NOTES AND INDEXES

Notes

Residual editorial notes

116 editorial note entries had no resolved in-text occurrence and remain here so no source note definition is discarded.

[13] palace of the Tuileries, where on 14 January a new Constitution was proclaimed

[17] Germany and other European countries. After 15 September 1850 the

[23] headed the revolutionary wing of the Chartists and worked to create a mass

[24] proletarian party in England, trying to unite all the revolutionary proletarian elements and revive Chartism on a socialist basis. Harney advocated a 'united national party' to be formed on the basis of diverse national associations, including bourgeois ones, to campaign for universal suffrage. Harney's attempts to create a 'mass party of reform' and an independent press organ completely failed by the autumn of 1852.—11 The decrees on the resignation of de Morny, Minister of the Interior, and the appointment of Persigny to this post, on the resignation of Fould, Minister of Finance, and on the confiscation of the property of the Orleans were signed by Louis Bonaparte on 22 January 1852 and published in Le Moniteur universel on 23 January and Le Constitutionnel on 24 January.—12 Pieper's article 'Die Arbeiter Assoziation in England' was written on 15 January 1852, but as Die Revolution had ceased to appear the article was published in Die Reform, Nos. 41, 42 and 44 on 20, 21 and 31 August 1853.—13 The announcement published in the Turn-Zeitung in connection with the starting of Die Revolution (see Note 2), was repeated in two issues of Die Revolution in January 1852. It read: 'Die Revolution is published every Saturday, from January on, under the editorship of the undersigned and in co-operation with the editorial board of the former Neue Rheinische Zeitung (Marx, Engels, Freiligrath, etc.). Its task will be to present as clear a picture as possible of the class struggle which is increasingly concentrating in the Old World, to culminate in the abolition of all class distinctions. It will keep its readers abreast of all the changes occurring in the industrial and commercial relations between the different nations and classes of the people and in their political attitude towards one another, changes which prepare revolutionary explosions. 'New York, January 1852 'J. Weydemeyer'.—13 When the Communist League (see Note 15) split, and Marx, Engels and their followers withdrew from the German Workers' Educational Society in London, the spokesmen of the Willich-Schapper faction (located in Great Windmill Street) brought a suit on behalf of the Society against Heinrich Bauer and Karl Pfänder, supporters of the majority of the League's Central Authority, who, as trustees, held part of the Society's money to be used under the Central Authority's control for the needs of the League and to help political refugees. They were accused of stealing this money. A libel campaign against Bauer and Pfänder was started in the press (Schweizerische National-Zeitung, 7 January 1851; Republik der Arbeiter, New York, Nos. 19, 20 and 21 for 23 and 30 August and 6 September 1851). In the statement made on 21 January 1852 and mentioned here, Pfänder refuted the libel and said that on 20 November 1850 the court had acknowledged the charge to be invalid (see present edition, Vol. 38, Note 328). The German Workers' Educational Society in London was founded in February 1840 by Karl Schapper, Joseph Moll and other members of the League of the Just. After the reorganisation of the League of the Just in the summer of 1847 and the founding of the Communist League, the latter's local communities

[36] police and troops became known only in the last years of the Second Empire

[41] the Illustrated News on 30 November 1850.

[48] however, because Marx was busy writing other works (The Holy Family, The

[49] German Ideology, etc.). The contract with Leske was cancelled in February 1847.

[54] On Mohammed Ali's invitation a large number of French officers, military

[76] international revolutionary-democratic and working-class movement who lived

[79] development of world trade in letters to Marx (in particular, on 2 March and 20 April 1852, see this volume, pp. 57-58 and 82-83), who in his turn shared

[86] The meeting was reported in The Times, No. 21053, 3 March 1852.— 59 84 An abridged translation of this letter was first published in Karl Marx and

[87] Friedrich Engels, Correspondence. 1846-1895. A Selection with Commentary and

[90] but seven chapters, the last of which he sent to New York on 25 March 1852

[100] Kosciuszko (1746-1817), a leader in the Polish liberation movement, was

[110] activities of German petty-bourgeois emigrants in the USA and his opposition

[112] February, was published in the Baltimore Wecker and reprinted in the

[113] Demokratisches Tageblatt (Cincinnati), No. 145, 20 March 1852, under the title 'Eine verdeckte Batterie'.— 76 16 The reference here is to Weydemeyer's letter to Marx and Engels of 6 April 1852. The part addressed to Engels bore no date, thus giving rise to Engels' doubts. Engels has in mind here a meeting of the German petty-bourgeois refugees convened in New York on 3 April 1852 by the representatives of the American Revolutionary League (see Note 173) and presided by Fickler. Goegg and Fickler, who vied with Kinkel in raising funds in the USA for the so-called German-American revolutionary loan (see Note 27), tried to make Kinkel's supporters agree to the association of the rival emigrant organisations. This was also reported in Cluss' letter to Wolff of 4-6 April 1852.—79 " Judging by Weydemeyer's letter to Marx of 11 May 1852 Müller-Tellering's letter containing slanderous attacks on Marx was not accepted by the American newspapers.— 80 18 The reference is to the non-periodic journal Die Revolution (see Note 2).—80 19 Engels was in London for a few days in mid-April 1852 (at Easter).—81 0 Bas-empire (Lower Empire)—the name sometimes given in historical literature to the Byzantine Empire and also to the late Roman Empire; it came to denote a state at the stage of decline and dissolution. Here it refers to the proclamation of the Second Empire in France then being prepared by Bonapartist circles and effected on 2 December 1852.— 82, 453 1 Only an extract from this letter has survived, quoted by Cluss in his letter to Weydemeyer of 6 June 1852. Marx made use of the economic data contained in Engels' letter to him of 20 April 1852 (see this volume, pp. 81-83) supplementing his political conclusion: 'On the other hand, it explains the flaccid condition of politics in this country. Given such prosperity, the Tories cannot, for their part, compete with the "blessings of Free Trade", even though they are at the helm, while the Free Traders, for their part, refrain from provoking political agitation because, so long as business is flourishing, the manufacturers do not want political upheavals and disturbances.'—83 2 A short extract from this letter has survived, quoted by Cluss in his letter to Weydemeyer of 8 May 1852.—84 3 The Society of 10 December—a secret Bonapartist organisation founded in 1849 and consisting mainly of declassed elements, political adventurists and reactionary military. Its members were active participants in and organisers of the coup d'état on 2 December 1851. Marx gave a detailed analysis of this

