Name Index
A
Albert (1828-1902)—King of Saxony (1873-1902).—172
Alexander I (1777-1825)—Emperor of Russia (1801-25).—488, 511-12
Alexander II (1818-1881)—Emperor of Russia (1855-81), assassinated by members of the Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) group in March 1881.—5-6, 8-9, 31, 103-04, 226, 228, 239, 357, 374, 496, 511
Alexander III (1845-1894)—Emperor of Russia (1881-94).—426
Anaxagoras (c. 500-428 B.C.)—Greek materialist philosopher from Cla-zomenae (Asia Minor).—285
Anne (1665-1714)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1702-14).— 437
Applegarth, Robert (1833-1925)— cabinet-maker, a trade union leader; General Secretary of the Amalga-mated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (1862-71), member of the London Trades Council; member of the General Council of the First International (1865, 1868-72); delegate to the Basle Congress of the International (1869); one of the Reform League leaders; subsequently left the working-class movement.— 571
Arakcheyev, Alexei Andreyevich (1769-
1834)—Russian statesman; favourite of Paul I and Alexander I.—512
Arch, Joseph (1826-1919) — British politician, founder of the National Agricultural Labourers' Union in 1872 and its president, Liberal M.P. (1885-86, 1892-1900).—179, 181-82
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.—298, 535
Arnims—family of margraves in Prussia, first mentioned in 1204.—144
Atia—mother of Roman Emperor Augustus.—429
Alter, Ignat (1846-1907)—one of the leaders of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party of Germany, reformist; saddler; for many years deputy to the Reichstag.—77, 209, 578
Augustus, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (63 B.C.-A.D. 14)—Roman Emperor (27 B.C.-A.D. 14).—429
Aurelle de Paladines, Louis Jean Bap-tiste d' (1804-1877)—French general; commanded the Army of the Loire during the Franco-Prussian war; Commander of the Paris National Guard (March 1871); deputy to the National Assembly (1871).—528-30
B
Babeuf, François Noël {Gracchus) (1760-1797)—French revolutionary, advocate of Utopian egalitarian communism, organiser of the "conspiracy of equals".—287 Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans (1561-1626)—English philosopher, naturalist, historian and statesman.—299, 569 Badinguet—see Napoleon III
Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1876)—Russian democrat, journalist, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; an ideologist of Narodism (populism) and anarchism in later years; opposed Marxism in the First International, was expelled from it at the Hague Congress (1872) for his splitting activities.—23, 26-28, 34, 37, 45, 72, 77, 174-77, 205, 213-14, 236, 425, 478, 487-526, 584
Balfour, Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of (1848-1930)—British statesman and philosopher, M.P. from 1874.—389
Batbie, Anselme-Polycarpe (1828-1887)— French politician, Orleanist, deputy to the National Assembly (1871); Senator (1876-79).—204
Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882)—German idealist philosopher, Young Hegelian; author of works on the history of Christianity; radical; National Liberal after 1866.—427-28, 430, 431, 514
Bauer, Edgar (1820-1886)—German philosopher and journalist, Young Hegelian; emigrated to England after the 1848-49 revolution; editor of the London Neue Zeit (1859); Prussian official after the 1861 amnesty; Bruno Bauer's brother and associate.—514
Baumann, August—German Social-Democrat; compositor; took part in socialist publications; at the time of the Anti-Socialist Law was deported from Germany; emigrated to the USA.—578 Beaconsfield—see Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield Bebel, August (1840-1913)—prominent figure in the German and interna-
tional working-class movement; turner; member of the First International; deputy to the North German (1867-70) and the German Reichstag (1871-81 and from 1883); a founder and leader of German Social-Democracy; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—67, 71-73, 77, 214, 240-42, 244, 249, 253-54, 258, 408-09, 500, 523, 525
Becker, Bernhard (1826-1891)—German journalist and historian; follower of Lassalle; President of the General Association of German Workers (1864-65); subsequendy joined the Eisenachers; delegate to the Hague Congress of the First International (1872).—78
Becker, Hermann Heinrich ("Red Becker") (1820-1885) —German lawyer and journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League from 1850; one of the accused in the Cologne Communist trial (1852), sentenced to five years' imprisonment; member of the Party of Progress in the 1860s; later National Liberal.—138
Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-1886)— prominent figure in the international working-class movement; brush-maker; took part in the German and Swiss democratic movement in the 1830s and 1840s and in the 1848-49 revolution; prominent figure in the First International in the 1860s, delegate to all its congresses; editor of
Der Vorbote (1866-71); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—231
Becker, Oskar (1839-1868)—student of Leipzig University; in 1861 made an attempt on William I"s life; sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment; amnestied in 1866.—244
Beckx, Pierre Jean (1795-1887)—Belgian clergyman; head of the Order of Jesuits (1853-84).—575
Benoiston de Châteauneuf, Louis François
(1776-1856)—French economist and statistician; member of the editorial board of the Journal des Économistes.—
326
Berezowski, Antoni (1847-c. 1916)—Polish revolutionary, took part in the 1863-64 uprising; emigrated after its suppression; in 1867 made an attempt on Alexander II's life in Paris; sentenced to 20 years of hard labour by a French court.—5
