; War Minister in the Cavaignac government (June-December 1848); expelled from France after the coup d'état of 2 December 1851; commanded the Papal army in I860.—195, 196, 199

Langiewicz, Maryan Melchior (1827-1887) — participant in the Polish national liberation movement; a Right-wing leader during the 1863 insurrection in Poland, after its defeat fled to Austria where he was arrested and kept in prison until 1865.—456, 461. 464

Lapinski, Theophil (Teofil) (1827-1886)—Polish general; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; served in the Turkish army under the name of Tevfik Bey; fought against Russia in Circassia (1857-58); headed a military expedition to help the Polish insurgents in 1863.—489, 491-93

L'Aspée, Henry de—Wiesbaden police official; emigrated to London in the early 1850s, helped to expose provocative methods used by the Prussian authorities in staging the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).— 146, 147

Lassai, Heimann (d. 1862)—German merchant; Ferdinand Lassalle's father.—406, 408, 441

Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864) — German journalist and lawyer; took part in the democratic movement in the Rhine Province (1848-49); founder of the General Association of German Workers (1863).—6, 9-13, 15, 16, 18-21, 23, 26-29, 33-35, 38, 48, 50-52, 58, 59, 88, 90-92, 108-110, 112, 116, 117, 124, 131, 132, 141-43, 145, 152, 155, 160, 164, 167, 169, 186-92, 194-97, 203, 204, 207, 208, 210, 212, 217, 233, 245, 247, 251-54, 257, 258, 261, 263, 267, 269-72, 275, 278-82, 284-86, 291-93, 298, 302, 303, 305, 312, 313, 315-20, 322, 325, 330, 333, 341, 346, 355, 358, 376-79, 381-85, 389-91, 393, 398, 399, 401-13, 415, 419, 422, 424-27, 440, 441, 445, 451, 452, 466, 469, 470, 473, 475, 478-80, 482-84, 488, 489, 494. 507, 533, 534, 537, 539, 555-58, 560, 561, 563, 567, 573, 578, 579, 585, 586

Lee, Robert Edward (1807-1870) — American general; took part in the war against Mexico (1846-48); suppressed the uprising of John Brown (1859); during the Civil War commanded the Confederate forces in Virginia (1862-65); Commander-in-Chief of the Confederate army from February to Apiil 1865.—457, 484, 530. 531, 539, 540, 558

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von

( 1646-1716) — German philosopher and mathematician.—115

Lelewel, Joachim (1786-1861) — Polish historian and revolutionär;; took part in the 1830-31 Polish insurrection; a leader of the democratic wing of the Polish emigrants (1847-48).'—23. 95, 102, 114

Lenchen—see Demuth, Helene

Lepsius, Karl Richard (1810-1884) — German Egyptologist.— 286

Leaner, Friedrich, (1825-1910) — German tailor; participant in the German and international working-class movement, member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; a defendant at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); refugee in London from 1856; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London and of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 3

Levasseur de la Sarthe, René (1747-1834) — leading figure in the French Revolution, deputy to the Convention, Jacobin; author of the memoirs on the French Revolution.— 114

Levy, Gustav—German socialist from the Rhine Province; sent as delegate by Düsseldorf workers to Marx in London in 1856; later an active member of the General Association of German Workers.—82, 90

Levy, Joseph Moses (1812-1888) —a founder and the publisher of The Daily Telegraph.—33 Lewald, Fanny — see Stahr, Fanny

Lewald, Otto (1813-1874)—German lawyer, Fanny Lewald's brother.— 81

Lewis, Sir George Cornewall (1806-

1863) — British statesman, Whig, Secretary to the Treasury (1850-52), Chancellor of the Exchequer (1855-58), Home Secretary (1859-61) and Secretary for War (1861-63).—335

Liebig, Justus, Baron von (1803-1873) — German agrochemist.—159

Liebknecht, Ernestine j(d. 1867) — Wilhelm Liebknecht's first wife.— 77, 216, 573, 586, 587

Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900) — prominent figure in the '^German and international working-class movement; participated in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League; refugee in London; a leader of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; returned to Germany in 1862; opposed Lassalle's policy of conciliation with Bismarck; one of the founders and leaders of the German Social-Democratic Party (Eisenach); member of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—3, 12, 31, 34, 35, 37, 41, 44, 53, 55, 56, 60, 61, 63-67, 77, 78, 105, 113, 114, 133, 134, 149-51, 216, 221, 224, 228, 232, 262, 502, 537-39, 541, 545, 552, 553, 561, 573, 586, 587

Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865) — American statesman, a leader of the Republican Party; President of the United States (1861-65); under the influence of the masses carried out important bourgeois-democratic re-forms during the Civil War, thus making possible the adoption of revolutionary methods of warfare; was shot by a slave-owners' agent in April 1865.—297, 301, 306, 335, 387, 400, 420, 421, 428, 462, 559, 561, 562

Lippe, Leopold, Count zur (1815-1889)—Prussian statesman and lawyer; Public Prosecutor in Berlin (1860); Minister of Justice (1862-67).—131, 144, 186, 219

Lochner, Georg (born c. 1824) — carpenter; prominent figure in the German working-class movement; member of the Communist League, German Workers' Educational Society in London and the General Council of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—134

Loening—German publisher.—64

Lommel, Georg—German petty-bourgeois democrat, participant in the Baden uprising (April 1848); emigrated to Switzerland.—115, 118, 119, 123, 126, 127, 129, 141, 144, 155, 158, 160, 163, 164, 170, 172, 211, 227, 327

Lord, Percival Barton (1808-1840) — British physician and diplomat.— 546

Lormier, Marie—an acquaintance of the Marx family.—527

Louis XIV (1638-1715) —King of France (1643-1715).—318 Louis XVI (1754-1793) —King of France (1774-92); guillotined during the ¥ rent h Revolution.—430

Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)—Duke of Orléans, King of France (1830-48).—93, 462, 463

Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans, Count of Paris (1838-1894) —grandson of

Louis Philippe, pretender to the French throne.— 94

Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) (39-65) — Roman poet.— 367

Lucullus (Lucius Licinius Lucullus) (c. 117-c. 56 B.C.) — Roman general, famous for his wealth and sumptu-ous feasts.— 257, 265

Ludwig III (1806-1877)—Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt (1848-77).—373

Lüning, Otto (1818-1868)—German physician and journalist; a 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s; an editor of the Neue Deutsche Zeitung.— 22

Lupus—see Wolff, Wilhelm

Lützozv, Ludwig Adolph Wilhelm, Baron von (1782-1834) —Prussian army officer, later general; took part in the wars against Napoleonic France.—367

Lyell, Charles (1797-1875) —British scientist, geologist.—465, 473

M

McAdam (Mac Adam), John—Scottish journalist from Glasgow; supported the national liberation movement in Hungary, Italy and other European countries in the 1850s.—17, 467

McClellan, George Brinton (1826-1885) — American general and big railway businessman; was close to the Democrats; championed a compromise with Southern slave-owners; Commander-in-Chief of the Northern army (November 1861-March 1862) and Commander of the army on the Potomac (•March-November 1862) during the US Civil War; candidate for the presidency (1864).—345, 360-62, 365-67, 372, 384, 386, 387, 400, 415, 420, 428, 430, 431, 440

Macdonald—British army officer, arrested in Bonn and brought to trial

27 — 558 on the charge of insubordination to local authorities (September 1860).— 284, 297, 301, 354

McDowell, Irvin (1818-1885)— American general; during the Civil War commanded the Northern troops in Virginia (1861-62).—360, 372, 386

McElrath, Thomas (1807-1888) — American lawyer, publisher and politician, Abolitionist, co-founder and business manager (1841-57) of the New-York Daily Tribune.— 362

Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527) — Italian politician, historian and writer.—302

Mackay, Charles (1814-1889)—Scottish poet and journalist; New York special correspondent of The Times in 1862-65.—439, 457

Mädler, Johann Heinrich von (1794-1874)—German astronomer.— 354

Majewski, Karol (1833-1897)— participant in the Polish national liberation movement, member of the Central National Committee; was close to the party of the 'Whites'; headed the National Government of Poland (June-September 1863).—492

Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)— British clergyman and economist; author of a population theory.— 381

Manetho (end of the 4th-first half of the 3rd cent. B.C.)—Egyptian high priest and annalist during the reigns of Ptolemy I and Ptolemy II; author of a history of Egypt written in Greek.—286

Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron von (1805-1882)—Prussian statesman; Minister of the Interior (1848-50); Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1850-58); deputy to the Lower Chamber (1859 and 1860) and Upper Chamber (1864)

of the Prussian Provincial Diet.— 248, 287, 288

Marianne—see Creuz, Anna Maria

Marie Antoinette (1755-1793)—Queen of France (1774-93); wife of Louis XVI, guillotined during the French Revolution.—206

