Name Index
A
Adler, Victor (1852-1918) —a founder and leader of the Austrian Social-Democrats.— 542-43
Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.)—Greek dramatist and tragic poet.—171, 210
Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe (1807-1873)—Swiss naturalist, lived in the USA from 1846, opponent of Darwinism.—160
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius (c. 63-12 B.C.)—Roman general and statesman.—19-20, 22
Albedyll, Emil (1824-1897)—Prussian general, commander of the 7th Corps in Münster (Westphalia) in 1888-93.—540
Albrecht I (c. 1255-1308)—Austrian duke; German Emperor from 1298.—563
Albrecht, Karl (1788-1844) —German merchant; convicted for his involvement in the oppositional movement of "demagogues"; in 1841 he settled in Switzerland, where he propagated in a religious mystical form ideas close to Weitling's Utopian communism.—320
Alexander I (1777-1825)—Russian Emperor (1801-25).—455, 490
Alexander II (1818-1881)—Russian Emperor (1855-81).—414, 477, 480
Alexander HI (1845-1894)—Russian Emperor (1881-94).—406, 411-16, 593 Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great) (356-323 B.C.)—general and statesman of antiquity.—168
Alexeyev, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1852-1893)—Mayor of Moscow (1886-93).—413
Ammianus Marcellinus (c. 330-c. 400)— Roman historian, author of Rerum Gestarum covering the history of the Roman Empire from 96 to 378.—59, 177, 199 Anacreon—Greek lyric poet (second half of the 6th century B.C.).—184
Anastasius I (c. 430-518)—Byzantine Emperor (491-518).—39
Anaxandridas (6th cent. B.C.)—King of Sparta from 560 B.C., shared the throne with Aristones.— 171
Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-546 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.—612
Appian (end of the 1st cent.—c. 170)— Roman historian.—393
Appius Claudius Caecus (died c. 448 B.C.)—Roman consul.—224
Ariovistus (1st half of the 1st cent.
B.C.)—chief of the Germanic tribe of Suebi, fought against Caesar.—11, 12
Aristides (c. 540-467 B.C.)—Athenian statesman and general during the Greco-Persian wars.—219
Aristones (6th cent. B.C.) — King of Sparta (574-520 B.C.), shared the throne with Anaxandridas.— 171
Aristophanes (c. 446-c. 385 B.C.)—Greek comic dramatist and poet.—172
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) —Greek philosopher.—212
Arkwright, Sir Richard (1732-1792)— English industrialist, invented the cotton spinning machine named after him.—573
Arminius (Hermann, or Armin), the Cheruscan (18 or 16 B.C.-A.D. 19 or 21)—leader of the resistance of Germanic tribes against Roman rule, annihilated a Roman army in the Teutoburg Forest in A.D. 9.-25-29, 31
Arndt, Ernst Moritz (1769-1860)— German writer, historian and philologist; took part in the national struggle against Napoleonic rule; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre) in 1848-49.—459
Arnold, Wilhelm Christoph Friedrich (1826-1883)—German lawyer and historian.—82, 95-97, 100-02
Artaxerxes—name of the three Persian kings from the Achaemenian dynasty: Artaxerxes I (reigned c. 465-c. 425 B.C.), Artaxerxes II (reigned c. 405-c. 359 B.C.) and Artaxerxes III (reigned c. 359-338 B.C.).—229
Ashley (Cooper, Anthony Ashley) (1801-1885)—English politician, Tory philanthropist.—569, 571
Asprenas (Lucius Nonius Asprenas) (c. 28 B.C.-A.D. c. 30)—Roman statesman and general, fought in the wars against the Germans.—25, 28
Attwood, Thomas (1783-1856)—English
banker, economist and radical politician, adhered to the Right wing of the Chartist movement until 1839— 566, 567 Auerswald, Hans Adolf Erdman von (1792-1848)—Prussian general, Right-wing deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly; killed during Frankfurt uprising in September 1848.—109
Augustenburg, Friedrich (Frederick) (1829-1880)—Prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, pretender to the throne of Schleswig-Holstein from 1852; Duke of Schleswig-Holstein under the name of Friedrich VIII from 1863.—478
Augustus, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (63 B.C.-A.D. 14)—Roman Emperor (27 B.C.-A.D. 14).—11, 12, 18, 21, 22, 28-31, 35, 36, 38, 116, 223, 225, 246
Aveling, Edward (1851-1898)—English socialist, writer and journalist; one of the translators into English of Marx's Capital, Volume One; member of the Social-Democratic Federation from 1884; subsequently one of the founders of the Socialist League; an organiser of a mass movement of unskilled workers and unemployed in the late 1880s and early 1890s; husband of Marx's daughter Eleanor.—434, 617, 618
B
Babeuf, François Noël (Gracchus) (1760-1797)—French revolutionary, advocate of Utopian egalitarian communism, organiser of the "Conspiracy of Equals", executed.—604
Bachofen, Johann Jakob (1815-1887)— Swiss historian and lawyer.—142, 150, 151, 158-61, 165, 188
Bailly, Jean Sylvain (1736-1793)— French astronomer, prominent in the French Revolution, a leader of the liberal constitutional bourgeoisie; as Mayor of Paris (1789-91) ordered troops to open fire on a republican demonstration on the Field of Mars (1791), for which he was executed by sentence of the revolutionary tribunal in 1793.—126
Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1876)—Russian revolutionary and journalist, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; later an ideologist of Narodism and anarchism; opposed Marxism in the First International.—382, 422, 426, 449, 516
Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1832-1918)— American historian, author of several works on the history and ethnography of North and Central America.—146, 159, 161, 259
Bang, Anton Christian (1840-1913)— Norwegian theologian, author of works on Scandinavian mythology and history of Christianity in Norway.—238
Barbes, Armand (1809-1870) —French revolutionary, a leader of secret societies during the July monarchy; played a prominent part in the 1848 revolution.— 313
Baring, Thomas (1799-1873)—head of the bankers' house in London, Conservative M.P.—574
Battenberg, Alexander, Prince of (1857-1893)—son of the Prince of Hesse, in 1879-86 sat on the Bulgarian throne as Prince Alexander I, pursued a pro-Austrian policy.—411, 412, 414 Bauer, Andreas Heinrich—German shoemaker, a leader of the League of the Just, member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; emigrated to Australia in 1851.— 313, 314, 323, 327, 328
Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882)—German philosopher and journalist, Young Hegelian.—363, 365, 381
Baur, Ferdinand Christian (1792-1860)—German theologian and his-
torian of Christianity, professor in Tübingen, leader of the Tübingen School.—112
Bayle, Pierre (1647-1706)—French sceptic philosopher, critic of religious dogmatism.—396
Beauvau, Louis Charles Antoine (1710-1744)—French marshal, sent on a diplomatic mission to the court of Frederick II of Prussia in 1740.—469
Beck, Alexander—German tailor, member of the League of the Just, at the end of 1846 was arrested for involvement in the League's case; a witness at the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—315 Becker, August (1814-1871) — German journalist, member of the League of the Just in Switzerland, adherent of Weitling; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; in 1853 emigrated to the USA where he contributed to democratic papers.— 315
Becker, Hermann Heinrich ( "Red Becker") (1820-1885) —German lawyer and journalist, member of the Communist League from 1850; sentenced to five years' imprisonment at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); in his later years a National Liberal.—329
Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-1886)— German revolutionary, participant in the democratic movement of the 1830s-50s and the international working-class movement; fought as an officer of the Swiss army in the war against the Sonderbund; prominent figure in the 1848-49 revolution; commanded the Baden people's militia during the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; active member of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—418-23, 446, 447
Becker, Wilhelm Adolf (1796-1846) — German historian, professor at Leipzig University, author of works on ancient history.— 206 Beda (Bede, Venerable) (c. 673-735)— English historian and theologian.— 235
Benary, Franz Simon Ferdinand (1805-1880) — German orientalist and an expert on the Bible, professor at Berlin University.— 115, 117
Benedetti, Vincent, comte (1817-1900)— French diplomat, ambassador in Berlin in 1864-70.—487
Berends, Julius (b. 1817)—owner of a printing-house in Berlin, deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848.—125
Berkeley, Francis Henry Fitzhardinge (1794-1870)—British liberal politician, M.P. from 1837, advocated electoral reform.—576
Bernstein, Eduard (1850-1932) —German Social-Democrat, journalist, editor of the Sozialdemokrat (1881-90); subsequently revisionist.—521
Berthelot, Pierre Eugene Marcelin (1827-1907)—French chemist and politician.—376 Besant, Annie (1847-1933)—English politician, theosophist; adhered to the socialist movement in the 1880s-90s.—542 Beust, Friedrich von (1817-1899)— teacher and school reformer in Zurich.—99
Bevan, W.—Chairman of the Trades Council in Swansea, presided at the Congress of trade unions held in that town in 1887.—515
Bismarck-Schönhausen, Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince von (1815-1898)— statesman in Prussia and Germany, diplomat; ambassador to St. Petersburg (1859-62) and Paris (1862); Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-72 and 1873-90); Chancellor of the North German Confederation (1867-71) and of the German Empire (1871-90); carried out the unification of Germany; introduced Anti-Socialist Law in 1878.—171, 271, 272, 292, 297, 307, 316, 330, 406-08,
410, 413-15, 417, 464, 474-84, 480-89, 491, 494-505, 508-09, 541, 578-80
Blanc, Jean Joseph Charles Louis (1811 -1882)—French socialist, historian; member of the Provisional Government and Chairman of the Luxem-bourg Commission in 1848; pursued a policy of conciliation with the bourgeoisie; a leader of the petty-bourgeois emigration in London from August 1848.—325, 328, 375
Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881)— French revolutionary, Utopian communist.—313
Bleichroder, Gerson (1822-1893)— German financier, head of a big Berlin bank, Bismarck's private banker, unofficial adviser on financial matters and mediator in black market dealings.—272, 476, 480
Bonaparte—see Napoleon III
Böning, Georg (c. 1788-1849)—German army officer, participant in the war of liberation against Napoleonic rule; commanded a volunteer legion of insurgents during the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; following its suppression sentenced to death by a Prussian court martial and executed by firing squad.—419
Borkheim, Sigismund Ludwig (1825-1885)—German journalist, democrat; participant in the 1848-49 revolution, emigrated after its defeat; London merchant from 1851, was on friendly terms with Marx and Engels.—446-50
Born, Stephan (real name Buttermilch, Simon) (1824-1898) —German type-setter, member of the Communist League; leaned towards reformism during the 1848-49 revolution; turned his back on the workers' movement after the revolution.— 325, 326