Bernstein, Eduard (1850-1932)— German Social-Democrat from 1872; editor of Der Sozialdemokrat (1881-90); after Engels' death came out with the revision of Marxism.—254, 257-66, 269
Bervi, Vasily Vasilyevich (pseudonym N. Flerovsky) (1829-1918)—Russian economist and sociologist; enlight-ener and democrat; author of The Condition of the Working Class in Russia.—44
Bessemer, Sir Henry (1813-1898)— British inventor of a new economical way of converting pig-iron into steel.—276, 556
Bignami, Enrico (1844-1921)—Italian journalist; took part in the national liberation struggle in Italy headed by Garibaldi; member of the First International; founder and editor of La Plebe (1868-83).—172-73
Binz, Karl (1832-1913)—German physician and pharmacologist; professor at Bonn University where he founded the Institute of Pharmacolo-gy in 1869.—115
Bismarck (or Bismarck-Schönhausen), Otto, Prince von (1815-1898)— statesman of Prussia and Germany, diplomat; Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-71) and Chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90); author of the Anti-Socialist Law (1878).—10, 16, 22, 53, 59, 66, 73, 89-90, 125, 133, 203, 211, 230-32, 238, 240, 246, 248, 250-52, 260-62, 265, 272, 274-77, 280, 318, 391, 404, 407-09, 447-48, 488, 493, 496, 500, 505-06,
508-13, 515, 522-23, 526, 574, 575, 578-79
Blanc, Jean Joseph Charles Louis (1811-1882)—French petty-bourgeois socialist, historian; member of the Provisional Government and President of the Luxembourg Commission in 1848; pursued a policy of conciliation with the bourgeoisie; emigrated to England in August 1848; a leader of petty-bourgeois refugees in London; deputy to the National Assembly of 1871; opposed the Paris Commune.—514
Blanqui, Jerome Adolphe (1798-1854)— French political economist; brother of Louis Auguste Blanqui.—326
Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881)— French revolutionary, Utopian communist; organised several secret societies and plots; active participant in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848; leader of the proletarian movement in France; sentenced to imprisonment several times; in 1871, was elected member of the Paris Commune in his absence while in prison.—13-14, 58, 336
Bleichröder, Gerson von (1822-1893)— German financier; head of a big banking house in Berlin; Bismarck's private banker and unofficial adviser on financial questions.—274, 277
Blind, Karl (1826-1907)—German democratic journalist; active participant in the revolutionary movement in Baden in 1848-49; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in London in the 1850s; National Liberal in the 1860s.—244, 270-71
Bios, Wilhelm (1849-1927)—German journalist and politician; member of the Social-Democratic Party (from 1872); deputy to the Reichstag (1877-1918, with short intervals); Minister-President of the Württemberg government (1918-20).—209 Blume, Karl Wilhelm Hermann von (1835-1919)—Prussian general and military writer; took part in the
45-1317 Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71.— 530
Böckh, Philipp August (1785-1867)— German philologist and historian of antiquity; professor and for a number of years rector of Berlin University.—556
Bonaparte, Louis—see Napoleon HI
Bonaparte, Napoleon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph (1856-1879)—son of Napoleon III, got the title of Imperial Prince at his birth.—222
Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul (1822-1891)—son of Jérôme Bonaparte, cousin of Napoleon III; known under the nicknames of Plon-Plon and Red Prince.—189, 270 Boon, Martin James—British mechanic; prominent figure in the British working-class movement; follower of the social-reformist views of the Chartist James Bronterre O'Brien; member of the General Council of the First International (1869-72); Secretary of the Land and Labour League; member of the British Federal Council (1872).—571
Borchardt, Louis (1820-1883)—German physician, liberal; sentenced to imprisonment for his participation in the 1848-49 revolution; being released he emigrated to Bradford, then to Manchester; private doctor of Wilhelm Wolff; Engels' acquaintance.—170-71
Bornstedt, Adalbert von (1808-1851)— German journalist; founder and editor of the Deutsche-Brüsseler-Zeitung (1847-48); member of the Communist League, expelled from it in March 1848; as it turned out later he had contacts with the Prussian police.—336
Bourbons—royal dynasty in France (1589-1792, 1814-15, 1815-30), in Spain (1700-1808, 1814-68, 1874-1931 and since 1975) and in a number of Italian states.—488, 512
Bracke, Wilhelm (1842-1880)—German
Social-Democrat; publisher of socialist literature in Brunswick; a founder (1869) and leader of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Eisenachers); member of the Social-Democratic group in the Reichstag (1877-79).—20, 69, 73, 77-78, 174, 209, 253, 269
Bradnick, Frederick—member of the General Council of the First International (1870-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871); following the Hague Congress (1872) joined the reformist wing of the British Federal Council; expelled from the International by the General Council's decision of May 30, 1873.—571
Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von (1792-1850)—Prussian general and statesman, head of the counter-revolutionary ministry (from November 1848 to November 1850).— 161
Bright, John (1811-1889) — British manufacturer and politician, one of the Free Trade leaders and founders of the Anti-Corn Law League; M.P. (from 1843); leader of the Left wing of the Liberal Party from the early 1860s; held several ministerial posts.—179, 403, 412
Brutus (Marcus Junius Brutus) (c. 85-42 B.C.)—Roman politician, republican; an initiator of the conspiracy against Julius Caesar.—14-15
