Name Index

A

Abdul Mejid (Abd VI Medjid) (1823-1861)—Sultan of Turkey (1839-61).-277, 289 Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of (1784-1860)—British statesman, Tory, leader of the Peelites from 1850, Foreign Secretary (1828-30 and 1841-46) and Prime Minister in the Coalition Ministry (1852-55).—284, 295, 424, 432, 444, 446, 452, 516, 518 Adair, Robert (1763-1855)—British diplomat, associate of Charles James Fox.—489 Agesilaus II (c. 444-c. 360 B.C.)—King of Sparta (c. 401-c. 360 B.C.), brother of Agis II.—70 Agis II (died c. 401 B.C.)—King of Sparta (c. 427-c. 401 B.C.).—70 Agostini, Cesare (1803-1855)—Italian revolutionary, follower of Mazzini; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; after its defeat emigrated to England; subsequently parted with Mazzini.—280 Albert, Prince Consort of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1819-1861).—423, 564 Alberts—secretary at the Prussian embassy in London in the 1850s.—243 Alexander I (1777-1825)—Emperor of Russia (1801-25).—492, 494-96 Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great) (356-323 B.C.)—general and statesman of antiquity.—310, 341 Alexander, William—English 18th-century physician; author of The History

of Women, from the Earliest Antiquity to the Present Time.—208 Altenstein, Karl (1770-1840)—Prussian Minister of Religious Worship, Education and Medicine (1817-38).—462 Andersen, Hans Christian (1805-1875)— Danish writer, poet, and author of fairy tales.—22 Anneke, Carl Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) (1818-1872)—Prussian artillery officer, discharged from the army for his political views; member of the Communist League; one of the founders and secretary of the Cologne Workers' Association in 1848; editor of the Neue Kölnische Zeitung; lieutenant-colonel in the Baden-Palatinate revolutionary army (1849); after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Switzerland and later to the USA; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Union.—92, 139, 149, 351 Anneke, Mathilde Franziska (née Giesler) (1817-1884)—German writer, wife of Friedrich Anneke; contributed to German democratic periodicals in 1848-49, and later to German refugee newspapers in the USA.— 331. Anschütz—German musician, participant in the democratic movement of the 1840s in Germany, emigrated to London in the 1850s; friend of Ernst Dronke.—91, 97 Anstey, Thomas Chisholm (1816-1873)— British lawyer and radical politician; M.P. (1847-52); Attorney General for Hong Kong (1854-59).-440 Arconati Visconti, Constanza, Marquise (1797-1870)—participant in the Italian national liberation movement.—200 Arena, Antoine (d. 1544)—French satirist.— 356 Aretino, Pietro (1492-1556)—Italian Renaissance author of lampoons against the Pope and European monarchs.— 126 Ariosto, Lodovico (1474-1533)—Italian Renaissance poet, author of L'Orlando furioso.—390 Arnim, Ludwig Achim (Joachim) von (1781-1831)—German romantic poet.—440

Arnold, Franz—German democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; after its defeat emigrated to the USA, became an associate of Adolph Cluss in the early 1850s, disseminated Marxism in the USA.—350 Athenaeus (late 2nd-early 3rd cent.) — Greek rhetorician and gram-marian.— 70

Auerbach, Berthold (1812-1882)— German liberal writer of stories idealising the life of German peasants, later an apologist for Bismarck.—563 Auerswald, Hans Adolf Erdmann von (1792-1848)—Prussian general, Right-wing deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly; killed during Frankfurt uprising in September 1848.—225

Augustus (Gains Julius Caesar Oc-tavianus) (63 B.G.-A.D. 14)—Roman Emperor (27 B.C.-A.D. 14).—527 Aumale, Henri Eugene Philippe Louis d'Orléans, duc d' (1822-1897)—son of Louis Philippe, King of France; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1840s, Governor General of Algeria (1847-48); emigrated to England after the February 1848 revolution.— 17, 200 Aurangzeb, Mohi ud-din Mohammed (1618-1707)—ruler of the Grand Mogul Empire in India (1658-1707).—332

B

Babeuf, François Noël (Gracchus) (1760-1797)—French revolutionary, advocate of Utopian egalitarian communism, organiser of the Conspiracy of Equals.—195 Bach, Alexander, Baron von (1813-1893)—Austrian statesman, lawyer; Minister of Justice (1848); Minister of the Interior (1849-59).—106 Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans (1561-1626)—English philosopher, founder of English materialism; naturalist, historian and statesman.—544 Badinguet—see Napoleon III Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1876)—Russian democrat, journalist, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; later ideologist of Narodism and anarchism; opposed Marxism in the First International.— 67, 306, 359-63, 373 Balzac, Honoré de (1799-1850)—French realist novelist.— 203 Bamberger, Louis (b. 1821)—German refugee in London, editor of the Deutsche Londoner Zeitung (1848-51).—273, 321, 585 Bamberger, Simon—London banker.— 273, 287, 294, 314, 315, 323, 351 Bandiera brothers, Attilio (1810-1844) and Emilio (1819-1844)—officers of the Austrian Navy; leaders of the Italian national liberation movement, members of the Young Italy society; executed for their attempt to raise a revolt in Calabria (1844).—56 Bangya, Jdnos (1817-1868) — Hungarian journalist and officer, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; after its defeat Kossuth's emissary abroad and at the same time agent-provocateur; later served in the Turkish army under the name of Mehemed Bey acting as a Turkish agent in the Caucasus.— 31, 32, 45, 71, 93, 95, 101, 120, 124, 126, 130-32, 200, 208, 214, 232-34, 237-42, 252, 254, 256, 257, 267-70, 275, 281, 291, 296, 301-04, 312-14, 316, 319, 325, 386, 396, 434, 437, 477, 572 Barbes, Armand (1809-1870)—French revolutionary, leader of secret revolutionary societies during the July monarchy; was active in the 1848 revolution, deputy to the Constituent Assembly, sentenced to life imprisonment for participation in the popular insurrection of 15 May 1848, par-doned in 1854; emigrated to Belgium and abandoned politics.— 32, 502, 521

Barnum, Phineas Taylor (1810-1891)— American showman, exhibited various freaks and rarities.—4, 103, 527 Barthélémy, Emmanuel (c. 1820-1855)— French worker, Blanquist, member of secret revolutionary societies during the July monarchy and participant in the June 1848 uprising in Paris; a leader of the Société des Proscrits Démocrates et Socialistes in London; sided with the Willich-Schapper group; executed in 1855 on a criminal charge.—128, 198, 224, 296, 299, 300, 505, 510, 515 Barthold, Friedrich Wilhelm (1799-1858)—German historian.—160 Batthyâny, Kasimir, Count of (1807-1854)—Hungarian statesman, liberal aristocrat, Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Hungarian revolutionary government of Szemere (1849); after the suppression of the revolution emigrated to Turkey, and then to France.—26, 31, 45 Batthyâny, Lajos, Count of (1806-1849)— Hungarian statesman, liberal aristocrat; Prime Minister of Hungary (March-September 1848); pursued a policy of compromise with the Austrian monarchy; shot after the suppression of the revolution.—70 Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882)—German idealist philosopher, Young Hegelian; author of works on the history of Christianity; radical; national-liberal after 1866.—37, 38, 76, 85-87, 94, 97, 102, 146, 147, 449, 462, 486, 490, 505, 535, 538, 562

Bauer, Edgar (1820-1886)—German journalist, Young Hegelian; emigrated to England after the 1848-49 revolution; Prussian official after the 1861 amnesty; brother of Bruno Bauer.—151, 314, 450, 507, 562 Bauer, Heinrich (1813-c. 1852) — German shoemaker, prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, a leader of the League of the Just, member of the Central Authority of the Communist League, treasurer of the Social-Democratic Refugee Committee; emigrated to Australia in 1851.—14 Bayard, Pierre Terrail, seigneur de (c.

1475-1524)—French warrior called by his contemporaries the chevalier sans peur et sans reproche.—453 Bayer, Joseph August (1821-1864)— Austrian army officer and writer; Chief of Staff of Görgey's army during the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary, taken prisoner when the army capitulated in 1849, sentenced to death and later commuted to imprisonment in a fortress, pardoned in 1850.—310 Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de

(1732-1799)—French dramatist.—38, 297, 300 Becker, August (1814-1871)—German writer, member of the League of the Just in Switzerland, supporter of Weitling; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; in 1853 emigrated to the USA, where he contributed to democratic newspapers.—154 Becker, Hermann Heinrich (1820-1885)—German lawyer and journalist, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; editor of the Westdeutsche Zeitung (May 1849-July 1850); member of the Communist League from 1850; one of the accused in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852), sentenced to five-year imprisonment; later a national-liberal.—9, 20, 23, 34, 115, 142, 143, 212, 222-24, 242, 245, 262, 468, 499, 570, 575, 577, 580

23 — 2736 Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-1886) — German revolutionary, participant in the democratic movement of the 1830s-50s and the international working-class movement; fought as an officer of the Swiss army in the war against the Sonderbund; prominent figure in the 1848-49 revolution; commanded the Baden peoples militia during the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; active member of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engeis.—490 Becker, Max Joseph (d. 1896)—German engineer, democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, after its defeat emigrated to Switzerland and subsequently to the USA.— 7.2, 582 Beckmann—Prussian police spy in Paris in the early 1850s, Paris correspondent of the Kölnische Zeitung.—194 Beckmann—Beekmann's wife.— 194 Bedeau, Marie Alphonse (1804-1863)— French general, moderate republican politician; Vice-President of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; expelled from France after the coup d'état of 2 December 1851.—199 Beljield, James—a friend of Marx and

Engels in Manchester.—219 Bellune, duke of—see Victor, Claude Victor Penin, duc de Bellune Bem.Jôzef (1795-1850) —Polish general, prominent figure in the national liberation movement, took part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 and the revolutionary struggle-in Vicuna in 1848; a leader of the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49); after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Turkey. — 311 Benningsen—American clerk in Kossuth's office.— 261 Béranger, Pierre Jean de (1780-1857)— French poet and song writer, author of political satires; democrat.—497 Bergenroth, Gustav Adolph (1813-1869)—German historian and journalist; petty-bourgeois democrat, took

part in the 1848-49 revolution; left Germany in 1850.— 563 Bermbach, Adolph (1822-1875)—Cologne lawyer, democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly; member of the Communist League; witness for the defence at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); corresponded with Marx; subsequently a liberal.—20, 22, 24, 106, 107, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 142-43, 215, 216, 224, 230, 259 Bernard, Martin (1808-1883)—French revolutionary, democrat, leader of secret revolutionary societies during the July monarchy, prominent in the 1848-49 revolution, was sentenced to exile after the events of 13 June 1849, lied to England in the early i850s and returned to France after tile 1S59 amnesty.— 50 Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri

(1737-1814)—French author, naturalist and traveller.—447 Bernays, Karl Ludwig (1815-1879) — German radical journalist, member of the League of the just, an editor of Vorwärts!, the German refugees' newspaper published in Paris with Marx's collaboration: emigrated lo the LSA after the 1848-49 revolution.—274 Bernhardt—German democrat, refugee in the USA, an editor of the New York y eue Zeit,—547 Berni, Francc-cc (c. 1498-1535)—ttaiian Renaissance poet known 1er his adaptation of Boiardo's L'Orlando iu-rtaitwrato.—131 Bernier, François (1625-1688) — French physician, iraveller and writer.—332-33.' 341 Berry, Charles Ferdinand de Bourbon, due

de (1778-1820) — nephew oi Louis XVIII of Fiance.—496 Bertin, Louis Marie Armand (1801-1854)—French journalist: Orleanist; publisher of the journal des Débals in 1841-54.—68, 334 Bianca, von—Cologne patrician; juryman in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—206, 238 Bianchi, A.— French democrat, emigrant in London in the 1850s.— 32, 73 Bibra, L.—German innkeeper in London.— 559 Biscamp (Biskamp), Elard—German democratic journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated after its defeat; member of the editorial board of Das Volk, London newspaper of German refugees, which was published in 1859 with Karl Marx's assistance.— 205 Bischoffsheim, Louis Raphael (1800-1873) — French owner of a joint-stock bank with a branch in London.— 385, 411, 481 Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis (1811-1882) — French socialist, historian; member of the Provisional Government and Président ol the Luxembourg Commission in 1848; pursued a policy of conciliation with the bourgeoisie; a leader of petty-bourgeois emigrants in London from August 1848; deputy to the National Assembly of 1871; opposed the Paris Commune.— 50, 51, 61, 68, 71, 73, 74, 76-77, 135, 136, 308, 388, 417, 418, 442, 502 Blank, Karl Emil (Emilius) (1817-1893)—German merchant in London; held socialist views in the 1840s-50s; married Frederick Engels' sister Marie.—5, 25, 89, 99, 185, 250, 286, 428, 561 Blank, Marie (1824-1901)—Frederick Engels' sister, married Karl Emil Blank in 1845.—272 Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881)— French revolutionary, Utopian communist, organised several secret societies and plots; active participant in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, leader of the proletarian movement in France; repeatedly sentenced to imprisonment.—13, 199, 209, 324, 364, 502 Blenker, Ludwig (1812-1863)—German ex-officer, bourgeois democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to the USA, fought in the Civil War on the side of the Union.—542, 545

Blesson, Johann Ludwig Urbain (1790-1861)—German military writer, commander of the Berlin civic militia in June 1848.—160 Blind, Friederike—Karl Blind's wife.— 373, 377, 389, 506 Blind, Karl (1826-1907)—German democratic journalist, active in the 1848-49 revolutionary movement in Baden, a leader of the German petty-bourgeois emigrants in London in the 1850s; a national-liberal in the 1860s.—260, 273, 275, 282, 325, 367, 372, 436, 438, 499, 500, 506, 548 Blum, Robert (1807-1848)—German democrat, journalist, leader of the Left wing of the Frankfurt National Assembly; took part in the defence of Vienna in October 1848, court-martiallcd and executed after the fall of the city.— 241. Bode, Adolf Friedrich, Baron (1807-1865)—author of works on forestry, taught at St. Petersburg Forestry Institute in 1840-55.— 505 Boiardo, Matleo Maria (c. 1441-1494)— Italian Renaissance poet, author of L'Oriando mnamorato.—131 Boichot, Jean Baptiste (1820-1889) — French republican, deputy to the Legislative Assembly in 1849; took part in the demonstration on 13 June 1849; later an émigré.—458, 461 Bonaparte—see Napoleon I Bonaparte—dynasty of emperors of France (1804-14, 1815 and 1852-70).—388 Bonaparte, Jerome (1784-1860) — younger brother of Napoleon I, King of Westphalia (1807-13), Marshal of France from 1850.—171 Bonaparte, Joseph (1768-1844)—eldest brother of Napoleon I, King of Spain (1808-13).—406 Bonaparte, Louis—see Napoleon III Bonaparte, Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul, Prince (1822-1891)—son of Jerome Bonaparte, cousin of Napoleon III. —526 Bonaparte, Pierre Napoleon (1815-1881)—cousin of Napoleon III; dep-

23* uty to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic — 171, 261 Borchardt, Louis—German physician, acquaintance of Engels in Manchester.-334, 336, 353, 357, 370, 374, 420, 554, 555 Börnstein, Heinrich (1805-1892)— German democratic journalist, lived in Paris from 1842; edited, with Marx's collaboration, the newspaper

Vorwärts! founded by him in 1844; emigrated to the USA in 1849 and edited the Anzeiger des Westens (Chicago).—52, 274 Bourbons—royal dynasty in France (1589-1792, 1814-15, and 1815-30), Spain (1700-1808, 1814-68, 1874-1931, and from 1975), and a number of Italian states.—129, 497 Bourqueney, François Adolphe, comte de

(1799-1869)—French diplomat, envoy (1841-44) and ambassador (1844-48) to Constantinople; envoy (1853-56) and ambassador (1856-59) to Vienna.—456 Brunswick (Braunschweig), Karl Wilhelm

Ferdinand, Duke of (1721-1792) — Prussian general; commanded (from November 1757) the Prussian and allied forces in the Seven Years' War.—526 Brenner-Guéniard—owner of a fashion-shop in Basle.— 287 Brentano, Clemens (1778-1842)— German romantic poet.—440 Bright, John (1811-1889)—English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and co-founder of the Anti-Corn Law League.— 56, 111, 129, 132, 355, 411, 520 Brockhaus, Heinrich (1804-1874)— German publisher, owner and head of FA. Brockhaus Publishing House in Leipzig.—158, 182 Bruat, Armand Joseph (1796-1855)— French admiral, commanded a squadron (1854) and the French Navy (1855) in the Black Sea.—547 Brüggemann, Karl Heinrich (1810-1887)—German liberal journalist and economist; editor-in-chief of the