Börne, Ludwig (1786-1837)—German critic and writer, author of Schil-derungen aus Paris (1822 und 1823), adherent of Christian socialism towards the end of his life.—106
Bornstedt, Adalbert von (1808-1851)— German journalist, supported the adventurist plan for the invasion of Germany by a revolutionary legion; member of the Communist League until his expulsion in March 1848; a secret agent of the Prussian police in the 1840s.—324
Bernstein, Arnold Bernhard Karl (1808-1849)—German democrat, a leader of the volunteer legion of German refugees in Paris (1848).—324 Bougeart, Alfred (1815-1882)—French journalist of the Left, author of works on the history of the French Revolution of the late 18th century.—126
Boulanger, Georges Ernest Jean Marie (1837-1891)—French general, War Minister (1886-87); strove to establish his military dictatorship in France.— 416
Bourbaki, Charles Denis Sauter (1816-1897)—French general, commanded the Guard and later the 18th Corps and the Army of the East during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71.— 490 Bourbons—royal dynasty in France (1589-1792, 1814-15 and 1815-30).— 389 Bracke, Wilhelm (1842-1880)—German Social-Democrat, one of the founders (1869) and leaders of Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Eisenachers), associate of Marx and Engels.—309 Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von (1792-1850)—Prussian general and statesman, head of the counter-revolutionary ministry (November 1848-November 1850).—304, 349
Bray, John Francis (1809-1895)— English economist, Utopian socialist, follower of Robert Owen.—280, 285
Brentano, Lorenz Peter (1813-1891) — Baden democrat, lawyer; deputy to
the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; headed the Baden Provisional Government in 1849; following the defeat of the Baden-Palatinate uprising emigrated to Switzerland, and then to the USA.—419, 447
Brentano, Lujo (1844-1931)—German economist, a leading representative of armchair socialism.—613 Bréquigny, Louis Georges Oudard Feudrix
de (1714-1794)—French historian.— 63 Bright, John (1811-1889)—English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and one of the founders of the Anti-Corn Law League, M.P. from 1843.—295, 571, 573
Broadhouse, John—see Hyndman, Henry Mayers
Brousse, Paul Louis Marie (1844-1912)— French socialist, physician; participant in the Paris Commune, lived in emigration after its suppression; close to the anarchists; joined the French Workers' Party in 1879, a leader and ideologist of possibilism, an opportunist trend in the French socialist movement.—593
Büchner, Georg (1813-1837)—German dramatist and writer, revolutionary democrat, an organiser of a secret revolutionary Society of the Rights of Man in Giessen.—313
Büchner, Ludwig (1824-1899)—German physiologist and philosopher, a vulgar materialist.—369
Bückler, Johann (c. 1780-1803) — German robber nicknamed Hans the Flayer (Schinderhannes); in a number of literary works depicted as a "noble robber" and defender of the poor.—294
Bugge, Elseus Sophus (1833-1907)— Norwegian philologist, professor in Christiania (now Oslo), researched into ancient Scandinavian literature and mythology.—238 Bürgers, Heinrich (1820-1878)— German journalist, contributor to the
Rheinische Zeitung (1842-43); member of the Cologne community of the Communist League, an editor of the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848; member of the Central Authority of the Communist League from 1850; one of the accused at the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—123, 328
Burrows, Herbert (1845-1922)—English official, radical, a founder of the Social-Democratic Federation.—542, 543
C
Cabet, Etienne (1788-1856)—French lawyer and writer, Utopian communist, author of Voyage en Icarie.—516, 604
Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar) (c. 100-44 B. C.)—Roman general, statesman and writer.—6, 10-17, 18, 29-30, 35, 44, 53-55, 138, 139, 151, 196, 234, 236, 241-44, 246
Caligula (A. D. 12-41)—Roman Emperor (A. D. 37-41).—116
Calvin, John (real name Jean Chauvin)
(1509-1564)—prominent figure of the Reformation, founder of Calvinism, a trend in Protestantism, characterised by particular intolerance towards Catholicism as well as other trends in Protestantism.—395
Camphausen, Ludolf (1803-1890) — German banker, a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie; Prussian Prime Minister (March-June 1848).— 471
Carloman (715-754)—elder son of the Frankish major-domo Charles Martel; ruler of Austrasia, Alamannia and Thuringia (741-47).—86
Carolingians—Frankish royal dynasty which ruled in France (751-987), Germany (till 911) and Italy (till 887).—48, 58, 62, 67, 72, 73, 74, 82
Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di (1810-
1861)—Italian statesman, head of the Sardinian government (1852-59 and 1860-61); relying on the support of Napoleon III pursued a policy of Italian unification under the supremacy of the Savoy dynasty; headed the first government of the newly united Italy in 1861.—464
Charlemagne {Charles the Great) (c. 742-814) —Frankish King (768-800) and Roman Emperor (800-814).—59, 63, 65-67, 72, 74, 76-81, 252, 254, 346, 554
Charles VIII (1470-1498)—King of France (1483-98).—564
Charles, Archduke—see Charles Louis Johann
Charles Louis Johann (1771-1847) — Archduke of Austria, field marshal, commander-in-chief in the wars with France (1796, 1799, 1805 and 1809), War Minister (1805-09).—492
Charles Martel (c. 688-741)—Frankish major-domo, became actual ruler of the Frankish state in 715.—61, 65, 67, 72
Charles the Bald (823-877)—King of West Frankish Kingdom (840-77), Emperor of the Franks and King of Italy (875-77).—68
Charles ("the Bold") (1433-1477) — Du,ke of Burgundy (1467-77).—560
Chernyavskaya-Bokhanovskaya, Galina Fyo-dorovna (1854-d. after 1926)— Russian revolutionary, member of the Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) organisation.— 592
Chilperic I (539-584)—King of the Franks (561-84).—62
Christian, Prince of Glücksburg (1818-1906) — heir to the Danish throne from 1852, King of Denmark as Christian IX in 1863-1906.—456
Civilis, Julius (A. D. 1st cent.)—chief of the Germanic tribe of Batavi; headed the uprising of Germanic and Gaulish tribes against Rome (69-70 or 71).—240
Claudia—Roman patrician family.— 223
Claudius (10 B. C.-A. D. 54)—Roman Emperor (41-54).—31, 116
Clausewitz, Karl von (1780-1831)— Prussian general and military theoretician.—450
Cleisthenes—Athenian politician, in 510-507 B. C. carried out reforms aimed at abolishing the remnants of the gentile system and establishing a democracy based on slaveowner-ship.—220
Clemenceau, Georges (Eugène Benjamin) (1841-1929)—French politician and journalist, leader of the Radicals from the 1880s; Prime Minister (1906-09 and 1917-20).—331-33
Clovis I (465 or 466-511)—King of the Salian Franks from the Merovingian dynasty (481-511).—95
Cobden, Richard (1804-1865)—English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League, M.P.— 533, 572, 573
Constantine I, the Great (c. 285-337)— Roman Emperor (306-37).—39
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543)— Polish astronomer, originator of the heliocentric theory of the universe.— 368 Cosijn, Pieter Jakob (1840-1899)—Dutch philologist, expert on the Germanic languages.—84
Cotton, Sir Robert Bruce, Bart (1571-1631)—English collector of ancient manuscripts, books, coins, etc., founder of the Cottonian library transferred to the British Museum on its foundation (1753).—82-83 Coulanges, de—see Fustel de Coulanges
Crassus (Marcus Licinius Crassus) (c. 115-53 B.C.)—Roman politician and general, crushed the revolt of
slaves under Spartacus in 71 B.C.; twice consul.—11, 15
Crawford, Emily (1831-1915)—Irish journalist, Paris correspondent of several English papers.— 484
Cuno, Friedrich Theodor (1846-1934)— socialist, active member of the German and international working-class movement and of the First International; after the Hague Congress (1872) emigrated to the USA, contributed to the New Yorker Volkszeitung.—626
Cunow, Heinrich Wilhelm Karl (1862-1936)—German Social-Democrat, historian, sociologist and ethnographer.—168
Cuvier, Georges Leopold Chrétien Frederic
Dagobert, baron de (1769-1832) — French naturalist, author of works on comparative anatomy, palaeontology and the classification of animals.— 141
D
Dahlmann, Friedrich Christoph (1785-1860)—German historian and liberal politician; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre) in 1848-49; author of works on the history of Denmark and Germany.— 49
Daniels, Roland (1819-1855)—German physician, member of the Communist League, defendant at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); acquitted by the jury; friend of Marx and Engels.—329
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) —Italian poet.—545
Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882)— English naturalist, founder of the theory of evolution by natural selection.—118, 372, 385, 517, 612
Dawkins, Sir William Boyd (1837-1929) — English geologist, anthropologist, palaeontologist and archaeologist; researched into the lives of the cave dwellers of Europe.—6, 33
Demosthenes (384-322 B. C.)—Athenian orator and statesman.—205
Descartes, René (1596-1650)—French philosopher, mathematician and naturalist.— 368
Dicaearchus (4th cent. B.C.) — Greek scholar, disciple of Aristotle, author of historical, political, philosophical, geographical and other works.—206
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784)—French philosopher of the Enlightenment, atheist, leader of the Encyclopae-dists.—373
Dietigen, Joseph (1828-1888)—German Social-Democrat; philosopher who arrived at main premisses of dialectical materialism independently; leather-maker.—384
Dio Cassius Cocceianus (c. 155-c. 235)— Roman historian and statesman, representative of the Senate aristocracy, wrote Historia Romana running to 80 books in Greek.—11, 20-22, 24, 27, 29, 47 Diodorus Siculus (c. 80-29 B. C.)— Greek historian, author of Bib-liothecae historicae.—238, 246
Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1st cent. B. C.-A. D. 1st cent.)—Greek historian and rhetorician, author of Roman Antiquities.—209
Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881)—British statesman and author, a Tory leader; Prime Minister (1868, 1874-80).—410 Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus) (A.D. 51-96) —Roman Emperor (81-96).—32 Domitius Ahenobarbus, Lucius (d. A.D. 25)—Roman general and statesman; in the early 1st century undertook expeditions to Germany.—11, 22, 23 Drusus, Nero Claudius (38-9 B. C.)— Roman general; headed expeditions against the Germans in 12-9 B. C.— 19-21, 23, 31
Dühring, Eugen Karl (1833-1921)— German eclectic philosopher and vulgar economist, his philosophical views were a mixture of idealism, vulgar materialism, positivism and metaphysics; a lecturer at Berlin University from 1863 to 1877.—511
Duncombe, Thomas Slingsby (1796-1861)—British radical politician; participated in the Chartist movement in the 1840s; M. P. (1826-61).—569, 570