Bucher, Lothar (1817-1892)—Prussian official and journalist; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848 and then a refugee in London; subsequendy National Liberal and supporter of Bismarck.— 230-33 Bûchez, Philippe Joseph Benjamin (1796-1865)—French politician, historian, Christian Socialist.—69, 93
Büchner, Georg (1813-1837)—German dramatist and writer; revolutionary democrat; in 1834, an organiser of the secret revolutionary Gesellschaft der Menschenrechte (Society of Human Rights) in Hesse; author of the address to the Hessian peasants bearing the motto: "Peace to the cabin; war to the palace".—513
Bückler, Johann (1777-1803)—German robber, nicknamed Schinderhannes (Hans the skin-flint).—48
Biilow-Cummerow, Ernst Gottfried Georg
von (1775-1851)—German journalist and politician; expressed the interests of big landowners.—144
Burns, Lydia (Lizzy, Lizzie) (1827-1878)—Irish working woman; Frederick Engels' second wife.—567
Busch, Moritz (1821-1899)—German publicist.—580
Buss, Franz Joseph von (1803-1878)— German lawyer and politician; main representative of political Catholicism; deputy to the National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main (extreme Right wing) and in 1874-76 deputy to the German Reichstag (Centre).—166
Buttery, G. H.—member of the General Council of the First International (1871-72).—571
C
Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar) (c. 100-44 B.C.)—Roman general, statesman and writer, author of Commentarii de hello Gallico.—350, 365, 429, 442-43
Camphausen, Ludolf (1803-1890)— banker in Cologne; a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie; Prime Minister of Prussia (March-June 1848).—107, 183
Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881)—British writer, historian and philosopher; supported the Tories; preached views bordering on feudal socialism up to 1848; later a relentless opponent of the working-class movement.—288, 412
Castelar y Ripoll, Emilio (1832-1899)— Spanish politician, historian and writer; leader of the Right-wing Repub-
licans; President of the Republic (September 1873-January 1874); deputy to the Cortes after the restoration of monarchy in 1874.—513, 523
Catherine II (1729-1796)—Empress of Russia (1762-96).—49, 360, 488
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547-1616)—Spanish writer.—458
Chambord, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné, comte de (1820-1883)—last representative of the elder line of the Bourbons, grandson of Charles X, pretender to the French throne under the name of Henry V.—222
Charlemagne (Charles the Great) (c. 742-814)—King of the Franks (768-800) and Roman Emperor (800-14).—448, 450
Charles II (1630-1685)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1660-85).—436
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889)—Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, writer and literary critic.—23, 199
Cherval, Julien (real name Joseph Cramer)—Prussian police spy who had gained entry into the Communist League and led one of the Paris communities belonging to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group; accused of complicity in the so-called Franco-German plot in Paris in February 1852; escaped from prison with the connivance of the police; agent provocateur in Switzerland under the name of Nugent (1853-54).—51
Clowes, Norris A.—American journalist; in the early 1880s, the New-York Star correspondent in Ireland; acquaintance of Theodor Friedrich Cuno.— 410 Cluseret, Gustave Paul (1823-1900)— French politician, general; joined Garibaldi's volunteers in Italy (1860); fought in the US Civil War; member of the First International; Bakuninist; the General Council's correspondent
45* in the USA in the spring of 1870; took part in revolutionary uprisings in Lyons and Marseilles (1870); member of the Paris Commune (1871); emigrated after its defeat.— 237
Cobbett, William (c. 1762-1835) — British politician and journalist; from 1802 published Cobbett's Weekly Political Register.—32
Cobden, Richard (1804-1865)—British manufacturer and politician; one of the Free Trade leaders and founders of the Anti-Corn Law League; M.P. (1841-65).—400-03, 412
Cohen, Ferdinand (c. 1842-1866)— German student, Karl Blind's step-son; made an unsuccessful attempt on Bismarck's life on May 7, 1866.— 244
Constantine I (called " The Great") (c. 285-337)—Roman Emperor (306-37).—428
Cook, Flavius Josephus (Joseph) (1838-1901)—American theologian and preacher; his Boston Monday lectures enjoyed great popularity in the 1870s.—576 Correggio (Antonio Allegri) (c. 1489-1534)—I talian painter.—119 Count of Paris—see Louis Philippe Albert d'Orleans, Count of Cournot, Antoine Augustin (1801-1877)—French mathematician, philosopher and economist; forerunner of the mathematical school of political economy; in his Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses tried to study economic phenomena with the help of mathematical methods.—559
Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)—leader of the English Revolution, Lord Pro-tector of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1653.—578
Cross, Richard Assheton, first Viscount Cross (1823-1914)—British statesman, Conservative; Home Secretary (1874-80 and 1885-86).—563
Cuff, Christ R—English court official.—563
D
Dante, Alighieri (1265-1321)—Italian poet.—183
Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882)— English naturalist, founder of the theory of natural selection of species.—301, 313, 435, 458, 463, 467
Davis, John Chandler Bancroft (1822-1907)—American lawyer and diplomat; the London Times correspondent (1854-61); Under-Secretary of State (1869, 1871 and 1873-74); Ambassador to Germany (1874-77).— 571-72
Delahaye, Victor Alfred (1838-1897)— French mechanic; Proudhonist; member of the First International from 1865; took part in the Paris Commune (1871); emigrated to England after the suppression of the Commune; member of the General Council of the International and the British Federal Council (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871); returned to France in 1879.— 571