Kölnische Zeitung (1845-55).—367 Brüningk, A., Baron von—German refugee in London (from 1851), maintained contact with the German petty-bourgeois emigrants through his wife Maria Brüningk.—124, 125, 204, 205, 213, 265, 573, 574 Brüningk, Maria, Baroness von (d. 1853)—A. Briiningk's wife, niece of the Russian Princess Darya Lieven.— 112, 114, 120-21, 124, 135, 152, 204, 205, 265, 274, 282, 297, 300, 313, 573, 574 Brunnow, Philipp Ivanovich, Baron von, from 1871 Count (1797-1875)— Russian diplomat, envoy (1840-54, 1858-60) and ambassador (1860-74) to London.—456, 457 Buchheim—German democrat, refugee in London in the 1850s.—499 Buckup—Bradford merchant.—326, 328, 451, 468 Bülow, Adam Heinrich Dietrich, Baron von (1757-1807)—Prussian ârmy officer and military theoretician.—427 Bürgers, Heinrich (1820-1878)—German radical journalist, contributor to the Rheinische Zeitung (1842-43); member of the Cologne community of the Communist League (1848); an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; member of the Communist League Central Authority from 1850; sentenced to six years imprisonment at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—20, 23, 34, 134, 137, 195, 197, 212,. 217, 238, 240, 242, 247, 251, 468, 544, 547, 559, 560, 570 Bürgers, Lene—Heinrich Bürgers' sister.—491 Buridan, Jean (c. 1300-c. 1358)— French logician and nominalist philosopher.— 170 Burns, Mary (1821-1863)—Irish working-woman, Frederick Engels' first wife.—443 Bute, John Stuart, Earl of (1713-1792) — British Tory statesman, Prime Minister (1761-63).—488 Butler, James Armar (1827-1854)— British army officer, organised the defence of Silistria (1854).—472 Butler, Samuel (1612-1680)—English satirical poet, author of the poem Hudibras.—334 Byng, John (1704-1757)—British admiral, commanded a squadron in the Minorca expedition (1756); executed for breach of duty.—490 Byron, George Gordon Noël, Lord (1788-1824)—English romantic poet.—440

C

Cabet, Etienne (1788-1856)—French lawyer and writer, Utopian communist, author of Voyage en Icarie.—71, 73, 135, 136, 542 Calderön de la Barca, Pedro (1600-1681)—Spanish dramatist.—447 Cammarano, Salvatore (1801-1852)— Italian actor, painter and playwright, wrote librettos for operas of Donizetti and Verdi.—199 Campbell, Sir George (1824-1892)— British official in India (1843-74), author of works on India; subsequently M.P., liberal.—347 Campe, Johann Julius Wilhelm (1792-1867)—German publisher and bookseller, co-proprietor of Hoffmann & Campe Publishing House in Hamburg from 1823.—102, 217, 254 Canning, George (1770-1827)—British statesman and diplomat, Tory; Foreign Secretary (1807-09, 1822-27) and Prime Minister (1827).—431, 494, 495 Capo d'Istria, Giovanni Antonio (Joan-nes), Count (1776-1831)—Greek statesman and diplomat; was in the service of Russia from 1809 to 1822, Second Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in Russia (1815-22); President of Greece (1827-31); assassinated by foreign agents.—447 Carey, Henry Charles (1793-1879)— American vulgar economist, protectionist, advocated harmony of class interests in capitalist society.—62, 93, 345, 346, 378, 381, 384, 387, 392 Carrel, Armand (1800-1836)—French liberal journalist, co-founder and editor of the newspaper La National.—497

Carrion-Nisas, Marie Henri François Elisabeth, baron de (1767-1842)— French army officer, political leader and man of letters, took part in the French Revolution; Bonapartist during the Consulate and the Empire; fought in wars of Napoleonic France; author of works on military science.—159 Cassagnac—see Granier de Cassagnac, Bernard Adolphe de Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, second Marquis of Londonderry (1769-1822)— British Tory statesman; Secretary for War and for the Colonies (1805-06, 1807-09), and Foreign Secretary (1812-22).—54 Catherine II (1729-1796)—Empress of Russia (1762-96).—489 Catullus (Gaius Valerius Catullus) (c. 87-c. 54 B.C.)—Roman poet.—462 Cavaignac, Louis Eugène (1802-1857)— French general and politician, moderate republican; took part in the conquest of Algeria; Governor of Algeria after the February 1848 revolution; War Minister of France from May 1848, directed the suppression of the June 1848 uprising of Paris workers; head of the executive (June-December 1848).—157, 199 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547-1616)—Spanish writer.—170, 362, 447, 480, 493 Chaises, Adolph—physician and democratic journalist, a leader of the democratic associations in Vienna during the 1848 revolution; refugee in Paris in the early 1850s.—194 Chambray, Georges, marquis de (1783-1848)—French general and military writer, fought in wars of Napoleonic France.—160 Chamisso, Adelbert von (1781-1838) — German romantic poet.—457 Chapman—one of Marx's creditors in London.—9 Charles X (1757-1836)—King of France (1824-30).—497 Charles Albert (Carlo Alberto) (1798-1849)—King of Sardinia and Piedmont (1831-49).—310 Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe (1810-1865)—French military and political figure, moderate republican; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; took part in suppressing the June 1848 uprising of Paris workers; opposed Louis Bonaparte; banished from France after the coup d'état of 2 December 1851.—199 Chateaubriand, François René, vicomte de

(1768-1848)—French writer, statesman and diplomat, Minister for Foreign Affairs (1822-24), represented France at the Congress of Verona (1822).—447, 492-96 Chatham—see Pitt, William Chenu, Adolphe (born c. 1817)— member of secret revolutionary societies in France during the July monarchy, secret police agent-provocateur.—52, 128, 301 Cheodayeff (Cheodayev), Mikhail Ivanovich (d. 1859) — Russian general, took part in the Patriotic war against Napoleon in !812, commanded a corps and the infantry reserve during the Crimean war.—427 Cherval, Julien (real name Joseph Cramer) — Prussian policeman, spy for Prussia and France at the same time in Paris; gained entry into the Communist League and headed a Paris community of the separatist Willich-Schapper group: accused of complicity in the so-called Franco-German plot in Paris in February 1852; escaped from prison with the connivance of the French police; acted as a spy and agent-provocateur under the name of Nugent in 1853 and 1854.—112, 126, 130, 132, 215, 217, 222, 230, 243, 255, 301, 478, 577

Chesney, Francis Rawdon (1789-1872)— British army officer, general from 1855.—393, 426 Choiseul, Etienne François, duc de (1719-1785)—French diplomat and statesman, ambassador to Rome (1753-57) and Vienna (1757-58); Prime Minister of France (1758-70), and also

Minister for Foreign Affairs (1758-61 and 1766-70) and Minister for War and the Navy (1761-66).—488 Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (106-43 B.C.)—Roman orator, statesman and philosopher.— 89 Clarendon, George William Frederick, fourth Earl of, fourth Baron Hyde (1800-1870)—British statesman, Whig; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (May 1847-early 1852), Foreign Secretary (1853-58, 1865-66 and 1868-70).—516 Clausewitz, Karl von (1780-1831)— Prussian general and military theoretician.— 305 Clouts, Jean Baptiste, baron de (Anachar-sis) (1755-1794) — French author and politician, close to the Left Jacobins during the French Revolution, member of the Convention; Prussian by birth.— 363 Cluss, Adolph (1825-1905)—engineer, member of the German and American working-class movement, member of the Communist League, secretary of the Workers' Educational Society in Mainz (1848); emigrated to the United States (autumn 1848); in the 1850s one of the first propagan-dists of scientific communism in America; iater gave up politics; American architect well known in the late 19th century.—6, 18, 21, 24, 40, 42, 65, 71, 76, 81, 84, 85, 91, 92, 96, 98, 99, 102, 105-08, 115, 117, 122, 135-37, 139, 140, 144, 146, 148, 149, 152, 157, 158, 160-61. 164, 166, 172-74, 176, 180, 194, 196, 204, 205-08, 213, 216, 235, 255, 259-61, 263, 265-66, 271, 274, 282, 290, 293, 298-302, 303, 311-12, 315, 317, 318, 331, 335, 345, 348, 351, 366, 367, 370, 371, 377, 378, 387, 390, 391, 394, 396, 397, 398, 402, 403, 407, 409, 411, 428, 433, 437, 439, 441, 442, 444, 450, 453, 454, 461, 463, 469, 478, 479, 491, 525, 536, 558, 568, 569-70, 571, 573-76, 578-82, 584, 586-88, 590

Cobden, Richard (1804-1865)—English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and co-founder of the Anti-Corn Law*League, M.P.— 56, 129, 132, 252, 276, 411 Coeurderoy, Ernest (1825-1862) — French journalist, republican, revolutionary; shared anarchist views; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in France; emigrated after its defeat,—135, 136, 138 Coffinières, Antoine Simeon Gabriel (1786-c. 1865) —French lawyer, author of works on civil law.— 556 Condé, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, prince de

(1736-1818) —French general and politician, took part in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), commanded the French Lower Rhine army in 1762; during the French Revolution commanded detachments of counter-revolutionary émigrés in the wars against the FYench Republic.—17, 489 Cooper, James Fenimore (1789-1851)— American novelist.— 217, 301 Cornelius, Wilhelm—German radical journalist and businessman, a friend of Marx; refugee in London in the 1850s.—434, 502 Cortés, Hernân (Fernando) (1485-1547)—Spanish conqueror of the Aztec state (Mexico) in 1519-21.— 501

Cotta, Johann Georg, Baron von Cotten-dorf (1796-1863)—German publisher, owner of a big publishing house from 1832.—391 Cournet, Frédéric (1808-1852) —French naval officer, republican, discharged from the Navy for his political views in 1847; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in France; emigrated to London after the coup d'état of 2 December 1851; was killed in a duel with Barthélémy.—224, 299 Csorich (Coric), Anton, barun od Monte

Crelo (1795-1864) — Austrian general, Croat by birth, lieutenant-field marshal (from 1849), took part in suppressing the October 1848 uprising in Vienna and in the war against revolutionary Hungary; War Minister in 1850-53.—460

Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, prince (1770-1861)—Polish magnate; close friend of Emperor Alexander I of Russia; Russian Foreign Minister (1804-06); President of the Polish Government during the insurrection of 1830-31, after its suppression headed the Polish monarchist émigrés in Paris.—45

D

Damm—German democrat; President of the Baden Constituent Assembly in 1849; later emigrated to England.—154-56, 255 Dana, Charles Anderson (1819-1897) — American journalist, follower ot Fourier, abolitionist; an editor (1848) and then editor-in-chief (1849-62) of the New-York Daily Tribune; an editor of the New American Cyc-lopaedia (1857-63); editor-in-chief of the New-York Sun (1868-97).—3, 13, 20, 25, 35, 37, 38, 42, 44, 49, 55, 58, 75-77, 80, 86, 90, 91, 97, 99, 102, 107, 115, 120, 126, 127, 131, 133, 137, 146, 148, 158, 180, 181, 183, 185, 189, 195, 210, 212, 214, 216, 219, 229, 236, 237, 255, 265, 272, 275, 288, 289, 292, 293, 315, 328, 331, 351, 352, 354, 390, 400, 404, 407, 412, 439, 484, 498, 500, 502, 503, 537, 546, 559, 560, 583 Daniels, Amalie (1820-1895)—wife of Roland Daniels.—22, 59, 107, 223, 224, 230, 232, 301, 547, 548, 549, 559 Daniels, Franz Joseph—big wine merchant in Cologne, brother of Roland Daniels.—386 Daniels, Roland (1819-1855)—German physician, member of the Cologne Central Authority of the Communist League from 1850, one of the accused in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852), acquitted; friend of Marx and Engels.—9, 20, 22, 115, 142, 195, 212, 222, 238, 275, 386, 468, 479, 521, 544, 547, 549 Dannenberg, Pyotr Andreyevich (1792-1872)—Russian general, commanded a corps on the Danube and in the Crimea in 1853-54.—470 Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) —Italian poet.—329 Danton, Georges Jacques (1759-1794) — prominent figure in the French Revolution, leader of the Right-wing Jacobins.—363, 521 Da Ponte, Lorenzo (1749-1838)—wrote librettos for a number of Mozart's operas.— 556 Darasz, Albert (1808-1852) — prominent figure in the Polish national liberation movement, took part in the 1830-31 insurrection; a leader of democratic organisations of Polish emigrants; member of the Central Committee of European Democracy.—171, 459 Dosent, Sir George Webbe (1817-1896) — English philologist specialising in Scandinavian languages, journalist; assistant editor of The Times (1845-70); had contacts with diplomatic circles.— 276 Decker, Karl von (1784-1844)—German general and military historian, took part in wars against Napoleonic France.—535 Delane, John Thaddens (1817-1879)— English journalist, editor-in-chief of The Times.—276 Delane, William Frederick Augustus (d. 1858)—English lawyer, one of the financial directors of The Times, father of John Delane.—276 Delia Rocco, Heinrico Morozzo—Italian refugee, associate of Mazzini.—280 Dembinski, Henryk (1791-1864)—Polish general and prominent figure in the national liberation movement, participant in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31, a commander in the Hungarian revolutionary army in the 1848-49 revolution, after its defeat emigrated to Turkey and then to France.— 311 Demidovs,— Russian aristocratic family, owners of minefields and iron and steel works.—411 Demuth, Helene (1820-1890)— housemaid and friend of the Marx family.—181, 364, 465, 537

Denman, Joseph—candidate for Manchester in the 1852 elections to Parliament.— 111 Derby, earls of—British aristocratic family, many of them cotton magnates.— 411 Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of (1799-1869)—English statesman, Whig until 1853, later a Tory leader; Prime Minister (1852, 1858-59 and 1866-68).—44, 49, 53-54, 56, 58, 69, 119, 147, 197, 215, 515 Desmoulins, Lucie Simplice Gamille Be-noist (1760-1794)—French writer, prominent figure in the French Revolution, Right-wing Jacobin, friend of Danton.— 363 Deutsch, Simon (1822-1877)—Austrian bibliographer of Hebrew literature, radical, contributed to the Vienna Der Radikale in 1848; later emigrated to Paris, had connections with the Prussian police.—126 Diderot, Denis (1713-1784)—French Enlightenment philosopher, atheist; leader of the Encyclopaedists.—134 Diebich-Zabalkansky, Ivan Ivanovich (Diebitsch, Hans Karl Friedrich Anton), Count (1785-1831)—Russian field marshal-general, commander-in-chief (1829) of the Russian army during the Russo-Turkish war of 1828-29 and, from December 1830, of the army which crushed the Polish insurrection of 1830-31.—394 Dietz, Oswald (c. 1824-1864)—German architect; took part in the 1848-49 revolution, emigrated to London; member of the Communist League Central Authority, after the split of the League belonged to the separatist Willich-Schapper group, was a member of its Central Authority; later took part in the American Civil War on the side of the Union.—14, 151, 226, 230, 316, 576

Diezel, Gustav (1827-1864)—German scholar, lawyer.— 505 Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881)—British statesman and writer; sympathised with the Young England group in the 1840s, later a Tory leader; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68), Prime Minister (1868, 1874-80).—61, 132, 197, 253, 265, 276, 295, 472, 483, 516, 517, 519 Dobrovsky, Josef (1753-1829)—Czech scholar and public figure, founder of Slav philology; his works contributed to the Bohemian national movement in the first half of the nineteenth century.— 563 Domenichi, Lodovico (d. 1564) — Italian poet, author of an adaptation of Boiardo's L'Orlando innamorato.—131 Donatus, Aelius (4th cent.)—Roman grammarian.—188 Donizetti, Gaetano (1797-1848)—Italian composer.— 199 Douglas, Sir Howard (1776-1861)— British general and military writer, author of works on artillery and fortification.—426 Dralle, Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1820)— German journalist, democrat, refugee in London in the 1850s.—151, 154, 173, 194 Dronke, Ernst (1822-1891)—German journalist and writer, "true socialist" and, later, member of the Communist League and an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); after the 1848-49 revolution emigrated to Switzerland and then to England; supporter of Marx and Engels; subsequently gave up politics.—17, 32, 66, 71, 75, 76, 79, 86, 88-90, 91, 95, 97, 101, 109, 113, 120, 124, 133, 134, 138, 146, 148, 152, 158, 182, 189, 199, 200, 201, 204, 211, 219, 223, 231, 232, 234, 235, 239, 240, 243, 275, 282, 290, 296, 302, 303, 304, 312, 316, 319, 321, 323, 324, 326, 328, 356, 358, 362, 364, 372, 386, 391, 396, 397, 400, 402, 412, 436, 445, 451, 461, 463, 464, 465, 468-69, 473, 478, 480, 482, 500, 528, 534, 537, 542, 545, 560, 561, 574, 583, 584-85, 587, 589

Duchâtel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, comte

(1803-1867)—French statesman, Orleanist, Minister of Trade (1834-36), Minister of the Interior (1839 and

1840-February 1848).—52 Dulon, Rudolph (1807-1870)—German pastor, a leader of the Friends of Light movement, which opposed the official church; emigrated to the USA in 1853.—71, 173, 417, 459, 462, 588 Duncker, Alexander (1813-1897)— German publisher.— 539 Duncker, Franz Gustav (1822-1888)— German politician and publisher.— 216, 232 Dundas, Henry, Viscount Melville (1742-1811) — British statesman, Lord Advocate for Scotland (1775-83), Home-Secretary (1791-94), President of the Board of Control for India (1793-1801); Secretary for War (1794-1801), First Lord of the Admiralty (1804-05).—490 Dupin, André Marie Jean Jacques (1783-1865)—French lawyer and politician, Orleanist, deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49) and President of the Legislative Assembly (1849-51), later Bonapartist.—47 Durand—French democrat.—199 Dureau de La Malle, Adolphe Jules César Auguste (1777-1857)—French scholar, philologist and archaeologist.— 228 Diisar, Pedro—German democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, brother-in-law of Gustav Struve.—45