Dureau de la Malle, Adolph Jules Cesar
Auguste (1777-1857)—French poet and historian.—230
E
Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889)— German tailor, prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, journalist; member of the League of the Just and later of the Communist League; a leader of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, member of the General Council of the First International; subsequently took part in the British trade union movement.—320
Edmonds, Thomas Rowe (1803-1889)— English economist, Utopian socialist, drew socialist conclusions from Ricardo's theory.—280
Einhard (c. 770-840)—historian of the Franks, biographer of Charlemagne.— 61
Eisenbart, Johann Andreas (1661-1727)— German physician, served as the prototype of Doctor Eisenbart in German folklore.—288
Elliott, Ebenezer (1781-1849) —English poet, supporter of the Anti-Corn Law League; in his works described the hard life of the English workers.—568 Eisner, Karl Friedrich Moritz (1809— 1894) — Silesian journalist and radical politician, deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848.—125
Engelhardt, Helvig Conrad Christian (1825-1881) — Danish archaeologist, manager of the Museum of North Antiquities in Flensburg.— 40
Engels, Frederick (1820-1895)—109-11, 115, 117-19, 122-28, 131, 133, 173, 178, 201, 213, 233, 234, 276, 279, 280, 284, 291, 301, 303, 306-08, 310-23, 326-28, 330-35, 337, 340, 341, 351, 399, 401-05, 408, 409, 422-27, 433-35, 442, 444, 445, 448, 451, 464, 470, 471, 511, 512, 516-21, 525-27, 535-38, 545, 550, 584-86, 591-93, 595, 596, 600, 613, 614, 623, 624
Erhard(t), Johann Ludwig Albert (born c. 1820)—German shop assistant, member of the Communist League, one of the accused at the Cologne Communist trial (1852), acquitted by the jury.—329
Espinas, Alfred Victor (1844-1922) — French philosopher and sociologist, advocate of the theory of evolution.—144
Euripides (c. 480-c. 406 B.C.)—Greek dramatist.—172
Ewerbeck, August Hermann (1816-1860)—German physician and man of letters, leader of the Paris communities of the League of the Just, member of the Communist League (till 1850).—319, 328
F
Fabian—Roman patrician family.— 228
Fairchild, Charles Stebbins (1842-1924) — American lawyer and financier, Secretary of the Treasury (1887-89).— 528
Fecenia Hispala—Roman freed woman.—225
Ferdinand V (the Catholic) (1452-1516)—King (1479-1504) and ruler (1504-16) of Castilia, King of Aragon
under the name of Ferdinand II (1479-1516).—161
Ferguson, Adam (1723-1816)—Scottish historian, philosopher and sociologist.— 339
Ferry, Jules François Camille (1832-1893)—French lawyer, journalist and politician, a leader of the moderate republicans; member of the Government of National Defence, Mayor of Paris (1870-71), Prime Minister (1880-81 and 1883-85).—331
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872)—German philosopher.—364-65, 367-68, 371-73, 374-82, 519, 520
Fison, Lorimer (1832-1907) —English ethnographer specialising in Australia, missionary in the Fiji Islands (1863-71, 1875-84) and in Australia (1871-75 and 1884-88); author of a number of works on Australian and Fijian tribes.— 153, 155
Flocon, Ferdinand (1800-1866)—French politician, journalist, democrat, an editor of La Réforme; member of the Provisional Government in 1848.— 324 Florus, Lucius Annaeus (2nd cent.) — Roman historian.—20, 21
Fould, Achille (1800-1867)—French banker and politician, Orleanist, subsequently Bonapartist; Minister of Finance several times (between 1849 and 1867), Minister of State and Minister of the Imperial Court (1852-60).—476
Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837)—French Utopian socialist.— 179, 255, 276, 599
Francis I (1768-1835)—Emperor of Austria (1804-35).—465
Francis Joseph I (1830-1916)—Emperor of Austria (1848-1916).—466
Frederick II (the Great) (1712-1786)— King of Prussia (1740-86).—309, 346, 347, 459, 469, 475
Frederick VII (1808-1863)—King of Denmark (1848-63).—477
Frederick William (1620-1688)—Elector of Brandenburg (1640-88).—309, 475
Frederick William III (1770-1840) — King of Prussia (1797-1840).—346, 347, 358, 361, 469, 473
Frederick William IV (1795-1861)— King of Prussia (1840-61).—363, 491
Freeman, Edward Augustus (1823-1892)—English historian, liberal, professor at Oxford University.—133
Freiligrath, Ferdinand (1810-1876)— German revolutionary poet, member of the Communist League; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49).—110, 111, 329
Frost, John (1784-1877)—English radical, joined the Chartist movement in 1838; deported for life to Australia for organising a miners' uprising in Wales in 1839, pardoned in 1856 and returned to England.— 567-69, 575
Fustel de Coulanges (Numa Denis) (1830-1889)—French historian, author of works on the history of antiquity and medieval France.—208
G
Gaius (Caius) (2nd cent.)—Roman lawyer, systematised Roman law.—166
Galba, Servius Sulpicius (5 B.C.-A.D. 69)—Roman statesman, proclaimed Emperor in June 68, slain by the Praetorian conspirators, led by Othon in January 69 during the rebellion of troops and people against his rule.— 116
Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812-1910)— German astronomer, discovered the planet Neptune in 1846, drawing on Leverrier's calculations.—368
Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882)— Italian revolutionary democrat; led the struggle of the Italian people for
national liberation and the unification of the country in the 1850s and 1860s; headed the revolutionary march to Southern Italy; participated in wars against Austria (1848-49, 1859, 1866).—307, 421, 463
George, Henry (1839-1897)—American journalist, economist and politician.— 437-39 Germanicus (Julius Caesar Germanicus) (15 B.C.-A.D. 19) —Roman general, made several campaigns against the Germans, suppressed an uprising of Rhenish legions in 14 B.C.—15, 28, 31 Gervinus, Georg Gottfried (1805-1871)— German historian and politician, liberal; professor in Heidelberg.—470
Gfrörer, August Friedrich (1803-1861)— German theologian and historian, author of works on the history of Christianity and the Church, for some time a follower of the Tübingen School; professor at Freiburg University from 1846.—112
Giers, Nikolai Karlovich de (1820-1895)—Russian diplomat, Minister for Foreign Affairs (1882-95).—414
Gif fen, Robert (1837-1910)—English economist and statistician, head of the statistical department at the Board of Trade (1876-97).—299
Giraud-Teulon, Alexis (b. 1839) — professor of history in Geneva.—143, 144, 170
Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898) — British statesman, Tory and later Peelite, a leader of the Liberal Party in the latter half of the 19th century; Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94).—210, 292, 41.1, 626
Godwin, William (1756-1836)—English writer and journalist, rationalist, one of the fathers of anarchism.—607, 614
Goegg, Amand (1820-1897)—German democratic journalist, member of the Baden Provisional Government (1849); emigrated after the revolution; later member of the First International.—328
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet, dramatist and philosopher.—Ill, 148, 359, 361, 371, 496
Gould, Jay (1836-1892)—American millionaire, financier who gained control of several large railway systems.—475 Govone, Giuseppe (1825-1872)—Italian general and statesman, participated in the wars against Austria (1848-49, 1859 and 1866), negotiated with Bismarck in April 1866, War Minister (1869-70).—480, 482
Gray, John (1798-1850)—English economist, Utopian socialist, follower of Robert Owen; an author of the "labour money" theory.—283-85, 289, 291
Gregory I (the Great) (c. 540-604)— Pope (590-604); canonised after his death.—63
Gregory of Tours (Georgius Florentins)
(c. 540-594) — Christian priest, theologian and historian; Bishop of Tours (from 573), canonised after his death.—62, 240 Grey, Sir George (1799-1882)—British statesman, Whig; Home Secretary (1846-52, 1855-58, 1861-66) and Colonial Secretary (1854-55).— 575
Grey, Sir Henry George, Viscount Howick, Earl of (1802-1894)—British statesman, Whig, Secretary of War (1835-39), Colonial Secretary (1846-52).— 573
Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Carl (1785-1863)—German philologist, author of a historical grammar of the German language and of folklore adap-tations; professor in Göttingen and then in Berlin.—18, 46-55, 80, 85, 87, 99, 237
Groben, Karl Joseph, Count (1788-1876)—Prussian general, commanded a corps which took part in the suppression of the Baden-
Palatinate uprising of 1849; member of the Prussian Upper Chamber from 1854.—420
Grosvenor, Richard, Marquis of Westminster (1795-1869) —English aristocrat, Whig.—574
Grote, George (1794-1871)—English historian, M.P. (1832-40), championed electoral reform.—205-08, 567
Grün, Karl Theodor Ferdinand (pen name Ernst von der Haide) (1817-1887)—German journalist, "true socialist" in the mid-1840s, petty-bourgeois democrat during the revolution of 1848-49, deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing).—365 Guérard, Benjamin Edme Charles (1797-1854)—French historian.—64, 80
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874) — French historian and statesman.—389 Guntram, or Gontran (c. 525-592) — King of Burgundy (561-92).—62, 67
Gustav I (Vasa) (c. 1496-1560)—King of Sweden (1523-60).—554
H
Habsburgs (or Hapsburgs)—dynasty of the Holy Roman emperors from 1273 to 1806 (with interruptions), Austrian (1804-67) and Austro-Hungarian emperors (1867-1918).— 127
Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus) (76-138)—Roman Emperor (117-138).— 32
Hall, Charles (c. 1745-c. 1825)— English economist, Utopian socialist.—607, 613
Hansemann, David Justus (1790-1864)— German capitalist, a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie; Finance Minister of Prussia (from March to September 1848).—471
Harney, George Julian (1817-1897)—a leader of the Left-wing Chartists,
47 editor of The Northern Star, Red Republican and other Chartist periodicals; was on friendly terms with Marx and Engels.—319, 512, 566
Harring, Harro Paul (1798-1870)— German writer, radical, emigrated in 1828.—319
Hartmann, Lev Nikolayevich (1850-1913) — Russian revolutionary, Narodnik, in 1879 participated in one of the terrorist acts of the People's Will against Alexander II, after that he emigrated to France, then to Britain, and in 1881 to the USA.—292
Haupt, Hermann Wilhelm (born c. 1831) — German business clerk, member of the Communist League; was arrested with other Cologne communists, gave evidence against them and was released before the trial; fled to Brazil.—328 Hausser, Ludwig (1818-1867)—German historian and politician, liberal, professor in Heidelberg.— 470
Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz (1811-1881)—German democrat, a leader of the Baden republican uprising in April 1848; after its suppression emigrated to Switzerland and later to the USA where he fought in the Civil War on the side of the Union.—418
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.— 269, 357-69, 371, 373, 377-78, 382-84, 386, 388, 391, 519-20
Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856) — German revolutionary poet.—109, 110, 357, 493 Henry IV (1553-1610) —King of France (1589-1610).—491
Herod (73-4 B.C.)—King of Judaea (40-4 B.C.).—229
Herodotus (c. 484-c. 424 B.C.)—Greek historian.—9, 151, 172
Herrfurth, Ernst Ludwig (1830-1900)— Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (1888-92).—540
Herwegh, Georg Friedrich (1817-1875)— German democratic poet, an organiser of the German legion in Paris in 1848.—324
Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870)—Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher and writer; emigrated in 1847.—449, 516
Hetherington, Henry (1792-1849)— English printer and publisher of workers' papers; took part in the organisation of trade unions, and later in the Chartist movement; was fined for his publishing activities and imprisoned on a charge of blasphemy.—569, 570
Heusler, Andreas (1834-1921)—Swiss lawyer, professor in Basle, author of works on Swiss and German law.—167
Heyne, Moritz (1837-1906)—German philologist, author of several works on the history of the German language; published items belonging to the Old German and Gothic literary heritage.—81-82, 89
Hildebrand, Hans Olof (1842-1913)— Swedish archaeologist, historian and numismatist.— 38
Hildebrannus (8th cent.)—Charles Martel's beneficiary.—67
Hincmar (c. 806-882)—archbishop of Reims (France) from 845; author of the third part of Annales Bertiniani (861-82).—64, 78
Hincmar (830-882)—archbishop of Lyons (France) (858-79).—68
Hinkel, Karl (1794-1817)—German student, participant in the opposition student movement for the unification of Germany.—458
Hirschfeld, Karl Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Moritz von (1791-1859)—Prussian general, commanded a corps which took part in the suppression of the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849).— 420 Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679)—English philosopher.— 368
Hodgskin, Thomas (1787-1869)— English economist and journalist, Utopian socialist, drew socialist conclusions from the Ricardian theory.— 280, 613 Hoffmann von Fallersleben, August Heinrich (1798-1874)—German poet and philologist.—459 Hohenstaufens—dynasty of the Holy Roman emperors (1138-1254).—458, 555 Hohenzollern, Leopold, Prince (1835-1905) — pretender to the Spanish throne in 1870.—487 Hohenzollerns—dynasty of electors of Brandenburg (1415-1701), Prussian kings (1701-1918) and German emperors (1871-1918).—124, 127, 464 Homer—semi-legendary Greek epic poet to whom are attributed the Iliad and the Odyssey*—111, 138-39, 170, 171, 208, 209 Höpfner, Friedrich Eduard Alexander von
(1797-1858)—Prussian general, military writer.—449-50
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65-8 B.C.)—Roman poet.—Ill, 536
Howick—see Grey, Sir Henry George
Howitt, Alfred William (1830-1908)— English ethnographer specialising in Australia, colonial official in Australia (1862-1901); author of several works on Australian tribes.—155
Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885) — French writer.—590
Hume, David (1711-1776)—Scottish philosopher, historian and economist.— 367
Huschke, Georg Philipp Eduard (1801-1886)—German lawyer, author of works on Roman law.— 227 Huskisson, William (1770-1830)— British statesman, Tory, President of the Board of Trade (1823-27), reduced import duties on some goods.—528
Hyndman, Henry Mayers (pseudonym John Broadhouse)—English socialist, reformist; founder (1881) and leader of the Democratic Federation, which became Social-Democratic Federation in 1884.—335-40
I
Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand (1852-1932)—English colonial official, traveller and anthropologist.—365
Irenaeus, St. (c. 130-c. 202)—Christian theologian, Greek from Asia Minor by birth, Bishop of Lyons from 177.—116
Irmino(n), Guérard (died c. 826) — abbot of the Saint-Germain de Prés Monastery (812-17).—253
Ivan HI (1440-1505)—Grand Duke of Muscovy.—565
J
Jacobi, Abraham (1830-1919)—German physician, member of the Communist League, defendant at the Cologne Communist trial (1852), acquitted by the jury; later emigrated to the USA.—329
John VIII— Pope (872-82).—64
Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-1869)— English proletarian poet and journalist, Left-wing Chartist leader; friend of Marx and Engels.—575-77
Jones, William (c. 1808-1873)—English watch-maker, Chartist, an organiser of a miners' uprising in Wales in 1839; deported for life to Australia.—568, 569, 575, 577
Jordanes (Jornandes, Jordanis) (born c. 500)—Gothic historian.— 36
Julia gens—patrician clan in Ancient Rome.—236
Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis) (born c. 60-died after 127) — Roman satirical poet.— 111 K
Kalnoky, Gustav Sigismund, Count (1832-1898)—Austro-Hungarian statesman, ambassador to St. Petersburg (1880-81), Chairman of the Imperial Council of Ministers and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1881-95).—414
Kamensky, Gavriil Pavlovich (1824-1898)—Russian economist, agent of the Tsarist government abroad, sentenced in his absence to imprisonment by a Swiss court for counter-feiting (1872).—293
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)—German philosopher.—359, 367, 368, 370, 373, 381
Kaulbars, Nikolai Vasilyevich (1842-1905)—Russian general, military commissioner of the Tsarist government in Bulgaria in 1886.—414
Kautsky, Karl Johann (1854-1938) — German Social-Democrat; journalist, economist and historian, editor of Die Neue Zeit (1883-1917), author of several Marxist theoretical works; ideologist of Centrism among the German Social-Democrats and in the Second International.— 521
Kaye, Sir John William (1814-1876)— British military historian and colonial official.—151
Kelley- Wischnewetzky, Florence (1859-1932)—American socialist, translated Engels' book The Condition of the Working Class in England into English; wife of the Russian emigre and socialist Lazar Wischnewetzky.—434, 517
Kern, Jan Hendrik (1833-1917)—Dutch philologist, Orientalist and Sanskrit-ist.—83, 86, 89
Kinkel, Gottfried (1815-1882)—German poet and democratic journalist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; sentenced to life imprisonment by Prussian court; in 1850 escaped and emigrated to London, a leader of the petty-bourgeois re-
fugees; opposed Marx and Engels.— 328
Klapka, György (Georg) (1820-1892)— general of the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49), emigrated in 1849; during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 commanded a Hungarian legion organised by the Prussian Government in Silesia and intended for participation in the war; after the amnesty returned to Hungary in 1867.—307, 481
Klein, Johann Jacob (born c. 1818-died between 1895 and 1897)—Cologne physician, member of the Communist League, a defendant at the Cologne Communist trial (1852), acquitted.— 329
Kolb, Georg Friedrich (1808-1884) — German politician, journalist and statistician.—530
Kopp, Hermann (1817-1892)—German chemist and historian of chemistry.— 376
Korff, Hermann—former Prussian army officer, democrat; manager of the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); later emigrated to the USA.— 306
Kossuth, Laps (1802-1894)—leader of the Hungarian national liberation movement, headed the bourgeois-democratic elements in the 1848-49 revolution and later the Hungarian revolutionary government; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated first to Turkey and then to Britain and the USA.—328
Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von (1761-1819)—German writer and journalist, extreme monarchist.—422
Kovalevsky, Maxim Maximovich (1851-1916) — Russian sociologist, historian, ethnographer and lawyer; politician, liberal; author of a number of works on the history of primitive communal system.—165, 167, 168, 232, 236, 241 Kravchinsky, Sergei Mikhailovich (pseudonym Stepnyak) (1851-1895)— Russian writer and journalist, prominent in the revolutionary Narodnik movement of the 1870s; emigrated in 1878; lived in England from 1884.— 292
Kriege, Hermann (1820-1850)—German journalist; "true" socialist; founder and editor of the New York refugees' newspaper Der Volks-Tribun.—319, 320
Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich, Prince ( 1842-1921 )—Russian revolutionary, journalist, geographer and traveller, a prominent figure and ideologist of anarchism; lived in emigration from 1876 to 1917.—292
Kuhlmann, Georg (b. 1812)—agent pro-vocateur of the Austrian government; preached "true socialism" in the 1840s among the German Weitlin-gian artisans in Switzerland, using religious terminology and passing himself off as a "prophet".—320
L
Lacomblet, Theodor Joseph (1789-1866)— German historian, French by birth, archivist in Düsseldorf.—95
Lafayette (La Fayette), Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Motier, marquis de (1757-1834)—French general, prominent figure in the French revolution, a leader of the moderate constitutionalists (Feuillants); took part in the July 1830 revolution.—126
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de
Monet, chevalier de (1744-1829)— French naturalist, developed the first complete theory of evolution in biology, forerunner of Darwin.—371
Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de (1790-1869)—French poet, historian and politician; Foreign Minister and de facto head of the Provisional Government in 1848.—324
Lange, Christian Konrad Ludwig (1825-1885)—German philologist and historian.—227
Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864)— German journalist and lawyer, socialist; took part in the democratic movement in the Rhine Province (1848-49); founder of the General Association of German Workers (1863); an initiator of the opportunist trend in the German Social-Democratic movement.—275, 515
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874)—French journalist and politician, a leader of the petty-bourgeois democrats; editor of La Réforme; Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government (February-May 1848); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (leader of the Montagnards); emigrated to England after the demonstration of June 13, 1849.—328
Leo Africanus (al-Hassan ibn-Moham-med) (1483 or 1485-1552 or 1554)— Arab scholar and traveller, writer on Africa.—45
Leopold Karl Friedrich (1790-1852)— Grand Duke of Baden (1830-52).— 594 Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910)— German tailor; member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; defendant at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); refugee in London from 1856; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the General Council of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—321, 329
Letourneau, Charles Jean Marie (1831-1902) — French sociologist and ethnographer.—143-44, 146
Leverrier, Urban Jean Joseph (1811-1877)—French astronomer and mathematician; in 1846 computed the orbit of the then unknown planet Neptune and determined its position.—368 Levi, Leone (1821-1888)—English economist, statistician and lawyer.— 299