Delbrück, Martin Friedrich Rudolf von (1817-1903)—Prussian and German statesman; supporter of Free Trade; one of Bismarck's close advis-ers up to 1876; deputy to the Reichstag (1878-81).—122, 124
Demmler, Georg Adolf (1804-1886)— German Social-Democrat, deputy to the Reichstag (1877-78).—209
Demosthenes (c. 384-322 B.C.) —Greek orator and politician; champion of democracy in slave-owning society.— 548
Demuth, Helene (1820-1890)— housemaid and friend of the Marx family.—476, 568
Deprez, Marcel (1843-1918)—French physicist and electrician; worked on the problem of electric energy trans-mission.—468
Descartes, René (in Latin: Renatus Car-tesius) (1596-1650)—French philosopher, mathematician and naturalist.—298
Deville, Gabriel Pierre (1854-1940)— French socialist, active member of the French Workers' Party, journalist; staff member of L'Égalité; author of a popular exposition of Marx's Capital; left the working-class movement at the beginning of the 20th century.—586
Dickens, Charles John Huff am (1812-1870)—English novelist.—569
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784)—French philosopher of the Enlightenment, atheist, leader of the Encyclopaed-ists.—298
Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, Baronet (1843-1911)—British politician and writer; a leader of the Radical wing of the Liberal Party; Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs (1880-82) and President of the local government board (1882-85).—389
Dillon, John (1851-1927)—Irish politician; a leader of the Irish National Land League; M.P. in 1880; in the 1880s was arrested several times and imprisoned.—408
Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881)—British statesman and author, a Tory leader; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59 and 1866-68) and Prime Minister (1868 and 1874-80).—180, 386
Dobrolyubov, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1836-1861)—Russian revolutionary democrat; literary critic and journalist; materialist philosopher; one of the predecessors of Russian Social-Democracy .—23
Dolleschall, Laurenz (b. 1790)—police •official in Cologne (1819-47), censor of the Rheinische Zeitung.—183
Don Francisco de Asis de Borbon— husband of Isabella II from 1846.—21 Donkin, Horatio Bryan—English physician, doctor of Marx and his family in 1881-83.—476
Dörenberg, E.—German journalist, Social-Democrat; staff member of the Berliner Freie Presse, Berlin correspondent of La Plebe (1877).—172
Dourlen, Gustave—French physician in Argenteuil, doctor of Marx and his family in 1881-82.—475
Du Barry, Marie Jeanne Bêcu, comtesse
(1743-1793)—favourite of Louis XV, King of France.—21
Duchàtel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, comte de (1803-1867)—French statesman, Orleanist, Minister of Trade (1834-36), Minister of the Interior (1839, 1840-February 1848);^ staff member of the Journal des Économistes; follower of Malthus.—326
Ducrot, Auguste Alexandre (1817-1882)—French general; deputy to the National Assembly from 1871; as Commander of the 8th Corps (1872-78) took part in monarchist plots against the Republic.—204
Dühring, Eugen Karl (1833-1921)— German eclectic philosopher and economist, petty-bourgeois socialist; lecturer at Berlin University (1863-77).—119, 339, 457 Duméril, Edelestand Pontas (1801-1871)—French philologist and palaeographer; staff member of the Journal des Économistes.—326
Duncker, Franz Gustav (1822-1888)— German politician and publisher, prominent figure in the Party of Progress; in 1868, together with Max Hirsch, founded reformist trade unions, known as Hirsch-Duncker unions; which existed until 1933.— 189 Dunoyer, Barthélémy Charles Pierre Joseph (1786-1862)—French economist and politician.—326 Dupont, Eugène (c. 1837-1881)— prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement; musical instrument maker; took part in the June 1848 uprising in Paris; from 1862 on, lived in London; member of the General Council of the First International (November 1864 to 1872); Corresponding Secretary for France (1865-71); participant in all the congresses (except for the Basle Congress of 1869) and conferences of the International; member of the British Federal Council of the International in 1872; associate of Marx and Engels; moved to the USA in 1874.—571
Dusan—see Stephen Dushan
E
Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889)— German tailor and journalist; prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; member of the League of the Just and later of the Communist League; a leader of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the General Council of the First International (1864-72); the Council's General Secretary (1867-71); Corresponding Secretary for America (1870-72); delegate to all the International's congresses and conferences; associate of Marx up to 1871, subsequently joined the leaders of the British trade unions.— 571
Eichhorn, Johann Albrecht Friedrich (1779-1856)—Prussian statesman, Minister of Religious Worship, Education and Medicine (1840-48).—151
Engel, Ernst (1821-1896)—German statistician, head of the Royal Prussian Statistical Bureau in Berlin (1860-82).—413
Engels, Frederick (1820-1895).—32, 34, 50, 55, 57, 77, 100, 105-07, 131, 133, 140-41, 165, 170-71, 174, 181-82,
184, 187, 203, 252, 257-60, 262, 268, 269, 312, 318, 326, 335-36, 345, 372, 374, 379, 382, 400, 404, 410, 419-20, 422, 431, 437-38, 457-59, 467, 472-81, 487, 500, 565-67
Epicurus (341-270 B.C.) —Greek ato-mistic philosopher.—430, 434
Erlach, Franz von (1819-1889)—Swiss army officer and military writer; during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71 was an observer at the German General Headquarters.—529