[136] On 14 April 1849, the Hungarian National Assembly, on Kossuth's initiative,

[138] dynasty. On 2 May the Defence Council was replaced by a Council of Ministers

[156] 1849 (see present edition, vols. 8 and 9). On 1 December 1851 Weydemeyer

[157] informed Engels that Korff had published one of these articles in the New-Yorker Staatszeitung in his own name.— 120 153 Ail that has survived from this letter is a short extract quoted by Cluss in his letter to Weydemeyer of 13 July 1852. The following passage from Cluss' letter may give an idea of what Marx wrote in the non-extant part of his letter: 'A few days ago Marx wrote in haste some more lines from Manchester promising details next week. He has only 3 copies of Brumaire left. ' "The history of the war between mice and frogs" [i.e. the pamphlet The Great Men of the Exile] (the first notebook up to Kinkel's departure to America) will appear anonymously. Marx regrets that he has to interrupt his studies in order to "clear the cesspool". Nevertheless, I think this is very good because it will protect the next revolution to some degree against this joint swindler company. In Marx's opinion, the whole thing is done in a very lively way and will come to us as soon as it is printed. He authorises us, if we think it economically and politically viable, to have it published in America. Think this over for a while.'—122 54 Marx refers here to the French Provisional Government's decree of 16 March 1848 which added an extra 45 centimes to every franc of direct taxes levied on landowners (land tax, taxes on movable property, windows and doors, patents). The tax became a new burden mainly for small peasants and caused them to join the opposition to the Second French Republic.—122 j S In early July 1852 a number of French and German newspapers reported the arrests in Paris of members of a secret organisation who were making preparations for the assassination of Louis Bonaparte and aimed at restoring the republic. According to the newspapers, the arrested were mainly workers, several of whom had taken part in the June 1848 uprising. The newspapers maintained that the plot was directed by refugees in London and Brussels.— 126, 128 56 Engels has in mind the fact that Adolphe Chenu, the author of Les Conspirateurs. Les sociétés secrètes; la préfecture de police sous Caussidière; les corps-francs (Paris, 1850), was simultaneously an organiser of secret societies during the July monarchy and a police informer, and that this was reflected in the book. Marx and Engels published a review of this book in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue, No. 4 (see present edition, Vol. 10).—128 57 This refers to two documents issued in Waitzen (Vac) by Görgey, commander of the Upper Danubian Hungarian Corps, after the surrender of Buda to the counter-revolutionary troops of the Austrian Field Marshal Windischgrätz:

[158] 'Statement of the Upper Danubian Royal Hungarian Corps' of 4 January 1849

[160] 1849. In them Görgey unjustly accused Kossuth and the Defence Council

[169] it in his letter to Marx of 4-5 July 1852 and Marx copied it in his letter to

[170] Engels of 6 August 1852 (see this volume, pp. 149-50).—139 69 Marx ironically calls Gottfried Kinkel Johann after his wife Johanna, who

[176] to Weydemeyer of 16 August 1852 and is reproduced in Marx's letter to Engels of 6 August 1852 (see this volume, pp. 149-50). The texts are identical, with the

[187] translated, was divided into two ('Corruption at Elections' and 'Result of the

[192] tained.—159 189 xhe reference here is to the separatist organisation formed by the Willich-

[194] (see Note 15).—160, 162 190 An allusion to the unsuccessful attempt made in 1846-47 to publish Marx's and

[198] 1852. On these documents see also this volume, pp. 168-69 and 173.—166, 167

[199] The Holy Grail—according to a medieval legend, the cup used by Christ at the

[200] Last Supper, the object of quests by mythical figures.—166

[207] revolution. The agent mentioned therein is General Vetter, a generalissimo of