Lichnowski, Felix Maria, Prince von (1814-1848)—Prussian army officer, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right wing); killed during the Frankfurt uprising in September 1848; he was the prototype for the satirical characters in Heine's poem
Atta Troll and Georg Weerth's Leben und Thaten des berühmten Ritters Schnapphahnski.—109, 310
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900)— prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League; one of the founders and leaders of the German Social-Democratic Party; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—448, 483
Lipsius, Justus (1547-1606)—Dutch philologist, Latin scholar, professor in Jena, Cologne, Louvain and Ley-den.—84
Liutprand (c. 922-c. 972)—historian, bishop of Cremona from 961.—249
Livy (Titus Livius) (59 B.C.-A.D. 17)— Roman historian.—225-26, 227
Lochner, Georg (born c. 1824)—German Social-Democrat, carpenter; member of the Communist League and German Workers' Educational Society in London; later a member of the General Council of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—321
Longus (late 2nd cent.-early 3rd cent.)—Greek author.—184
Lopatin, Hermann Alexandrovich (1845-1918) — Russian revolutionary, Narodnik, member of the General Council of the First International; was arrested several times and kept in solitary confinement from 1897 to
1905; one of the translators into Russian of Marx's Capital, Volume I; friend of Marx and Engels.—591-93
Lothair I (795-855)—Roman Emperor (840-55), after the division of the Empire in 843 ruled Italy, Provence, and what is now Alsace and Lorraine and retained the title of Emperor, eldest son of Louis I the Pious.—67
Louis, nicknamed the German (804-876)—King of the East Franks (817-43), King of Germany (843-76), third son of Louis I the Pious.—67 Louis I, nicknamed the Pious (778-840)—Frankish Emperor (814-40).— 67, 76, 81 Louis II (the Stammerer) (846-879)— King of Aquitania from 867, Frankish King (877-79).—77
Louis XI (1423-1483)—King of France (1461-83).—564
Louis XIV (1638-1715)—King of France (1643-1715).—396, 491-92, 497
Louis Bonaparte—see Napoleon III
Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon III
Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)—Duke of Orleans, King of France (1830-48).— 313, 332, 333
Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans, comte de
Paris (1838-1894)—grandson of Louis Philippe I, pretender to the French throne under the name of Philippe VIL — 416
Lovett, William (1800-1877)—English craftsman, democrat; a leader of the Chartist movement (moderate wing) in the 1830s.—567
Luther, Martin (1483-1546)—German theologian and writer, leader of the Reformation; founder of Protestantism (Lutheranism) in Germany.— 395
Luxembourgs—dynasty of Holy Roman emperors (1308-1437, with interrup-tions), also ruled in Bohemia (1310-1437) and Hungary (1387-1437).— 485 M
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron (1800-1859)—English historian and politician, Whig, M.P.— 308
Macfarlane, Helen (pseudonym Howard Morten)—contributor to Chartist newspapers Democratic Review (1849-50) and Red Republican (1850), translator of the Manifesto of the Communist Party into English.—512
M(a)cLennan, John Ferguson (1827-1881)—Scottish lawyer and historian.—140, 157, 169, 192, 232
Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner (1822-1888) — English jurist and historian of law.—186
Malon, Benoît (1841-1893)—French socialist, member of the First International, member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; after the Commune was defeated emigrated to Italy and later to Switzerland where he adhered to the anarchists; a leader and ideologist of Possibilism, an opportunist trend in the French socialist movement.—593
Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron von (1805-1882)—Prussian statesman; Minister of the Interior (1848-50), Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1850-58).—304, 349, 472, 504
Marat, Jean Paul (1743-1793)—a Jacobin leader during the French Revolution.—126
Marcianus (c. 5th cent.)—Greek geographer.—35
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (121-180) — Roman Emperor (161-180), Stoic philosopher.—35, 38
Marius, Gaius (c. 156-86 B.C.)— Roman general and statesman, consul (107, 104-100, 86 B.C.)—11, 30
Maroboduus (second half of the 1st cent. B.C.-A.D. 37 (41))—leader of the Germanic tribe of Marcomanni
(8 B.C-A.D. 19), brought together the Germanic tribes of the Rhine area; fought against Rome, from A.D. 6 maintained neutrality towards Rome.—12, 22, 23, 28, 34 Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881) —Karl Marx's wife.—320
Marx, Karl (1818-1883)—109-10, 118-20, 123-28, 131, 141, 147, 150, 165, 166, 170, 173, 176, 204-07, 211, 256, 264, 277-83, 291, 297, 302-06, 311, 312, 315, 317-23, 326, 328, 330, 335-40, 364, 381-82, 403, 422, 426-27, 433, 438, 442, 448, 464, 495, 512-13, 515-24, 535, 545, 591, 593, 595, 599, 601, 604, 606-14, 626-27
Marx-Aveling, Eleanor (1855-1898)— took part in English and international working-class movement in the 1880s-90s; journalist; Marx's daughter, Edward Aveling's wife from 1884; member of the Social-Democratic Federation and later of the Socialist League; active in organising the mass movement of unskilled workers; an organiser of the dockers' strike in London in 1889.— 434, 589 Maurer, Georg Ludwig (1790-1872)— German historian, studied the social system of ancient and medieval Germany.—78, 201, 239, 241
Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—leader of the national liberation movement in Italy; an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London (1850).—313, 316, 328
Meitzen, August (1822-1910)—German statistician, historian and economist; worked in statistical departments in Prussia and in Germany (1867-82).— 348, 350-51 Melbourne, William Lamb, Viscount (1779-1848)—English statesman, Whig, Home Secretary (1830-34), Prime Minister (1834 and 1835-41).—566, 570
Menger, Anton (1841-1906)—Austrian lawyer, professor at Vienna University .—600-09, 610-16 Menke, Heinrich Theodor von (1819-1892)—German geographer, revised Spruner's Hand-Atlas für die Geschichte des Mittelalters und der neueren Zeit.—96, 559 Mentel, Christian Friedrich (b. 1812)— German tailor, member of the League of the Just; in 1846-47 was imprisoned in Prussia for his involvement in the League's case.— 315
Merovingians—the first royal dynasty in the Frankish state, (mid-5th cent.-751).—58, 61, 63, 65, 71, 73, 76
Mestorf, Johanna (1829-1909)—German historian and archaeologist.— 34, 37
Mettemich-Winneburg, Clemens Wenzel Lothar, Prince von (1733-1859) — Austrian statesman and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1809-21) and Chancellor (1821-48), an organiser of the Holy Alliance.—465, 486
Mieroslawski, Ludwik (1814-1878)— prominent figure in the Polish national liberation movement, took part in the Polish uprising of 1830-31 and in the 1848-49 revolution; commander of the revolutionary army during the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849.—420 Mignet, François Auguste Marie (1796-1884) —French historian.—389
Mikhailovsky, Nikolai Konstantinovich (1842-1904)—Russian sociologist, journalist and literary critic, ideologist of the liberal Narodniks; an editor of the magazines Otechestvennye Zapis-ki and Russkoye Bogatstvo.—311
Milde, Karl August (1805-1861)— Silesian manufacturer, moderate liberal; Minister of Trade in the Auerswald-Hansemann Ministry (from June to September 1848), President of the Prussian National Assembly (Right wing).—471
Mirbach, Otto von (born c. 1800) — retired Prussian artillery officer, democrat; commandant of Elberfeld during the May 1849 uprising; emigrated from Germany.— 595
Mitchel, John (1815-1875) — Irish journalist and historian, prominent figure in the Irish national liberation movement, leader of the revolutionary-democratic wing in the Young Ireland group; favoured union with the Chartists; for preparing a revolt in Ireland was deported to colonies in 1848; escaped in 1853 and emigrated to the USA.—575
Moleschott, Jakob (1822-1893)—Dutch physiologist and philosopher; lec-tured in Germany, Switzerland and Italy.—369
Molière (real name Jean Baptist Po-quelin) (1622-1673)—French play-wright.— 266
Moll, Joseph (1813-1849)—German watch-maker, a leader of the League of the Just, member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; President of the Cologne Workers' Association (from July to September 1848), member of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats; killed in battle during the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849.—314, 321, 323, 326
Mommsen, Theodor (1817-1903)— German historian of Ancient Rome.—206, 225-29
Mone, Franz Joseph (1796-1871)— German historian and philologist.— 99
Moore, Samuel (1838-1911)—English lawyer, member of the First International; translated into English Volume I of Marx's Capital (together with Edward Aveling) and the Manifesto of the Communist Party; associate of Marx and Engels.— 518
Morgan, Lewis Henry (1818-1881)— American ethnographer, archaeologist and historian of primitive society.—131-35, 139-43, 147, 152, 156, 189-92, 194, 206, 207, 210, 211, 213
Morny, Charles August Louis Joseph, due
de (1811-1865)—French politician, Bonapartist; an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Minister of the Interior (December 1851-January 1852).—476
Moschus (mid-2nd cent. B.C.)—Greek poet.—184
Motteler, Julius (1838-1907)—German Social-Democrat; deputy to the Reichstag in 1874-79; an émigré in Zurich and later in London at the time of the Anti-Socialist Law; was responsible for transportation of the
Sozialdemokrat and illegal Social-Democratic literature to Germany.— 623
Moxon, Edward (1801-1858)—English publisher; for publishing Shelley's poems, was brought to trial in 1840 on a charge of blasphemy levelled by Hetherington; found guilty in June 1841 but was not punished.—570
Mülberger, Arthur (1847-1907) — German journalist, physician.—425
Müllenhoff, Karl Victor (1818-1884) — German philologist and historian, expert in Germanic antiquities, mythology and medieval literature.—10
N
Nadler, Karl Christian Gottfried (1809-1849)—German poet, wrote in the Palatinate dialect.—105 Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821) — Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—123, 175, 192, 309, 347, 375, 415, 455, 459, 463, 465, 469, 495, 506
Napoleon HI (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—Napoleon I's nephew; President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—29, 109, 297, 302, 411, 412, 421, 460, 461, 463, 464, 475-77, 479-82, 484-89, 494, 498, 578, 580
Napoleon the Little—see Napoleon III
Nearchus (c. 360-c. 312 B. C.) —Macedonian navigator, a fellow cam-
paigner of Alexander the Great, described an expedition of the Macedonian fleet from India to Mesopotamia (326-324 B.C.). —168
Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) (37-68)—Roman Emperor (54-68).— 35, 40, 116-17
Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Russian Emperor (1825-55).—456, 460, 461, 477
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1776-1831)— German historian.—206, 208, 228, 269