Marilley, Etienne (1804-1889)—Swiss clergyman, Bishop of Fribourg (Freiburg) (1846-79); inspired the anti-democratic revolt in Fribourg on 24 October 1848.—71

Mario, Alberto (1825-1883)—Italian politician and writer; took part in Garibaldi's revolutionary campaign in South Italy (I860).—379

Markheim, Berta—a close acquaintance of Marx's wife Jenny.—581, 583, 584

Marotzki, H. E.—Protestant pastor in Manchester.—525, 526

Marriet (d. 1864) — Rode's son-in-law.—526

Marriet, Thekla—Rode's daughter, Marriet's wife.—526

Marx, Edgar (1847-1855)—Karl Marx's son.— 570, 572

Marx, Eleanor (Tussy) (1855-1898)—

Karl Marx's youngest daughter • • — 8 ,

113, 135, 143, 180, 192, 195, 214, 216, 217, 221, 224, 228-30, 237, 240, 243, 258, 264, 272, 278, 283, 304, 313, 321, 331, 344, 355, 362, 365, 368, 369, 374, 380, 388, 399, 411, 419, 429, 433, 442, 444, 445, 449, 466, 468, 471, 473, 488, 494, 497, 500, 509, 510, 512, 514, 516, 524, 526, 527, 530, 532, 534, 537, 542, 543, 549, 550, 552, 554, 556, 557, 560, 568, 570-73, 575, 580, 581, 582, 587

Marx, Franziska (1851-1852)--Karl

Marx, Heinrich (1777-1838)—Karl Marx's father; lawyer, Counsellor of Justice in Trier.— 96, 101 Marx, Heinrich Guido (1849-1850)— Karl Marx's son.—670

Marx, Henriette (née Pressburg or Pres-borck) (1787-1863) —Karl Marx's mother.—220, 221, 268, 273, 279, 283, 324, 325, 337, 416, 442, 495, 499, 500, 579

Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881)—Karl Marx's wife.—8, 9, 20, 24, 39, 56, 76, 79, 85, 87, 88, 94, 101, 104, 113, 122, 135, 143, 176, 179, 182, 188, 192, 195, 201, 212, 214-18, 220, 221, 223-25, 228-31, 234, 238, 240, 243, 245, 247, 251, 258, 262-64, 272, 278, 279, 304, 313, 318, 324, 328, 331-35, 343, 344, 347, 353, 354, 357, 368, 374, 380, 388-90, 399, 411, 419, 429, 433, 434, 439, 442, 444-46, 448, 449, 468, 493, 494, 498, 499, 501, 502, 505, 510, 523-25, 527, 532, 534, 542, 544, 546, 549, 552, 553, 554, 556, 567-78, 580, 581, 583-89 Marx, Jenny (1844-1883)—Karl Marx's eldest daughter.—8, 113, 135, 143, 180, 192, 195, 214, 216, 217, 221, 224, 228-30, 237, 240, 243, 258, 264, 272, 278, 283, 304, 313, 331, 340, 343, 344, 347, 352, 355, 361, 362, 365, 366, 368, 369, 374, 380, 382, 383, 388, 399, 401, 411, 414, 415, 419, 428, 429, 433, 442, 444, 445, 449, 468, 475, 477, 479, 483, 488, 491, 494, 510, 514, 516, 517, 524, 526, 527, 531, 532, 534, 537, 542, 543, 546, 549, 550, 552, 554, 556, 560, 562, 568, 570, 571, 572, 573, 575, 580, 581, 582, 584, 587 Marx, Laura (1845-1911)—Karl Marx's second daughter.— 8, 113, 135, 143, 180, 192, 195, 214, 216, 217, 221, 224, 228, 229, 230, 237, 240, 243, 258, 264, 272, 278, 283, 304, 313, 331, 344, 347, 362, 365, 368, 369, 374, 380, 388, 411, 419, 429, 433, 442, 444, 445, 449, 468, 488, 494, 510, 516, 524, 526, 527, 532, 534, 537, 542, 543, 549, 550, 552, 554, 556, 560, 562, 568, 570,

571, 572, 573, 575, 580, 581, 582, 587, 588

Mason, James Murray (1798-1871) — American politician, big slaveowning planter, Chairman of the Senate commission on foreign affairs, advocate of secession; was sent by the Southern Confederacy on a diplomatic mission to England in the autumn of 1861; commissioner of the Confederacy in London (1862-65).—329, 336

Massol, Marie Alexandre (1806-1875) — French journalist; Utopian socialist; contributed to the newspapers La Réforme and Voix du peuple (1848-50); Proudhon's friend.—433, 439

Masterman, John (c. 1782-1862)— British banker and politician, Tory M.P.—434, 437

MaUpas, Charlemagne Emilie de (1818-1888)—French lawyer, Bonapartist; Prefect of the Paris police (1851); an organiser of the coup d'état of 2 December 1851; Minister of Police (1852-53).—144, 148, 149

Mayer, Michael (d. 1622)—German alchemist, physician-in-ordinary and counsellor of Emperor Rudolph II, author of works on chemistry, medicine and philosophy.—490

Maynard—American army officer, agent of the Southerners during the Civil War.—345 Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)— Italian revolutionary, leader of the national liberation movement, head of the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic (1849); an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London (1850); sought for support among the Bonapartists in the early 1850s; subsequently opposed Bonapartism.—185, 193, 196, 246, 255, 264, 325, 390, 468 Medici del Vascello, Giàcomo (1817-1882)—Italian general, fought in the national liberation war of 1848-49 and defended the Roman Re-

27* public (April-July 1849); participated in Garibaldi's revolutionary campaign in South Italy (I860).— 321, 322 Meissner, Otto Carl (1819-1902) — publisher in Hamburg, printed Marx's Capital and other works by Marx and Engels.—169, 171, 187, 201, 204

Melchior, Julius—a worker from Solingen, member of the General Association of German Workers, emigrated to the USA in 1864.— 534, 540, 541 Mellinet, François Aimé (1768-1852) — Belgian general of French descent; took part in the revolution of 1830 and democratic movement in Belgium; Honorary President of the Democratic Association in Brussels.— 114

Menchikoff (Menshihov), Alexander Sergeyevich, Prince (1787-1869) — Russian general and statesman; was sent on an extraordinary mission to Constantinople (1853), Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy in the Crimea (1853-55).—349

Merckel, Wilhelm von (1803-1861) — German poet, lawyer, Councillor of the High Court in Berlin (1850-61).—328 Meyen, Eduard (1812-1870)—German writer, petty-bourgeois democrat; editor of the Berliner Reform (1861-63); subsequently a National-Liberal.—238, 239, 241, 242, 252, 284, 285, 322, 377, 379, 469, 470

Mieroslawski, Ludwik (1814-1878)— prominent figure of the Polish national liberation movement; took part in the 1830-31 Polish insurrection and in the 1848-49 revolution; sought for support among the Bonapartists in the 1850s; was proclaimed dictator of the Polish National Government at the beginning of the 1863 Polish insurrection; emigrated to France after its defeat.—247, 456, 465, 466

Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)— English economist and positivist philosopher.— 535

Miquel, Johannes von (1828-1901) — German politician and financier; member of the Communist League in the 1840s; a founder of the National Association (1859); a National-Liberal from the 1860s.—192, 194, 419

Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Victor Ri-queti, comte de (1749-1791) — prominent figure in the French Revolution, advocate of constitutional monarchy.—289

Miramon, Miguel (1832-1867) — Mexican general, a leader of the Conservative Party; led the counter-revolutionary mutiny against the Liberal government; head of the insurgents' government (1859-60); supported French interventionists and their protégé Maximilian in 1862-67; was shot by Mexican republicans.—363

Mires, Jules Isaac (1809-1871)— French banker.—580

Mitchel, Ormsby MacKnight (1809-1862)—American astronomer, director of the observatory in Cincinnati (1845-59); general of the Northern army (1861-62) during the Civil War.—372 Mühridates VI Eupator (132-63 B.C.) — King of Pontus (Asia Minor), fought three wars against the Ro-mans; was defeated in the third war (74-63 B.C.) first by Lucullus and finally by Pompey.— 265 Mockel—see Kinkel, Johanna

Mocquard, Jean François Constant (1791-1864)—French politician and man of letters, active participant in the coup d'état of 2 December 1851, Louis Bonaparte's private secretary and chief of his office from 1848.—107

Moll, Friedrich (c. 1835-1871) —a worker from Solingen, member of the General Association of German Workers, emigrated to the USA in 1864, a founder of the General Association of German Workers in New York.—533, 534, 540, 541

Monk (Monck), George, Duke of Al-bemarle (1608-1670) — English general and statesman; originally a royalist, later served in Cromwell's army, helped to restore the Stuarts to power in 1660.—440

Monrad, Ditlev Gothard (1811-1887) — Danish bishop and politician, Minister of Education and Worship (1848, 1859-63), Prime Minister and Minister of Finance (1863-64), leader of the National-Liberal Party in the 1850s.—544