[214] to America with Ferenze. Mazzini et Kossuth are said to be resigned to their fate and to have decided to leave the initiative to the French.— On 14 and 15 September — yet another intrigue conducted by Kinkel behind the backs of the guarantors in London — the pro-Kinkel guarantors are to hold a meeting in Antwerp with a view to adopting a congressional resolution that will, it is hoped, serve as a weapon against the resolution passed by the American and Swiss guarantors.' After this Cluss quotes fragments from Marx's letter which are reproduced here in full. 'Notes for the Herald' mentioned by Cluss are a version of Marx's article 'Movements of Mazzini and Kossuth.—League with Louis Napoleon.— Palmerston' sent by Marx to Dana presumably after 5 September 1852. When publishing it in the New-York Daily Tribune the editors dated it 28 September 1852. The editors of the present edition have no information whether this material was published in The New-York Herald.—172 7 Here the fragment from Marx's letter ends and is followed by a sentence which reveals to some extent the contents of the lost part of Marx's letter: 'Marx has now received 10 Brumaires and a letter from you. He does not complain about the material damage but solely about that caused him by this troublesome affair from the political and literary points of view; he says he must now fight his way through with fibs.' A few lines further Cluss again quotes Marx: 'I also took notes ... at the section meeting there.'—174 8 Cluss does not say that this paragraph is by Marx, but textually it almost coincides with Marx's letter to Engels of 30 August 1852 (see this volume, p. 170).—174 19 The plans to have Marx's Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte republished in Germany and published in English did not materialise at that time. The second edition appeared only in 1869 in Hamburg.—175 0 The only part of this letter that has survived is an extract quoted by Cluss in his letter to Weydemeyer of 26 March 1853.—176 1 The only part of this letter that has survived is an extract quoted by Cluss in his letter to Weydemeyer of 28 September 1852.—178 2 In a memorandum entitled 'Drei Jahre in Paris', L. Hafner, a German petty-bourgeois refugee, gave his opinion of the German émigrés in Paris in 1849-51.—178, 183, 185 3 This letter was published in English in full for the first time in The Letters of Karl Marx, selected and translated with explanatory notes and an introduction by Saul K. Padover, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliff, New Jersey, 1979.—181, 530, 533 4 Marx did not carry out his intention to write a concluding article to Engels'

[217] and a number of subsequent editions had as the concluding article Engels' 'The

[221] December 1851 and stressed that Proudhon was only a populariser, while Marx

[223] your lot, let French mouths do the vulgarising'.—182 216 xhe Manchester archives—documents of the Communist League, letters and

[224] other materials relating to the revolutionary activity of Marx and Engels kept at Engels house.—183, 198, 245 217 xhe reference is to the information bulletin Lithographierte Correspondenz published by Weydemeyer in New York from August to October 1852.—185 218 Engels has in mind the state of Heinzen's New York newspaper Janus which published attacks on the Communist League and carried insinuations against Marx and Engels personally.—185 219 The reference is to the great fuss in the newspapers over Louis Bonaparte's tour of France on 14-16 September 1852, whose purpose was to secure support in the provinces, among the French clergy in particular, for his proclamation as Emperor of France under the title of Napoleon III, which took place on 2 December 1852.—185 220 The Customs Union of the German states was set up in 1834 under the aegis of Prussia because of the need to create an all-German market. During the 1848-49 revolution the Customs Union practically ceased to exist, but in 1853 Prussia managed to revive it and it continued to exist up to 1871. By the 'Customs Union business' Marx means a conference on the subject which was to be convened in Vienna on 30 October 1852.—186, 195 221 -T-he first part of this letter was first published abridged in Der Briefwechsel zwischen F. Engels und K. Marx, Bd. 1, Stuttgart, 1913 and dated 'beginning of September 1852'. The part dealing with the statistics from factory inspector Horner was first published in Marx/Engels, Gesamtausgabe, Abt. III, Bd. 1, 1929 and Marx and Engels, Works, First Russian Edition, Vol. XXI, Moscow, 1929 as a separate document mistakenly dated 11 March 1853. The whole letter, with the verified date, 23 September 1852, and Engels' memorandum on the English translation of the first chapter of Marx's Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte made by Wilhelm Pieper, was first published in Marx and Engels, Works, Second Russian Edition, Vol. 28, Moscow, 1962.—188 222 Engels alludes to the active preparations being made by Bonapartist circles to proclaim an empire in France (see Note 219).—189 223 Xhese figures were also used by Marx in his article 'Pauperism and Free Trade.—The Approaching Commercial Crisis' (see present edition, Vol. 11) written on 12 October 1852 for the New-York Daily Tribune.—189 224 Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress)—a literary trend in Germany in the 1780s.—192 22;> Marx received Zerffi's let.er at the end of August 1852 and used the facts it

[240] his reply to the article 'The German "Lone Star" ', in which he criticised the

[242] Goegg, Ruge's supporter. The editors refused to publish it.—207 241 Massol's letter to Marx of 25 July (see Note 215).— 207 242 Weydemeyer's article against Heinzen was published in the New-Yorker Demokrat

[257] His evidence, damaging to the accused, was cited in Seckendorf's speech for the

[263] Mrs Daniels had corresponded with Marx and declaring Stieber's 'Original

[273] Tasmania, which was a British penal colony up to 1853.— 224 274 The reference is to the duel between Barthélémy and the French refugee

[284] the name of Eisenmann (see Note 255).

[285] Kothes was arrested because the police had intercepted a letter which Marx

[287] Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne, present edition, Vol. 11, pp.