E

Ebner, Hermann—German journalist, secret agent of the Austrian police in the 1840s-50s.—22, 99, 222, 238, 276, 483 Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889) — German tailor, prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, member of the League of the Just and later of the Communist League; a leader of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the General Council of the First International; took part in the English trade union movement.—26, 40, 107, 117, 120, 312, 397, 441, 446, 572, 583 Eisner, Karl Friedrich Moritz (1809-1894) — Silesian radical journalist and politician, deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; an editor of the Neue Oder-Zeitung in the 1850s.— 502, 506, 507, 534, 539, 550, 553-55 Engel, Johann Jacob (1741-1802) — German writer, critic and philosopher, shared the philosophical views of the 18th-century Enlighten-ment.— 307 Engels, Elisabeth Franziska Mauritia (1797-1873) —mother of Frederick Engels.— 350 Engels, Elise (18,34-1912) —sister of Frederick Engels.— 249 Engels, Friedrich (1796-1860) — father of Frederick Engels, co-founder with Ermen of a cotton firm in Manchester (1837) and later in Engelskir-chen.—16, 36, 38, 57, 66, 69, 97, 99, 103, 109, 110, 133, 148, 232, 283, 307, 315, 323, 339, 353, 428, 437, 479, 490, 525 Enghien, Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon

Condé, duc d' (1772-1804) —French prince, a Bourbon; fought against the French Republic in the counter-revolutionary émigré army; shot on the order of Napoleon I.—129 Engländer, Sigmund (1828-1902) — Austrian journalist, emigrated to France (1848) and later to England; secret police agent.—126, 548, 553 Erhard(t), Johann Ludwig Albert (born c. 1820)—German shop assistant, member of the Communist League, one of the accused at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); acquitted.— 143 Ermen, Franz—a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.— 249 Ermen, Gottfried—a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.— 36, 249, 329, 339 Ermen, Peter {Pitt) (born c. 1810)—a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.—165, 322 Ersch, Johann Samuel (1766-1828) —

German bibliographer, professor of geography and statistics in Halle.— 462 Espartero, Baldomero, duque de la Vittoria (1793-1879)—Spanish general and politician; leader of the Progresista Party; Regent of Spain (1841-43), head of government (1854-56).—485 Espinasse, Charles Marie Esprit (1815-1859)—French general, Bonapartist; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s-40s, in the coup d'état of 2 December 1851, and in the Crimean war.—482 Espoz y Mina, Francisco (1781-1836) — Spanish general, a guerrilla leader during the War of Independence (1808-14); active participant in the revolution of 1820-23, fought against the Carlists in 1833-36.—490 Esser I, Johann Heinrich Theodor— Prussian official, lawyer, clerical; Vice-President of the Prussian National Assembly (Centre) in 1848; counsel for the defence in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).— 228 Estrées, Louis Charles César Letellier, comte d' (1695-1771)—French marshal, took part in the Seven Years' War (1756-63), commanded the French army on the Rhine in 1762.—489 Eugénie Marie Ignace Augustine de Mon-

tijo de Guzman, comtesse de Teba (1826-1920)—wife of the emperor Napoleon III.—276, 297, 300 Evans, Sir George de Lacy (1787-1870)— British general, liberal politician, M.P. ; commanded a division in the Crimea in 1854.—527 Ewerbeck, August Hermann (1816-1860)—German physician and man of letters, leader of Paris communities of the League of the Just (1841-46), member of the Communist League, which he left in 1850; Paris correspondent of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49.—45, 58, 66, 85, 87, 360, 542

F

Feddersen—an acquaintance of Ernst Dronke in Switzerland.—296 Ferdinand I (1751-1825)—King of the Two Sicilies (1816-25).—541 Ferdinand II (1810-1859)—King of the Two Sicilies (1830-59), son of Francis I.—541 Ferdinand VII (1784-1833)—King of Spain (1808 and 1814-33).—497 Ferenczi—Hungarian singer.—170 Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas von (1804-1872)—German materialist philosopher.—45. 161 Fickler, Joseph (1808-1865)—German democratic journalist, a leader of the Baden democratic movement in 1848-49, member of the Baden Provisional Government (1849); after the revolution emigrated to Switzerland, later lived in England and America.—92, 96, 151, 156, 173, 260, 542 Fischer—German journalist, democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, after its suppression emigrated to the USA, editor of the Deutsche Zeitung in New Orleans.— 52 Fleury, Charles (real name Carl Friedrich

August Krause) (b. 1824)—London merchant, Prussian spy and police agent.—235, 236, 240, 242-44, 302, 313, 321 Florencourt, Franz von (1803-1886) — German writer, editor of a number of periodicals, first liberal and later conservative; brother-in-law of Ferdinand von Westphalen (Jenny Marx's step-brother).— 543 Florencourt—relative of Jenny Marx, brother of Franz von Florencourt.— 543 Flügel, Johann Gottfried (1788-1855)— German lexicographer.—289 Forster, Charles—English theologian and traveller, author of works on Biblical history.—326-27, 527 Foster—English lawyer.—486 Fould, Achille (1800-1867)—French banker and politician, Orleanist, later Bonapartist, repeatedly Finance Minister between 1849 and 1867, Minister of State and Minister of the Imperial Court (1852-60).—17, 21, 47, 200, 388

Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837)—French Utopian socialist.— 449 Fox, Charles James (1749-1806)—British statesman, Whig leader, Foreign Secretary (1782, 1783, 1806).—489 Franceson, C. F.— German philologist, author of Spanish language manuals.—364, 584 Francis, Sir Philip (pseudonym Junius) (1740-1818)—English journalist and politician, bourgeois radical, author of lampoons against the reactionary regime of George III.—489 Francis I (1777-1S30) — King of the Two Sicilies (1825-30), son of Ferdinand 1.—541 Franck, Gustav (d. 1860)—.Austrian democrat, a refugee in Lp"Hon in the early 1850s.—154, 156. 173 Frederick I ('Barbarossa' or "iedbeaid') (c. 1123-1190)—German King (from 1152), Holy Roman Emperor (1155-90).—474, 475 Frederick II (1194-1250)—German King (1212), Holy Roman Emperor (1220-50).—475 Frederick II (the Great) (1712-17801— King of Prussia (1740-86).— 51, 365, 474^ 488 Frederick VII (1808-1863)—King of Denmark (1848-63).—452 Frederick William IV (1795-1861) — King of Prussia (1840-61).— 307, 526 Freiligrath, Ferdinand (1810-1876)— German poet, member of the Communist League, an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49; withdrew from revolutionary activity in the 1850s.—4, 8, 14, 16, 21-22,' 25, 32, 35, 40, 42, 45, 76, 79, 89, 99, 102, 107, 115, 118-19, 124, 125, 129, 134, 137, 152, 160, 161-62, 211, 221, 224, 235, 241, 245, 247, 255, 260, 262, 296, 297, 298, 305, 321-24, 344, 368, 385,387,389, 390,411,420,472,481, 499, 509, 510, 528, 547, 560, 568, 571, 578 Freiligrath, Ida (1817-1899)—wife of Ferdinand Freiligrath.—42 Freiligrath, Wolfgang—son of Ferdinand Freiligrath.—23 Freire, Manuel (1765-1834)—Spanish general, took part in the war of liberation from Napoleonic rule (1808-14).—492 Freund—German physician in London, doctor of the Marx family in the 1850s.—453, 462, 464, 465, 469, 481, 490, 498, 500-02, 550, 559 Friedländer, Max (1829-1872)—German democratic journalist, editor of the

Neue Oder-Zeitung and Die Presse, to which Karl Marx contributed in the 1850s-60s; cousin of Ferdinand Lassalle.—502 Friedländer—owner of a school in London.—282 Friedländer.— 315 Fröbel, Julius (1805-1893)—German writer and publisher of progressive literature; democrat, later a liberal; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; emigrated to the USA after the revolution, returned to Europe in 1857.—44 Fröhlich, R. A.—Austrian philologist, wrote a manual of Slav languages.— 201, 204 Furrer, Jonas (1805-1861)—Swiss politician, moderate liberal, lawyer; President of the Diet (1848) and then of the Swiss Confederation, Burgomas-ter of Zurich.—529 Fürstenberg, Baron von—Prussian landowner, juryman in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—206

G

Gallenga, Antonio (pen-name Mariotti) (1812-1895)—Italian journalist, took part in the Italian national liberation movement; from the 1830s lived mostly in England; contributed to the British press; wrote a number of works on the history of Italy.— 541 Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882)— Italian revolutionary, democrat; in the 1830s and 1840s took part in the revolutionary movement in South

America and the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; headed the struggle for Italy's national liberation and unification in the 1850s-60s.—198 Garnett, Jeremiah (1793-1870)—English journalist, a founder and editor (1844-61) of the Manchester Guardian.—561 Garthe—German democrat, a refugee in London in the 1850s.—155 Gebert, August—Mecklenburg joiner; member of the Communist League in Switzerland and later in London; after the split in 1850 belonged to the separatist Willich-Schapper group.—151, 169, 176-77 George III (1738-1820)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820).—488 Gerstenberg, Isidor (d. 1876)—London banker, adherent of Gottfried Kinkel.—150, 321, 322, 502, 581 Gerstenzweig—German merchant in London.—499 Gervinus, Georg Gottfried (1805-1871)— German historian, liberal; editor of the Deutsche Zeitung (1847-48); deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre) in 1848.—276 Gibbon, Edward (1737-1794)—English historian, author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.— 326 Gibson, Thomas Milner (1806-1884)— British politician and statesman, Free Trader, later liberal; President of the Board of Trade (1859-65, 1865-66).—57, 111 Gipperich (Gibberich), Joseph—German tailor, member of a Paris community supporting the separatist Willich-Schapper group after the split of the Communist League; agent of the Prussian police, one of the accused in the case of the so-called Franco-German plot in Paris in February 1852; escaped from prison with the connivance of the police; refugee in England from 1852.—222

Girardin, Delphine de (1804-1855)— French writer; wife of Emile de Girardin.—47 Girardin, Emile de (1806-1881)— French journalist and politician; editor of La Presse; notorious for his lack of principles in politics; moderate republican during the 1848-49 revolution, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1850-51), later Bonapartist.—47, 526 Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898)— British statesman, Tory and later Peelite; leader of the Liberal Party in the second half of the nineteenth century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55, 1859-66), Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94),— 284, 331, 334, 355, 515-19, 590 Gnam—German democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to the USA in 1850.—17 Gbbel—presiding judge of the Assizes in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—211, 238, 244 Goegg, Amand (1820-1897)—German journalist, democrat; member of the Baden Provisional Government in 1849; emigrated after the revolution; later member of the First International.—141, 146, 151-52, 154-56, 161, 166, 167, 173, 182, 267, 434, 499 Goepp, Karl (Charles)—American writer of German origin; was close to the German democratic refugees in the United States (1850s); co-author with Theodor Poesche of a book advocat-ing 'united states of the world' under the aegis of the USA (1852).—366 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832) —German poet.—262, 447, 585 Go(h)ringer, Carl (born c. 1808) — innkeeper in Baden; took part in the revolutionary movement there in 1848-49, after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to England; member of the Communist League, after its split belonged to the separatist Willich-Schapper group; owner of a public house in London which was the meeting-place of German refugees.—271, 316, 318, 498

Goldheim—Prussian police officer, secret agent of the Prussian police in London in the early 1850s.—240, 242, 244, 314-16, 318, 319, 321, 521 Goldschmidt—Danish journalist, author of an anti-Kinkel article published in the Kölnische Zeitung early in 1852.—95 Golovin, Ivan Gavrilovich (1816-1890)— Russian liberal landowner, journalist; emigrated to England, was close to Herzen and Bakunin in the 1840s and 1850s.—306, 359-61, 373, 438, 523, 524 Gorchakoff (Gorchakov), Mikhail Dmit-rievich, Prince (1793-1861)—Russian general, commanded the Russian army on the Danube (1853-54), commander-in-chief of the Southern army (September 1854-February 1855) and of the army in the Crimea (February-December 1855); Governor-General of the Kingdom of Poland (1856-61).—433, 470 Görgey, Arthur (1818-1916)—military leader of the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary, commander-in-chief of the Hungarian revolutionary army (April-June 1849), War Minister (from May 1849); voiced the conservative sentiments of the nobility, opposed development of the revolution and advocated agreement with the Habsburgs.—70, 101, 104, 128, 131, 134, 212, 267, 304, 310-11, 460 Gorzowski, Thaddäus—Polish refugee, member of the Polish Democratic Society.—172 Götz, Theodor—German democrat, refugee in England, a friend of Karl Marx.—508, 521, 522 Grach—Trier banker.— 526 Grach—wife of the banker Grach.— 526 Grach, Friedrich (1812-1854)—Prussian colonel, served in the Turkish army from 1841, commanded the defence of Silistria in 1854.—461 Graham, Sir James Robert George (1792-1861)—Briti h statesman, Whig and later Peelite; Home Secretary in the Peel Government (1841-46), First Lord of the Admiralty (1830-34, 1852-55).—56, 101, 129, 132, 252, 546 Granier de Cassagnac, Bernard Adolphe de (1806-1880)—French journalist, unprincipled politician, Orleanist before the 1848 revolution and later Bonapartist, deputy to the Corps législatif during the Second Empire, contributed to Le Constitutionnel, editor-in-chief of Le Pays in the 1850s.—126, 555 Grant, James (1802-1879)—English radical journalist and writer, editor of The Morning Advertiser (1850-71).— 358 Granville, George Leveson-Gower, Earl of (1815-1891)—British statesman, Whig, subsequently a Liberal Party leader; Foreign Secretary (1851-52, 1870-74 and 1880-85); Lord President of the Council (1852-54, 1855-58, 1859-66), Secretary of State for the Colonies (1868-70, 1886).—456 Greeley, Horace (1811-1872)—American journalist and politician; founder and editor of the New-York Daily Tribune.—146, 272, 299, 346, 387, 503

Greif—Prussian police officer, one of the chiefs of the Prussian secret service in London in the early 1850s.—242-45, 270, 281, 301, 313 Grey, Sir Henry George, Earl of (1802-1894)—British Whig statesman; Secretary at War (1835-39) and Secretary of State for the Colonies (1846-52).—519 Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Carl (1785-1863)—German philologist, one of the founders of Germanic philology, author of Die deutsche Grammatik and of folklore adaptations, professor in Göttingen and then in Berlin; liberal.—563 Gross, Magnus—German democratic journalist, a refugee in the USA in the 1850s.—6, 260, 573 Gruber, Johann Gottfried (1774-1851)— German scholar, literary historian.— 462 Guérard, Johann—Austrian army of-

ficer, author of a reference book on military science.—159 Guibert of Nogent (1053-1124)—French historian and theologian.—476 Guilleminot, Armand Charles, comte de

(1774-1840)—French general and diplomat, took part in the wars of the French Republic and of Napoleonic France, Chief of Staff of the French interventionist army in Spain (1823); ambassador to Constantinople (1824).—497 Guillermain—refugee from Lyons.— 76 Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874)—French historian and statesman, Orleanist; Foreign Minister (1840-48), in 1847 also Prime Minister; expressed the interests of big financial bourgeoisie.—48, 61 Gülich, Gustav von (1791-1847)— German economist and historian, author of works on the history of economics.— 82 Gurowski, Adam, Count (1805-1866)— Polish journalist, emigrated to the L'SA in 1849, contributed to the New-York Daily Tribune in the 1850s.—370 Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand (1811-1878)— German writer, member of the Young Germany literary group.— 391 Guyon, Richard Debaufre (1803-1856)— Hungarian general, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary, after its defeat emigrated to Turkey and joined the army there, Chief of Staff of the Turkish army in the Caucasus in 1854.—434

H

Häbling von Lanzenauer—German landowner, juryman in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—206 Haering—Prussian postal clerk.—316, 319 Hafiz, Shams ud-din Mohammed (c. 1300-c. 1389)—Persian poet, Tajik by birth.—341 Hafner, Leopold (b. 1820)—Austrian democratic journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to France, Paris correspondent of the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung and Kölnische Zeitung; police agent.—178, 185, 194, 206 Ilagen, Theodor (1823-1871)—member of the Communist League in Hamburg, publisher of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue.— 581 Hain, August—German refugee in London, member ol the Communist League, supported Marx and Engels during the split in the League in 1850.—86, 87

Halil Pasha (d. 1856)—Turkish military leader and statesman, repeatedly held ministerial posts; Capudan Pasha (Naval Minister) in 1854-55.— 408 Hammel—member of the Communist League in Magdeburg, belonged to the separatist Willich-Schapper group, opponent of Marx and Engels.—169, 177 Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Baron von (1774-1856) — Austrian historian, Orientalist, author ol works on Turkish history.—423, 428 Hansen—Cologne worker, member of the Communist League, emigrated to the USA in the early 1850s"—79 Harney, George Julian (1817-1897) — prominent figure in the English labour movement, a leader of the Chartist Left wing, editor of The Sorthern Star, Democratic Review, Red Republican and Friend of the People: associate of Marx and Engels; in the early 1850s was close to petty-bourgeois circles and temporarily withdrew from the revolutionary trend in the labour movement.—11, 30, 31, 43, 60-61, 67, 89, 93, 96, 99, 107, 162, 164, 196, 266, 282, 401, 587 Harney, Mary (d. 1853)—wife of George Julian Harney.— 282 Harring, Harro Paul (1798-1870)— German radical writer, emigrated in 1828, lived in various countries of

Europe and America including the USA,—117 Hatzfeldt, Sophie, Countess of (1805-1881)—friend and supporter of Ferdinand Lassalle.—339, 478 Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg, Edmund. Count of (b. 1798) — husband of Sophie Hatzfeldt.—293 Haupt, Hermann Wilhelm (born c. 1833)—German shop assistant; member of the Communist League; arrested with other Cologne communists, he turned King's evidence and was released before the trial; fled to Brazil (summer 1852).—143, 144, 145, 197, 215 Hauser, Kaspar (1812-1833)—a foundl-ing discovered in Nürnberg in 1828 and placed in the care of the Bavarian slate; the story of his origin and tragic death provided the theme for a number of literary works.— 36 Hayward, Abraham (1801-1884)— British lawyer and journalist; Tory at the beginning of his career, later Peelite; appointed Secretary of the Poor Law Board in 1854.— 519 Hebeler, Bernhard—Prussian consul-general in London in the 1830s-60s.—100, 232