Nothjung, Peter (1821-1866)—German tailor; member of the Cologne Workers' Association and of the Communist League; one of the accused at the Cologne Communist trial (1852).— 328-29
Novikova, Olga Alexeyevna (1840-1925)—Russian journalist, lived in Britain for a long time; was in fact a diplomatic agent of the Russian government under Gladstone's administration in the 1870s.—292
Numonius Vala (died A. D. 9)—legate; commander of Quintilius Varus' cavalry; killed when fleeing after the Roman defeat in the Teutoburg Forest.—28
O
Oastler, Richard (1789-1861)—English clergyman and politician; sided with the Tories in opposing the Free Traders; favoured a reduction of the working day by law.—574
O'Brien, James (pseudonym Bronterre) (1805-1864) —Irish journalist, ideologist and prominent figure in the Chartist movement, an editor of The Poor Man's Guardian in the 1830s, an organiser of the National Reform League (1849).—569, 575, 576
O'Brien, William Smith (1803-1864)— Right-wing leader of the Young Ireland group; sentenced to death in 1848 after an unsuccessful attempt to organise an uprising, commuted to life deportation; amnestied in 1856.—573, 576
O'Connell, Daniel (1775-1847)—Irish lawyer and politician, leader of the liberal wing of the national liberation movement.—572, 574-76
O'Connor, Feargus Edward (1794-1855)—a Left-wing Chartist leader, editor-in-chief of The Northern Star; reformist after 1848.—566-70, 572-75
Odoacer (c. 434-493)—German military leader in the service of West Roman emperors; dethroned Emperor Romulus Augustulus in 476 and became king of the first "barbarian" kingdom in Italy.—245
Olga (d. 969)—Grand Princess of Kiev, Regent of the Russian state from 945, after the death of her husband Igor, her son Svyatoslav being still a minor.—235
Orleans—branch in the royal house of Bourbons (1830-48).—416
Orosius, Paulus (c. 380-c. 420)—Roman historian, Spaniard by birth; author of Historiarum adversum paganos.—20
Orsini, Felice (1819-1858) —Italian democrat, republican; prominent figure in the struggle for Italy's national liberation and unification; executed for his attempt on the life of Napoleon III.—462
Oshanina, Maria Nikolayevna (née Olovenikova) (1853-1898)—Russian revolutionary, member of the Executive of the Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) organisation; emigrated to Paris in 1882; representative of the Narodnaya Volya's Executive abroad.— 591-93
Otfri(e)d (9th cent.) — monk from Wis-sembourg in Alsace; wrote a poem entitled Liber Evangeliorum domini gratia theotisce conscriptus (c. 868), which included all four Gospels.— 86, 105
Otho, Marcus Salvius (32-69)—Roman statesman, legate in the province Lusitania; in January 69 organised praetorians' plot against Emperor Galba, had him murdered and proclaimed himself emperor; took his own life in April 69.—116
Otto, Karl Wunibald (born c. 1810)— German chemist; member of the Cologne Workers' Association and of the Communist League (1848-49); one of the accused at the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—329
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (43 B.C.-A.D. 18)—Roman poet.—29
Owen, Robert (1771-1858)—British Utopian socialist.—599
P
Palgrave, Sir Robert Harry Inglis (1827-1919)—English banker and economist, editor of The Economist (1877-83).—300
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount (1784-1865)—British statesman, Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58 and 1859-65).—461, 477
Pare, William (1805-1873)—British economist, active in the co-operative movement, follower of Owen.—609
Pattison, James (1786-1849)—English politician, liberal M.P. (1835-41 and 1843-47).—574
Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850)—British statesman, moderate Tory; Home Secretary (1822-27, 1828-30), Prime Minister (1834-35, 1841-46); repealed the Corn Laws in 1846.—528, 570-73
Pepin (or Pippin) III (the Short) (714-768)—Frankish mayor of the palace (741-751), first king of the Carolingian dynasty (751-768); son of Charles Martel.—64, 65-67 Perseus of Macedonia (c. 213-166 B.C.)—last king of Macedonia (179-168 B.C.).—10, 246
Persius (Aulus Persius Flaccus) (34-62) — Roman satirist.—114
Petty, Sir William (1623-1687)—English economist and statistician, founder of the classical school of political economy in Britain.—612
Peucker, Eduard von (1791-1876) — Prussian general, War Minister in the so-called Imperial Government in Frankfurt am Main (1848-49); commanded counter-revolutionary troops suppressing the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising.—420
Pfänder, Karl (c. 1818-1876)—German artist; refugee in London from 1845; member of the Communist League and later of the General Council of the First International, friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—320
Philip II (1527-1598)—King of Spain (1556-98).—30
Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 B.C.-A.D. c. 54) — main representative of the Judaistic Alexandrian philosophy who exerted great influence on the shaping of Christian theology.—113
Pisistratus (c. 600-527 B.C.)—tyrant of Athens (560-527 B.C. with interrup-tions).—222
Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) (1792-1878)—Pope (1846-78).—419
Plato (c. 427-c. 347 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.— 111
Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) (A.D. 23 or 24-79)—Roman scholar, author of Natural History in 37 volumes.—16, 18, 33, 36, 46-49, 54, 56, 243, 246
Plutarch (c. 46-c. 125)—Greek writer, historian and philosopher.—10, 171
Pollux, Julius (2nd cent.) — Greek scholar, compiled Onomasticon, an encyclopaedic dictionary.— 208
Probus, Marcus Aurelius (232-282)— Roman Emperor (276-282).—43
Procopius of Caesaria (end of 5th cent.-after 562) — Byzantine writer, author of an eight-volume history of Justi-nian's wars against the Persians, Vandals and Goths.—47, 177
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865) — French writer, economist and sociologist; a founder of anarchism.—278-80, 283, 285, 289, 325, 382, 425, 428, 515, 604-06
Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus) , (2nd cent.)—Greek mathematician, astronomer and geographer.— 33-35, 38, 41, 45-49, 54, 56
Puttkamer, Robert Victor von (1828-1900)—German Minister of the Interior (1881-88); helped to instigate the persecution of Social-Democrats under the Anti-Socialist Law.—472, 624
Pytheas of Marseilles (Massilia) (4th cent. B.C.)—Greek traveller and astronomer; sailed to the shores of north-western Europe c. 325 B.C — 10, 14
Q
Quinctilia—Roman patrician gens.— 223
R
Racine, Jean Baptiste (1639-1699) — French dramatist.—496
Regnault, Elias Georges Soulange Oliva (1801-1868) — French historian and journalist.— 293
Reiff, Wilhelm Joseph (b. 1824) — member of the Cologne Workers' Association and of the Communist League, expelled from the League in 1850; one of the accused at the Cologne Communist trial (1852).— 329 Remigius, St. (c. 437-c. 533)—archbishop in Reims from 459.—64
Renan, (Joseph) Ernest (1823-1892)— French philologist and historian of Christianity.—112, 326, 382
Reymann, Daniel Gottlob (1759-1837) — German cartographer.—96-98
Ricardo, David (1772-1823)—English economist.—279-83, 290, 522, 612
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessi, duc de
(1585-1642)—French statesman, Cardinal in the period of absolutism.— 491
Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de (1758-1794)—prominent figure in the French Revolution, leader of the Jacobins, head of the revolutionary Government.—376
Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Johann Karl (1805-1875)—German economist and politician; subsequently theoretician of "state socialism".—279-81, 283-90, 608, 611
Röser, Peter Gerhardt (1814-1865)— German cigar-maker; Vice-President of the Cologne Workers' Association (1848-49); member of the Communist League and from 1850 of its Cologne Central Authority; one of the accused at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); later a Lassallean.— 328
Roth, Paul Rudolf von (1820-1892)— German lawyer and law historian; author of works on the origins of feudalism in Western Europe.—61-64, 68, 71, 72, 77, 79-81
Rotteck, Karl Wenzeslaus Rodecker von
(1775-1840)—German historian and politician, liberal.—471
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778) — French philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment.—373
Ruge, Arnold (1802-1880)—German radical journalist and philosopher, Young Hegelian; deputy to the Frankfurt Assembly (Left wing) in
1848; German petty-bourgeois refugee leader in England in the 1850s.—328
Russell, John, Earl of (1792-1878)— British statesman, Whig leader; Prime Minister (1846-52, 1865-66), Foreign Secretary (1852-53, 1859-65), President of the Council (1854-55).— 477, 569, 574, 576
S
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825)—French Utopian socialist.—599, 606
Salvianus (c. 390-c. 484)—Christian preacher and writer, Marseilles clergyman.—250, 253
Sand, Karl Ludwig (1795-1820)— German student, participated in the liberal movement of German intel-ligentsia; executed for the assassination of the reactionary writer Kotzebue.—422
Saturninus, Sentius (1st cent.)—Roman soldier, participated in campaigns against the Germans.—22
Saussure, Henri de (1829-1905)—Swiss zoologist.—143
Savoy, House of—Italian dynasty which ruled the Kingdom of Sardinia (1720-1861) and the united Italian Kingdom (1861-1946).—464
Sax, Emil (1845-1927)—Austrian economist.—425 Schaaffhausen. Hermann (1816-1893)— German anthropologist and physiologist.— 8
Schapper, Karl (1812-1870)—German socialist; a leader of the. League of the Just; member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; a leader of the sectarian group during the split in the Communist League in 1850; again became a close associate of Marx in 1856; member of the General Council of the First International.—305, 313-14, 319, 323, 326, 328, 329
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von
(1759-1805)—German poet, dramatist, historian and philosopher.—373, 606
Schinderhannes—see Bückler, Johann
Schloffel, Gustav Adolph (1828-1849)— German student and journalist, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany and Hungary; killed in action.—123
Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph (1776-1861)—German historian, democrat.—470
Schlueter, Friedrich Hermann (1851-1919)—German Social-Democrat, historian; in the 1880s headed a Social-Democratic publishing house in Zurich and then in London; emigrated to the USA in 1889; wrote several works on the history of the working-class movement in Great Britain and the United States.— 623
Schnapphahnski-Lichnowski—see Lichnowski, Felix Maria, Prince von
Schneider II, Karl—German lawyer, democrat; President of the Cologne Democratic Society and member of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats; defended Marx and Engels at the trial of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung on February 7, 1849; counsel for the defence at the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—305, 306