Montagu, Robert, Lord (1825-1902) — British politician, Conservative M.P.—299

Montgomery, Alfred,— 351

Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph,

duc de (1811-1865) — French politician, Bonapartist; deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); an organiser of the coup d'état of 2 December 1851; Minister of the Interior (December 1851-January 1852); President of the Corps législatif (1854-56, 1857-65); step-brother of Napoleon III.— 363

Morrill, Justin Smith (1810-1898)— American politician, Republican, Congressman from Vermont (1855-67); author of law on protective tariffs (1861).—370

Mügge, Theodor (1806-1861) — German writer and journalist, Young Hegelian.— 287

Müller, Georg—Chairman of the German Workers' Educational Society in London (I860).—77, 94, 95

Müller, Wilhelm (literary pseudonym Wolfgang Müller von Königswinter) (1816-1873)—German poet; physician in Düsseldorf in the 1840s.— 289

Müller-Tellering, Eduard von (born c. 1808)—German lawyer and writer, petty-bourgeois democrat; contributed to the Nette Rheinische Zeitung

(1848-49); emigrated to England after the defeat of the revolution; libelled Marx and Engels in the press; emigrated to the USA in 1852.—9, 10, 12, 82, 85

Mural, Napoleon Lucien Charles, Prince (1803-1878) —French politician, Bonapartist; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; cousin of Napoleon III.— 246

Murray, Jolm (1808-1892)—British publisher.— 5

Mussurus Bey (Constantin) (1807-1891) — Turkish diplomat, Greek by birth; envoy (1851-56) and Ambassador (1856-85) to London.—80

Muzembini—Marx's acquaintance in London.— 79

Muzembini—Muzembini's wife.—80

N

Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821) — Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—430, 460, 489, 513, 568

Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873) —Prince, nephew of Napoleon I, President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—10, 12, 18, 63, 64, 102, 103, 107, 129, 133, 146, 154, 156, 159, 160, 164, 171, 189, 191, 192, 193, 196, 198, 202, 203, 205, 212, 224, 241, 242, 246, 250, 262, 291, 329, 350, 361, 363, 369, 370, 390, 431, 456, 460, 462, 463, 471, 477, 489, 492, 496, 506, 513, 519, 537, 538, 552, 554

Napoleon, Prince—see Bonaparte, Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul

Nasmyth, James (1808-1890)—Scottish engineer, inventor of the steam-hammer.—4 11 Neuhof, Theodor Stephen, Baron von (c. 1686-1756)—son of a Westphalian nobleman, adventurer; in 1736 was proclaimed King of Corsica under the name of Theodore I but soon dethroned; made several abortive attempts (1738, 1743 and 1744) to seize the throne of Corsica.— 206

Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1776-1831)— German historian of the ancient world.—357

Niegolewski, Wladystaw Maurycy Grzymala (1819-1885)—Polish lawyer and politician, petty-bourgeois democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848), member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies for Posen from 1849.—159

Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, Marquess of (1797-1863)—English statesman, Whig M.P., Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1835-39), Secretary for War and the Colonies (1839); Home Secretary (1839-41); Ambassador to Paris (1846-52).—10

Nostitz, August Ludwig Ferdinand, Count von (1777-1866) —Prussian general, close to William I; Sophie von Hatzfeldt's brother-in-law.— 280

Nostitz, Friedrich Wilhelm Nicolas, Count von (1835-1916) — Prussian army officer; August Nostitz's son and Sophie von Hatzfeldt's nephew.—280

Nothjung, Peter (1821-1866)—German tailor, member of the Cologne Workers' Association and of the Communist League; a defendant at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); sentenced to six years' imprisonment.— 109, 146

O

Oelbermann—a publisher in Bonn.—

201 Ohm—police agent.—245

Oldenburg—dynasty of Danish kings (1448-1863), and of Schleswig-Holstein dukes (1460-1863); Emperor Peter III of Russia (1761-62) also belonged to this dynasty.— 541

Oldenburg, August Paul Friedrich—see August Paul Friedrich

Oldham, Williamson Simpson (1813-1868)—American lawyer and politician, Democrat; took part in the rebellion of Southern slave-owners; a member of the Confederacy Congress.—429

Opdyke, George (1805-1880)— American businessman, economist; Mayor of New York (1862-63).— 440

Oppenheim—a banker in London.— 534

Oppenheim, Heinrich Bernhard (1819-1880)—German politician, economist and journalist, petty-bourgeois democrat; an editor of Die Reform (Berlin) in 1848; from 1849, a refugee in Switzerland, France and England; subsequently a National-Liberal.—190, 212

Orges, Hermann, von (1821-1874)— German journalist; an editor of the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung (1854-64).—10, 14, 66, 537

Orleans, Prince—see Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans, Count of Paris

Orsini,Felice (1819-1858) —Italian revolutionary, democrat and republican; prominent figure in the struggle for Italy's national liberation and unification; executed for his attempt on the life of Napoleon III.—356, 369

Osborne—see Bernai Osborne, Ralph

Oswald, Ernst—former Prussian army officer, took part in Garibaldi's revolutionary campaign in South Italy (1860); emigrated to the USA at the end of 1861.—321, 322

Owen, Sir Richard (1804-1892) — English naturalist, opponent of Darwin's theory of evolution.—465

Owen, Robert (1771-1858)—Welsh Utopian socialist.—114

P

Palleske, Emil (1823-1880)—German actor and author.—50

Patmerston, Henry John Temple, Vis-count (1784-1865)—British statesman; Tory and, from 1830, Whig; Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51); Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58, 1859-65).—10, 88, 103, 121, 122, 133, 144, 152, 153, 154, 156, 173, 228, 262, 284, 286, 299, 335, 336, 337, 345, 349, 363, 370, 462, 463, 467, 484, 490, 491, 492, 494, 496, 516, 517, 519, 537, 538, 543, 544, 549, 554

Pam—see Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount

Paracelsus (real name Philippus Au-reolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim) (1493-1541)—German physician and naturalist.—491

Parker, Sarah—Frederick Engels' housemaid.—344

Patkul, Johann Reinhold (1660-1707)— Livonian nobleman; was in the Russian service from 1702.—471, 541

Patzke—Prussian police official, chief of the Berlin police (late 1850s-early 1860s).—189, 280

Paula-Kröcher (Paulaw).— 85

Pellico, Silvio (1789-1854)—Italian writer, arrested in 1820 for his contacts with the Carbonari and sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment; released in 1830; published a book describing the hard-ships of convicts in Austrian pris-ons (1832).—507

Perczel, Môr (1811-1899)—Hungarian general; took part in the 1848-49

revolution in Hungary; emigrated to Turkey after the defeat of the revolution and to England in 1851.—Ill, 125, 157

Perrier, John—Swiss radical politician; member of the Grand Council (1852, 1856-60); Fazy's supporter.— 129

Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, comte (1808-1872)—French statesman, Bonapartist, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51), an organiser of the coup d'état of 2 December 1851; Minister of the Interior (1852-54, 1860-63), Ambassador to London (1855-58, 1859-60).—227, 313

Peter I (the Great) (1672-1725)— Russian Tsar (1682-1721); Emperor of .Russia from 1721.—470

Peter III (1728-1762)—Emperor of Russia (1761-62).—471

Peter Nikolaus Friedrich, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (1827-1900)—Russia's nominee to the Schleswig-Holstein throne (1864), ceded his claims to it in favour of Prussia in 1866.—549

Petsch, Albert—publisher and bookseller in London; printed Karl Marx's

Herr Vogt at the end of 1860.— 118, 123, 126, 190, 196, 197, 199, 202, 204, 211, 218, 224-27, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 255, 327, 334, 338

Pfänder, Karl (c. 1818-1876)— German artist; prominent in German and international working-class movement; refugee in London from 1845, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, of the Communist League Central Authority and later of the General Council of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—11, 472, 536

Pfuel, Ernst Heinrich Adolf von (1779-1866)—Prussian general; comman-dant of Berlin (March 1848); headed the suppression of the uprising in Posen in May 1848; Prime Minister and Minister of War in September-October 1848.—271, 280

Philips—Dutch relatives of Karl Marx.—272, 499

Philips, Antoinette (Nannette) (c. 1837-1885)—Karl Marx's cousin, daughter of Lion Philips.—269, 272, 274, 276, 283, 311, 313, 320, 322, 503, 504, 507, 508, 510, 550

Philips, August (d. 1895) —Karl Marx's cousin, lawyer in Amsterdam.—276, 302, 313, 315, 320, 322, 325, 341, 346, 426, 509

Philips, Friedrich (Fritz)—Karl Marx's cousin, banker in Zalt-Bommel.— 314, 510, 551 Philips, Jacques—Karl Marx's cousin,

lawyer in Rotterdam.— 276, 277, 279, 283, 286, 313, 509 Philips, Jean—Karl Marx's cousin, merchant in Aachen.—514