Hecker, Friedrich Franz Karl (1811-1881) — German democrat, a leader of the Baden republican uprising in April 1848, after its defeat emigrated to Switzerland and then to the USA; fought in the American Civil War on the side of the Union.— 6, 9H Heckscher, Martin—Frederick Engels' physician, a German resident in Manchester.— 353 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.—45, 65, 87, 104, 306, 462, 556 Heilberg, Louis (1818-1852)—German journalist; political refugee in Brussels, member of the Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee (1846) and later of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution, emigrated to London at the end of 1850.—124 Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—German revolutionary poet.—61, 121, 276, 401, 438, 455, 469, 504, 509, 544, 568, 587 Heinzen, Karl (1809-1850)—German radical journalist, for a short time took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; from 1847 onwards, opponent of Marx; refugee in Switzerland, England and, from the autumn of 1850^ in the USA.—6, 17, 52, 59, 60-62, 65, 94, 117, 141, 146, 161, 173, 185, 208, 263, 273, 308, 319, 351, 367, 391, 394, 395, 396, 417, 421, 423, 462, 542, 574, 575 Heise, Heinrich (1820-1860)—German democratic journalist, an editor of the newspaper Die Hornisse (1848-50); took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, later a refugee in England.—86, 114, 115, 121, 162, 187, 349, 356, 397, 419, 420, 421, 441-45, 451, 454, 463, 469, 471, 478, 479, 543, 583, 587-89 Helmich, Julius—Westphalian publisher and bookseller; 'true socialist'; refugee in the USA in the 1850s.—118, 161 Henry IV {Henri IV) (1553-1610)— King of France (1589-1610).—475, 497 Hentze, A.—German army officer, member of the Communist League, belonged to the separatist Willich-Schapper group; witness for the prosecution at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—15, 143, 155, 161, 223, 229, 317, 335, 577 Herbert, Sidney, Baron of Lea (1810-1861)—British statesman, Tory and later Peelite; Secretary at War (1845-46 and 1852-55) and Secretary for War (1859-60).—284, 472, 508 Herstadt—Cologne banker, juryman in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—206, 238 Herweg—German democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, refugee in London in the 1850s.—155, 156, 243

Herwegh, Georg Friedrich (1817-1875)— German democratic poet, took part in the 1848-49 revolution, emigrated to

Switzerland; subsequently member of the German Social-Democratic Party.—199, 262

Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870)—Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, journalist and writer; left Russia in 1847, from 1852 lived in England where he established the Free Russian Press and published the periodical Polyar-naya Zvezda (Polar Star) and the newspaper Kolokol (The Bell).—199, 235, 273, 275, 282, 286, 306, 317, 325, 345, 360, 362, 373, 436, 438, 521-25, 527, 537, 548, 553, 558 Hess, Heinrich Hermann Josef, Baron von (1788-1870)—Austrian general, subsequently field marshal; took an active part in crushing the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; commander-in-chief in Hungary, Galicia and the Danubian Principalities in 1854 and 1855.—546 Hess, Moses (1812-1875)—German radical writer, a leading 'true socialist' in the mid-40s; member of the Communist League, after its split belonged to the separatist Willich-Schapper group, later supported Lassalle.—89, 90, 192, 232, 236 Hillgärtner, Georg—German democrat, emigrated after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution.—152 Hippocrates (c. 460-c. 377 B.C.)—Greek physician, father of medicine.—344 Hirsch, Wilhelm—Hamburg shop assistant, Prussian police agent in London in the early 1850s.—9, 41, 59, 66, 218, 222-24, 232-34, 240-44, 266, 301-04, 312, 313, 315, 318, 319, 321, 324, 330, 335, 583 Hochstuhl—German democrat, emigrated to the USA in 1852.—66, 72 Hodde, Lucien de la (Delahodde) (1808-1865)—French writer, member of secret revolutionary societies during the Restoration and the July monarchy, police agent.—52 Hoffstetter, Gustav von (1818-1874) — Swiss army officer and military writer, took part in the war against the Sonderbund (1847), fought in Garibaldi's army in 1849.—103 Hohenzollerns—dynasty of Brandenburg electors (1415-1701), Prussian kings (1701-1918) and German emperors (1871-1918).—128 Holyoake, George Jacob (1817-1906) — English journalist, reformist, Owenite and Chartist in the 1830s and 1840s, prominent figure in the cooperative movement.—196 Hontheim, Richard von (d. 1857)— Cologne lawyer, counsel for the defence in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—222, 228, 231 Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65-8 B.C.)—Roman poet.—281, 291, 465 Horner, Leonard (1785-1864)—English geologist and public figure; factory inspector (1833-56), member of the Factories Inquiry Commission in 1833 and of the Children's Employment Commission in 1841; took the side of the workers.—189 Hoyer, Johann Gottfried von (1767-1848)—Prussian general and military historian.—160 Hoyoll, Philipp (b. 1816)—German artist; émigré in Manchester in the 1850s.—554 Hudson, J. W.— secretary of the Athenaeum club in Manchester in the 1850s.—209, 233 Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885)— French writer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, opposed Louis Bonaparte, banished from France after the coup d'état of 2 December 1851.—524, 555 Hühnerbein, Friedrich Wilhelm (born c. 1817)—German tailor, member of the Communist League and of the Committee of Public Safety during the Elberfeld uprising in May 1849.—28 Hülsemann, Baron—diplomatic representative of the Austrian government in the USA at the end of 1851 and in the first half of 1852.—117 Hume, Joseph (1777-1855) —British politician, a radical leader, M.P.— 59, 284

Hunt, Thornton Leigh (1810-1873)— English radical bourgeois journalist, took part in the Chartist movement in the 1840s and 1850s.—196 Huzel, Jacob (born c. 1820)—German teacher; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to the USA, sided with Marx and Engels in the early 1850s, friend of Adolph Cluss.—92, 139, 140, 149, 150, 152, 166, 265, 336, 575 Huzzelwitt—German refugee in the USA in the 1850s.—92

I

Imandt, Peter (born c. 1824)—German teacher, took part in the Baden uprising of 1849; member of the Communist League; emigrated to Switzerland, later lived in London; supporter of Marx and Engels.—122, 125, 151, 154-56, 158, 161, 162, 167, 205, 207, 224, 233, 235, 241, 243, 274, 275, 290, 313, 350, 356, 372, 386, 401, 417, 442, 446, 468, 478, 480, 482, 498, 543, 545, 573, 574, 584, 589, 590 Immermann, Karl Leberecht (1796-1840)—German writer, journalist and critic; prominent figure in the development of the German theatre.—262 lskander Bey (Alexander Ilinski) (1810-1861)—Polish-born Turkish general; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary, after its defeat emigrated to Turkey; commanded Turkish troops on the Danube (1853-54), in the Crimea (1855) and in the Caucasus (1855-56).—470

]

Jacobi, Abraham (1830-1919)—German physician, member of the Communist League, one of the accused in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852), emigrated to England (1853) and later to the USA, disseminated Marxism there, fought in the American Civil War on the side of the Union; President of the Medical Academy in New York (1885-89).—20, 212, 351-53, 355, 358, 372, 375, 402, 403, 542, 587 Jacoby, Johann (1805-1877)—German radical journalist and politician, a Left-wing leader in the Prussian National Assembly (1848).—353 jellachich (Jellacic), Josef, Count (1801-1859) — Austrian general, Ban of Croatia, Daimatia and Slavonia (1848-59), took part in suppressing the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary and Austria.—460 Jenni, Samuel Friedrich (1809-1849)— Swiss publisher, radical, editor of the comic newspaper Der Gukkasten (Berne).—292

Jérôme—see Bonaparte, Jérôme Joest, Karl—Cologne manufacturer, juryman in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—206, 559, 561 Johnson, A.— Bank of England clerk, acquaintance of Ferdinand Freiligrath.—32, 37, 43, 131, 146, 147, 152. 227 Joinville, François Ferdinand Philippe Louis Marie, duc d'Orléans, prince de (1818-1900)—French admiral, son of Louis Philippe; emigrated to England after the February 1848 revolution.— 129, 200, 222 fomini, Henri, Baron von (1779-1869) — Swiss-born general in the French and later the Russian arm}', military theoretician, author of works on strategy and military history.— 305 Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-1869)— prominent figme in the English labour movement, proletarian poet and journalist, Left Chartist leader, editor of The Northern Star, Notes to the People and The People's Paper; friend of Marx and Engels.— 3, 11, 15, 30, 37, 38, 42, 43, 56, 59, 60, 67, 70, 72, 75, 77, 89, 93, 96, 99, 107, 117, 136, 140, 150, 162, 175, 195, 207, 260, 266, 276, 319, 325, 350, 355, 357, 369, 371, 378, 389, 394, 397, 399, 401, 417, 482, 483, 502,

521-23, 525, 527, 536, 547, 557, 560, 562 Jones, Jane (d. 1857)—wife of Ernest Jones.— 547 Jones, Richard (1790-1855)—English economist.—62 Jones, Sir William (1746-1794)— English Orientalist and lawyer, author of works on Oriental languages and literature.— 341 Jordan, Wilhelm (1819-1904)—German author, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing and later Centre) (1848)^—199 Julius, Gustav (1810-1851) — German democratic journalist, 'true socialist'.— 236 Jung, Georg Gottlob (1814-1886) — German writer, Young Hegelian, responsible publisher of the Rheinische Zeitung, democrat; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848, later a national-liberal.—207, 223, 581 Junius—see Francis, Sir Philipp Juta, Jaan Caret (b. 1824)—Dutch merchant, brother-in-law of Karl Marx, husband of his sister Louise.— 350, 351, 406 Juta, Louise (1821-c. 1865)—Karl Marx's sister, jaan Care) Juta's wife.—350, 351

K

Hamm, Friedrich (d. 1867)—German brushniaker, democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising in 1849, emigrated to Switzerland after the defeat of the revolution, member of the German Workers' Society in Geneva, emigrated to the USA in 1852.—152, 204 Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)—German ph ilosopher.—412 Karger—German democrat, refugee in the USA in the 1850s, contributor to the German-language newspaper Pionier.—433 Kausler, Franz Georg Friedrich von (1794-1848)—German military historian.—159 Kellner, Gottlieb Theodor (1819-1898) — German democratic journalist, took part in the democratic movement in Cassel during the 1848-49 revolution, publisher of Die Hornisse (1848-50); emigrated to the USA in 1851, editor of Die Reform (1853-54) and publisher of the Philadelphia Demokrat (from 1856).—273, 312, 318, 326, 349, 366, 428, 583 Keogh, William Nicholas (1817-1878)— Irish lawyer and politician, a leader of the Irish Brigade in Parliament, repeatedly held high judicial posts in Ireland.— 516 Khrulev, Stepan Alexandrovich (1807-1870)—Russian general, army commander on the Danube and in the Crimea during the Crimean war, distinguished himself at the defence of Sevastopol.—470

Kinkel, Gottfried (1815-1882)—German poet and journalist, democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, sentenced to life imprisonment by a Prussian court, escaped from prison and emigrated to England (1850); a leader of petty-bourgeois refugees in London; opposed Marx and Engels.—6, 15, 16, 21, 23, 31, 34, 42, 52, 71, 72, 73-74, 77, 80, 92, 94, 95, 98, 100, 107, 114, 118, 119, 121, 125, 136, 138-43, 148-57, 158, 161, 162, 164, 166, 167, 170, 172, 173, 180, 194, 196, 205, 206, 209, 213, 224, 233, 235, 236, 241, 245, 260-62, 265-66, 273, 274, 283, 304, 308, 313-17, 322, 331, 336, 353, 435, 471, 555, 567-69, 573-75 Kinkel, Johanna (née Mockel) (1810-1858)—German writer, wife of Gottfried Kinkel.—141, 164, 313, 555, 568 Kinski, Countess (née Zichy) (b. 1824)—Austrian noblewoman.— 194 Kirchmann, Julius Hermann von (1802-1884)—German lawyer, writer and philosopher; radical; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848; deputy to the Second Chamber in 1849; later member

of the Progressist Party.—125 Kiss, Miklôs (1820-1902) —Hungarian army officer, democrat, refugee, Kossuth's agent in Erance and Italy; maintained contact with Bonapartist circles.—171, 194, 268 Klapka, Georg (1820-1892)—general, commanded one of the Hungarian revolutionary armies in 1848-49, commandant of the Komorn fortress (June-September 1849); emigrated in 1849, maintained contact with Bonapartist circles in the 1850s; returned to Hungary after the amnesty (1867).—101, 106, 198, 311, 460 Klein, Carl Wilhelm—German worker, took part in the Elberfeld and Solingen uprisings of 1849, member of the Communist League; emigrated to the L'SA (1852), helped to organise workers' associations there; active in the working-class movement in Germany in the 1860s and 1870s, member of the First International.— 365, 367, 390, 391, 398

Klein, Johann Jacob (c. 1818-c. 1896)— physician in Cologne, member of the Communist League, one of the accused in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852), acquitted.—20 Klose, G.—German refugee living in London, member of the Communist League, supported Marx during the split of the League in 1850.—124 Knesebeck, Karl Friedrich, Baron von der

(1768-1848)—Prussian field marshal-general, took part in the wars against Napoleon.— 538 Koppen, Karl Friedrich (1808-1863)— German radical journalist and historian; Young Hegelian.— 563 Korff, Hermann—Prussian officer; democrat; discharged from the army for his political views (1847); responsible publisher of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); later emigrated to the USA.—118-20, 160 Korn, Philipp—Hungarian bookseller and writer, commanded the German Legion of the Hungarian revolutionary army during the 1848-49 revolution; after its defeat emigrated to Turkey and then to England; returned to Hungary in 1860.— 548, 553 Koscielski, Wtadyslaw (1818-1895)— Polish democrat, emigrant, general in the Turkish army under the name of Sefer Pasha (1850s).—360, 546 Kosciusxko, Tadeusz Andrzej Bonawentura (1746-1817)—prominent figure in the Polish national liberation movement in the 1790s; took part in the American War of Independence in 1776-83; leader of the Polish uprising of 1794.—68 Kossuth, Lajos (1802-1894)—leader of the Hungarian national liberation movement, head of the Hungarian revolutionary government during the 1848-49 revolution; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated first to Turkey and later to_ England and the USA; sought support among Bonapartist circles in the 1850s.—13, 21, 30-31, 70, 73-74, 101, 106, 128, 131, 141, 150, 151, 153, 158, 170, 171, 194, 197, 212, 237, 246, 261, 267-68, 269, 278-81, 283-84, 290, 291, 294, 299, 302, 304, 310, 316, 318, 356, 401, 441, 448, 504, 586 Kothes, D.—Cologne merchant, democrat; witness for the defence in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).— 215, 216, 228, 232, 239, 242, 302 Kräusler—Prussian professor, juryman in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—207

Kriege, Hermann (1820-1850)—German journalist, 'true socialist', member of the League of the Just; from 1845 to 1848 lived in emigration in New York where he founded and edited the newspaper Der Volks-Tribun; active in democratic organisations during the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; again emigrated to the USA after its defeat.—353 Krogh, Gerhard Christoph von (1785-1860)—Danish general, commander-in-chief of the Danish army (July 1848-ApriI 1849, 1850) in the Schleswig-Holstein war.—452 Küntzel, H.— Prussian army officer,

military engineer, author of a fortification manual.—103

L

Lafayette (La Fayette), Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Motier, Marquis de (1757-1834)—French general, took part in the American War of Independence and the French Revolution; a leader of the moderate con-stitutionalists (Feuillants); took part in the July revolution of 1830.—485 La Ferronnays, Auguste Pierre Marie Fer-ron, comte de (1777-1842) —French politician and diplomat, ambassador to Copenhagen (1817) and St. Petersburg (1819-27), Foreign Minister (1828-29).—495 Lagarde, Augustin Marie Balthazar Charles Pelletier, comte de (b. 1780)— French general and diplomat, ambassador to Madrid (1820-23).—494 Lamennais (La Mennais), Hugues Félicité

Robert de (1782-1854)—French priest, writer, ideologist of Christian socialism.—31, 71, 497 Lamoricière, Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de (1806-1865)—French general, moderate republican; suppressed the June uprising of 1848; War Minister in the Cavaignac Government (June-December 1848); deputy to the Legislative and Constituent Assemblies; banished after the coup d'état of 2 December 1851.—200, 482 Lampon—English journalist, contributor to The Times.—277 Lanckoronski, Count—Polish refugee in London, agent of the Russian government.—172, 301 Landolt, Ernestine—see Liebknecht, Ernestine L'Aspée, Henry de—Wiesbaden police official, emigrated to London in the early 1850s, helped to expose provocative methods used by the Prussian authorities in staging the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).— 316 Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864)— German writer and lawyer; prominent figure in the German working-class movement; participant in the democratic movement in the Rhine Province (1848-49); a founder of the General Association of German Workers (1863).—46, 76, 88, 290, 293, 334, 339, 350, 354, 417-18, 419, 422, 430-33, 478, 481, 491, 502, 511, 514, 521, 543, 553, 556, 557, 588 Law, John (1671-1729)—Scottish economist and financier, Director-General of Finance in France (1719-20); notorious for his speculative scheme (issuing of paper money), which ended in a complete failure.— 263 Lawley, Francis Charles (1825-1901)— British journalist, Gladstone's private secretary (1852-54); the Times correspondent in the USA (1854-65).— 518 Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874)—French journalist and politician, a leader of the petty-bourgeois democrats, editor of La Réforme; Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government (February-May 1848), deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies where he headed the Montagne party; emigrated to England after the demonstration of 13 June 1849.—31, 42, 50, 71, 73, 135, 136, 141, 246, 282, 295, 296, 299, 300, 317, 388, 401, 433, 459