Schneider, Jacob (1818-1898)—German archaeologist and historian.— 32
Schoemann, Georg Friedrich (1793-1879)—German philologist and historian.—171, 210
Scholefield, Joshua (1774-1844)—English financier and manufacturer; radical M.P. (1832-44); favoured parliamentary reform and free trade.—566
Schulze-Delitzsch, Franz Hermann (1808-1883)—German economist and politician; a deputy to the Prussian
National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848; a leader of the bourgeois-liberal Party of Progress in the 1860s; advocated co-operative societies of mutual assistance as a means of improving the condition of the working class.—125
Schurz, Karl (1829-1906)—German democrat, journalist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; emigrated to the USA, participated in the Civil War on the side of the North; a Republican leader, Home Secretary (1877-81).—327
Schweitzer, Johann Baptist (1833-1875)— prominent figure in the German working-class movement, Lassallean; an editor of the Social-Democrat (1864-67); President of the General Association of German Workers (1867-71).—278
Scott, Sir Walter (1771-1832)—Scottish poet and novelist.— 235
Sebastian (died c. 288)—a captain in the praetorian guard under the emperor Diocletian; executed for being a Christian; was canonised after death.—63 Segestes (early 1st cent.)—a chief of the Germanic tribe of Cherusci.—27
Segimerus (Sigimerus) (late 1st cent. B.C.-A.D. early 1st cent.)—a chief of the Germanic tribe of Cherusci, Arminius' father.—26, 27
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (c. 4 B.C.-A.D. 65)—Roman philosopher.—113
Serno-Solovyevich, Alexander Alexandrovich (1838-1869) —Russian revolutionary democrat, follower of Chernyshevsky; participated in the Russian revolutionary movement in the early 1860s; emigrated to Geneva; member of the First International.—449 Servius Tullius (578-534 B.C.)—sixth King of Rome.—230
Severus, Lucius Septimius (146-211) — Roman Emperor (193-211).—37, 39, 40 Shelley, Percy Byshe (1792-1822)— English romantic poet.—570, 614
Sirmond, Jacques (1559-1651)—French historian, Jesuit; published early medieval documents.— 73
Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard Simonde
de (1773-1842)—Swiss economist, representative of economic romanti-cism.—612
Smith, Adam (1723-1790)—Scottish economist.—522, 599, 608, 611-12
Smith, Adolph (Smith Headingley) — English socialist, journalist; member of the Social-Democratic Federation; was close to the French Possibilists.— 542
Soetbeer, Adolf Georg (1814-1892)— German economist and statistician.— 506 Solon (c. 638-c. 558 B.C.)—Athenian legislator; carried out several reforms directed against the aristocracy.— 207, 215, 218-19, 230, 275
Soulouque, Faustin Elie (c. 1782-1867)— president of the Republic of Haiti (1849-59); proclaimed himself Emperor Faustin I in 1849.—110
Spruner von Merz, Karl (1803-1892)— German historian and cartog-rapher.—96, 559
Starcke, Carl Nikolaus (1858-1926)— Danish philosopher and sociologist.— 357, 368, 372-74, 378, 379, 520
Steenstrand—Dutch merchant in England.—549
Stein, Julius (1813-1889)—Silesian teacher and journalist; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848.—125 Stephen III (II) (d. 757)—Pope (752-757).—66 Stephens, Joseph Rayner (1805-1879)— English clergyman; active in the Chartist movement in Lancashire (1837-39).—568
Stepnyak—see Kravchinsky, Sergei Mikhailovich
Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882)—Prussian police officer, one of the organisers of the Cologne Communist trial (1852); chief of the Prussian political police (1850-60).—312, 322
Stirner, Max (real name Schmidt, Johann Caspar) (1806-1856)—German Young Hegelian philosopher, an ideologist of individualism and anarchism.—364, 381-82
Stoecker, Adolf (1835-1909)—German clergyman and reactionary politician; founder (1878) and leader of the Christian-Social Party, preached anti-Semitism.—507
Strabo (c. 63 B.C.-A.D. c. 20)—Greek geographer and historian.—14, 16, 29, 45
Strauss, David Friedrich (1808-1874)— German philosopher and publicist, Young Hegelian.—112, 363, 365, 381-82
Struve, Gustav von (1805-1870)— German democratic journalist; a leader of the Baden uprisings in April and September 1848 and of the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; one of the leaders of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in England; fought in the US Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—446
Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius (c. 70-after 122)—Roman historian.— 21
Sugenheim, Samuel (1811-1877) — German historian.—161
Sybel, Heinrich von (1817-1895)— German historian and politician; National Liberal from 1867; an advocate of the unification of Germany under Prussian supremacy; director of Prussian state archives.—478
T Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (c. 55-c. 120) — Roman historian, orator and politician.—6, 12, 15-18, 25, 27, 30-37, 39-42, 44-48, 53-54, 99, 116, 132, 138-39, 176, 199, 238, 245 Tarquinius, Lucius (nicknamed Superbus) (534-c. 509 B.C.)—last (seventh) semi-legendary King of Rome; according to the legend, was exiled from Rome after a popular uprising which proclaimed a republic.—229, 231
Tauscher, Leonard (1840-1914)— German Social-Democrat, compositor; at the time of the Anti-Socialist Law helped to publish the Sozialdemokrat in Zurich and then in London (1888-90), later an editor of the Social-Democratic publications in Stuttgart.—623
Taylor, Sedly (second half of the 19th-beginning of the 20th cent.)— participant in the co-operative movement in Britain, favoured a share of capitalist profits for workers.—613
Theocritus (3rd cent. B.C.)—Greek poet.— 184
Theodorich—name of three kings of the Goths; two kings of the Visigoths, Theodorich I (reigned c. 418-51) and Theodorich II (reigned c. 453-66) and king of the Ostrogoths, Theodorich the Great (reigned 474-526).—229
Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin (1795-1856)—French historian.—389
Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)— French historian and statesman, Prime Minister (1836 and 1840); head of the Orleanists after 1848; organised the suppression of the Paris Commune (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73).—389, 490, 497 Thile, Karl Hermann von (1812-1889) — German diplomat, Deputy-Minister of Foreign Affairs of Prussia (1862-71), and of the German Empire (1871-73).—487
Thompson, William (c. 1785-1833)— Irish economist, follower of Owen.— 280, 607-12, 614
Thucydides (c. 460-c. 395 B.C.)—Greek historian.— 212
Tiberius ( Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar) (42 B.C.-A.D. 37)—Roman Emperor (14-37).—21, 22, 31, 32, 40, 116, 229
Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus) (53-117)—Roman Emperor (98-117).—39
Tschech, Heinrich Ludwig (1789-1844)— Prussian official, burgomaster of Storkow (Prussia) (1832-41); democrat; executed for an attempt on the life of Frederick William IV.—471
Tudors—royal family in England (1485-1603).—565
U
Ulfila (Wulfila) (c. 311-383) —Vi-sigothic bishop, founder of the Gothic alphabet, translator of the Bible into Gothic — 229
V
Vanderbilts—family of big financial and industrial magnates in the USA.— 401, 475
Varus, Publius Quintilius (c. 53 B.C.-A.D. 9) — Roman politician and general; proconsul of Syria (7 B.C.), general in Germany (6-9); killed in battle in the Teutoburg Forest during the uprising of the Germanic tribes.—24-30, 55, 223
Veleda (A.D. 1st cent.)—priestess and prophetess of the Germanic tribe of Bructeri, took an active part in the uprising (led by Civilis) of Germanic and Gaulish tribes against Rome (69-70).—239
Velleius Paterculus, Marcus (c. 19 B.C.-A.D. c. 31) — Roman historian; took part in military expeditions to Germany, Pannonia and Dalmatia.—21, 22, 24, 26, 29, 46
Venedey, Jakob (1805-1871)—German radical journalist; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing); liberal after the 1848-49 revolution.— 313
Vercingetorix (c. 72-46 B.C.)—chief of the Gauls who headed their uprising against Rome (52-51 B.C.); was executed.—30
Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 567, 569, 572
Villiers, Charles Pelham (1802-1898)— English politician, lawyer, Free Trader, M.P.—571, 573
Vincent, Henry (1813-1878)—Chartist, leader of London Workers' Association.— 567
Vinicius, Marcus (died c. 20)—Roman general, consul, took part in wars in Pannonia and Germany.— 22
Virchow, Rudolf (1821-1902)—German naturalist, founder of cellular pathol-ogy; politician, a leader of the Party of Progress.— 8
Vogt, Karl (1817-1895)—German naturalist, petty-bourgeois democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; one of the five imperial regents (June 1849); emigrated in 1849; later received subsidies from Napoleon III; slandered proletarian revolutionaries.—369, 447, 448
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet (1694-1778)—French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlightenment.—373, 396
W
Wachsmuth, Ernst Wilhelm Gottlieb (1784-1866)—German historian, professor in Leipzig.—172
Wagner, Adolf Heinrich Gotthilf (1835-1917)—German economist, representative of the so-called socio-legal trend in political economy; armchair socialist.—284
Wagner, Richard (1813-1883)—German composer.—147
Waitz, Georg (1813-1886)—German historian, professor in Göttingen.— 50, 241
Waldersee, Friedrich Gustav, Count (1795-1864)—Prussian general and military writer, War Minister (1854-58).—473
Walter, John (1776-1847)—owner and publisher of The Times, M.P. (1832-37, 1841-42), moderate liberal.—573
Walter, John (1818-1894)—owner and publisher of The Times, M.P. (1847-65, 1868-85), liberal; son of the above.—574
Watson, John Forbes (1827-1892)— English physician, colonial official, Director of the London Museum of India (1858-79), wrote a number of works on India.—151
Weerth, Ferdinand (1774-1836)— German pastor; district inspector of church administration in the principality of Lippe; father of Georg Ludwig Weerth.—109
Weerth, Georg Ludwig (1822-1856)— German proletarian poet and journalist, member of the Communist League, an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49; friend of Marx and Engels.—108-11, 458
Weitling, Wilhelm Christian (1808-1871)—German tailor; one of the early leaders of the working-class movement in Germany; theorist of Utopian egalitarian communism; emigrated to the USA in 1849.—279, 315-17, 319-20, 326, 328, 516
Welcker, Carl Theodor (1790-1869) — German lawyer, liberal writer, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre) in 1848-49.—471
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852)—British general and statesman, Tory; Prime Minister (1828-30) and Foreign Secretary (December 1834-April 1835).—490, 563 Wermuth—police superintendant in Hanover; witness at the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—312, 322
Westermarck, Edward Alexander (1862-1939)—Finnish ethnographer and sociologist.— 144-47, 159-60
Westminster—see Grosvenor, Richard
White, George (d. 1868)—Chartist, contributed to The Northern Star, associate of Feargus O'Connor, later of Harney, agitated in Birmingham (1842), Leeds (1850) and in other cities; was arrested several times.— 572