Philips, Karl—Karl Marx's cousin; merchant in Aachen.—514, 516

Philips, Lion (1794-1866)—Dutch merchant, maternal uncle of Karl Marx.—263, 268, 272, 273, 276, 277, 279, 283, 291, 294, 314, 320, 415, 444, 445, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 507-10, 512, 514, 516, 542, 550, 551, 552, 574, 579

Pi de Cosprons, Honoré (duc du Roussil-

lon)—French philologist and historian.—484, 490 Pieper, Wilhelm (born c. 1826) — German philologist and journalist; member-of the Communist League; refugee in London; was close to Marx and Engels in 1850-53.— 511, 553, 576

Pierce, Francis Edwin (d. 1896) — American general, commanded the Northerners' troops in Virginia.— 309 Pierce, Franklin (1804-1869) — 14th President of the USA (1853-57); Democrat.—300

Pitt, William (the Younger) (1759-1806) — British statesman, Tory, Prime Minister (1783-1801 and 1804-06).—400

Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) (1792-1878) —Pope (1846-78).—492, 580

Plon-Plon—see Bonaparte, Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul

Ploug, Parmo Carl (1813-1894)— Danish poet, journalist and politician, a National-Liberal, editor of the Faedrelandet (1841-81), member of the Upper Chamber of Rigsdag (Parliament).—554

Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (106-48 B.C.)—Roman general and statesman.— 265

Pope, John (1822-1892)—American general, Republican; commanded a Northern army on the Mississippi (1862) and then in Virginia during the Civil War.—372, 400, 414, 415

Potter, Edmund—British manufacturer and politician, Free Trader; in the early 1860s Chairman of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, M.P.—463

Presburg, Martin Isacq (1794-1867)— merchant in Nijmegen, maternal uncle of Karl Marx.—499, 502

Pyat, Félix (1810-1889)—French journalist and playwright; politician; petty-bourgeois democrat; took part in the 1848 revolution; from 1849 refugee in Switzerland, Belgium and England; later opposed Marx and the First International.—47

Pythagoras (c. 570-c. 500 B.C.) — Greek mathematician and philosopher.—515

Q

Quesnay, François (1694-1774) — French economist, founder of the school of Physiocrats; a physician by profession.—381, 485, 487 Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quin-tilianus) (c. 35-c. 96) — Roman rhetorician.— 268

R

Racowija, Janko von (d. 1865) — Romanian nobleman, fatally wounded Lassalle in a duel in 1864.— 555, 557, 558

Ranickel—German bookbinder, petty-bourgeois democrat; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to Switzerland after its defeat.—99, 163

Ranke, Leopold von (1795-1886)— German historian, professor at Berlin University, ideologist of the Jun-kerdom.— 561

Rau, Karl Heinrich (1792-1870) — German economist.—280

Reclus, Michel Elie (1827-1904)— French ethnographer and journalist, Utopian socialist, participated in the 1848 revolution; expelled from France after the coup d'état of 2 December 1851; returned in 1855; during the Paris Commune director of the Bibliothèque nationale.—439

Reiff, Wilhelm Joseph (born c. 1824) — member of the Cologne Workers' Association and of the Communist League, expelled from the League in 1850; a defendant at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); sentenced to five years' imprisonment.—3, 4, 85, 134, 135

Reinach, Arnold (c. 1820-1870) — German petty-bourgeois democrat; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to Switzerland.—34

Reinhardt, Richard (1829-1898) — German poet, refugee in Paris, Heinrich Heine's secretary, friend of the Marx family.—384

Rémusat, Charles François Marie, comte de (1797-1875)—French statesman

and writer, an Orleanist; Minister of the Interior (1840); opposed Napoleon Ill's regime during the Second Empire.—93, 94

Renan, Joseph-Ernest (1823-1892) — French philologist and historian of Christianity, idealist philosopher.— 507, 541

Reuter, Max—Prussian police agent in London in the early 1850s.—140, 147

Reuter, Paul Julius, Baron (1816-1899)—founder of the telegraph agency in London (1851).—121, 122, 144, 333, 440

Reynolds, George William MacArthur (1814-1879)—British politician and journalist; publisher of Reynolds's Newspaper.— 33, 358

Rheinländer, Georg Friedrich—member of the Outlaws' League in Paris, later refugee in London, member of the London branch of the German National Association.—110, 130, 155, 232, 234, 297, 298, 350, 567, 579, 580

Ricardo, David (1772-1823)—British economist.—378, 380, 396, 397, 403, 404, 480, 485

Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, due

de (1585-1642) — French statesman during the period of absolutism, Cardinal.—389 Richter, Jakob Ferdinand (1814-1875)— German journalist, liberal, publisher of Die Reform.— 234

Rings, L. W.— member of the Communist League, refugee in London in the early 1850s; supporter of Marx and Engels.—149, 150

Ripley, Roswell Sabine (1823-1887)— American army officer and military writer; general from 1861, participant in the war against Mexico (1846-48), wrote a history of this war.—299

Roberts, William Prowting (1806-1871)—English lawyer, participated in the Chartist and trade union movements.—47

Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Johann Karl (1805-1875)—German economist and politician, proponent of Prussian 'state socialism'.—253, 285, 377, 378

Rode—German refugee in Liverpool.—526

Roesgen, Charles—an employee in the firm of Erraen & Engels in Manchester.—21, 112, 121, 134, 211, 392, 447

Rollenhagen,-Georg (1542-1609)— German pastor and teacher.— 311

Ronge, Johannes (1813-1887) — German clergyman; an initiator of the German Catholics movement; took part in the 1848-49 revolution, emigrated to England after its defeat.—28

Roodhujzen, A.—pastor in Zalt-Bommel, future husband of Antoinette Philips.—510, 515

Roon, Albrecht Theodor Emil, Count von (1803-1879)—Prussian statesman and military figure, War Minister (1859-73) and Naval Minister (1861-71); reorganised the Prussian army.—440

Roscher, Wilhelm Georg Friedrich (1817-1894)—German economist, professor at Leipzig University, founder of historical school' in political 'economy.—285, 377, 378, 379, 425, 440

Rosecrans, William Starke (1819-1898)—American general, commanded Northern troops in Mississippi and Tennessee (1862-63) during the Civil War.—478

Roselius, Christian (1803-1873) — American lawyer and politician, Whig, professor at Louisiana University; championed preservation of the Union.—308

Rosenblum, Eduard—German student;

took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, emigrated after its defeat.— 70

Röser, Peter Gerhard (1814-1865)— cigar-maker; prominent figure in the German working-class movement; Vice-President of the Cologne Workers' Association (1848-49); member of the Communist League; a defendant at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852), sentenced to six years' imprisonment; later sympathised with the Lassalleans.— 83

Rostoffzeff (Rostovtsev), Yakov Ivanovich, Count (1803-1860)—Russian statesman, member of the State Council (1856), took part in the preparation of the Peasant Reform (1861); Chairman of the 'drafting commissions' (1859).—4

Ruge, Arnold (1802-1880)—German radical journalist and philosopher, Young Hegelian; published, jointly with Marx, the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher; Marx's ideological opponent after 1844; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing); German petty-bourgeois refugee leader in England in the 1850s.—70, 82, 101, 259, 381, 556, 573

Rüge, Franziska—Arnold Ruge's daughter.—556

Russell, John Russell, Earl (1792-1878) — British statesman, Whig leader, Prime Minister (1846-52, 1865-66), Foreign Secretary (1852-53, 1859-65).—335

Russell, Sir William Howard (1820-1907)—English journalist, military correspondent of The Times in Washington (1861-62).—363

Riistow, Alexander (1824-1866) — Prussian army officer and military writer; Friedrich Wilhelm Rüstow s brother.—383

Rüstow, Cäsar (1826-1866) —Prussian army officer and military writer;

Friedrich Wilhelm Rüstow's brother.—383

Rüstow, Friedrich Wilhelm (1821-1878)—German army officer and • military writer, democrat; refugee in Switzerland; chief-of-staff of Garibaldi's troops during the campaign in South Italy (1860); Lassalle's friend.—205, 322, 383, 389, 390, 393, 398, 409, 412, 555, 557

Rutenberg, Adolf (1808-1869)— German journalist, Young Hegelian; editor of the National-Zeitung (1848); a National-Liberal after 1866.—287, 288, 561

Rütten, Joseph Jakob (1805-1878) — head of a publishing house in Frankfurt am Main.—101

S

Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825) —French Utopian socialist.—57

Sasonow, Nikolai ivanovich (1815-1862)—Russian journalist, democrat and radical; emigrated abroad in the early 1840s; contributed to various newspapers and magazines; Marx's acquaintance.—164, 446