Le Flô, Adolphe Emmanuel Charles (1804-1887)—French general, politician and diplomat, representative of the Party of Order, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic.—48 Legendre, Louis (1752-1797) — prominent figure in the French Revolution, a leader of the Right-wing Jacobins, friend of Danton.—521 Lehmann, Albert—German worker re-siding in London, leading figure in the League of the Just and the German Workers' Educational Society in London, later member of the Communist League, after its split (1850) belonged to the separatist

Willich-Schapper group and its Central Authority.—41-42 Lehon, Charles Arne Joseph, comte de

(1792-1868)—Belgian politician and diplomat, envoy to Paris (1831-42), enjoyed protection at the court of the Orleans.—47

Lehon, comtesse—wife of Charles Lehon, lived in Paris in the 1830s-1850s, enjoyed protection at the court of the Orleans.—47 Lehon, Louis Xavier Leopold, comte de

(1832-1879)—French politician, Bonapartist, Chef de Bureau of Minister of the Interior Morny (from 2 December 1851), member of the Corps législatif (from 1856), son of Charles Lehon.—47-48 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von (1646-1716)—German philosopher and mathematician.—440 Leiden, Kosmos Damian—wine-merchant in Cologne, juryman in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—207, 238 Lelewel, Joachim (1786-1861)—Polish historian and revolutionary, took part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31, a leader of the democratic wing of Polish emigrants in 1847-48.—172, 563

Lenchen—see Demuth, Helene Leroux, Pierre (1797-1871)—French writer; Utopian socialist, representative of Christian socialism; emigrant in England in 1851-52.—71, 73, 74 Leroy, Achille—see Saint-Arnaud, Armand Jacques Achille Leroy de Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781)— German writer, critic and philosopher of the Enlightenment.— 345

Leven—Cologne merchant, juryman in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—207, 238 Lichnowski, Felix Maria, Prince von (1814-1848)—Silesian landowner, Prussian army officer, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right wing); killed during the September 1848 uprising in Frankfurt.—225 Liebknecht, Ernestine (d. 1867)— Wilhelm Liebknecht's first wife.— 485-86 . Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900)— prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, took part in the 1848-49 revolution, member of the Communist League and the First International, one of the founders and leaders of the German Social-Democratic Party; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—86, 223, 232, 244, 275, 290, 386, 485, 559, 577 Lieven, Darya {Dorothea) Khristoforovna, Princess (1785-1857)—wife of the Russian diplomat Khristofor Andreyevich Lieven; hostess of political salons in London and Paris.— 204, 266, 431 Lieven, Khristofor Andreyevich, Prince (1774-1839)—Russian diplomat, envoy to Berlin (1810-12), ambassador to London (1812-34).—431

Lièvre, Eugène—French democrat, supporter of Hermann Kriege in the 1840s, emigrant in the USA in the 1850s.—323, 324, 542 Lincoln, H. J.—editor of The Daily News.—423-26, 427 Lindenau, Bernhard August (1779-1854)—astronomer and statesman in Saxony, moderate liberal; Minister of the Interior (1831-34), Prime Minister (1831-43).—462 Linton, William James (1812-1897)— English engraver, poet and journalist; democrat; republican; publisher of The Leader; sympathised with the Right-wing Chartists, contributed under the pen-name Spartacus to Chartist publications; lived in the USA from 1866.—107 List, Friedrich (1789-1846)—German economist, advocated protectionism.—45, 147 Loch, George—candidate for Manchester in the 1852 elections to Parliament.— 111 Lochner, Georg (born c. 1824)— carpenter; active in the German working-class movement, member of the Communist League and later of

the General Council of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—15, 372 Lahr, Karl—Bavarian army officer, wrote a book on the military art in Ancient Greece and Rome.—160 Louis IX, 'Sainf (1214-1270)—King of France (1226-1270).—497 Louis XV (1710-1774)—King of France (1715-1774).—489 Louis XVIII (Louis le Desire) (1755-1824)—King of France (1814-15, 1815-24).—492, 494, 496, 497 Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon III Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)—Duke of Orleans, King of the French (1830-48).—10, 17/27, 295, 388, 422, 447, 456, 496, 509 Lowe, Robert, Viscount Sherbrooke (1811-1892)—British statesman and journalist, contributor to The Times; Whig and later Liberal; M.P.; Vice-President of the Board of Trade (1855-58).—277

Löwe, Wilhelm (known as Löwe of Calbe, after the Prussian district of Calbe, which he represented in the Frankfurt National Assembly) (1814-1886)—German democratic politician, Vice-President of the Frankfurt National Assembly, adhered to the Left wing; after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution left Germany, but returned after the amnesty of 1861; sympathised with the progressists.— 80. 92, 96, 150, 154, 224, 274, 300, 370, 547 Löwenthal—Frankfurt am Main publisher in the 1840s and 1850s.—99, 239 Lüders, Alexander Nikolayevich, Count (1790-1874)—Russian general, commanded a corps on the Danube (1853-54) and the Southern army (1855); commander-in-chief of the army in the Crimea (early 1856).— 470 Lüders, Wilhelm—German democratic journalist, contributed to democratic newspapers in the 1840s and 1850s; refugee in London.— 5, 6, 567 Lüning, Otto (I818-1868)—German physician and journalist, 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s, national-liberal after 1866.—97 Lupus— see Wolff, Wilhelm Lütgen, A.—author of Feldzug der Schleswig-Holsteinischen Armee und Marine im Jahre 1850, a book about the war between Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark.— 451 Ljcurgus—legendary Spartan law-giver said to have lived in the 9th-8th centuries B.C.—195

M

Maas, Benjamin (1822-1891)—German physician, Utopian socialist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to the USA after its defeat.— 52 MacCulloch, John Ramsay (1789-1864) — Scottish economist who vulgarised David Ricardo's theories.—62, 540 MacGowan, Dougal—English printer; radical; supported the Chartists and printed The Northern Star (1837-45), later became its owner (January-April 1852); a creditor of Ernest Jones.— 162, 482 Machiavelli, Niccold (1469-1527)— Italian politician, historian and writer.—31, 125 Madier—French mechanic; democrat; emigrated to Britain in the early 1850s.—10, 25, 271 Mahmud II (1785-1839)—Sultan of Turkey (1808-39).—394 Majer, Adolph (born c. 1819)—German journalist and chemist, agent-provocateur who infiltrated into the Communist League; emissary of the separatist Willich-Schapper group in France in late 1850 and 1851; one of the accused on the case of the so-called Franco-German plot in Paris in February 1852.—199 Malingre— Kossuth's Paris correspondent.—268, 270 Mallarmet—French worker, socialist, chairman of the Fraternity communist club in Paris in 1848, emigrated to England after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution.—71

Malmesbury, James Howard Harris, Earl of (1807-1889)—British statesman, Tory, later Conservative, Foreign Secretary (1852, 1858-59).—446 Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834) — English clergyman and economist, author of a population theory.—62, 345, 382 Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron von (1805-1882)—Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (1848-50), Prime Minister, and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1850-58).—132, 296, 349 Mariotti—see Gallenga, Antonio Marx, Edgar (Musch) (1847-1855)—Karl Marx's son.—117, 406, 421, 453, 454, 457, 524, 528, 529, 530, 533, 541, 543, 549, 569, 578, 581, 590

Marx, Eleanor {Tussy) (1855-1898)— Karl Marx's youngest daughter, prominent figure in the British and international working-class movement; married Eduard Aveling in 1884.—509, 511, 515, 521, 524 Marx, Francis Joseph Peter (1816-1876)—British conservative journalist; landowner; friend and associate of David Urquhart.—360, 361, 363, 439-40 Marx, Franziska (1851-1852)—Karl Marx's daughter.—78, 79, 84 Mane, Heinrich (1777-1838)—Karl Marx's father, lawyer and Counsellor of Justice in Trier.—287, 579 Marx, Heinrich Guido (1849-1850)— Karl Marx's son.—575 Marx, Henriette (née Pressburg) (1787-1863)—Karl Marx's mother.—50, 183, 481, 581 Marx, Jenny (née uon Westphalen) (1814-1881)—Karl Marx's wife.—1, 3, 5, 10, 35, 42, 50, 60, 65, 70, 79, 84, 89, 97, 100, 116, 117, 124, 131, 133, 138, 148, 159, 181, 183-86, 189, 198, 209, 213, 216, 237, 241, 252, 272, 286, 289, 303, 315, 322, 350, 354, 356, 364, 371, 375, 377, 385, 402, 408, 457, 461, 462-65, 467, 469, 478, 479, 481, 490, 500, 506-08, 511, 515, 521, 522, 525-26, 529, 541, 546, 554, 555, 557, 559, 561, 583, 585-90 Marx, Jenny (1844-1883)—Karl Marx's eldest daughter; journalist; active in the international working-class movement; married Charles Longuet in 1872.—23, 181, 421, 440, 453, 454, 541, 569, 578, 590 Marx, Laura (1845-1911)—Karl Marx's second daughter; married Paul Lafargue in 1868; active in the French working-class movement.— 185, 186, 421, 453, 454, 541, 569, 578, 590

Marx, Louise—see Juta, Louise Massey, Gerald (1828-1907)—English poet, sympathised with the Chartists; editor of the newspaper The Spirit of Freedom (1849); contributed, under the pen-names Bandiera and Spirit of Freedom, to Harney's Chartist publications The Red Republican and The Friend of the People; was influenced by Christian socialism and the reformist cooperative movement; withdrew from the working-class movement in the mid-1850s.—30

Massol, Marie Alexandre (1805-1875)— French journalist; Utopian socialist; contributed to the newspapers La Réforme and Voix du Peuple (1848-50); friend of Proudhon.— 31, 51, 67, 73, 74, 166, 180, 182, 186, 189, 196, 207, 260 Maupas, Charlemagne Emile de (1818-1888)—French lawyer, Bonapartist; Prefect of the Paris police (1851); an organiser of the coup d'état of 2 December 1851; Minister of Police (1852-53).—17, 268

Mayne Reid—see Reid, Thomas Mayne Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—Italian revolutionary, a leader of the national liberation movement in Italy, head of the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic (1849); an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London in 1850; sought support of the Bonapartists in the early 1850s but later opposed Bonapartism.—31, 34, 42, 46, 56, 59, 71, 73, 74, 76, 101, 106, 107, 135, 136, 141-42, 170, 172, 246, 268,

278-82, 283-84, 290, 295, 299, 315, 321, 371, 401, 454, 458, 459 McElrath, Thomas (1807-1888)— American lawyer, publisher and politician, supported the abolitionists; co-founder and business manager (1841-57) of the New-York Daily Tribune.— 387 Meiners, Christoph (1747-1810)— German historian, wrote a number of works on the history of culture.—207 Metaxas, Andreas, count (1786-1860)— Greek statesman and diplomat, Prime Minister (1843-44), ambassador to Constantinople (1850-54).—447 Metternich- Winneburg, Clemens Wenzel Lothar, Prince von (1773-1859)— Austrian statesman and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1809-21), Chancellor (1821-48), organiser of the Holy Alliance.—494 Mevissen, Gustav von (1815-1899)— German banker and politician, a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie in the 1840s.—284 Meyen, Eduard (1812-1870)—German journalist, Young Hegelian; emigrated to England after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution.—124, 151, 154, 225, 304, 447, 497, 555, 568, 574, 590 Meyer—an acquaintance of Marx and

Engels.—411, 421, 443, 478, 561 Meyer (Mayer), Joseph—German tailor; emigrated to England in the early 1850s; supporter of Willich; emigrated to the USA in 1852.—41-42, 277 Mieroslawski, Ludwik (1814-1878)— prominent figure in the Polish national liberation movement, took part in the insurrection of 1830-31 and in the 1848-49 revolution in Poland, Italy and Germany; later, a leader of the moderate wing of Polish democratic emigrants; sympathised with Bonapartism.— 138 Mill, James (1773-1836)—Scottish philosopher (follower of Bentham), and economist, adherent of Ricardo's theory.—62 Miller, Johann Martin (1750-1814)— German poet and writer, représenta-tive of sentimentalism in German literature.— 74 Millerbacher, August Joseph—Austrian postal official, shareholder of a publishing-house in Prague.—160 Mina—see Espoz y Mina Minié, Claude Etienne (1804-1879)— French army officer, inventor of a new type of rifle adopted by the French army in 1852.—12 Minutoli, Julius, Baron von (1805-1860)—Prussian official and diplomat; chief of the Berlin police (1847-48), Consul-General in Spain and Portugal (1853-59).—540 Miquel, Johannes (1828-1901)—German lawyer, politician and banker, member of the Communist League up to 1852, later a national-liberal leader.—478, 480

Mirbach, Otto von (born c. 1800)— retired Prussian artillery officer, democrat, participant in the 1848-49 revolution; commandant of Elberfeld during the May 1849 uprising; left Germany after its defeat.—121, 559, 560 Mirkhond, Mohammed bin Khäwandshäh

bin Hahmüd (1433-1498)—Persian historian.—341-42 Miskowsky, Henryk Ludvic (d. 1854)— Polish army officer, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; emigrated to Turkey after its defeat, later lived in London.—401, 448, 450, 586 Mohammed Ali (or Mehemet Ali) (1769-1849)—Viceroy of Egypt (1805-49), introduced a series of progressive reforms.— 31, 457 Mohammed (Muhammed, Mahomed) (c. 570-632)—founder of Islam.—327, 332, 340 Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Count von (1800-1891)—Prussian army officer, subsequently field marshal-general, military writer, ideologist of Prussian militarism and chauvinism.—435 Monk {Monck), George, Duke of Albemarle (1608-1670)—English general and statesman; at first a royalist, then

served in Cromwell's army; helped to restore the Stuarts to power in 1660.—485 Monsell, William (1812-1894)—Irish liberal, a leader of the Irish group in Parliament; Clerk of Ordnance (1852-57).—516 Montalembert, Charles Forbes René de

Tryon, comte de (1810-1870)—French politician and writer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assem: blies during the Second Republic; Orleanist, leader of the Catholic party; supported Louis Bonaparte in the coup d'état of 2 December 1851.—49, 311 Monteith, William (1790-1864)—British general, diplomat and military historian; fought in the Russo-Persian war (1804-13) on the side of Persia; military and diplomatic adviser to the Persian government during the Russo-Persian war of 1826-28; criticised Palmerston's foreign policy in the 1840s.—440

Montez, Lola (1818-1861)—adventuress and dancer, mistress of Ludwig I, King of Bavaria in 1846-48.—300 Montijo, Eugénie—see Eugénie Marie Ig-nace Augustine de Montijo de Guzman, comtesse de Teba Montmorency, Mathieu Jean Félicité, comte

(1822), duc de (1767-1826)—French general and reactionary politician; Foreign Minister (1821-22), participant in the Verona Congress of the Holy Alliance (1822).—493 Moreau, Jean Victor Marie (1763-1813)—French general, fought in the wars of the French- Republic against the coalition of European states.—310 Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph, due

de (1811-1865)—French politician, Bonapartist, deputy to the Legislative.. Assembly (1849-51); an organiser of the coup d'état of 2 December 1851; Minister of the Interior (December 1851-]anuary 1852); President of the Corps législatif (1854-56 and 1857-65), half-brother of Napoleon III.— 12, 17, 47 Morris, Mowbray (1818-1874) — English publisher, manager of The Times from the late 1840s,—276 Molt, Lucrezia (1793-1880)—public figure in the USA, leader of women's movement for the abolition of slavery in the USA.—371 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791) — Austrian composer.—556 Müller, Franz Joseph—legal counsellor in Cologne; conservative; father-in-law of Roland Daniels.— 219 Müller-Tellering, Eduard von (born c. 1808)—German lawyer and journalist, democrat; contributed to the

Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49; after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution emigrated to England, published slanderous accusations against Marx and Engels; emigrated to the USA in 1852.—80, 86, 87, 96, 263, 274, 331, 336 Münch-Bellinghausen, Franz Theodor, Baron (b. 1787) — Prussian officiai, juryman in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—206 Musch—see Marx, Edgar

N

Nadaud, Martin (1815-1898)—French bricklayer, journalist, follower of Proudhon; deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51), adherent of the Montagne party; was banished after the coup d'état of 2 December 1851, lived in England up to 1859.— 73, 417 Napier, Sir Charles (1786-1860)— British admiral, fought in the wars against Portugal (1810 and 1833-34) and in Syria (1840); commanded the British fleet in the Baltic in 1854; M.P.—458, 460, 546 Napier, Sir Charles James (1782-1853)— British general; fought in the Peninsular war (1808-14), commanded the British troops that conquered the Sind (1842-43), ruler of the Sind (1843-47).—310 Napier, Sir Joseph (1804-1882) —British politician, Tory M.P., Attorney-