Eulenburg, Botho, Count of (1831-1912)—Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (1878-81 and 1892-94); Prime Minister (1892-94); took part in the working out of the Anti-Socialist Law and in the persecution of Social-Democrats.—242-49
Eulenburg, Friedrich Albrecht, Count of (1815-1881)—Prussian statesman and diplomat; Minister of the Interior (1862-78).—566
Ewald, Georg Heinrich August von (1803-1875)—German orientalist; re-searcher and critic of the Bible.—430
Eynern, Ernst von (1838-1906)—German politician and businessman; from 1879 member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies; National Liberal; opposed Social-Democracy.— 458
F
Fallmerayer, Jakob Philipp (1790-1861)— German historian and traveller.—432
Faucher, Léonard (Léon) Joseph (1803-1854)—French writer and politician, Malthusian economist, Orleanist; staff member of the Journal des Économistes; Minister of the Interior (December 1848-May 1849, 1851); later Bonapartist.—326
Favre, Jules Claude Gabriel (1809-1880)—French lawyer and politician; a leader of the bourgeois republican opposition from the late 1850s;
Foreign Minister (1870-71), together with Thiers headed the struggle against the Paris Commune; among others, inspired the struggle against the First International; Senator from 1876.—237, 527
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872)—German materialist philosopher.—513
Feugier—French physician in Enghien, Marx's doctor from June to August 1882.—475
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814)— German philosopher.—459, 511
Flerovsky, N.—see Bervi, Vasily Vasi-lyevich
Flocon, Ferdinand (1800-1866)—French politician, journalist, democrat, an editor of La Réforme (1845); member of the Provisional Government (1848).—187
Flourens, Gustave Paul (1838-1871)— French naturalist and revolutionary, follower of Blanqui; contributed to La Marseillaise; one of the leaders of the Paris uprisings on October 31, 1870 and January 22, 1871; member of the Paris Commune and its Military Commission; on April 3, 1871 was killed by the Versaillists.—461
Forckenbeck, Maximilian (Max) Franz August von (1821-1892)—German politician, a founder of the Party of Progress (1861) and National-Liberal Party (1867); Chairman of the Reichstag (1874-79).—240
Forster, William Edward (1818-1886)— British manufacturer and statesman, Liberal M.P.; Chief Secretary for Ireland (1880-82); pursued a policy of brutal suppression of the national liberation movement.—407, 409
Fould, Achille (1800-1867)—French banker and politician, Orleanist, subsequently Bonapartist; Minister of Finance (1849-52, 1861-67); Minister of the Imperial Court (1852-60).— 274
Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837)—French Utopian socialist.— 287, 289, 292-93, 313, 316, 459, 508
Francis II (1768-1835)—Holy Roman Emperor (1792-1806); Emperor of Austria as Francis I (1804-35).—9
Francis Joseph I (1830-1916) — Emperor of Austria (1848-1916).—9, 239
Frankel, Leo (1844-1896)—prominent figure in the Hungarian and the international working-class movement; jeweller; member of the Paris Commune; Corresponding Secretary of the General Council of the First International for Austria and Hungary (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; a founder of the General Workers' Party of Hungary; associate of Marx and Engels.—105, 571
Frederick II (the Great) (1712-1786)— King of Prussia (1740-86).—488
Frederick William (1831-1888) — Prussian Crown Prince; married Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa in 1858; German Emperor and King of Prussia under the name of Frederick III (March-June 1888).—582
Frederick William II (1744-1797)—King of Prussia (1786-97).—8
Frederick William III (1770-1840)— King of Prussia (1797-1840).—183, 318, 343, 511
Frederick William IV (1795-1861)— King of Prussia (1840-61).—9, 107, 143, 151, 188, 515
Fribourg, Ernest Edouard—prominent figure in the French working-class movement; engraver, later businessman; Proudhonist; participant in the inaugural meeting of the First International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; a leader of the Paris section of the International; delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866) of the International; in 1871 published a book, L'Association internationale des travailleurs, hostile to the International and the Paris Commune.—235
Fritzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1825-1905)—a reformist leader of the German Social-Democratic and trade union movement; tobacco-worker; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; one of the founders (1863) and leaders of the General Association of German Workers; follower of Lassalle; joined the Eisenachers in 1869; deputy to the North German and the German Reichstag (1868-71 and 1877-81).—209, 578
G
Gambetta, Léon (1838-1882)—French statesman, bourgeois republican; member of the Government of National Defence (1870-71); Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1881-82).—493, 513, 523, 528-30
Gartman, Lev Nikolayevich (1850-1908)—Russian revolutionary, Narodnik (populist); in 1879 took part in an act of terrorism of the People's Will group against Alexander II, following which emigrated to France; representative of the People's Will group abroad; left London for the USA at the end of 1881.— 372
Geib, August (1842-1879)—German bookseller in Hamburg; Social-Democrat; member of the General Association of German Workers; participant in the Eisenach Congress (1869); treasurer of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party (1872-78); deputy to the Reichstag (1874-77).— 77, 214
Geleff, Poul Johansen (1842-1928)— participant in the Danish socialist and working-class movement; a founder of the Danish section of the First International (1871); one of the