Sauernheimer—German brushmaker; refugee in Switzerland and Chairman of the German Workers' Association in Geneva in the early

1850s.—71, 185

Saul (llth cent. B.C.)—first King of Israel (c. 1025 B.C.).—541

Say, Jean Baptiste (1767-1832)— French economist.—280

Schabelitz, Jacob Lukas (1827-1899) — Swiss publisher and bookseller; member of the Fraternal Democrats society from 1846; member of the Communist League; maintained contact with Marx and Engels in the late 1840s and the early 1850s.—74, 83, 98

Schaible, Karl Heinrich (1824-1899)— German physician and writer; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising, emigrated to England.— 49, 52, 53, 62, 63, 66, 85, 86, 87, 104, 105, 264, 265

Schapper, Karl (c. 1812-1870)— prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; a leader of the League of the Just; member of the Communist League Central Authority; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; a leader of the sectarian group that split away from the Communist League in 1850; resumed contact with Marx in 1856; member of the General Council of the First International.—11, 36, 71, 72, 77, 78, 79, 91, 92, 93, 95, 133, 147, 242, 428

Scherzer, Andreas (1807-1879) — German tailor; member of a Paris community of the Communist League which sided with the Willich-Schapper sectarian group in 1850; later refugee in London; a leader of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; publisher of Die Neue Zeit and contributor to Das Volk.— 82

Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von (1759-1805)—German poet, dramatist, historian and philosopher.—159, 236, 274, 488, 552

Schily, Victor (1810-1875)—German lawyer, democrat, took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising, later refugee in France; member of the First International.—29, 33, 34, 48, 71, 99, 130, 133, 138, 155, 156, 163, 164, 182, 202, 215, 237, 240, 247, 316, 321, 324, 350, 356, 362, 420, 466, 568, 579, 580

Schimmelpfennig, Alexander (1824-1865)—Prussian army officer, democrat, participated in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; emigrated after its defeat; supported the sectarian Willich-Schapper group; fought in the US Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—14, 133

Schleiden, Matthias Jakob (1804-1881)—German botanist, a theorist of the cell structure of organisms.— 546, 553

Schleinitz, Alexander, Baron von (1807-1885) — Prussian statesman; Minister of Foreign Affairs (June 1848, 1849-50, 1858-61).—177, 284

Schlesinger, Max (1822-1881) — German journalist, emigrated to London in 1848; correspondent of the Kölnische Zeitung.—121, 122, 227

Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph (1776-1861) — German historian.— 265

Schmalhausen, Sophie (1816-1883) — Karl Marx's eklest sister, wife of Wilhelm Robert Schmalhausen.— 499

Schmalhausen, Wilhelm Robert (1817-

1862) — lawyer in Maastricht; Karl Marx's brother-in-law.—268, 432

Schmerling, Anton von (1805-1893) — Austrian liberal statesman; Imperial Minister of the Interior (July-December 1848), Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (September-December 1848); Austrian Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior (1860-65).—321, 323 Schmerling, Philippe Charles (1791-1836) — Belgian physician and palaeontologist.—473 Schmidt—agent of a ship company, Chairman of the Association of German Men in London; member of the London branch of the National Association.— 310

Schmidt, Heinrich Julian Aurel (1818-1886)—German critic and historian of literature; moderate liberal; supported Bismarck from 1866.— 377

Schneider II, Karl—German lawyer, democrat; President of the Cologne

Democratic Society and member of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats (1848); defended Marx and Engels at the trial of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung on 7 February 1849; counsel for the defence at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).— 73, 93, 94, 146, 150, 151, 289

Schüler, Caroline (1819-1891) —teacher in Cologne; friend of the Marx family.—165

Schönberg, Countess.— 148

Schramm, Conrad (Konrad) (c. 1822-1858) — prominent figure in the German working-class movement; member of the Communist League; refugee in London from 1849; responsible editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 96, 97, 534

Schramm, Rudolf (1813-1882)— German democratic journalist, deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; emigrated to England after the defeat of the revolution; opposed Marx; supporter of Bismarck in the 1860s; Conrad Schramm's brother.—366, 497, 580

Schröder—German refugee in London.— 3

Schröder, E.— agent for the firm of Ermen & Engels in Amsterdam.— 346

Schulze-Delitzsch, Franz Hermann ( 1808-1883)—German economist and politician; advocated unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy; a founder of the National Association; a leader of the Party of Progress in the 1860s; tried to detract workers from the revolutionary struggle by organising cooperative societies.—418, 467, 470, 480, 561, 580

Schurz, Karl (1829-1906)—German petty-bourgeois democrat; participant in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; emigrated to Switzerland, later to the USA, where he took part in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners; later American statesman.— 363

Schwabe—merchant in Manchester.— 525

Schwanbeck, Eugen Alexis (1821-1850) — German journalist, contributed to the Kölnische Zeitung (1847-49).—241

Schwann, Theodor (1810-1882) — German biologist; founder of the theory of the cell structure of organ-isms in 1839.—546

Schwarck—Chief Public: Prosecutor of the Prussian Royal Court of Appeal.—131, 144, 145, 186, 219

Schwarz, Wilhelm—member of the board of the Great Industrial Exhibition in London (1862).—408

Schweigert, Ludwig— former Austrian army officer, member of the National Association.—383

Schwerin, Maximilian Heinrich Karl, Count von (1804-1872)—Prussian statesman, Minister of Religious Worship, Public Education and Medicine (March-June 1848); deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right wing); Minister of the Interior (1859-62); later National-Liberal.—288, 305, 313

Scott, Winfield (1786-1866)— American general, Commander-in-Chief of the US army (1841-November 1861).—299, 304

Scoville, Joseph Alfred (1815-1864)— (pen-name Manhattan) — American journalist, supporter of the Democrats; during the Civil War New York correspondent of the London papers The Morning Herald and The Evening Standard; opposed the policy of the Lincoln Administration.— 361

Seddon, James Alexander (1815-1880)—

American statesman, Democrat; War Secretary of the Confederacy (1862-65) during the Civil War.—562

Seel, Johann Richard (1819-1875) — German cartoonist, Engels' acquaintance in the 1840s.—289

Sertorius (Quintus Sertorius) (c. 122-72 B. C.) — Roman politician and general; praetor in Spain (83-81 B.C.); led the struggle of the Iberian tribes against Rome (80-72 B.C.).— 265 Seward, William Henry (1801-1872) — American statesman; a leader of the Right-wing Republicans', governor of New York State (1839-43); Senator from 1849; candidate for the presidency (1860); Secretary of State (1861-69); advocated a compromise with the Southern slave-owners.—462

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of (1801-1885)—British politician; head of parliamentary group of the Tory philanthropists in the 1840s; a Whig from 1847; Palmerston's son-in-law.— 297

Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)— English poet and dramatist.— 265, 282, 517, 579

Shelley, Mary Wollstonecrafi (1797-1851) — English writer; Percy Bysshe Shelley's second wife; wrote Frankenstein or the Modern Pro-metheus.—503 Sherman, William Tecumseh (1820-1891)—American general and politician; took part in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners (1861-65), in May-December 1864 commanded the troops that made a successful "march to the sea"; commander-in-chief of the US army (1869-84).—361, 559, 561

Sidney, Herbert—British lawyer.— 334, 338

Siebel—merchant in Barmen, Carl Siebel's father.—289 Siebel, Carl (Karl) (1836-1868)— German poet; Engels' distant relative, lived in England (1856-60); helped to propagate works by Marx and Engels, Vol. I of Capital in particular.—25, 26, 28, 112-15, 118, 122, 123, 126, 129, 131, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 143, 155, 158, 165, 168, 179, 180, 181, 182, 185, 190, 191, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 206, 208, 209, 212, 227, 238-42, 248, 255, 272, 273, 289, 291, 337, 341, 371, 374, 375, 417, 478

Siebel, Reinhilde—Carl Siebel's wife.— 179, 206, 239, 289, 374, 375

Sigel, Franz (1824-1902)—German army officer, petty-bourgeois democrat; took part in the 1848-49 revolutionary movement in Baden; emigrated to Switzerland and later to England; went to the USA in 1852, where he took part in the Civil War on the side of the Union.—372

Simon, Edouard (1824-1897) —French journalist, born in Berlin; Bonapartist spy.—223, 225

Simon, Ludwig (1810-1872)—German lawyer, democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; one of the five imperial regents in 1849; emigrated to Switzerland, lived in Paris (1855-70).—84, 187, 212, 228, 233, 234, 235, 299

Simons, Ludwig (1803-1870)— German lawyer; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Right wing) in 1848; Minister of Justice (1849-60).—248

Simson, Martin Eduard Sigismund von (1810-1899)—Prussian politician and lawyer; member and President (from December 1848 to May 1849) of the Frankfurt National Assembly; imperial commissioner to Berlin (November 1848); member (from 1859) and President (1860-61) of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies.—288