General for Ireland (1852) in the Derby Cabinet, Lord Chancellor for Ireland (1858-59).—517 Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick (1785-1860) —British general and military historian, fought in the Peninsular war (1808-14).—424, 490, 501, 506 Napoleon J Bonaparte (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—10, 51, 103, 104, 158, 197, 305, 310, 406, 408, 411, 490, 496, 538 Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—Prince, nephew of Napoleon I, President of the Second Republic (December 1848-1851), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 30, 36, 44, 46-49, 51, 54, 68, 70, 77, 82, 84, 106, 122, 126, 166, 171-75, 185, 189, 195, 197, 199, 200, 207, 222, 237, 257, 261, 263, 268, 269, 276-79, 282, 297, 300, 302, 307, 388, 404, 409, 414, 444, 446, 452, 456, 487, 502, 524, 526, 534, 545, 555, 563, 568, 572

Nasmyth, Charles (1826-1861)—British army officer; war correspondent of The Times at Omer Pasha's headquarters on the Danube (1854); took part in the defence of Silistria.—472 Naut, Stephan Adolf—Cologne merchant, responsible publisher of the

Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1849).—133, 468 Nemours, Louis Charles Philippe Raphaël d'Orléans, duc de (1814-1896)—son of King Louis Philippe of France; general, took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s, emigrated to England after the February 1848 revolution.— 126 Nesselrode, Karl Vasilyevich, Count (1780-1862)—Russian statesman and diplomat; Foreign Minister (1816-56), Chancellor of State from 1845.—370

Newcastle, Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of (1811-1864)—British statesman, Peelite; Secretary for War and the Colonies (1852-54), Secretary for War (1854-55), and Colonial Secretary (1859-64).—455, 520 Newton, William—British trade-union leader, radical, sympathised with Chartism; co-founder and leader of the Amalgamated Society of Mechanical Engineers.—196 Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—44, 45, 53, 143, 285, 334, 362, 410, 414, 423, 424, 446, 518, 519, 524, 525 Nicholson, Renton (1809-1861)—pub-owner in London, changed his occupation several times.—486 Nothjung, Peter (1821-1866)—tailor, member of the Cologne Workers' Association and of the Communist League, one of the accused in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).— 20, 134, 137, 143, 212, 231, 238 Nowaïri (Novaïri), Schéhab-Eddyn-Ahmed-

ibn-Abdulwalhab (c. 1280-c. 1332)— Arabian historian.— 340

O

O'Connor, Feargus Edward (1794-1855)—Left-wing Chartist leader, owner and editor of The Northern Star; reformist after 1848.—15, 31, 67, 547 O'Flaherty, Edmond—British Treasury official in charge of collecting taxes in Ireland in 1854.— 519 Omer Pasha (Michael Lattas) (1806-1871)—Turkish general of Croatian origin, commander-in-chief on the Danube (1853-54), in the Crimea (1855) and in the Caucasus (1855-56).—368, 420, 424, 429, 431. 438, 458, 485, 561 Opitz, Martin (1597-1639)—German poet and translator, founder and theoretician of classicism in German literature.—471 Oppenheim—London banker.—275 Oppenheim, Heinrich Bernhard (1819-1880)—German democratic politician, economist and journalist; editor of Die Reform (Berlin) in 1848; refugee in 1849-50; later a national-liberal.—225, 568 Orleans—royal dynasty in France

(1830-48).—12, 21, 47-49, 126, 129, 200 Orleans, Duke of—see Louts Philippe I Orleans, prince a"—see Joinville, François

Ferdinand Philippe Louis Marie Osten Sacken, Dmitry Yerofeyevich, Count (1789-1881)—Russian general; during the Crimean war commander of a corps in the south of Russia (1853-54), and of the Sevastopol garrison (late 1854-55).—470 Oswald—German emigrant in London, tobacco merchant.—151, 154, 173 Oswald, Eugen (1826-1912)—German democratic journalist; took part in the revolutionary movement in Baden in 1848-49; emigrated to England after its defeat.—116 Ottenberger, Joseph (b. 1768) — Austrian scholar, teacher of history in Prague, author of a manual on military science in Ancient Rome.— 160 Otto I (1815-1867) —King of Greece (1832-62), member of the Bavarian ruling family of Wittelsbach.—447 Otto, Carl Wunibald (born c. 1810)— German chemist, member of the Cologne Workers' Association (1848-49) and of the Communist League, one of the accused in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852), sentenced to five years imprisonment.— 20, 212 Otto, Karl Christian (1817-1873)— Danish democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Schleswig-Holstein and Thuringia, emigrated to the USA in 1854.—458, 461 Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (43 B.C.-c. A.D. 17)—Roman poet.—199 Owen, Robert (1771-1858)—British Utopian socialist.—192 Oxford, Joseph—head of the London firm in which Ferdinand Freiligrath was employed.—305, 387, 389, 528

P

Pacifico, David (1784-1854)—British tradesman of Portuguese origin in Athens.—456 Pakington, Sir John Somerset (1799-

1880)—British statesman, Tory, Secretary for War and the Colonies (1852), First Lord of the Admiralty (1858-59, 1866-67), Secretary for War (1867-68).—295 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount (1784-1865)—British statesman, Tory, Whig from 1830, Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55), Prime Minister (1855-58, 1859-65).—54, 200, 276, 284-85, 295, 373, 378, 385, 387, 390, 392-93, 398, 404, 409-10, 412, 422, 431, 448, 450, 452, 456, 462, 472, 485, 490, 515, 516, 518-20, 523, 525, 555, 586 Pam—see Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount Parish, Henry Headley—British historian in the first half of the nineteenth century.—455 Paskievich (Paskiewilsch), Ivan Fyodorovich, Prince (1782-1856)— Russian field marshal-general, fought in wars against Napoleonic France; commander-in-chief (from the summer of 1831) of the Tsarist troops who suppressed the Polish insurrection of 1830-31, Lieutenant (governor) of the Kingdom of Poland from 1832; commander-in-chief of the army which crushed the Hungarian revolution (1849), and of the troops on the western and southern borders of Russia (1854), commanded the Russian army on the Danube (April-June 1854).—461

Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850)—British statesman, moderate Tory, Home Secretary (1822-27, 1828-30), Prime Minister (1834-35, 1841-46), repealed the Corn Laws in 1846.—195, 284, 368, 432 Pélissier, Aimable Jean Jacques (1794-1864)—French general, Marshal trom 1855; participated in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s-early 1850s; commander-in-chief of the French army in the Crimea (May 1855-July 1856).—546 Pellico, Silvio (1789-1854)—Italian writer, arrested in 1820 for his contacts

with the Carbonari and sentenced to twenty years imprisonment; released in 1830, published a book describing the hardships of convicts in Austrian prisons (1832); later abandoned politics.—558 Perczel, Mar (1811-1899)—Hungarian general, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary, after its defeat emigrated to Turkey and in 1851 to England.—32, 311, 572 Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, comte

(1808-1872)—French statesman, Bonapartist, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51), an organiser of the coup d'état of 2 December 1851; Minister of the Interior (1852-54, 1860-63).—17, 21, 27 Peter the Hermit (c. 1050-1115)— French monk and preacher, peasant leader in the First Crusade (1096-99).—59 Petermann, August (1822-1878)— German geographer and carto-grapher, editor of the periodicals Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes' Geo-graphischer Anstalt in Gotha (from 1855).—535, 538

Petzler, Johann—German democrat; music teacher; refugee in London in the 1850s.—419 Pfänder, Karl (c. 1818-1876)— prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; painter; emigrated to London in 1845, member of the League of the Just, of the Communist League Central Authority, and later of the General Council of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—14, 28, 43, 72, 95, 126, 463, 538, 589 Piali—see Zerffi, Gustav Pieper, Wilhelm (born c. 1826-1899)— German philologist and journalist, member of the Communist League; emigrated to London; was close to Marx and Engels in 1850-53.—8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 22, 23, 29, 33, 37, 67, 71, 117, 146, 175, 179, 183, 184, 186-93, 213, 231, 235, 265, 275, 289, 292, 312, 314, 316, 319, 325, 330, 341, 349, 350-53, 356, 359, 361, 367, 368, 369, 372, 376, 377, 385, 390-97, 406, 411, 421, 428, 429, 434-35, 438, 440, 457, 467, 472, 477, 482, 490, 498, 544, 569, 571, 583, 584, 587 Pierce.—482 Pindar, Eduard—Russian émigré in England in the mid-nineteenth century, an acquaintance of Marx and Engels.—81, 100, 147, 153, 179, 180, 184, 195, 202, 203 Pitt, William (the Elder), from 1766 Earl Chatham (1708-1778)—British statesman, a Whig leader; Foreign Secretary and Secretary for War (1756-61), Prime Minister (1766-68).—487 Pitt, William (the Younger) (1759-1806)—British statesman, Tory, Prime Minister (1783-1801, 1804-06).—487, 489

Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferrelti) (1792-1878)—Pope (1846-78).—448 Pleyel—Hungarian army officer, participant in the 1848 revolution in Hungary, emigrated to the USA in 1852.—214, 215, 310 Plumicke, J. C.—German army officer, author of Handbuch für die Königlich

Preussischen Artillerie-Offiziere.— 305 Pöckel, Gustav—German refugee in the USA, acquaintance of Edgar von Westphalen.—542, 545 Poenisch—acquaintance of Marx in London.—182, 185 Poesche, Theodor (1826-1899)—German statistician; democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, after its defeat emigrated to England and then to the USA; co-author with Karl Goepp of a book advocating 'united states of the world' under the aegis of the United States (1852).—366, 369 Polignac, Jules Auguste Armand Marie, prince de (1780-1847)—French statesman of the Restoration, Legitimist and clerical; Minister of Foreign Affairs and Prime Minister (1829-30).— 497 Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson le

Normant d'Étiolés, marquise de (1721-1764)—mistress of King Louis XV of

France, protectress of marshal Soubise.—488 Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (106-48 B.C.)—Roman general and statesman.— 349 Pott, August Friedrich (1802-1887)— German philologist, one of the founders of the comparative-historical method in linguistics.—462 Pozzo di Borgo, Karl Osipovich, Count (1764-1842)—Russian diplomat of Corsican descent, envoy (1814-21) and ambassador (1821-35) to Paris, ambassador to London (1835-39).— 494 Priessnitz, Vincenz (1799-1851)— peasant in Austrian Silesia who discovered and began to use hy-dropathy.—106 Prince of Prussia—see William I Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)— French writer, economist and sociologist; one of the founders of anarchism; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848).—46, 74, 77, 135, 166, 182, 207, 257, 260-61, 263, 306, 381 Prutz, Robert Eduard (1816-1872)— German poet, journalist and literary historian; associated with Young Hegelians; publisher of the journal Deutsches Museum in Leipzig (1851-67).—391 Pulszky, Francis(Ferenc) Aurelius (1814-1897)—Polish-born Hungarian politician, writer and archaeologist; participated in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; emigrated after its defeat; contributed to the New-York Daily Tribune in the 1850s; returned to Hungary in 1867 after the amnesty; deputy to the Diet (1867-76, 1884-97).—106, 289, 291, 293, 295, 299, 367, 369, 405, 418, 485 Pulszky, Thérèse (1819-1866)— Hungarian authoress, wife of Francis Pulszky from 1848.—106, 174, 299 Putnam, George Palmer (1814-1872)— American publisher and journalist, published (from 1853) Putnam's Monthly Magazine, to which Marx and Engels contributed.— 546 Püttman, Hermann (1811-1894)— German radical poet and journalist, 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s.—483 Pyat, Félix (pen-name Jules Mayret) (1810-1889)—French journalist, playwright and politician; democrat; took part in the 1848 revolution; emigrated in 1849 to Switzerland and later to Belgium and England; was against independent working-class movement; conducted a slander campaign against Marx and the First International; member of the Paris Commune (1871).—50, 74, 170, 174, 462

R

Radetzky, Josef, Count oj Radetz (1766-1858)—Austrian field marshal, commanded Austrian troops in Northern Italy (from 1831); suppressed the national liberation movement in Italy (1848-49); Governor-General of the Kingdom of Lombard) and Venetia (1850-56).—278, 281 Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford (1781-1826) — British colonial official; Governor of Java (1811-16).—348 Raspail, François Vincent (1794-1878)— French naturalist and writer; socialist; sympathised with the revolutionary proletariat; took part in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848).—300, 589 Raspail (d. 1853)—wife of François Raspail.—300 Rath, vom—Cologne manufacturer, juryman in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—206, 238 Rau—an officer in Willich's volunteer corps during the 1848-49 revolution.—336 Raveaux, Franz (1810-1851)—-German politician, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848-49; imperial commissioner in Switzerland, one of the five imperial regents in June 1849; member of the Baden Provisional Government;

emigrated to Belgium after the revolution.— 582 Redcliffe—see Stratford de Redcliffe, Stratford Canning, Viscount Reeve, Emilia (d. 1865)—friend and admirer of Alexander Herzen.— 558 Reeve, Henry (1813-1895)—English journalist and government official, Registrar to the Privy Council in 1853.—277 Reichenbach, Oskar, Count (b. 1815)— Silesian landowner; democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848-49); emigrated to England (1850) and later to America.—80, 92, 96, 136, 150, 154, 161, 166, 167, 173, 224, 233, 245, 246, 266, 274, 275, 282, 286, 300, 302, 313

Reid. Thomas Mayne (1818-1883)— British writer.—280, 290 Reiff, Wilhelm Joseph (b. 1824)— member of the Cologne Workers' Association and of the Communist League, expelled from the League in 1850; one of the accused in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).— 134,'137 Reinhardt, Richard (1829-1898)— German poet; emigrated to Paris; Secretary of Heinrich Heine; friend of the Marx family; later a business-man.—41, 44, 47,'49, 254, 290, 567 Rémusat, Charles François Marie, comte de

(1797-1875)—French statesman and writer, Orleanist, Minister of the Interior (1840), deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; opposed Napoleon Ill's regime during the Second Empire; Foreign Minister (1871-73).—47, 130, 132, 200, 222, 263 Reshid Pasha (1802-1858)—Turkish statesman, repeatedly held the posts of Grand Vizier and Foreign Minister.—410 Reuter, Max—Prussian police agent in London in the early 1850s.—226, 227 Ribbentrop, Adolph—Prussian legal officer, refugee in Paris in the 1850s, August Ewerbeck's friend.—87 Ribeyrolles, Chartes (1812-1861)— French democratic journalist and politician, an editor of La Réforme (1846-49); after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution emigrated to England; editor-in-chief of the newspaper L'Homme (1853-55); emigrated to Brazil in 1858.— 527 Ricardo, David (1772-1823) —English economist.—62, 345, 372, 378, 381-83, 392 Ricciardi, Giuseppe, comte (1808-1882)— Italian writer and journalist, took part in the Italian national liberation movement, author of works on the history of Italy.— 541 Richards, Alfred Bale (1820-1876)— English playwright and journalist, wrote under the pen-name Englishman; opposed Cobden and the Manchester men; engaged in polemics with the Urquhartists in the 1850s.— 317, 373 Richter—German craftsman, emigrated to England in the 1850s; supporter of Willich.—28, 33, 43 Riego y Nûncz, Rafael del (1785-1823)— Spanish army officer, participant in the War of Independence (1808-14); a prominent figure in the 1820-23 revolution; executed after its defeat.—492 Rings, L. W.— member of the Communist League, refugee in London in the early 1850s, supporter of Marx and Engels.—28, 223, 372, 394, 577 Ripley, Roswell Sabine (1823-1887)— American military writer, army officer, general from 1861, rook part in the war against Mexico (1846-48).— 498, 500/503, 506 Riza Pasha (1809-1859)—Turkish general and statesman, Capudan Pasha (Naval Minister) from December 1853 to January 1854, Seraskier (War Minister) from January 1854 to June 1855.—408

Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Johann Karl (1805-1875)—German economist and politician; leader of the Left Centre in the Prussian National Assembly during the 1848-49 revolution; advo-

cated 'state socialism'.—125 Roesgen, Charles—employee in the firm of Ermen & Engels in Manchester.— 36, 56, 67, 164, 187, 209, 328, 329, 335, 339, 343, 344

Römer—German refugee in London.— 499 Romulus Augustulus (born c. 460)—last Emperor of the West Roman Empire (475-76).—45 Ronge, Johannes (1813-1887)—German clergyman, democrat, an initiator of the German Catholics movement; took part in the 1848-49 revolution, emigrated to England after its defeat.—42, 92, 96,'l54, 173, 194, 207, 210, 213, 266, 499, 548, 553, 555 Ronge, Bertha Traun (née Meier)—wife of Johannes Ronge.—74, 555 Rbser, Peter Gerhard (1814-1865)— cigar-maker; prominent figure in the German working-class movement; Vice-President of the Cologne Workers' Association (1848-49); member of the Communist League, one of the accused in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852), sentenced to six-year imprisonment; later sympathised with the Lassalleans.—20,' 134, 137, 212, 238, 247, 308 Rothacker, Wilhelm (1828-1859) — German writer, democrat, member of the Communist League; emigrated to the USA in 1850; editor of the newspaper Hochivachter, editor oE the weekly Die Menschenrechte in Cincinnati (from 1853).—18 Rothschild, Wilhelm Carl (1828-11)01)— one of the Frankfurt Rothschilds, studied at Göttingen University with Wilhelm Pieper.—343, 583 Rouland, Gustave (1806-1878) —French statesman, Bonapartist, President of the State Council (1863-64).— 555 Rôzycki, Karol (1789-1870)—Polish army officer, fought in the wars of Napoleonic France and in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31, emigrated to France after its defeat.—138 Rudolf I (1218-1291)—Holy Roman Emperor (1273-91), founder of the Habsburg dynasty in Austria.— 476 Rüge, Arnold (1802-1880)—German radical journalist and philosopher, Young Hegelian; published, jointly with Marx, the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher; Marx's ideological opponent after 1844; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; German petty-bourgeois refugee leader in England in the 1850s.—14, 42, 44, 45, 65, 73, 92, 93, 96, 116, 126, 128, 141, 145-46, 150, 155, 173, 194, 207, 210, 213, 246, 263, 266, 298, 304, 308, 317, 345, 349, 359, 362, 373, 401, 417, 434, 450, 459, 462, 555, 567, 573-75 Rumpf, E.—German tailor; member of the Communist League; emigrated to London in 1851, supporter of Marx and Engels.—344 Rushton, William Lewis—English lawyer and philologist.—159 Russell, John Russell, Earl (1792-1878)— British statesman, Whig leader; Prime Minister (1846-52, 1865-66), Foreign Secretary (1852-53, 1859-65), President of the Council (1854-55).— 39, 44, 50, 53, 252, 284, 295, 422, 429, 472, 516-20, 543, 545 Rutenberg, Adolf (1808-1869) —German journalist, Young Hegelian; member of the editorial board of the Rheinische Zeitung (1842); national-liberal after 1866.—563