[294] Men of the Exile. The letter was not written on a publishers' notepaper and had no post marks. It contained Bangya's note dated 3 November 1852 asking Marx to acquaint himself with Collmann's letter.—237, 239 289 The reference is to Bürgers' trip from Cologne to Hanover, Hamburg, Berlin, Breslau and Dresden made in May 1851 on an assignment from the Cologne Central Authority. The prosecution tried to present Bürgers' trip and his participation in drawing up the Manifesto of the Cologne Central Authority of the Communist League, and also Nothjung's journey to Leipzig in May 1851 mentioned below, as proof of their involvement in a communist plot.—238 290 The Crystal Palace was built of metal and glass for the first world trade and industrial exhibition in London in 1851.—238 291 After the 'Original Minute-book' was exposed at the trial as a forgery (see Note 259), Stieber sent police lieutenant Goldheim to London. On his return Goldheim stated at the trial on 3 November 1852 that the book mentioned was not 'a minute-book', but a 'notebook', and that it was actually sold by H. Liebknecht, alleged to be the compiler of the minutes, to the Prussian agent Fleury and contained notes on communists' secret meetings at Marx's house. Goldheim asserted that he had seen a cash receipt in Liebknecht's own handwriting. He also spoke of a 'top secret meeting' at Marx's on 27 October 1852 in connection with the Cologne trial. On 4 November 1852 lawyer Schneider II proved that this evidence for the prosecution was also false. On this see Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne (present edition, Vol. 11, pp. 429-35 and 438-39).—240, 242 292 Marx was in Manchester in May-June 1852.—241 293 The meeting in memory of Robert Blum in London on 9 November 1852 was organised by Arnold Ruge and his associates. Speeches were made by Ruge, Tausenau, Ronge and other bourgeois radicals and democrats.—241, 246 294 Marx learned about this from lawyer Schneider II's letter of 1 November 1852.—242 295 On

[296] Engels' pamphlet The Great Men of the Exile see Marx's article 'Hirsch's Con-

[303] in 1852 (see present edition, Vol. 17, pp. 313-15).—242

[308] December 1852 and published in American German-language newspapers (see

[314] attempt had been made to effect a coup d'état in Frankfurt am Main on 3 April 1833 with the aim of establishing a republic.—251 308 Marx analysed Disraeli's budget in 'Parliament.—Vote of November 26.— Disraeli's Budget' written on 10 December 1852 (see present edition, Vol. 11).—253 309 The reference is to the so-called Franco-German plot (see Note 143) inspired to a great extent by Cherval, an agent of the Prussian and French police. On this see Marx's Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne, present edition, Vol. 11, pp. 407-20.—255 3io F a ct s proving Bangya's provocative role in the matter of publishing Marx's and Engels' manuscript The Great Men of the Exile were cited by Marx in the article 'Hirsch's Confessions' (see present edition, Vol. 12).— 256 311 In a letter to Bangya of 28 October 1852 the fictitious publisher Collmann (see Note 288) expressed readiness, for the authors' reassurance, to place the manuscript at their disposal for 48 hours.—257, 258 312 After the Bonapartist coup d'état of 2 December 1851 intensive preparations were made to proclaim France an empire. On 21 and 22 November 1852 a referendum was held on the issue: on 2 December France was officially proclaimed an empire, and the Prince President Louis Napoleon became Emperor Napoleon III. In the period preceding the proclamation of the empire numerous decrees concerning, among other things, the economy and finance were promulgated. Here Marx has in mind two decrees of 18 November 1852: on the foundation of the Société générale du Crédit mobilier and on the handing over of several railways to the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Lyon à Avignon founded on 8 July 1852 (both decrees were published in Le Moniteur universel, No. 325, 20 November 1852). The Crédit mobilier became a big joint-stock bank which acted as intermediary in credit and stockjobbing operations and took part in building railways in France and other European countries.—257, 263 313 Engels went to London in the second half of December 1852 and stayed there until 10 January 1853.—257, 271, 304 314 The original of this letter has not survived. It is quoted in Cluss' letter to Weydemeyer of 6-7 January 1853. This letter was published in English in part in K. Marx and F. Engels, Letters to the Americans. 1848-1895, International Publishers, New York, 1953.—259 315 On the publication of Marx's Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in

[320] Weydemeyer.—260 3 1 8 Free Sailers—members of a mass radical-democratic party of US farmers in the

[328] reference is to the publication of Reichenbach's accounts and statement

[332] a book which reactionary circles considered an apology for the democratic

[339] Cobden's pamphlet is assessed and the Peace Congress described in Marx's

[343] which despite the 1847 Bill established a lO'/ä-hour working day. Marx

[347] on 10 February 1853. Marx analysed this speech in 'The Italian Insurrection.—

[348] British Politics' (see present edition, Vol. 11).—282 3 A reference to John Aberdeen's Coalition Ministry of 1852-55 (the Cabinet of

[349] All the Talents), which consisted of Whigs, Peelites and representatives of the

[352] Punishment.— Mr. Cobden's Pamphlet.— Regulations of the Bank of England'

[354] February); 3. 'The Italian Insurrection.—British Politics' (11 February); 4. 'The

[355] Attack on Francis Joseph.— The Milan Riot.— British Politics.—Disraeli's

[359] Marx has in mind the publication of Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial

[370] The Spy.— 301 364 Hirsch asserted in his confessions that the documents of the Willich-Schapper group had been stolen not by Reuter, as was pointed out by Marx and Engels, but by Fleury (see, in particular, present edition, Vol. 11, pp. 390 and 406, and this volume, pp. 226-27).—302 365 Q n t n e publication of Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne in the Neu-England-Zeitung, see notes 261 and 359.— 302 366 E ng el s' letter to Marx of 8 April 1853 has not been found.— 303 S6/ Jomini's best known works on the Napoleonic wars are: Histoire critique et militaire des guerres de la Révolution de 1792 à 1801, t. 1-15, Paris, 1819-24; Vie politique et militaire de Napoléon, racontée par lui-même au tribunal de César, d'Alexandre et de Frédéric, t. 1-4, Paris, 1827. The first edition of Clausewitz's works, Hinterlassene Werke über Krieg und Kriegführung, was published in ten volumes in Berlin in 1832-37. The Napoleonic wars were dealt with in works in volumes 5-8.—305 36.K j n {Tenruary l#46j when an attempt was made to start a revolt in the Polish lands to secure the national liberation of Poland and the insurgents managed to win a temporary victory in Cracow, the Galician peasants also rose in revolt. The oppressed Ukrainian peasants hated the Polish szlachta, and the Austrian authorities succeeded in several places in turning the rebellious peasants against the Polish insurgents. After the suppression of the Cracow revolt, the Galician peasants were also crushed.— 306 369 A reference to the Russell Whig Cabinet (July 1846-February 1852), the Derby Tory Cabinet which replaced it (and was in power till December 1852) and the Aberdeen Coalition Cabinet (see Note 343).—306 In the early 1850s the struggle between Prussia and Austria for supremacy in Germany again became acute: in particular, Austria, with the support of Russia, hampered Prussia's attempts to restore the Customs Union (see Note 220). After the coup d'état in France in December 1851 a new war threatened Europe because Bonapartist circles wished to restore the frontiers of the First Empire. In connection with this Austria made certain concessions when negotiating a trade agreement with Prussia (see Note 350).— 307 370 371 372 374 375 377 379 380

[379] Note 134).—310

[382] Mazzini.— Radetzky' and Marx's and Engels' article 'The Rocket Affair.—The

[389] An allusion to the past of Henri Savoye, professor of German at Louis-Ie-

[390] Grand college in 1841-48 and the author of several works on Germany and the German language.— 317 An abridged translation of this letter was published for the first time as an editorial note to Engels' letter to Marx of 3 December 1851 in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Correspondence. 1846-1895. A Selection with Commentary and Notes, Martin Lawrence Ltd., London, 1934.— 319 This money was collected in America in compliance with the appeal of Marx, Engels and their associates to help the Communist League members accused in Cologne and their families.— 323 On 21 May 1853 Jones published in The People's Paper an appeal to organise workers' meetings in favour of the People's Charter. At the time Marx wrote several articles for the New-York Daily Tribune on the revival of the Chartist movement (see present edition, Vol. 12).— 325 Marx stayed with Engels in Manchester from 30 April to 19 May and returned to London on 20 May 1853.—325, 335 An abridged translation of this letter was published for the first time in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Correspondence. 1846-1895, London, 1934. It was erroneously dated 'about 18 May 1853'. In later English publications the date of the letter was verified (see Marx and Engels, Selected Correspondence, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1965).—325 Willich slanderously represented his duel with Schramm in September 1850 (see Note 360) as an attempt by Marx and Engels to get rid of him by having him killed. Marx refuted this slander in his pamphlet The Knight of the Noble Consciousness (see present edition, Vol. 12, pp. 492-95).—326 Die Reform was the organ of the American Workers' Association consisting mostly of German emigrant workers. Though officially its editor was the petty-bourgeois democrat Kellner, the newspaper's tendency was determined to a great extent by Weydemeyer, who became the newspaper's actual editor in the summer of 1853. Under his influence the paper retained its commitment to the working class for some time. It often reprinted Marx's and Engels' articles from the New-York Daily Tribune. Marx persuaded his associates (Eccarius, Pieper and Dronke) to co-operate with Die Reform, which regularly published articles and reports by Cluss and Weydemeyer, some based on material from Marx's letters. Towards the end of its existence (1854), the petty-bourgeois influence of its editor-in-chief, Kellner, became dominant.—326 Marx and Engels talked about this during Marx's visit to Manchester from 30 April to 19 May 1853.—326

[391] Wl The Edda—a collection of Scandinavian mythological and heroic sagas and

[396] hitherto wished to make public. However, he only carried out his threat six

[398] "Enthüllungen"', in the Belletristisches Journal und New-Yorker Criminal-Zeitung,

[411] ment of India' (see present edition, Vol. 12).—355 413 In April 1851 Abraham Jacobi was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine

[412] for his dissertation 'Cogitationes de vita rerum naturalium' at Bonn Univer-

[425] etc.) and in the New-York Daily Tribune. Those in The Morning Advertiser were