Sippel—German refugee in England in the 1850s-60s.—351

Slidell, John (1793-1871)—American politician, member of the Senate Commission for Foreign Affairs; advocate of secession; in autumn 1861 was sent on a diplomatic mission to France by the Confederacy; commissioner of the Confederacy in Paris (1862-65).—329, 336

Smith, Adam (1723-1790)—Scottish classical economist.—351, 396, 397, 403, 411, 479, 485

Socrates (470 or 469-399 B.C.)— Greek philosopher.—377

Solms, Marie Laetitia Sludolmine (1833-1902)—French writer and journalist; Louis Bonaparte's niece.—456 Sommer—Prussian police agent in Paris in the early 1850s.—148

Soulouque, Faustin Elie (c. 1782-1867)—President of the Republic of Haiti (1847-49), proclaimed himself Emperor of Haiti under the name of Faustin I (1849-59); the anti-Bonapartist press ironically referred to Napoleon III as Soulouque.— 519

Spartacus (d. 71 B.C.)—Roman gladiator who headed the biggest revolt of slaves in Rome (73-71 B.C.).—265

Speck—assistant manager of Das Volk.—121

Spence, James—merchant in Liverpool, the Times correspondent; repeatedly came out in defence of Southern slave-owners during the Civil War.—371, 372, 431, 489

Spilthoorn, Charles Louis (1804-1872)— Belgian lawyer; republican; took part in the democratic movement and the Belgian revolution of 1830; member of the Brussels Democratic Association; President of the Ghent Democratic Association.—107

Spinoza, Baruch (Benedictus) de (1632-1677)—Dutch philosopher.—542 Spurzheim, Johann Kaspar (Christoph)

(1776-1832)—German phrenolo-gist.—546

Stahr, Adolf Wilhelm Theodor (1805-1876)—German writer, author of historical novels and works dealing with the history of art and literature.—92

Stahr, Fanny (née Lewald) (1811-1889)—German writer.—92

Stanbury, G.—owner of a printshop in London in the 1850s.—149

Standau, Julius—German teacher, took part in the German democratic movement in the 1830s-40s and in the Baden-Palatinate uprising in 1849; emigrated to the USA after the defeat of the revolution; an editor of Die Stimme des Volkes in

I860.—183

Stanton, Edwin McMasters (1814-1869) — American lawyer and statesman; Attorney-General (1860-61); Secretary of War (January 1862 to 1868); took part in the Civil War on the side of the Union.— 372, 373, 386, 387

Stechqn, Gottlieb Ludwig (born c. 1814)—Hanover joiner, member of the Communist League, after the split in the League in 1850 belonged to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group: rejoined the supporters of Marx and Engels in December 1851; headed a workers' society in London from January 1852.—147

Stecher, G.K.— former headmaster of a secondary school in Baden; emigrated after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; engaged in lithography.—130

Steffen, Wilhelm—former Prussian army officer, witness for the defence at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); emigrated to England in 1853, later to the USA; closely associated with Marx and Engels in the 1850s.—103, 376, 416

Stein, Julius (1813-1889)—Silesian teacher and democratic journalist; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; an editor of the Neue Oder-Zeitung in the 1850s; editor of the Breslauer Zeitung from 1862.—69, 282

Stein, Maximilian, Baron (1811-1860)—Austrian army officer; chief-of-staff of the revolutionary army during the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; after its defeat emigrated to Turkey where he assumed the name of Ferhad Pasha; fought against Russia in Circassia (1857-58).—493

Steinthal—owner of the Manchester trading firm in which Georg Weerth was employed in 1852-56.— 525, 547

Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882)—Chief of the Prussian political police (1850-60); an organiser of and principal witness for the prosecution at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); jointly with Wermuth wrote the book Die Communisten-

Verschwörungen des neunzehnten Jahr-hunderts.— 12, 16, 44, 54, 72, 73, 74, 80, 93, 140, 141, 145-51, 187, 197, 241, 244, 245, 248, 287

Stierlin—German liberal Journalist, member of the Democratic Association in Münster; correspondent of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung.— 289

Stoffregen, Ludwig (b. 1815)—German teacher of music; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; in 1850 emigrated to England where he became a religious poet.—106, 111

Stone, Charles Pomeroy (1824-1887) — American general; commanded the Northern troops in Virginia (1861); after the defeat at Ball's Bluff (October 1861) was arrested on suspicion of high treason; released in August 1862.—345

Streit, Feodor (1820-1904)—German lawyer, journalist and publisher; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; a leader of the National Association.— 309, 310

Strohn, Wilhelm—member of the Communist League; a friend of Marx and Engels; refugee in Bradford, England.—40, 366, 527, 541

Stücker—Aulic Councillor.—391

Sulla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla) (138-78 B.C.)—Roman general and statesman, consul (88 B.C.), dictator (82-79 B.C.).—265

Sumner, Edwin Vose (1797-1863) — American general, fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners; commanded two corps in the battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1862.—437, 438

Sumner, John Bird (1780-1862)— English clergyman, Archbishop of Canterbury (1848-62).—465

Süss-Oppenheimer, Joseph (1692-1738)—as court financier to Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg, he was in charge of his treasury and all his affairs; hated by the people for his machinations; executed.—534

Syv, Peder Pedersen (1631-1702) — Danish linguist, poet; published a popular collection of Danish folk-songs.—160, 375

Szemere, Bartholomäus (Bertalan) (1812-1869)—Hungarian politician and journalist; Minister of the Interior (1848) and head of the revolutionary government (1849); emigrated after the defeat of the revolution.— 5, 17, 18, 27, 34, 106, 111, 125, 133, 134, 135, 156, 157, 181, 210, 214, 215, 222, 228, 229, 230

T

Tasso, Torquato (1544-1595)—Italian poet.— 304

Tavernier, Count—artillery officer.— 280

Taylor, John Edward (1831-1905)— owner and editor-in-chief of The Manchester Guardian.—456

Techow, Gustav Adolf (1813-1893)— Prussian army officer, democrat, participant in the 1848 revolutionary events in Berlin, Chief of the General Staff of the Palatinate revolutionary army; emigrated to Switzerland, became a leader of the Revolutionary Centralisation, a refugee organisation; moved to Australia in 1852.—14, 22, 52, 58, 89, 96-99, 133, 179, 202, 225, 568

Tellering—see Müller-Tellering, Eduard von

Terence (Publius Terentius Afer) (c. 195-159 B.C.)—Roman comic verse dramatist.—57, 90, 236, 363

Terentianus Maurus (latter half of the 2nd cent.)—Roman grammarian.— 20

Thimm, Franz—bookseller in Manchester in the 1850s-60s.— 255

Thompson, Jacob (1810-1885) — American statesman, Democrat, Secretary of the Interior (1857-61) in the Buchanan Administration.— 307

Thucydides (Thukydides) (c. 460-400 B.C.)—Greek historian.—292

Thudichum, Friedrich Wolfgang Karl (1831-1913)—German historian of law, professor in Tübingen from 1862.—498

Tietz, Friedrich Wilhelm (born c. 1823)—German tailor, member of the Communist League, after its split in 1850 belonged to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group.— 148

Toucey, Isaac (1792-1869)—American statesman, lawyer, Democrat; General-Attorney (1848-49), Senator (1852-57), Secretary of the Navy (1857-61) in the Buchanan Administration .— 307 Trübner, Nikolaus (1817-1884)— German bookseller and publisher in London.—224, 297

Tscharner, Johann Karl (1812-1879) — Swiss lawyer and radical journalist, an editor of the newspaper Der

Bund.—159

Tschernyschew (Chernyshev), Alexander Ivanovich, Prince (1785-1857)— Russian general and statesman, fought in the wars against Napoleonic France; headed War Ministry (1828-52).—367

Tiirr, Istvân (Ahmed Kiamil Bey) (1825-1908)—Hungarian army officer, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Italy and Germany; fought in the Crimean War on the side of the Allies; took part in the Garibaldi's revolutionary campaign in South Italy (1860); general of the Italian army (from 1861).—182, 205, 322, 356, 362, 493

Tussy—see Marx, Eleanor

Twesten, Karl (1820-1870) —German politician, lawyer, member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies (from 1861) and North German Imperial Diet (from 1867); a leader of the Party of Progress; a founder of the National-Liberal Partv (1866).—361

U

Uhland, Johann Ludwig (1787-1862)— German romantic poet, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left centre) in 1848-49.—160, 163

Uhlendorff—German democrat, member of the Cologne Workers' Association.—90

Ullou Cala, Giràlamo (1810-1891)— Italian army officer, took part in the national liberation and revolutionary movements in Italy in 1848-49; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to France;

commanded the Tuscan army in the Austro-Italo-French war of 1859.—174

Ulmer, Johann—member of the Communist League, refugee in London in the early 1850s; supporter of Marx and Engels during the split in the Communist League.—149