S

Sabotier—French emigrant in London in the 1850s; Blanquist.—32 Sadteir, John (1814-1856)—Irish banker and politician, a leader of the Irish Brigade in Parliament; Junior Lord of the Treasury (1853).—516, 518 Saedt, Otto Joseph Arnold (1816-1886)— Prussian legal officer, Public Prosecutor in Cologne from 1848, prosecutor in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—132, 138, 145, 216, 220, 229, 559, 577 Saint-Arnaud, Armand Jacques Achille Leroy de (1801-1854)—French general, marshal from 1852; Bonapartist;

War Minister (1851-54); an organiser of the coup d'état of 2 December 1851; commander-in-chief of the French army in the Crimea (1854).— 452, 471, 484, 527 Sand, George (pen-name of Amadine Lucie Aurore Dupin, baronne Dudev-anl) (1804-1876)—French writer of social novels; representative of the democratic trend in romanticism.— 359-60, 362 Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de (c. 1797-1876)—Mexican general and politician, participant in the War of Independence (1821), President of Mexico (1833-36, 1841-44, 1846-48, 1853-55), commander-in-chief during the war with America (1846-48).—504 Sartiges, Etienne Gilbert-Eugène de (1809-1892)—French diplomat, envoy to Greece, the USA and other countries.—117 Sasonow, Nikolai Ivanovich (1815-1862)—Russian journalist, democrat, radical, emigrated in the early 1840s.—32 Sassanid (Sassanian) dynasty—ruling dynasty in Persia (3rd-7th cent.).— 340

Savoye, Henri Charles Joseph (1802-1869)—Palatinate lawyer, democrat; emigrated to France in 1832, taught German there; supporter of Ledru-Rollin; deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); expelled from France after the coup d'état of 2 December 1851.—317 Say, Jean Baptiste (1767-1832)—French economist, representative of vulgar political economy.—62, 162 Schabelitz, Jacob Christian (1804-1866)— Swiss publisher and bookseller, father of Jacob Lukas Schabelitz.—255 Schabelitz, Jacob Lukas (1827-1899)— Swiss publisher and bookseller, member of the Fraternal Democrats society from 1846, member of the Communist League; maintained contact with Marx and Engels in the late 1840s and the early 1850s.—255, 264, 272, 275, 282, 287, 289, 292, 296, 298, 324, 579, 585 Schapper, Karl (1812-1870)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, a leader of the League of the Just; member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; took part in the revolution of 1848-49 in Germany, a leader of the separatist group after the split in the Communist League in 1850; later a member of the General Council of the First International.—15, 66, 92, 121, 126, 158, 199, 222, 226, 227, 244, 264, 309, 378, 521 Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von (1755-1813) — Prussian general and politician; after the defeat of the Prussian army by Napoleon I in 1806, head of the commission for a reform of the army; War Minister (1807-10) and Chief of Staff (1810-13); took an active part in the liberation war of the German people against Napoleonic rule.—526 Schärttner—wife of August Schärttner.—162

Schàrttner, August (1817-1859)—cooper in Hanau, active in the 1848 revolution and the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to London; member of the Communist League, after its split in 1850 joined the separatist Willich-Schapper group and became a member of its Central Authority.—103, 151, 154, 169, 173, 244, 316, 318 Schickel, Johann (1827-1909)—shop assistant in Mainz, member of the Communist League; emigrated to the USA in 1849.—18 Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von

(1759-1805)—German poet, dramatist, historian and philosopher.—124, 154, 187, 420, 452, 558 Schily, Victor (1810-1875)—German lawyer, democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to France; member of the First International.—92, 122, 151, 154, 162, 164, 186, 195, 434, 446 Schily—brother of Victor Schily.—187 Schimmelpfennig, Alexander (1824-

1865)—Prussian army officer, democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, left Germany after its defeat; belonged to the separatist Willich-Schapper group; took part in the American Civil War on the side of the Union.— 73, 92, 114, 125, 135, 151, 154, 204, 213, 224, 266, 297, 300, 313, 427, 433, 436, 439, 441, 443, 444, 558 Schläger, Eduard—German democratic journalist; refugee in the USA in the 1850s-70s; editor of the Neu-England-Zeitung and publisher of the Deutsch-Amerikaner in the early 1850s; returned to Germany in 1880.— 349, 350, 366 Schmidt, Ernst Friedrich Franz (A. 1853)—German clergyman, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; emigrated to the USA after the 1848-49 revolution; supporter of Kossuth.—52

Schmölze, Karl Heinrich (1823-1859)— German cartoonist and poet, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated after its defeat.—162, 313 Schnauffer, Karl Heinrich (c. 1823-1854)—German poet and journalist, democrat; took part in the revolutionary movement in Baden in 1848-49, emigrated after the revolution, lived in the USA from 1851, edited the Baltimore Wecker.—157, 204, 491, 574 Schneider II, Karl—German lawyer, democrat; President of the Cologne Democratic Society and member of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats (1848); deputy to the Second Chamber (extreme Left wing) in 1849; counsel for the defence at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).— 195, 217, 221-24, 226, 228, 231, 234-35, 237, 240, 242, 244 Schaler, Caroline—friend of the Marx family.—558 Schramm, Conrad (Konrad) (c. 1822-1858)—prominent figure in the German working-class movement, member of the Communist League, emigrated to London in 1849; responsible publisher of the Neu«

24 — 2736 Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—6, 112, 115, 158, 274, 299, 325-26, 336, 542, 545, 569 Schramm, Rudolf (1813-1882)—German journalist, democrat; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; emigrated to England after the 1848-49 revolution; opposed Marx; supported Bismarck in the 1860s; brother of Conrad Schramm.—115 Schulz (d. 1852)—chief of police in Cologne, one of the organisers of the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).— 142, 197, 227, 252 Schunck—owner of a Manchester trading firm.— 353 Schunck—wife of Schunck.—353 Schürmann—German lawyer, counsel for the defence at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—234

Schurz, Carl (1829-1906)—German journalist, democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland and then to the USA, subsequently a US statesman.—74, 95, 125, 154, 167, 168, 172, 194, 197, 236 Schütz, Jacob Friedrich (1813-1877)— German democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, representative of the Baden Provisional Government in Paris; later a refugee in England, Switzerland and America.—92, 96, 115 Schwezler von Lecton—widow of an official resident in Frankfurt am Main.— 225, 226 Scott, Winfield (1786-1866)—American general, commander-in-chief of the US army (1841-November 1861); during the war against Mexico (1846-48), commanded the army that captured Veracruz and Mexico City.— 407, 501, 503 Seckendorf, August Heinrich Eduard Friedrich, Baron von (1807-1885)— Prussian legal officer, deputy to the Second Chamber (Centre) in 1849-51; public prosecutor at the Cologne

Communist Trial (1852).—238 Ségur, Alexandre Joseph Pierre, vicomte de

(1756-1805)—French writer.—208 Seiler, Sebastian (c. 1810-c. 1890)— German journalist, member of the Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee in 1846, member of the Communist League, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to London in the early 1850s, moved to the USA in 1856.— 36, 44, 45, 50, 278, 465, 466 Selim Pasha (Zedlinsky)—Turkish general of Polish descent, commanded the Turkish army on the Danube in 1853-54.—470 Senior, Nassau William (1790-1864)— English economist, vulgarised Ricardo's theory.— 62 Seymour, George Hamilton (1797-1880)—British diplomat, envoy to St. Petersburg (1851-54).—422, 519 Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)— English dramatist and poet.— 21, 162, 391, 440, 502, 558 Shamyl (c. 1798-1871)—leader of the inhabitants of the mountains in Daghestan and Chechnya against the local feudal lords and tsarist colonis-ers in the 1830s-50s.—395, 418, 464, 477 Sidmouth, Henry Addington, Viscount (1757-1844) — British statesman, Tory; Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1801-04); as Home Secretary (1812-21) took repressive measures against the working-class movement.—54

Sigel, Albert (1827-1884)—German army officer, journalist, petty-bourgeois democrat, participant in the 1848-49 revolutionary movement in Baden; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to England, and in 1853 to the USA; took part in the Civil War on the side of the Union.— 154, 173 Sigel, Franz (1824-1902)—Baden army officer, democrat; a military leader of the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland, then to England and, in 1852, to the USA;

took part in the Civil War on the side of the Union.—151, 158, 198, 310, 417 Simon, August Heinrich (1805-1860)— German lawyer, journalist and politician; democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; emigrated to Switzerland after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution and became a busi-nessman.— 554 Simon, Ludwig (1810-1872)—German lawyer, democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; one of the five imperial regents in June 1849; emigrated to Switzerland.— 39, 40, 42, 44, 55, 102 Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard Simonde

de (1773-1842)—Swiss economist, representative of economic romanticism.— 346 Smitt, Fyodor Ivanovich (c. 1787-1865)— Russian military historian.—138, 311, 393 Soimonov, Fyodor Ivanovich (1800-1854)—Russian general, commanded the Russian army on the Danube and the Crimea during the Crimean war, was killed at the battle of Inker-mann.—470 Solis y Rivadeneira, Antonio de (1610-1686)—Spanish historian, poet and dramatist.— 501, 503

Solomon—King of Judaea (c. 974-c. 937 B.C.).—349 Soubise, Charles de Rohan, prince de

(1715-1787) —Louis XV's favourite; marshal, fought in the Seven Years' War (1756-63), commanded the French army on the Rhine (1761-62).—488-89 Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, duc de Dalmatie (1769-1851)—Marshal of France and statesman, commanded the French forces in Spain from 1808 to 1814; War Minister (1830-34, 1840-45), Foreign Minister (1839-40), and Prime Minister (1832-34, 1839-40, 1840-47).—456 Spartacus—see Linton, William James Spielmann—London banker.— 322,

352, 356, 359, 368, 385 Spinoza, Baruch (Benedictus), de (1632-1677)—Dutch philosopher.—144 Standau, Julius—German teacher; participant in the democratic movement in Germany in the 1830s and 1840s and in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to the USA after the defeat of the revolution.— 52 Stanley—see Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of Stechan, Gottlieb Ludwig (born c. 1814) — Hanover joiner, member of the Communist League; belonged to the separatist Willich-Schapper group after the split in the League (1850); rejoined the supporters of Marx and Engels in December 1851; head of a workers' society in London from January 1852.—14, 15, 19, 72, 227, 233, 521

Steffen, Wilhelm—former Prussian army officer; witness for the defence at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); emigrated to Britain in 1853 and afterwards to the USA; closely associated with Marx and Engels in the 1850s.—282, 290, 312, 401, 402, 409, 436, 480, 482, 521, 544, 548 Stehely—owner of the confectionery in Berlin where members of The Free group used to meet in the 1840s.—449 Stein, Carl—Cologne banker, witness for the defence at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—143 Stein, Julius (1813-1889)—Silesian teacher and journalist; democrat; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; an editor of the Neue Oder-Zeitung (1850s); editor of the Breslauer Zeitung (from 1862).—502 Steinthal—owner of the Manchester trading firm in which Georg Weerth was employed.—217, 219, 334, 336 Stenzel, Gustav Adolf Harald (1792-1854)—German historian.—160 Stéphanie-Louise-Adrienne (née Beauhar-

nais) (1789-1860)—Grand Duchess of Baden (from 1811), relative of Napoleon III.—36 Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882)—chief of

24* the Prussian political police (1850-60); an organiser of and principal witness for the prosecution at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); jointly with Wermuth wrote the book Die Communisten-Verschwörungen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts.—215, 218, 219, 222, 224-34, 240, 243, 298, 314-16, 318, 319, 321, 396, 577, 580 Stirner, Max (real name Schmidt, Johann Caspar) (1806-1856)—German Young Hegelian philosopher, an ideologist of individualism and anarchism.—50, 55, 135, 161, 170, 174, 449 Stirner-Schmidt, Marie Wilhelmine (née

Dähnhardt) (1818-1902)—Max Stirner's wife.—130, 170 Stopford, Sir Robert (1768-1847)— English admiral, Commander-in-Chief of the British fleet in the Mediterranean (1837-41).—456

Strassoldo, Julius Cäsar, Count (1791-1855)—Austrian general, took part in suppressing the national liberation movement in Italy in 1848-49; commanded a division stationed in Milan (1853); assistant of Radetzky.— 281 Stratford de Redcliffe, Stratford Canning, Viscount (1786-1880)—British diplomat, envoy and then ambassador to Constantinople (1810-12, 1825-28, 1841-58).—408 Strauss—German democrat, emigrated to London in the 1850s.—154 Strauss, David Friedrich (1808-1874)— German Young Hegelian philosopher and journalist.—462 Streit, Feodor (1820-1904)—German lawyer, journalist and publisher, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany.—161, 175, 182 Strodtmann, Adolf (1829-1879;— German writer, democrat; took part in the Schleswig-Holstein revolutionary movement (1848), left Germany in 1850; Gottfried Kinkel's bio-grapher.—125 Strohn, Wilhelm—Communist League member; friend of Marx and Engels; refugee resident in Bradford.—88, 124, 132, 233, 236, 237, 245, 251,

255, 315, 321, 325, 328, 356, 386, 400, 542 Struve, Amalie (d. 1862)—participant in the German democratic movement (1848-49); Gustav Struve's wife.—45 Struve, Gustav von (1805-1870)— German journalist, democrat; a leader of the Baden uprisings in April and September 1848 and of the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated after the defeat of the revolution; a leader of German refugees in England; took part in the American Civil War on the side of the Union; returned to Germany in 1862.—45, 98, 142 Sutherland, Harriet Elisabeth Georgiana Leveson-Gower, Duchess (1806-1868) — big Scottish landowner, Whig.—273, 289 Szemere, Bartholomäus (Bertalan) (1812-1869)—Hungarian politician and journalist, Minister of the Interior (1848) and head of the revolutionary government (1849); emigrated after the defeat of the revolution.—31, 32, 45, 65, 71, 73, 77, 93, 95, 99, 101, 105, 106, 131, 133, 134, 174, 212, 237, 267-70, 277, 280, 291, 299, 302, 304, 313, 572 Szeredy—Hungarian refugee in London, author of the book Asiatic Chiefs.— 543 Szerelmey, Miklôs (1803-1875)— Hungarian army officer, military engineer and journalist; took part in the July 1830 revolution in France and the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; emigrated to England in 1850.—77, 93, 98, 100, 108 Szirmay, Pâl, Count (1804-1883)— Hungarian refugee, emissary of Kossuth in Paris in the early 1850s.— 268, 269 Sznayde, Franz (1790-1850)— participant in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31, general of the Baden-Palatinate insurgent army in 1849.— 138

T

Tacitus (Publius Cornelius) (c. 55-c. 120)—Roman historian and orator.—180 Taschereau, Jules Antoine (1801-1874)— French journalist and politician, member of the editorial board of Le

National; publisher of Revue retrospective (1833-37 and 1848), in which a slanderous document against Blanqui appeared; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (Right wing) in 1848-49; later Bonapartist.— 209 Tausenau, Karl (1808-1873)—journalist in Prague, head of the Central Committee of Democratic Societies in Vienna during the 1848 revolution; emigrated to London in 1849.—126, 173, 194, 555 Tavernier—author of anonymous pamphlets (1855) criticising actions of the French army command in the Crimean war.—545 Taylor, Bayard (1825-1878)—American traveller, writer and journalist, correspondent of the New-York Daily Tribune.—439

Taylor, Tom (1817-1880)—English writer of comedies and journalist; in the 1850s contributor to and in 1874-80 editor of Punch.—179 Taylor, Zachary (1784-1850)—American general and politician, big planter and slave-owner; commanded American troops on the Rio Grande during the war against Mexico (1846-48); President of the USA (1849-50).— 501, 503 Techow, Gustav Adolf (1813-1893)— Prussian army officer, democrat, participant in the revolutionary events of 1848 in Berlin, Chief of the General Staff of the Palatinate revolutionary army; a leader of Revolutionary Centralisation, a refugee organisation in Switzerland; moved to Australia in 1852.—91, 92, 114, 130, 150, 152, 170, 174, 205, 244 Tellering—see Müller-Tellering, Eduard von Temme, Jodocus Donatus Hubertus (1798-1881)—German lawyer and writer, democrat; Left-wing deputy to the

Prussian National Assembly in 1848 and to the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1849; later a progressist.— 23, 34, 554 Terence, Publius Terentius Afer (c. 190-159 B.C.).—Roman dramatist.—403 Tesseler, von—juryman at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852).—206

Thaly, Sigismund (1814-1886)— Hungarian engineer, relative and friend of Kossuth, took part in the 1848-49 revolution, chief of the Komarom fortifications; left Hungary after the fall of the fortress; returned after the amnesty in the 1860s.—159 Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin (1795-1856)—French liberal, historian of the Restoration.—61, 473-76

Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)— French historian and statesman; Prime Minister (1836, 1840); deputy to the Constituent Assembly in 1848; head of the Orleanists after 1848; organised the suppression of the Paris Commune; President of the Republic (1871-73).—171, 263, 448 Thomas, Antoine Léonard (1732-1785)— French man of letters, shared views of the eighteenth-century Enlighten-ment philosophers; member of the French Academy (from 1767). —208, Thoré, Etienne Joseph Théophile (1807-1869)—French politician, lawyer and journalist, democrat, took an active part in the 1848 revolution; emigrated to England after the events of 15 May 1848; returned to France in I860.—50

Tolstoi, Yakov Nikolayevich (1791-1867)—Russian man of letters', emigrated to Paris in 1823; from 1837 correspondent of the Ministry of Public Education and secret agent of the 3rd Department (a political police department set up under Nicholas I). —437 Torrens, Robert (1780-1864)—English economist, vulgarised Ricardo's teaching.—62 Trübner, Nikolaus (1817-1884)— German bookseller and publisher in London.—94, 102, 414, 472 Tucker—London publisher.—407, 412, 472, 473, 500, 536 Tischirner, Samuel Erdmann (c. 1812-1870)—German lawyer, democrat; extreme Left leader in the Saxonian Diet, an organiser of the May 1849 uprising in Dresden, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland after the defeat of the revolution, member of the Revolutionary Centralisation Central Committee; later moved to England.—417

U

Unger, Joseph (b. 1828)—Austrian lawyer and politician, author of works on civil law.— 208

Urban, Karl, Baron von (1802-1877)— Austrian army officer of Rumanian extraction, general from 1850; took part in suppressing the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary.—460 Urquhart, David (1805-1877)—British diplomat, writer and politician, Tur-kophile, carried out diplomatic mis-sions in Turkey in the 1830s; exposed the foreign policy of Palmerston and the Whigs, M.P. (1847-52); founder and editor of The Free Press newspaper.—284, 292, 357, 363, 364, 373, 395, 398, 407, 412, 413, 417, 419, 422, 428, 430, 438, 440, 448, 450, 455, 473, 486, 523

V

Valentini, Georg Wilhelm, Baron von (1775-1834) — Prussian general and military writer, fought in the wars against the French Republic and Napoleonic France; served in the Russian army (1810-11), fought in

the Russo-Turkish war of 1806-12.— 417

Vallières—French revolutionary, democrat, supporter of Barbes; emigrated to London in the 1850s.— 32 Vasbenter, Louis—French democrat, an editor of the Proudhonist newspapers

La Voix du Peuple, Le Peuple and others (1850); emigrated to England and later to the USA.— 73 Vehse, Karl Eduard (1802-1870)— German historian, acquaintance of Georg Weerth.—237, 245, 254

Venedey, Jakob (1805-1871)—German radical journalist and politician, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; liberal after the 1848-49 revolution.—504, 509

Vetter, Antat (Doggenfeldi) (1803-1882) — Hungarian general, associate of Kossuth in 1848-49; emigrated after the defeat of the revolution.— 170, 180, 237, 261, 299

Victor, Claude Victor Perrin, duc de Bellune (1764-1841)—French marshal, participant in the wars of Napoleonic France; War Minister (1821-23); an organiser of the French intervention in Spain (1823).—495

Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 276, 285, 446

Villèle, Jean Baptiste Séraphin Joseph,

comte de (1773-1854) — French statesman of the Restoration, Legitimist; Prime Minister (1822-28).—492-94, 497

Vindex, Gains Julius (d. 68) — Roman procurator of Lugdunensis, one of the three provinces of Gaul; a Gaul by birth; raised a revolt of Gallic troops against Nero (67) offering power to Galba, Roman governor of Spain; committed suicide after the quelling of the revolt.— 304

Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (70-19 B.C.)—Roman poet.—394, 523, 555 Visconti—see Arconati Visconti, Constan-ta, Marquise

Vittinghof—German refugee in London, supporter of Arnold Ruge.— 499 Vogt, Karl (1817-1895)—German natural scientist, vulgar materialist, petty-bourgeois democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; one of the five imperial regents (June 1849); emigrated to Switzerland in 1849; received subsidies from Napoleon III in the 1850s and 1860s; exposed by Marx in his pamphlet Herr Vogt.— 42, 44, 98, 125, 478

Voltaire, François Marie Arouet (1694-1778) — French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlighten-ment.—291, 449 Vorontsov, Mikhail Semyonovich, Prince (1782-1856)—Russian statesman, general, took part in the wars against Napoleonic France, commander-in-chief of the Russian forces in the Caucasus and Governor of the Caucasus (1844-54).—395, 472 Vulpius, Christian August (1762-1827)— German writer, author of the novel Rinaldo Rinaldini.—296, 390

W

Wade, John (1788-1875)—British journalist, economist and historian. —61 Wakefield, Edward Gibbon (1796-1862)—British statesman and economist.—62 Walmsley, Sir Joshua (1794-1871)— British radical politician, M. P. — 59. Walter, John (1818-1894)—British publisher; chief owner and editor of The Times; moderate Liberal, M. P. — 276

Washington, George (1732-1799) — American statesman; commander-in-chief of the North American army in the War of Independence (1775-83); first President of the USA (1789-97).—485 Watts, John (1818-1887)—British journalist, at first Utopian socialist and follower of Owen, later a bourgeois liberal.—424, 427, 435

Webb, James Watson (1802-1884) — American journalist and diplomat; owner and publisher of the Morning Courier and New York Enquirer (1829-61); US plenipotentiary in Vienna (1849-50).—105, 174, 396

Weber, Carl Maria von (1786-1826)— German composer.—453

Weerth, Georg (1822-1856)—German proletarian poet and journalist; shop assistant; member of the Communist League; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); friend of Marx and Engels.—5, 6, 10, 16, 22, 27, 29, 79, 88, 132, 194, 198, 201, 202, 211, 215, 216, 217, 221, 225, 227, 229, 230, 232, 233, 236, 237, 239-42, 245-51, 254, 255, 297, 304, 391, 397, 455, 556, 560, 567, 568, 571, 578

Weitling, Wilhelm (1808-1871)—one of the early leaders of the working-class movement in Germany, a tailor by trade; member of the League of the Just, a theoretician of Utopian egalitarian communism; emigrated to the USA in 1849.—72, 121, 122, 141, 173, 275, 296, 341, 351, 449

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852)—British general and statesman, Tory; commanded the British army in the wars against Napoleon I (1808-14, 1815); commander-in-chief (1827-28, 1842-52), Prime Minister (1828-30), Foreign Secretary (1834-35).—53, 195, 197, 250, 393, 487-88

Wenckstern, Otto von (1819-1869)— German journalist, member of The Times and Daily News editorial board in the early 1850s; Prussian spy in London.—438

Westphalen, Anna Elisabeth Franziska— Jenny Marx's sister.— 581

Westphalen, Caroline von (d. 1856)— Jenny Marx's mother.— 71, 409, 411, 463, 526, 575

Westphalen, Ferdinand Otto Wilhelm Hen-ning von (1799-1876)—Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (1850-58); Jenny Marx's step-brother.—409, 411, 526

Westphalen, Gerhard Julius Oscar Ludwig

Edgar von (1819-1890)—Jenny Marx's brother, member of the Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee (1846); lived in America in 1847-65.—71, 434, 542, 575, 590

Westphalen, Heinrich Georg von (1768-1855)—Jenny Marx's uncle.—50, 55, 526

Westphalen, Louise von (1805-1861)— Ferdinand von Westphalen's wife.—50

Weydemeyer, Joseph (1818-1866)— prominent figure in the German and American working-class movement; member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; a responsible editor of the Neue Deutsche Zeitung (1849-50); emigrated to the USA in 1851; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Union; disseminated Marxism in the USA; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10-11, 13-19, 20, 25-29, 32, 33-43, 50, 52, 54, 55, 59-62, 65, 67, 70-72, 77, 79, 80, 81, 85, 88, 90, 94, 95, 96, 100, 102, 103, 106-08, 114, 117-20, 123, 126, 129, 131, 135, 137, 157, 160, 161, 164, 174, 175, 178, 180, 182, 185, 207, 210, 228, 251, 261, 263, 273, 301, 302, 303, 304, 311, 312, 314, 318, 323-24, 325, 330, 331, 335, 350, 359, 367, 371, 377, 401-03, 409, 412, 429, 569-72, 579, 580-84, 586-88

Weydemeyer, Louise—Joseph Weydemeyer's wife.—3, 19, 34, 35, 42, 54, 65, 81, 97, 116, 311, 319, 570, 572 Whately, Richard (1787-1863)—English theologian, philosopher and economist; liberal.—62 Wilhelmi, Franz—German democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; after its defeat emigrated to the USA, fought in the Civil War on the side of the Union. —6 Wilkes, John (1727-1797)—English journalist and radical politician, M. P.; author of lampoons against George Ill's absolutism.—489 Wilks, Washington (c. 1826-1864)— English radical journalist, an editor of The Morning Star.—429 William I (Wilhelm I) (1797-1888) — Prince of Prussia, King of Prussia (1861-88), Emperor of Germany (1871-88).—94, 96. 141, 151, 155, 573, 574 Williams, Charles—pseudonym used by Karl Marx for reasons of security.— 277, 291 Willich, August (1810-1878)—Prussian officer, resigned from the army on account of his political views, member of the Communist League, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, a leader of the separatist group that split away from the Communist League in 1850; emigrated to the USA in 1853, general in the Union army during the Civil War.—6, 15, 29, 42, 44, 66, 72, 74, 80, 86, 92, 93, 96, 98, 100, 101, 103, 112, 114, 115, 120-21, 126, 128, 130, 135, 136, 141, 150, 152, 154-56, 158, 161, 162, 164, 167, 169, 172, 173, 195, 203, 206, 213, 222, 226, 235, 236, 244, 245, 260, 264, 265-66, 273, 274, 283, 296, 299, 304, 309, 313, 316, 317, 319, 325, 326, 330, 331, 335-36, 342, 345, 348, 351, 371, 378, 396, 398, 402, 403, 442, 444, 450, 569, 570, 573-77, 580, 582, 586, 587 Willisen, Karl Wilhelm, Baron von (1790-1879)—Prussian general and military theorist; royal commissioner in Posen (1848); commander-in-chief of the Schleswig-Holstein army in the war against Denmark (1850).—103, 104, 310, 451, 452 Windischgrätz, Alfred, Prince zu (1787-1862)—Austrian field marshal; commanded the army that crushed the uprising in Prague and Vienna (1848), led the Austrian army against the Hungarian revolution (1848-49).—460

Wingham—London magistrate.—223, 232, 235 Winkelried, Erni {Arnold) (d. 1386)— semi-legendary hero in the liberation war of the Swiss against the Habs-burgs; legend has it that he sacrificed his life to secure victory over Duke Leopold of Austria in the battle of Sempach (1386).—14

Wiss, Georg Eduard—German physician and journalist, Young Hegelian, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to London in the early 1850s and then to the USA; editor of Der Deutsche Correspondent (Baltimore).—206, 449-50, 588

Wolff, Ferdinand (Red Wolff) (1812-1895)—German journalist, member of the Communist League, an editor of the Neu« Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); emigrated after the 1848-49 revolution; supported Marx and Engels; subsequently gave up politics.— 3, 22, 164, 305, 386, 391, 509, 571, 584

Wolff, Pius Alexander (1782-1828)— German actor and dramatist.—455

Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864)— German teacher, proletarian revolutionary, prominent figure in the Communist League; an editor of the

Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); took an active part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to Switzerland after the revolution and

later to England; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—3, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 26, 31, 32, 42-43, 55, 58, 94, 108, 111, 115, 133, 140, 142, 149, 160, 189, 199, 211, 219, 224, 231, 260, 290, 304, 312, 313, 324, 334, 336, 355-58, 364, 369-72, 374, 377, 386, 391, 394, 396, 397, 398-400, 402, 410, 412, 420, 421, 428, 444, 454, 458, 471, 480, 498, 506, 529, 536, 538, 547, 549, 554, 560, 570, 573, 578, 584, 586 Wood—innkeeper in London.— 271 Wood, Sir Charles, Viscount Halifax (1800-1885)—British statesman, Whig; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1846-52), President of the Board of Control for India (1852-55), First Lord of the Admiralty (1855-58) and Secretary of State for India (1859-66).—136, 517 Worcell, Stanislaw (1799-1857)—Polish revolutionary, Utopian socialist, took part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31, a leader of the democratic wing of Polish emigrants, member of Centralisation and of the Central Committee of European Democracy.—138, 359, 401, 438 Worth, William Jenkins (1794-1849)— American general, commanded American forces in the war against Mexico (1846-48).—503 Wrbna—see Urban, Karl, Baron von

Z

Zerffi, Gustav (pseudonym Piali) (1820-1892)—Hungarian journalist, emigrated to Turkey after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution, refugee in Paris from 1851 and in London from the spring of 1853; secret agent of the Austrian police.—171, 178, 183, 194, 196, 200, 267-70, 277, 291, 296-301 Zimmermann—German refugee in London, innkeeper.—271 Zitschke—creditor of Marx in London.— 559 INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES

Abraham (Bib.).—326 Achates—character in Virgil's Aeneid, Aeneas' loyal fellow-traveller, whose name is symbolical of true friendship.—523 Afrasiab—character in old Persian legends, King of the legendary Turin; was repeatedly defeated in wars with Persia.—342 Alcina—character in Ariosto's L'Orlando furioso.— 390

Bazile—character in Beaumarchais' Le barbier de Seville.— 297', 300

Birch, Harvey—character in J. F. Cooper's novel The Spy.—217

Cerberus (Gr. myth.)—three-headed dog guarding the entrance to Hades; the name came to signify a fierce guard.—150, 266 Christ, Jesus (Bib.).—41, 42, 73, 296 Corydon—shepherd suffering from un-requited love in pastoral poetry.— 336

Dem Quixote—title character in Cervantes' novel.— 493

Jason (Gr. myth.)—leader of the Ar-gonauts in quest of the Golden Fleece, which was guarded by a dragon.—45 Jesus (Bib.)—see Christ, Jesus John (Bib.)—one of the Twelve Apos-tles, Christ's favourite disciple.—284

King Lear—mythological King of Britain, hero of a legend that provided the theme for Shakespeare's tra-gedy.—162 Kobes I—a philistine, title character in a satirical poem by Heine; also nickname of Jakob Venedey (Kobes means Jakob in a dialect spoken in Cologne, where Venedey was born).—504, 509 Krapülinski (Crapülinski)—one of the main characters in Heine's poem Zwei Ritter, a spendthrift Polish nobleman (the name comes from the French word crapule meaning glut-tony, hard drinking and also scoundrel, idler).—276, 438, 568

Lazarus (Bib.).—590 Leporello—Don Giovanni's servant in Mozart's opera Don Giovanni. —556 Ligurio—character in Machiavelli's comedy Mandragola.—125

Faust—title character in Goethe's tragedy.—262, 447 Fridolin—character in Schiller's ballad Der Gang nach dem Eisenhammer, a kindly and modest enamoured youth.—452

Goliath (Bib.)—a Philistine giant slain by David during the war between the Philistines and the Israelites. —440

Isegrim—a wolf in Goethe's poem Reineke Fuchs.— 585

Malvolio—character in Shakespeare's comedy Twelfth Night—440 Manu—legendary law-giver of ancient India; the Laws of Manu were compiled by Brahmins between the first and fifth centuries.—348 Mary (Bib.).—310

Nemesis (Gr. myth.)—goddess of re-tributive justice.—402 Nicia—character in Machiavelli's comedy Mandragola.—125 Noah (Bib.)—patriarch, said to have survived the Deluge in a wooden ark built on an order from God.— 326 Pangloss, Doctor—character in Candide, a philosophical novel by Voltaire.— 449 Pegasus (Gr. myth.)—winged horse; to mount Pegasus, an expression that originated in the fifteenth century in Europe on the basis of later myths, means 'to be inspired'.— 571 Prince Charming.—440

Ralpho—character in Samuel Butler's satirical poem Hudibras.— 334 Renard—a cunning fox in ninth-century fables and in the later collec-tions Le Roman de Renard widely known in Flanders, France, Germany and other countries.— 287 Rhadamanthus (Gr. myth.)—son of Zeus and Europa; one of the judges of the dead in the lower world.— 30 Rinaldo Rinaldini—robber, title character in the chivalrous romance by Christian August Vulpius.—296, 390 Rodomonte—character in Ariosto's poem L'Orlando furioso, a boastful knight.— 52, 117 Ruggiero—character in Ariosto's poem L'Orlando furioso.— 390

Sancho Panza (Pansa)—a character in Cervantes' Don Quixote.—170, 362 Schelmufski—character in works by the German satirist Christian Reuter (1665-after 1712); a liar and brag-gart, who liked to make up stories about his travels and adventures; Heine used this character in his poem Zwei Ritter.— 587 Schlemihl, Peter—character in Chamisso's Peter Schlemihl's wundersame Ce-

schichte, who exchanged his shadow for a magic purse.—457 Siegwart—hero of Johann Miller's sentimental novel Siegwart. Eine Klosterge-schichte.— 74 Snug—character in Shakespeare's comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream.— 391

Uriah (Bib.) — husband of Bathsheba,

a Hittite officer in the Israelite army. David who coveted his wife, contrived his death in battle.—442, 445

Waschlapski—character in Heine's poem Zwei Ritter, a Polish nobleman who leads a life of idleness in emigration.—401, 587