[426] written by Karl Blind and those in the Tribune by Adam Gurowski.— 365

[430] Philadelphia, where he was living in emigration at the time. He asked the

[434] 'Declaration of War.—On the History of the Eastern Question' (see present

[437] the Prospects of War Against Russia' and 'Persian Expedition in Afghanistan and Russian Expedition in Central Asia.—Denmark.—The Fighting on the Danube and in Asia.—Wigan Colliers' (see present edition, Vol. 12).— 376 434 Only part of this letter is extant.—377 435 At first Wilhelm Wolff intended to emigrate to the USA.— 377 436 A reference to the first article in the series Lord Palmerston which Marx was working on from early October to early December 1853 (see present edition, Vol. 12). The pamphlet Lord Palmerston was intended for the New-York Daily Tribune. Simultaneously the articles were published in the Chartist People's Paper, which published eight articles from 22 October to 24 December 1853 as a single series, each article being preceded by the editorial note: 'Written for the New-York Tribune by Dr. Marx, and communicated by him to us.' The New-York Daily Tribune published only four articles (their contents corresponded to six articles in The People's Paper) as leaders, outwardly unconnected and with different titles. The sixth and eighth articles of the series were not published in the Tribune at all. At Marx's request Cluss translated into German the first article published in the Tribune. It was published abridged in New York in the German-language workers' newspaper Die Reform, Nos. 72, 73, 74, 77 and 78, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 9 November 1853. In December 1853 Cluss translated the second and third articles of the pamphlet from the Tribune and the fourth from The People's Paper. The editors of this edition do not have a complete file of Die Reform for 1854 at their disposal; it is therefore impossible to say whether the publication of the German translation was continued.— 378 437 On 5 August 1853 the House of Lords rejected the Combination of Workmen Bill which would have granted limited rights to workers' organisations. In this context Marx denounced the anti-working-class policy of both the ruling oligarchy and the liberal and radical bourgeoisie. In the atmosphere of a mass strike movement, the manufacturers created 'an association for the purpose of aiding the trade in regulating the excitement among operatives in the Manchester district' and resolutely opposed the organisation of workers' associations (see K. Marx, 'The War Question.— British Population and Trade Returns.— Doings of Parliament', present edition, Vol. 12). Marx thought it necessary to draw the workers' attention to the fact that the bourgeoisie was consolidating its forces; with this aim in view he wanted to provide Jones with facts before his tour of the strike districts. In an article written on 7 October, i.e. the day after his meeting with Jones, Marx wrote: 'The London press, it appears, was anxious to withhold the fact from the eyes of the world, that the Factory Lords were systematically arraying their class against the class of Labor, and that the successive steps taken by them, instead of being the spontaneous result of circumstances, are the premeditated effects of a deep-laid conspiracy of an organized Anti-Labor League!" (see present edition, Vol. 12, p. 412). To help the strikers a group of Chartists headed by Jones suggested the setting up of a coordinating workers' organisation, The Mass Movement, which

[439] and unorganised workers (see Note 498).— 378 438 In this letter Marx continues to set forth for his associates in America certain

[441] the time of writing this letter Marx had received from Cluss his article 'Das

[466] 'Progress of the Turkish War', also as a leader (see present edition, Vol.

[469] reprint from the Glasgow Sentinel) (see Note 541). The pamphlet reproduced the article of the same title published in the New-York Daily Tribune on 4 November 1853, the second in this newspaper's publication of Lord Palmerston. The second edition of Palmerston and Russia, referred to here, was issued with Marx's participation in early February 1854. Marx made some amend-ments and additions on the basis of the People's Paper publication. On how the whole series of articles Lord Palmerston was written and published see this volume, Note 436, and present edition, Vol. 12.—408, 432 466 Engels analysed the fighting between the Russians and the Turks at Oltenitza (4 November 1853) and Citatea (6 January 1854) in 'The Progress of the Turkish War', 'The War on the Danube' and "The Last Battle in Europe' (see present edition, Vol. 12).—408 467 At the battle of Sinope between Russian and Turkish naval squadrons on 30 (18) November 1853, during the Crimean war, the Turks were defeated. After the battle of Sinope, Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, British Ambassador to Constantinople, handed the Sultan a recommendation from the British Government to conclude a three months' armistice with Russia; at the same time he tried to get British squadrons sent immediately to the Black Sea. The Vienna Protocol was signed on 5 December 1853 at the conference of representatives of Britain, France, Prussia and Austria. In this Protocol, as in the subsequent Note of 12 December, the four powers offered to mediate in the conflict between Russia and Turkey. As a basis for negotiations they demanded the evacuation of Moldavia and Wallachia by the Russians, renewal of former treaties between Russia and Turkey, guarantee of Christians' rights by special firmans and a reform of the administrative system in Turkey. In a Note of 31 December 1853 the Turkish Government stated its conditions for peace negotiations with the powers mediating: ,1) the preservation and guarantee of Turkish territorial integrity; 2) Russian evacuation of the Danubian Principalities; 3) renewal and observance of the London Convention of 1841 (see Note 458); 4) respect of the Sultan's sovereignty. These conditions were approved by a new Vienna conference of the ambassadors on 13 January 1854 and forwarded to the Russian Government. However, Russia refused to accept the mediation of the powers and agreed to direct negotiations with Turkey. The participants in the Vienna conference rejected Russia's proposals.—408 468 A reference to Palmerston's short resignation of his post as Home Secretary (16-24 December 1853). His resignation was not accepted, however (on this see Marx's article 'Palmerston's Resignation', present edition, Vol. 12).—409 469 31 January 1854 was the day of the opening of the British Parliament.—409 470 A reference to the Note signed by the British, French and Prussian

[471] on 15 December 1853 (see Note 467).—409 471 An allusion to the wars of Napoleonic France and the liberation struggle of the

[475] found.—410 475 The reference is to the Turkish Government's Note of 31 December 1853 (see

[477] Russia and Turkey drawn up by the Austrian Prime Minister Buol and adopted

[500] '" Marx used the information he got from Hammer's book later when writing

[504] Kronstadt' (see Note 496) on 30 March, and after 3 April 1854, at the request