Wiberg, Carl Fredrik (1813-1881)— Swedish historian.— 34, 36
Wigand, Paul (1786-1886)—German jurist and law historian.— 85
William I (1797-1888)—Prince of Prussia, Prince Regent (1858-61), King of Prussia (1861-88); German Emperor (1871-88).—417, 466, 472, 491, 580
William II (1859-1941)—King of Prussia and German Emperor (1888-1918).—540, 541, 627
William III (1817-1890)—King of the Netherlands (1849-90).—485
Williams, Zephaniah (c. 1794-1874) — Chartist, an organiser of the miners' uprising in Wales in 1839; deported for life to Australia.—568, 569, 575, 577
Willich, August (1810-1878)—retired Prussian army officer, member of the Communist League, participated in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; a leader of a sectarian group which split away from the League in 1850; emigrated to the USA in 1853, fought in the Civil War on the side of the North — 128, 326, 328-29, 419, 596
Wilson, Daniel (b. 1840)—French politician, deputy to the National Assembly from 1871, moderate bourgeois republican.— 331
Wilson, James (1805-1860)—Scottish economist and politician, Free Trader, founder and editor of The Economist, U.V. (1847-59).—572
Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864)— German teacher, proletarian rev olutionary, leading figure in the Communist League, an editor of the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848 and 1849; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—110, 127, 128, 321, 323, 325, 341, 348-49
Wolfram von Eschenbach (c. 1170-c. 1220)—German poet.—178
Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen (1821-1885)—Danish archaeologist and historian; Minister of Education (1874-75).—35
Wright, Asher (1803-1875)—a US missionary, lived among the Seneca Indians (1831-75); compiled a diction-ary of their language.—158
Y
Yaroslav the Wise (978-1054)—Grand Prince of Kiev (1019-1054).—167
Yor(c)k von Wartenburg, Hans David Ludwig, Count (1759-1830) — Prussian general, field-marshal general (from 1821); participated in wars against Napoleonic France.—29
Z
Zeuß, Johann Kaspar (1806-1856)— German linguist, made a detailed comparative description of Celtic languages.—43-49, 54
Zhukovsky, Yuli Galaktionovich (1822-1907) — Russian economist and journalist, manager of the State Bank, wrote "Karl Marx and His Book on Capital", an article containing attacks on Marxism.— 311
Zurita, Alonso—Spanish colonial officer in Central America in the mid-loth century.—168
48* INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES
Abraham (Bib.)—patriarch of the Heb-rews.—163
Achilles (Gr. myth.)—the bravest Greek warrior in the Trojan War, a hero of Homer's Iliad.—170, 211
Agamemnon (Gr. myth.)—legendary King of Argos, leader of the Greeks in the Trojan War, a hero of Homer's Iliad.—170, 208, 211
Althaea (Gr. myth.)—daughter of King Thestius, mother of Meleager.— 238
Anaitis—Greek name of Anahita— Persian goddess of waters and fertility. Her cult spread from Persia to Asia Minor. She was worshipped mostly in Armenia.—160, 174
Aphrodite (Gr. myth.)—goddess of love and beauty.—174
Argonauts (Gr. myth.)—sailors who, in a ship called Argos, made a voyage to Colchis in quest of the Golden Fleece guarded by the dragon.—238
Astarte—Greek name of Ashtoreth— Phoenician goddess of fertility and love.—159
Atta Troll—bear, the title character in Heine's satirical poem.—109
Boreadi (Gr. myth.)—children of Boreas (god of the North Wind) and Oreithyia (Queen of Athens).—238
Brunhild—a character in the Old German epic and in the German medieval poem, Nibelungenlied, Queen of Iceland, wife of Günther, King of the Burgundians.—185
Cassandra (Gr. myth.) — daughter of Priam, King of Troy, prophetess; at the conquest of Troy was carried off by Agamemnon as his slave and mistress; a character in Aeschylus' Agamemnon.—171
Chloe—an enamoured shepherdess in the novel Daphnis and Chloe by the Greek author Longus (2nd-3rd cent.).—184
Christ (Jesus Christ) (Bib.)—114
Cinderella—heroine of a popular fairy-tale, a despised and neglected but diligent and gentle girl.— 315
Cleopatra (Gr. myth.)—daughter of Boreas, god of the North Wind.— 238
Daniel (Bib.)—a 'great prophet', author of the Book of Daniel in the Old Testament.—115
Daphnis—an enarmoured shepherd in Daphnis and Chloe by the Greek author Longus (2nd-3rd cent.).—184
Demodocus—a character in Homer's Odyssey, blind ministrel of the mythical King of Phaeacians Alcinous.— 211
Don Quixote—the title character in Cer-vantes' novel.—502
Droste-Fischering—a character in a German satirical folk song.—471
Egeria (Rom. myth.)—nymph, prophetess, secret adviser of Numa Pom-pilius, Roman King.—613
Enoch (Bib.)—author of the apocryphal Book of Enoch.—115
Ermin (Ger. myth.)—one of the three sons of Mannus, legendary ancestor of the Germans.—47
Eteocles (Gr. myth.)—a son of Oedipus, who usurped power in Thebes; a character in Aeschylus' tragedy Seven Against Thebes.—209
Etzel—a character in Old German epic and in the Nibelungenlied, King of the Huns.—185
Eumeaus—a swineherd in Homer's Odyssey, who remained faithful to his master, King Odysseus of Ithaca, during his long voyages.—211
Freya (Sc. myth.) — goddess of fertility and love, wife of god Freyr, her brother; character in the Scandinavian epic the Elder Edda.—147 Ganymede (Gr. myth.) — handsome youth who was carried off by the gods to Olympus where he became Zeus' lover and cup-bearer.—173
George Dandin—title character in a farce by Molière George Dandin ou le mari confondu; rich simple-minded peasant married to a ruined aristo-crat who deceives him.—266
Günther—a character in the Old German epic and also in the German medieval poem Nibelungenlied, King of the Burgundians.—184-85
Gutrun (Kudrun)—a character in the Old German epic and in the 13th-century German poem, Gutrun; daughter of Hettel, King of the Hegelingen, and Hilde; fiancée of Herwig, King of Seeland; carried off by King Hartmut of Normandy, was his prisoner for 13 years but refused to marry him; set free by Herwig, she married the latter.—185
Hadubrand—one of the characters in the Old German epic, the Hildebrandslied (Lay of Hildebrand), son of Hildebrand, the main character.— 237
Hartmut—a character in the Old German epic and in the 13th-century German poem, Gutrun; son of the King of Ormany (Normandy); one of Gutrun's unrequited fiancés.—185
Heracles (Greek and Roman myth.)—a hero known for his physical strength and heroic deeds.—238
Herwig—a character in the Old German epic and in the 13th-century German poem, Gutrun, King of Seeland, fiancé and later husband of Gutrun.—185
Hettel—a character in the Old German epic and in the 13th-century German poem, Gutrun; King of the Hegelingen.—185
Hilde—a character in the Old German epic and in the 13th-century German poem, Gutrun; daughter of the
King of Ireland; wife of Hettel, King of the Hegelingen.—185
Hildebrand—main character of the Old German heroic epic Hildebrandslied
(Lay of Hildebrand).— 237, 262
Ing (Ger. myth.)—one of the three sons of Mannus, legendary ancestor of the Germans.—47
Isk (Ger. myth.)—one of the three sons of Mannus, legendary ancestor of the Germans.—47
Jezebel—according to the Old Testament, despotic and cruel Queen of Israel, tried to have Hebrew religion replaced by the worship of Astarte. She is mentioned in the New Testament. The name is used in The Revelation of St. John the Divine (Apocalypse), to personify depravity and blasphemy.—113
John (Bib.)—author of The Revelation of St. John the Divine (Apocalypse), a book of the New Testament.—115, 117
John (Bib.)—author of one of the four Gospels.— 115
John (Bib.)—author of the three Epis-tles.—115
John Bull—the main character in John Arbuthnot's book The History of John Bull (18th cent.), the name is often used to personify England or Englishmen.—522
Kriemhild—a character in the Old German epic and in the German medieval poem Nibelungenlied; sister of Günther, King of the Burgundians; fiancée and wife of Siegfried; after his death, married Etzel, King of the Huns.—184-85
Loki (Sc. myth.) — god of evil and of fire; character in the Scandinavian epic the Elder Edda.—147
Mannus—according to Tacitus, son of the Old German god Tuisto, had three sons, Ing, Isk and Ermin; legendary ancestors of three major Germanic peoples, the Ingaevones, Iscaevones and Herminones.—47
Meleager (Gr. myth.)—son of Oeneus, legendary King of Calydon, and Al-thaea; killed his maternal uncles.— 238
Mephistopheles—a character in Goethe's Faust.—148, 359
Moses—prophet and lawgiver; led the Jews out of Egyptian captivity.—114, 163
Mulios—a character in Homer's Odyssey, herald.—211
Mylitta—goddess of love and fertility, worshipped in Babylon.—160
Nerthus (Nertha)—according to Tacitus, goddess of fertility of ancient Germans.—48, 50
Nestor (Gr. myth.)—the oldest and wis-est Greek hero to take part in the Trojan War.—208
Njordr (Sc. myth.)—god of fertility, character in the epic the Elder Edda.—148
Odysseus (Ulysses)—character in Homer's Illiad and Odyssey.—211
Phineus (Gr. myth.)—blind prophet; egged on by his second wife, tortured his children born of his first marriage with Cleopatra, daughter of Boreas, and the gods punished him.—238
Polynices (Gr. myth.)—son of Oedipus, King of Thebes, and brother of Eteocles. The two brothers killed each other fighting for power. This is described by Aeschylus in his tragedy Seven Against Thebes.—209
Procrustes (Gr. myth.)—giant robber who entrapped travellers and forced them to lie down on a bed; those who were too short for the bed had their legs stretched, and those who
were too tall had them cut.—94, 606, 608
Rhadamanthus (Gr. myth.)—wise and fair judge.—380
Romulus—legendary founder and first ruler of Rome.—224
Schnapphahnski—satirical character in Heine's Atta Troll and Weerth's Leben und Thaten des berühmten Ritters Schnapphahnski; its prototype was the Prussian reactionary, Prince Lichnowski.—109
Siegebant—a character in the Old German epic and in the 13th-century German poem, Gutrun; King of Ireland.—185
Siegfried—one of the main characters in the Old German epic and in the German medieval poem, Nibelungenlied.— 184-85
Siegfried of Morland—a character in the Old German epic and in the 13th-century German poem, Gutrun, one of Gutrun's unrequited fiancés.—185
Sif (Sc. myth.)—wife of Thor, god of thunder, a character in the Scandinavian epic the Elder Edda.—237
Telamon (Gr. myth.) — participant in the expedition against Troy.—171
Telemachus—a character in Homer's Odyssey, son of Odysseus, King of Ithaca.—170
Tell, William—hero in folk tales about Switzerland's war of liberation against the Habsburgs at the end of the 13th and the beginning of the 14th century.—624
Teucer—a hero in Homer's Iliad, fought in the Trojan War.—171
Theseus—legendary King of Athens, supposed founder of the Athenian state.— 214
Thestius (Cr. myth.)—legendary King of Pleuron in Aetolia.—238 Tyr—god of war of ancient Germans and Scandinavians.—98
Ute the Norwegian—a character in the Old German epic and in the 13th-century German poem, Gutrun.—185
Volker—knight and musician in the Old German epic and in the Nibelungenlied.— 423
Zeus (Gr. myth.)—supreme god.—211, 361