founders (1876) and leaders of the Social-Democratic Party of Denmark; emigrated to the USA in 1877.— 219
George I (1660-1727)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1714-27).—437
Gerlach, Carl Johann Heinrich Eduard von (1792-1863)—Prussian politician; chief of the police in Berlin up to 1839; Regierungspräsident in Cologne (1839-45).—184
Gif fen, Sir Robert (1837-1910)—English economist and statistician; head of the Statistics Department in the Board of Trade (1876-97); author of works on economics and statistics.—323
Gladstone, Robertson (c. 1806-1875)— British trader; a founder (1848) and for a long time President of the Liverpool Financial Reform Association, brother of William Ewart Gladstone.—96
Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898)— British statesman, Tory, later Peelite; leader of the Liberal Party in the latter half of the nineteenth century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55 and 1859-66), Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94).— 96, 124, 389, 409, 460
Goegg, Amand (1820-1897)—German journalist, democrat; member of the Baden Provisional Government in 1849; emigrated after the revolution; member of the League of Peace and Freedom, and its Vice-President in 1870; member of the Central Committee of the German Workers' Educational Society in Switzerland; member of the German-language section of the First International (1868); delegate to the Basle Congress (1869) of the International; member of the Central Committee of the People's Party; member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party of Germany.—70, 524
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-
1832)—German poet.—91, 306, 547, 569
Goltz, Theodor Alexander Georg Ludwig, Freiherr von der (1836-1905)— German scientist, agronomist; author of works on agriculture.—121
Gorchakov (Gorchakoff), Alexander Mikhailovich, Prince (1798-1883)— Russian statesman and diplomat; envoy to Vienna (1854-56); Foreign Minister (1856-82).—507, 508, 511
Grant Duff, Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone (1829-1906)—British liberal politician and author, M.P. (1857-81); Under-Secretary of State for India (1868-74); Governor of Madras (1881-86).—580-81
Greiff (Greif), Friedrich Wilhelm (born c. 1819)—one of the chiefs of the Prussian secret service in London in the early 1850s.—51
Grillenberger, Karl (Carl) (1848-1897)— German publisher and editor of Social-Democratic newspapers; member of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party (from 1869); deputy to the German Reichstag (1881-97).— 259
Guillaume, James (1844-1916)—Swiss teacher, anarchist; follower of Bakunin; an organiser of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; member of the Swiss organisations of the First International from 1868; expelled from it at the Hague Congress (1872) for his splitting activities.—176, 177
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874)—French historian and statesman, Orleanist; Foreign Minister (1840-48), Prime Minister (1847-48); virtually determined the home and foreign policy of France from 1840 to the February 1848 revolution; expressed the interests of the big financial bourgeoisie.— 184
H
Hackenberger, Rudolph—an editor of the
Freie Volksstimme in Saarbrücken, Social-Democrat.—210
Hales, William—member of the General Council of the First International (1867, 1869-72).—571
Hales, W. K.—publisher of the London Daily News (1878-81).^230-31, 374
Hannecken, Karl August Bernhard Hermann von (1810-1886)—Prussian officer and military writer.—528
Hansemann, David Justus Ludwig (1790-1864)—-German capitalist, a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie; Prussian Finance Minister (March-September 1848).—183, 274
Hûrcourt, Sir William George Granville Venables Vernon (1827-1904)— British statesman, Liberal M.P. (1868-80); Home Secretary (1880-85); leader of the Liberal Party (1894-98).—375
Harris, George—active in the British working-class movement; follower of the social-reformist views of the Chartist James Bronterre O'Brien; member of the National Reform League; member of the General Council of the First International (1869-72); Financial Secretary of the Council (1870-71).—571
Hartmann, Georg Wilhelm—German worker; member of the General Association of German Workers; from 1875, one of the two Chairmen of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany; deputy to the Reichstag (1878-81).— 408
Hasenclever, Wilhelm (1837-1889)— German Social-Democrat, follower of Lassalle; leather-dresser, journalist; Secretary (from 1866) and President (1871-75) of the General Association of German Workers; one of the two Chairmen of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (1875-76); member of its leadership (from 1878); deputy to the North German and the German Reichstag (1869-71, 1874-78, 1879-88).—209, 214, 408
Hasselmann, Wilhelm (1844-1916)—one of the leaders of the Lassallean General Association of German Workers; editor of Der Social-Demokrat (1867-71) and Neuer Social-Demokrat (1871-76); member of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany from 1875; deputy to the German Reichstag (1874-76 and 1878-80); expelled from the party as an anarchist in 1880.—67, 72, 214, 578 Haxthausen, August Franz Ludwig Maria,
Freiherr von (1792-1866)—Prussian official and writer; author of works on the agrarian system and the peasant commune in Russia.—45, 196
Hebert, Jacques René (1757-1794) — prominent figure in the French Revolution; leader of the Left wing of the Jacobins, publisher of Le Père Duchesne (1790-94).—14 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.—285-86, 293, 298, 302-04, 427, 458-59, 514, 583
Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—German revolutionary poet.—14, 33, 175, 249, 429