[509] this collaboration, believing that permanent work on the newspaper would enable him to give up his commercial activity and move to London. However, as can be seen from Engels' letter to Marx of 20 April 1854, Lincoln cancelled the previous contract when he discovered Engels' political views. Some of the propositions formulated in the article 'The Russian Army' were elaborated in 'The Military Power of Russia' (see present edition, Vol. 13) and 'The Armies of Europe' (see present edition, Vol. 14) published in the New-York Daily Tribune and Putnam's Monthly.—423 12 John Watts consented to recommend Engels as chief military correspondent to The Daily News in his letter to Engels of 27 March 1854.—424 s Marx translated into English this description of the Russian landing at Dobrudja and included it in his article sent to the USA on 4 April. The editors published the lesser part of the article as a leader 'The European War' (it included Engels' text) and entitled the larger part 'The War Debate in Parliament' (see present edition, Vol. 13).—427 14 Wasserpotacken—a name applied in the seventeenth century to Poles living in Upper Silesia and engaged in floating timber on the Oder; later the name was used for the whole Polish population of Upper Silesia which was under German rule from the mid-eighteenth century.—427 15 Engels has in mind H. J. Lincoln's letter of 1 April 1854.—427 16 Cluss' letter has not been found.—428 ' This refers to the stand taken by Palmerston as Foreign Secretary on the problem of Cracow which, according to the Vienna Treaty of 1815, was considered a free city. In Parliament and the press Palmerston passed himself off as 'a friend of Poland' but in fact betrayed its interests when in 1840 the population of Cracow protested against the unlawful occupation of that city by Austrian troops since February 1836 and when in November 1846, after the suppression of the national liberation uprising in Cracow, Austria, Prussia and Russia signed an agreement on the annexation of Cracow to the Austrian Empire. Marx exposed Palmerston's actions in his pamphlet Lord Palmerston (see present edition, Vol. 12, pp. 358-70).—430, 432 8 Marx's reply to Lassalle written between 10 February and 7 March has not been found.—430 9 An allusion to Lord Palmerston (see present edition, Vol. 12). Excerpts made by Marx from Parliamentary (Blue) Books in March-May 1853 and from Hansard's Parliamentary Debates for 1831-48 in July-August and September-November 1853 in connection with this work are extant.—432 510 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522

[514] the Straits to all foreign men-of-war on Russia's demand.—432, 456

[519] referring to the treaty of 1816 which forbade Naples to grant other countries

[522] French company.—432 Marx refers to the attitude of the Whig Government, in which Palmerston held the post of Foreign Secretary, towards Italy and Hungary during the 1848-49 revolution.—432 A reference to Cluss' letter to Marx of 4 April 1854.—433 The report of Gorchakov, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army on the Danube, to Nicholas I was reprinted by The Times on 19 April 1854 from a special supplement to the Journal de Saint-Pétersbourg of 6 April 1854 and entitled 'The Russian Passage of the Danube'. The same issue of The -Times carried an item 'The Russian Fleet in the Black Sea' reprinted from Pyccniü uneajiud?) (and not from Cleepnan nuena as Marx wrote) about military operations on the Caucasian coast.—433 Engels refers to H. J. Lincoln's letter of 18 April 1854. Engels' reply has not been found.—435 A reference to Pieper's letter to Engels of 12 April 1854.—435 The reference is to Herzen's address 'The Free Russian Community to the Russian Soldiers in Poland' printed in the Free Russian Press in London about 25 March 1854 in connection with the outbreak of the Crimean War. Herzen called upon the Russian soldiers 'not to use arms against Poland'. The address was immediately reprinted by a number of English, French, Italian and Polish newspapers, The Daily News (No. 2471, 21 April 1854) among them.—437 This letter of Marx has not been found.—439 An allusion to Marx's articles on India ('The British Rule in India', 'The East India Company.— Its History and Results' and others — see present edition, Vol. 12) written in 1853, when the British Parliament debated the prolongation of the Fast India Company Charter.—439 Engels' letter to Cluss has not been found.—441 Kossuth, jointly with Mazzini and Ledru-Rollin, criticised the US Senate in the press refusing to prolong George Sanders' powers as Consul in London. This American public figure and journalist maintained contacts with petty-bourgeois emigrants in London. The American newspapers, The New-York Herald and The New-York Times in particular, attacked Kossuth for his criticism and accused him of meddling in US domestic affairs. Clippings from the American newspapers were sent to Marx by Cluss in his letter of 4 April 1854. Marx forwarded them to Engels probably in his letter of 22 April.—441 523 A reference to Cluss' letter to Marx of 13 April 1854.—442 624 Weydemeyer, editor of Die Reform, received a review of Schimmelpfennig's

[526] preferably Der Deutsch-Amerikaner, a weekly published from March 1854 in

[536] first half of 1842. Among its principal members were Bruno Bauer, Edgar

[537] Bauer, Edward Meyen, Ludwig Buhl and Max Stirner. The system existing in

[570] published in that number (see present edition, Vol. 13, Note 293).—480 566 In connection with the bourgeois revolution which started in Spain in 1854 (see

[577] 'Espartero': 'Our readers can judge whether the Spanish Revolution is likely to

[578] have any useful result or not.'—485 5 , 8 The Tribune editors added the following sentence to Article I of Marx's

[583] parody trials presided over by Nicholson himself, who was called Lord Chief

[589] defeated.—490

[595] Kingdoms of Naples and Sardinia, and condemned the national liberation

[603] Marx contributed to the Neu« Oder-Zeitung during 1855, writing his first article