Vre, Andrew (1778-1857)—English chemist and economist; author of several works on the economics of industry.—351

Urquhart, David (1805-1877)—British diplomat, writer and politician; Turcophile; carried out diplomatic missions in Turkey in the 1830s; Tory M.P. (1847-52); founder and editor of The Free Press.— 8, 10, 21, 28, 46, 63, 64, 95, 103, 142, 152, 153, 154, 175, 339, 341, 348, 355, 454, 484, 491, 492, 497, 536, 537, 562, 584

V

Varnhagen von Ense, Karl August (1785-1858)—German writer and literary critic of the liberal trend.— 271, 329, 358

Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre de (1633-1707) — French marshal and military engineer, criticised France's taxation system.—479

Vaucanson, Jacques de (1709-1782)— French mechanic, improved the design of looms; inventor of automatic toys.—450

Venedey, Jakob (1805-1871) —German radical journalist and politician; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; liberal after the 1848-49 revolution.— 50, 165, 166

Vico, Giambattista (1668-1744) — Italian philosopher and lawyer.— 353, 356, 357

Victor Emmanuel II (1820-1878) — King of Sardinia (1849-61), King of Italy (1861-78).—200, 203, 205, 246, 389

Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).—121, 122, 144, 329, 350, 535, 537

Vidocq, François Eugene (1775-1857) — French secret police agent; chief of the secret criminal police (1812-27); his name was used to denote any cunning sleuth and rogue.— 80, 244, 245

Vincke, Georg, Baron von (1811-1875)—Prussian politician, a leader of the Right wing in the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848-49; deputy to the Second Chamber (Right wing) in 1849; member of the Chamber of Deputies in the Prussian Provincial Diet in the 1850s-60s; moderate liberal.—154, 262, 280, 288, 289, 305, 461

Virchow, Rudolf (1821-1902) — German naturalist and politician; a founder and leader of the Party of Progress.—418, 494

Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (70-19 B.C.) —Roman poet.—283, 288, 451, 475

Vissering, Simon (1818-1888)—Dutch economist and statistician.—509

Vögele (Voegele), August—German refugee, compositor in Hollinger's printshop in London (1859).— 31, 36-39, 41, 46, 47, 53, 60-65, 85

Vogler, Carl Georg (born c. 1820)— German publisher in Brussels; member of the Communist League.—101

Vogt, Karl (Carl) (1817-1895)— German naturalist; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; one of the five imperial regents (June 1849); refugee in Switzerland from 1849; in the 1850s-60s received subsidies from Napoleon III; slandered

Marx and Engels.—6, 9, 10, 12-20, 22-28, 33, 34, 35, 39, 41, 42, 48, 49, 51-58, 60-64, 66, 67, 69, 70-79, 81, 82, 84-89, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 104, 105, 106, 109, 114-20, 129, 131, 132, 158, 159, 160, 165, 166, 167, 169, 171, 176, 179, 202, 205, 206, 211, 212, 217, 218, 219, 224, 225, 226, 228, 231-34, 252, 257, 262, 268, 362, 435, 478, 479, 537

Voltaire (pen-name for François Marie Arouet) (1694-1778) —French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlighten men t.— 2 65

W

Wagener, Hermann (1815-1889)— German journalist and politician, editor of the Neue Preußische Zeitung (1848-54); a founder of the Prussian Conservative Party.—288, 289, 494

Waldeck, Benedikt Franz Leo (1802-1870)—German radical politician and lawyer; a Left-wing leader and Vice-President of the Prussian National Assembly in 1848; deputy to the Lower Chamber of the Prussian Provincial Diet (from 1861) and North German Imperial Diet (from 1867); a leader of the Party of Progress.—289

Waldersee, Friedrich Gustav, Count von (1795-1864) — Prussian general and military writer, Minister of War (1854-58).—200, 201

Walesrode, Ludwig Reinhold (1810-1889)—German democratic journalist; publisher of the Demokratische Studien (1860-61).—124, 190, 247, 253

Wallace, Lewis (1827-1905) — American general, fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners; commanded a division in Tennessee (1862).—360

Watteau, Louis (pen-name Denonville) (b. 1824)—French physician and journalist; took part in the French revolutionary movement in the 1840s-early 1850s; later refugee in Belgium; Louis Auguste Blanqui's close friend.—298, 318, 326

Watts, John (1818-1887) —English journalist, Utopian socialist, follower of Robert Owen; later a liberal.— 444, 445, 447

Weber, JM.— Prussian lawyer, Legal Counsellor, Marx's lawyer in the trial against the Berlin National-Zeitung in I860.—40-46, 48, 52, 53, 59, 61, 63, 64, 69, 73-78, 83, 87, 92-95, 99, 102, 103, 110-13, 116, 122, 123, 128, 129, 131, 132, 167, 170, 176, 177, 178, 180, 184, 186, 208, 209, 210, 219

Weber, Joseph Valentin (1814-1895)— German watch-maker, took part in the Baden revolutionary movement in 1848; refugee in Switzerland, later in London; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London.—77, 297, 300, 302, 339, 472, 517

Weerth, Georg (1822-1856)—German proletarian poet and journalist; shop assistant; member of the Communist League; an editor of the

Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49; friend of Marx and Engels.—453, 578

Weitling, Wilhelm Christian (1808-1871)—German tailor; one of the early leaders of the working-class movement in Germany; member of the League of the Just; theorist of Utopian egalitarian communism; emigrated to the USA in 1849.—90

Wermuth, Karl Georg Ludwig (born c. 1804)—chief of police in Hanover; an organiser of and witness for the prosecution at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); in collaboration with Stieber wrote the book Die Comrnunisten-Verschworungen des neunzehnten Jahr-hunderts.—147

Werner, Minna—Gottfried Kinkel's second wife.—262

Westphalen, Caroline von (d. 1856)— Jenny Marx's mother.—570

Westphalen, Edgar von (1819-c. 1890)—Jenny Marx's brother.— 570

Westphalen, Ferdinand Otto Wilhelm Henning von (1799-1876)—Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (1850-58); Jenny Marx's step-brother.—76, 85, 94

Weydemeyer, Joseph (1818-1866) — prominent figure in the German and American working-class movement; member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; a responsible editor of the Neue Deutsche •Zeitung (1849-50); emigrated to the USA in 1851; colonel in the army of the North during the US Civil War; disseminated Marxism in the USA; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—43, 89, 99, 113, 115-19, 123, 172, 183, 184, 376, 571, 572, 573, 575

Weydemeyer, Louise—Joseph Weydemeyer's wife.—569-76

Wiehe—Johann Friedrich Wiehe's wife.—31, 37

Wiehe, Johann Friedrich—compositor in Hollinger's printshop in London (1859).—30-33, 36-39, 42, 47, 49, 53, 61, 62, 63, 85, 86, 105, 188

Wigand, Otto (1795-1870)—German publisher and bookseller, owner of a firm in Leipzig which published works of radical authors.— 201

William (1845-1913)—son of King Christian IX of Denmark, King of the Hellenes under the name- of George I (1863-1913).—544

William I (the Conqueror) (1027-1087)—King of England (1066-87).—537, 544 William I (1797-1888)—Prince of Prussia; Prince Regent (1858-61); King of Prussia (1861-88) and Emperor of Germany (1871-88).—154, 159, 173, 189, 197, 241, 248, 249, 257, 264, 270, 280, 281, 288, 312, 314, 319, 325, 328, 331, 361, 373, 418, 428, 429, 431, 506, 519, 537, 544, 576

Williams—bookseller in London.— 502

Willich, August (1810-1878) — Prussian army officer, retired for political reasons; member of the Communist League; participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; a leader of the sectarian group that split away from the Communist League in 1850; emigrated to the US \ in 1853; general in the Northern army during the Civil War.—14, 71, 73, 78, 89, 91, 97, 98, 115, 133, 147, 206, 262, 300, 371, 416

Willis, Robert (1800-1875)—English scientist, mechanical engineer and archaeologist; gave lectures to workers in 1854-67.—449

Wilson, James (1805-1860) —British economist and politician; Free Trader, founder and editor of The Economist; financial secretary to the Treasury (1853-58); Chancellor of the Indian Exchequer (1859-60).— 165

Winter—Prussian official; chief of police in Berlin from the middle of 1861.—305, 312

Wiss, Georg Editard—German physician and journalist; Young Hegelian; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to the USA in the early 1850s; associate of Kinkel.—89, 90

Wolf(f), Ferdinand (Red Wolf If]) (1812-1895)—German journalist, member of the Communist League; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49; emigrated from Ger-

many after the 1848-49 revolution; associate of Marx and Engels; subsequently gave up politics.—109, 165, 445, 488, 576, 579

Wolf (Wolfius), Friedrich August (1759-1824)—German philologist, student of ancient culture and Homer's epic poems in particular.— 357