Helldorf-Bedra, Otto Heinrich von (1833-1908)—German politician, member of the Reichstag (1871-74, 1877-81 and 1884-93); a leader of the German Conservative Party.—250
Henry IV (1533-1610)—King of France (1589-1610).—237
Heraclitus (c. 540-c. 480 B.C.)—Greek philosopher; one of the founders of dialectics.—299
Herman, Alfred—active in the Belgian working-class movement; sculptor; a founder of sections of the First International in Belgium; member of the General Council and Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (1871-72);
delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868), the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; at the Hague Congress joined the anarchist minority.—571
Herodotus (c. 484-c. 424 B.C.)—Greek historian.—548
Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870)—Russian revolutionary democrat; materialist philosopher and writer; left Russia in 1847, from 1852 lived in England where he established the Free Russian Press and published the periodical Polyarnaya Zvezda (Polar Star) (1855-62, 1869) and the newspaper Kolokol (The Bell) (1857-67).— 43, 45, 196
Hesekiel, Georg Ludwig (1819-1874)— German journalist and man of letters.—580
Hess, Moses (1812-1875)—German radical writer; a "true socialist" in the mid-1840s; member of the Communist League; sided with the separatist Willich-Schapper group; Lassallean in the 1860s; delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the First International.—51, 514
Hinckeldey, Karl Ludwig Friedrich von
(1805-1856)—Prussian official; Chief Commissioner of Berlin police from 1848, President of the Police Department in the Ministry of the Interior from 1853.—51-53
Hirsch, Carl (Karl) (1841-1900)— German Social-Democrat, journalist, editor of a number of Social-Democratic newspapers; while in Paris in the summer of 1879 he propagated ideas of scientific socialism.—253-54, 257-61
Hirsch, Wilhelm—Hamburg shop assis-tant, Prussian police agent in London in the early 1850s.—51
Höchberg, Karl (pseudonym Dr. Ludwig Richter) (1853-1885)—German social-reformer; son of a rich merchant; in 1876 joined the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany; organised and financed a number of newspapers and journals.—253-54, 257-60, 262-67, 269
Hödel (Hoedel), Emil Heinrich Max (1857-1878)—tinner from Leipzig; on May 11, 1878 made an attempt on the life of William I.—231, 237, 243, 245-46, 575
Hohenzollerns—dynasty of Brandenburg Electors (1415-1701), Prussian Kings (1701-1918) and German Emperors (1871-1918).—9
Homer—semi-legendary epic poet of Ancient Greece, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey.—24, 34
Howell, George (1833-1910)—reformist leader of the British trade unions; mason; former Chartist; Secretary of the London Trades Council (1861-62); participant in the inaugural meeting of the First International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, London; member of the General Council of the International (October 1864 to 1869); participant in the London Conference of the International (1865); Secretary of the Reform League (1864-67) and the Parliamentary Committee of the British Congress of Trade Unions (1871-75); opposed revolutionary tactics; Liberal M.P. (1885-95).—234-39
Hubbard, Nicolas Gustave (1828-1888)— French economist and writer.—291
Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885)— French writer and statesman.—585
Humboldt, Alexander (Friedrich Heinrich
Alexander), Baron von (1769-1859)— German naturalist, traveller and statesman; between 1830 and 1848 he was frequently sent on diplomatic missions to the court of Louis Philippe.—184, 419, 422
Hurliman—member of the General Council of the First International (1871-72); delegate from the Swiss Society in London.—571
I
Illingworth, A.—M.P. in 1881.—389
Isabella II (1830-1904)—Queen of Spain (1833-68).—21-22
J
Jacoby, Johann (1805-1877)—German radical writer and politician; a leader of the Left wing in the Prussian National Assembly (1848); in the 1870s, was close to the Social-Democratic Workers' Party of Germany.—492, 525
James II (1633-1701)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1685-88).— 436
Jhering, Rudolf von (1818-1892)— German jurist; taught Roman law at several universities; headed the "positive" and "practically-dogmatic" trend of the bourgeois school of law.—554, 556
Johannard, Jules Paul (1843-1892)— prominent figure in the French working-class movement; lithog-rapher; member of the General Council of the First International (1868-69, 1871-72) and Corresponding Secretary for Italy (1868-69); member of the Paris Commune (1871); was close to the Blanquists; emigrated to London after the suppression of the Commune; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872) of the International.—571
Johann Nepomuk Maria Joseph (pen-name Philalethes) (1801-1873)— Prince of Saxony, King of Saxony (1854-73), translator of Dante.—183
John (Johann) (1782-1859)—Archduke of Austria, field marshal, fought against Napoleon; Imperial Regent from June 1848 to December 1849.— 138, 167-68, 188
Jottrand, Lucien Leopold (1804-1877)— Belgian lawyer and writer, democrat, President of the Democratic Association in Brussels (1847).—136-37
Jung, Hermann (1830-1901)—prominent figure in the international and Swiss working-class movement; watchmaker; member of the General Council of the First International and Corresponding Secretary for Switzerland (November 1864 to 1872); participant in the London Conference (1865), Chairman of the Geneva (1866), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and of the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the British Federal Council; supported Marx before the Hague Congress of 1872; later joined the reformist leaders of the British trade unions; left the working-class movement in the late 1870s.—571
K