[619] 1854 has not been found.— 505 1 Marx refers to the trial of the French Blanquist worker Emmanuel Barthélémy, accused of murdering two Englishmen. The English Press made a great fuss over the trial, which did not succeed in clearing up the motives behind the murder. Barthélémy was sentenced to death and executed on 22 January 1855.—505 2 In compliance with this plan Marx wrote two articles, on 29 December 1854 and 1 January 1855, which were published in the Neue Oder-Zeitung on 2 and 4 January 1855 under the general title 'Rückblicke' ('In Retrospect'). This marked the beginning of Marx's collaboration with this newspaper (see Note 603).—507 3 Thé formation of a Foreign Legion for the purpose of reinforcing the British in the Crimea was envisaged by the Enlistment of Foreigners Bill passed in Parliament on 22 December 1854. The Legion was not formed however owing to protests against the use of foreign mercenaries.—508, 520 4 This letter was published in English for the first time abridged in: K. Marx and F. Engels, Literature and Art. Selections from Their Writings, N. Y., 1947, p. 106.—508 15 Marx and Heine met and became friends in Paris at the end of December 1843. Marx supported Heine in his disputes with the radical petty-bourgeois opposition who attacked Heine for his criticism of Ludwig Börne, one of their prominent representatives.—509 6 In reply to attacks in the Allgemeine Zeitung in April 1848 Heine stated in the supplement to No. 144 of the same paper, on 23 May 1848, that he was compelled to accept the pension his French friends (the historian Mignet, in particular) succeeded in obtaining for him as he was in great straits owing to the prohibition of his books in Germany.—510 17 In a letter of 7 January 1855 Lassalle asked Marx to list the works containing official statistical data on the changes in England's economic position after the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 (see Note 72).—511 18 Marx has in mind his economic notes made from September 1850 to August 1853, when he resumed his economic research (see Note 45).—511, 522 19 In January 1854 Marx wrote the following articles for the Neue Oder-Zeitung: 'The Opening of Parliament' (on the 24th), 'Comments on the Cabinet Crisis' (on the 26th) and 'Parliamentary News' (on the 27th). At Marx's request Engels wrote for the New-York Daily Tribune the article 'The European War' (about 29 January) (see present edition, Vol. 13).— 514

[626] Oder-Zeitung in early February 1855 (see present edition, Vol. 13).—515 1 In April 1853 and from March to May 1854 Marx devoted several articles to

[628] Tribune, the Neue Oder-Zeitung and The People's Paper. The most detailed analysis of Gladstone's budget is given in 'The New Financial Juggle; or Gladstone and the Pennies', 'Achievements of the Ministry', 'L. S. D., or Class Budgets, and Who's Relieved by Them', 'Riot at Constantinople.—German Table Moving.—The Budget' (see present edition, Vol. 12), 'British Finances.— The Troubles at Preston', 'British Finances' and others (Vol. 13). It has not been established which articles Marx sent to Engels.—515 2 The Irish Brigade—the Irish faction in the British Parliament from the 1830s to the 1850s. With the equilibrium existing between the Tories and the Whigs, the Irish Brigade, alongside the Manchester men (see Note 63), could influence the alignment of forces in Parliament and sometimes decide the fate of the government.— 516 3 The reference is to the Franchise Bill. As early as February 1852 Russell made a preliminary statement of his intention to introduce it (see his speech in the House of Commons on 9 February 1852, The Times, No. 21034, 10 February 1852); however, it was never debated in Parliament.— 516 4 Marx refers to the 'Removal of Some Disabilities of Her Majesty's Jewish Subjects' Bill, introduced by Russell in the House of Commons on 24 February and aimed at admitting Jews to the House. Russell's Bill passed the House of Commons but was rejected by the House of Lords. Marx assessed it in the article 'Parliamentary Debates.—The Clergy Against Socialism.— Starvation' (see present edition, Vol. 11).— 516 15 At the sitting of the House of Commons on 31 May 1853 Russell stated that the British Parliament should not sanction a state subsidy to the Catholic Church in Ireland because the Catholic clergy were not sufficiently committed to the English Crown and the Constitution. Russell's speech was published in The Times, No. 21443, 1 June 1853.—516 6 These Bills were introduced in Parliament in November 1852. Marx analysed and assessed them in the articles 'The Indian Question.—Irish Tenant Right' (see present edition, Vol. 12) and 'From the Houses of Parliament.—Bulwers' Motion.—The Irish Question' (Vol. 14).—517 7 The Transportation Bill, which abolished deportation of criminals to penal colonies, was passed on 12 August 1853. After preliminary detention the transportées were given release certificates granting them the right to reside in Britain under police surveillance, employed as cheap labour for public works. Marx assessed this Bill in 'The War Question.— British Population and Trade Returns.—Doings of Parliament' (see present edition, Vol. 12).— 518 8 Marx refers to the proposals on the public debt moved by Gladstone in the House of Commons on 8 April 1853. For details see Marx's articles 'The New Financial Juggle; or Gladstone and the Pennies', 'Achievements of the Ministry', 629 630 631 633 634 635 636 637 638

[629] 'Affairs in Holland.—Denmark.—Conversion of the British Debt.— India,

[631] Wood's East Indian Reforms' (present edition, Vol. 12).

[662] adressé au gouvernement de S. M. l'Empereur Napoléon III sur l'expédition de Crimée

[672] the demand of the Prussian Government, he was expelled from France and

[673] compelled to move to Brussels.—556 671 An allusion to Georg Weerth's former activity as a journalist. During the

[677] and was entitled My Exile in Siberia (two volumes, London, 1855). The title was

[681] Die Religion des Buddha und ihre Entstehung, and the second volume in 1859

[682] entitled Die Lamaische Hierarchie und Kirche.—563

[687] 1851.—570 684 "ph^ letter was published in English for the first time in Karl Marx and

[692] an additional material to expose the false nature of the whole trial.— 576 687 Marx and Engels used addresses of several businessmen and trading houses for

[700] Marx's letter to Cluss has not survived.—584