Wolfers, Franz Anton von (b. 1813) — German journalist, Belgian by birth; member of the editorial board of the Kölnische Zeitung in

1847-49.—241

Wolff, Bernhard (1811-1879) — German journalist, owner of the Berlin National-Zeitung from 1848, founder of the first telegraph agency in Germany (1849).—122, 287, 288

Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864) — German teacher, proletarian revolutionary; member of the Central Authority of the Communist League from March 1848; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in

1848-49; took an active part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to Switzerland and later to England; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 8, 11, 16, 19, 20, 24, 26, 52, 67, 68, 88, 124, 138, 139, 170, 176, 193, 194, 205, 211, 216, 218, 220, 223, 225, 228, 237, 282, 285, 286, 293, 298, 299, 300, 302, 304, 305, 316, 322, 342, 346, 351, 354, 362, 368, 371, 376, 381, 383, 384, 391, 392, 393, 402, 417, 418, 421, 434, 446, 452, 470, 473, 475, 490, 493, 496, 504, 506, 508, 511, 517, 518, 520-26, 530, 533, 535, 536, 539, 541, 552, 573, 575, 577, 580, 588, 589

Wolfram von Eschenbach (1170-1220)— German Minnesinger poet, author of the Perceval, a poem of chivalry (1198-1210; published in 1783).— 568

Wood—lawyer in Manchester.— 536 Wrangel, Friedrich Heinrich Ernst, Count von (1784-1877) — Prussian general, took part in the counter-revolutionary coup in Prussia and dissolution of the Prussian National Assembly in November 1848; commander-in-chief of the Prussian and Austrian forces during the war with Denmark (1864).—506

Wyke, Sir Charles Lennox (1815-1897) — British diplomat, minister plenipotentiary (1860-61) and special representative (1862-63) in Mexico.— 349, 350

Wyse, Thomas ( 1791-1862) —British politician and diplomat, Lord of the Treasury (1830-41); envoy in Athens (1849-62); Lucien Bonaparte's son-in-law in the 1820s.—456

Y

Young.— 34 1

Z

Zabel. Friedrich (1802-1875) —German journalist, editor of the Berlin National-Zeitung (1848-75).—35, 45, 78, 117, 129, 207, 219, 251, 253, 287, 288

Zamacona, Manuel—Mexican journalist and politician; Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1861.—349, 350

Zamoyski. Wladislaw, Count (1803-1868) — Polish magnate and general; took part in the 1830-31 insurrection; after its defeat a leader of

Abraham (Bib.).—441, 541

Achilles (Gi. myth.) — the bravest Greek hero in the Trojan War, the central figure in Homer's Iliad.— 563

the Polish conservative monarchist refugees in Paris.—484, 491, 492

Zang, August (1807-1888)—Austrian liberal journalist, founder and publisher of the Viennese newspaper Die Presse; member of the Loer Austria Provincial Diet.— 323

Zedlitz-Neukirch, Konstantin, Baron (1813-1889)—Prussian official; chief of police in Berlin in 1861.— 270, 278, 280, 305, 312

Zell—notary in Trier.—499

Zerffi, Gustav (Hirsch) (1820-1892) — Hungarian journalist, after the 1848-49 revolution a refugee in Turkey, in Paris from 1851, and in London from the spring of 1853; secret agent of the Austrian police; Kinkel's follower; member of the London branch of the National Association.—297, 301, 302, 310, 319

Zemin, Eduard—German journalist, publisher of the Allgemeine Militär-Zeitung.— 32

Zimmermann, Ernst Wilhelm Eduard— Burgomaster of Spandau, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing); emigrated to England after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution.—46, 182, 188, 232, 235, 246, 268, 327

Zinn—German refugee in London, compositor in Hirschfeld's printshop in London; founded the Association of German Men in 1858.—4, 208

Zizka, Jan (c. 1360-1424) —Bohemian general and a Hussite leader.— 235

Amphitryon (Gr. myth.) — King of Ti-ryns. His name was associated with lavish hospitality.— 283

Ariadne (Gr. mvth.) — daughter of Minos, King of Crete, who gave

INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES Theseus a clue of thread to guide him through the mazes of the Labyrinth after he had slain the monster Minotaur. Theseus carried her off with him, but then abandoned her on the Island of Naxos, where she became a priestess and wife of Dionysus (Bacchus).—275, 354, 359

Bacchus—see Dionysus

Brother Merry—the title character of a fairy-tale by the Grimm brothers.— 582

Buddha—the title applied to Sid-dhartha Gautama, a religious philosopher and the founder of Buddhism.—282, 285

Christ, Jesus (Bib.).—311

Circe—a sorceress in Homer's Odyssey who turned Odysseus' companions into swine.— 274

Costard—the clown in Shakespeare's comedy Love's Labour's Lost.—265

Crispinus—a character from a satire by Juvenal, a courtier of the Roman Emperor Domitian.—327

Dionysus (Bacchus) (Gr. and Rom. myth.)—god of wine and fertility.— 275

Don Juan—legendary nobleman; a libertine; hero of plays, poems, and operas in several European languages.—262, 389, 558

Don Quixote—the title character of Cervantes' novel.—115, 289

Dundreary—the main character of Tom Taylor's satirical comedy Our American Cousin.—494, 518

Egeria (Rom. myth.)—the nymph who advised the Roman king Numa Pompilius.—275

Falstaff, Sir John—a character in Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Wind-

sor and King Henry IV; a sly, fat braggart and jester.—171

Faust—hero of the medieval German legend and of Goethe's tragedy.— 546

Frankenstein—the title character of Mary W. Shelley's novel; he creates a monster that destroys him; from his name being taken to be the name of the monster he created, Frankenstein also came to denote anything that becomes dangerous to its creator.— 503

Godfrey of Bouillon—the hero of Tor-quato Tasso's Gerusalemme liberata, an idealised knight of the First Crusade (1096-99).—302, 304

Heineke—a servant and athlete, hero of a German song, a parody on the so-called Grobian literature of the 16th century; Karl Heinzen's nickname.—263

Ibeles, Johannes—a character in Johanna Kinkel's novel Hans Ibeles in London.—580

Isaac (Bib.).—541

Jacob (Bib.).—541

Job (Bib.).—247

John Bull—the title hero of John Arbuthnot's book The History of John Bull (1712); the name is often used to personify England or Englishmen.—8, 336, 348, 349, 370, 462, 517

Joshua (Josue), the son of Nun (Bib.).— 54

King Thrushbeard—the title character of a fairy-tale by the Grimm brothers.—572, 582

Kunigunde (Cunégonde)— the heroine of Voltaire's philosophical novel Candide.—.233, 235

Lazarillo—the hero of the anonymous Spanish novel, Lazarillo de Tormes (mid-16th cent.), a smart fellow.— 489

Lazarus (Bib.).—286, 507

Leviathan (Bib.)—585

Mephistopheles—the devil in Goethe's tragedy Faust.—411

Moses (Bib.)—286, 374, 390

Oceanus (Gr. myth.)—the father of the sea and river gods, personifying the element of water.—550

Oedipus (Gr. myth.)—the King of Thebes who solved the riddle of the Sphinx and saved the city from the monster; hero of Sophocles' tragedies Oedipus Rex (Oedipus Tyrannus) and Oedipus at Colonus.— 139

Oluf—character in an old Danish folk ballad.—160, 161-63

Orestes and Pylades (Gr. myth.)— names of heroes generally associated with true friendship.—508

Othello—the title character of Shakespeare's tragedy Othello, the Moor of Venice.—536

Piepenbrink—a character in Freytag's comedy Die Journalisten.—289

Rumpelstiltskin (Rumpelstilzchen)—the title hero of a fairy-tale by the Grimm brothers.— 572

Samaritan (Bib.) — 495

Samson (Bib.)—288

Simeon (Bib.)—541

Sleeping Beauty—the title heroine of a fairy-tale by the Grimm brothers.— 582

Snow-White—the title heroine of a fairy-tale by the Grimm brothers.— 572, 582

Squeers, Wackford—a character in Dick-ens' Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, a cruel and greedy hypo-crite.—35

Theseus (Gr. myth.)—King of Athens and founder of the Athenian state.—275

Toby—the dog of Punch, the chief character in the traditional English street puppet show 'Punch and Judy' and also the name of the humorous weekly.—238, 242, 284, 285, 379

Ulysses (or Odysseus) — a character in Homer's epic poems,the Iliad and the Odyssey; king of Ithaca, noted for his eloquence, sagacity and re-sourcefulness; a leader of the Greeks in the Trojan War.— 274

Uncle Sam—personification of the United States; probably a jocular interpretation of the initials U.S.—370

Wagner—a character in Goethe's tragedy Faust, a pedantic, narrow-minded scholar.— 379

Wildemann—a character in Johanna Kinkel's novel Hans Jbeles in London.—262