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)—German philosopher.—293, 301-02, 458-59
Kapell, August (b. 1844)—a founder of the General Association of German Carpenters; deputy to the German Reichstag (1877).—209
Kardorff, Wilhelm von (1828-1907)— German politician, deputy to the Reichstag (1868-1906); a founder of the party of "free Conservatives" ("Imperial party"); protectionist; supported Bismarck's foreign and home policy.—Ill, 119-20, 122, 124-25
Kaulitz, Harry—an editor of the Freie Volksstimme in Saarbrücken; Social-Democrat.—210
Kayser, Max (1853-1888)—German journalist; member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party of Germany; member of the Reichstag (1878-87), belonged to the right wing of the Social-Democratic group.— 258-61
Kératry, Emile, comte de (1832-1905)— French reactionary politician; Prefect
of the Paris police (September-October 1870); later supervised the formation of territorial armed forces in Brittany; Prefect of the Haute Garonne Department (1871); in April 1871, suppressed the Commune in Toulouse.—461, 529
Khmelnitsky, Bogdan (Zinovy) (c. 1595-1657)—Ukrainian statesman and general, Hetman of the Ukraine; headed the liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people against Polish domination (1648-54); initiator of the reunion of the Ukraine with Russia and advocate of her political autonomy (1654).—502
Kosciuszko, Tadeusz Andrzej Bonawentura (1746-1817)—prominent figure in the Polish national liberation movement in the 1790s; took part in the struggle for the independence of the North American colonies (1776-83); leader of the Polish uprising of 1794.—7, 343
Krengel—mayor of the village of Nessin (Eastern Prussia) in the 1840s.—143
Krüger, Daniel Christian Friedrich (1819-1896)—German lawyer and diplomat; represented Lübeck (from 1868) and Hamburg and Bremen (from 1873) in the Federal Council.— 122-23 Krupp, Alfred (1812-1887)—big German steel and ordnance manufacturer, supplying many European states with guns and other weapons.—2 75-76 Krynski (Krynski), Jan (1811-1890)— Polish revolutionary; participant in the Polish uprising of 1863-64; refugee in London; member of the General Council (1865-67); Secretary of the society called "The Polish People".—5
Kullmann, Eduard (1853-1892)— German cooper, member of a Catholic trade union; on July 13, 1874 made an attempt on Bismarck's life in protest against his policy of restricting the rights of the Catholic Church in Germany (Kulturkampf); died in prison.—244
L
Ladenberg, Adalbert von (1798-1855)— Prussian official; Minister of Religious Worship, Education and Medicine (November 1848-December 1850).—151
Laforgue, Charles Etienne (1868-1872)— son of Laura and Paul Lafargue.— 460-61
Lafargue, Laura ( 1845-1911 )—Karl Marx's second daughter; prominent figure in the French working-class movement; translated many works of Marx and Engels into French; married Paul Lafargue in 1868.—460-61, 585
Lafargue, Paul (1842-1911)— prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement; member of the General Council of the First International (from 1866); Corresponding Secretary for Spain (1866-69); helped to organise the First International's sections in France (1869-70), Spain and Portugal (1871-72); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); a founder of the French Workers' Party; follower and associate of Marx and Engels; husband of Laura, Karl Marx's daughter, from 1868.—23, 26-27, 335-36, 345, 457, 460-61, 471, 585
Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de (1790-1869)—French poet, historian and politician; one of the leaders of the moderate republicans in the 1840s; Minister of Foreign Affairs and virtual head of the Provisional Government in 1848.—107, 187, 480
Lange, Friedrich Albert (1828-1875)— German philosopher and economist; from 1870 professor in Zurich and, from 1872, in Marburg; Neo-Kantian.—91, 531
Lankester, Sir Edwin Ray (1847-1929)— English scientist, professor of biology (from 1874).—471
Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de (1749-1827)—French astronomer, mathematician and physicist; independently of Kant, worked out and mathe-matically substantiated the hypothesis that the solar system developed from gaseous nebula.—302, 458
Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864) — German writer and lawyer; participant in the democratic movement in the Rhine Province (1848-49); founder of the General Association of German Workers (1863); an initiator of an opportunist trend within the German working-class movement.— 69-70, 72, 78, 83-84, 88-93, 230, 263, 273, 326, 457, 492, 515-16, 522-23, 572, 574, 584
Lavrov, Pyotr (Peter) Lavrovich (1823-1900) — Russian philosopher, sociologist and journalist; an ideologist of revolutionary Narodism (populism); emigrated in 1870; member of the First International; took part in the Paris Commune; editor of the journal Vperyod! (Forward!) (1873-76); adherent to the subjective method in sociology.—19-29, 32-34, 36, 469, 473, 477
Law, Harriet (1832-1897)—a leading figure in the atheist movement in England; member of the General Council (June 1867-72) and the Manchester Section of the First International (1872); publisher of The Secular Chronicle (1876-79).—571
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874)—French journalist and politician; a leader of the petty-bourgeois democrats; editor of La Réforme; Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government (1848); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, where he headed the Mon-tagne party; emigrated to England after the demonstration of June 13, 1849, and lived there until 1870;
deputy to the National Assembly (1871).—270
Lelewel, Joachim (1786-1861)—Polish historian and revolutionary; participant in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31; a leader of the democratic wing of the Polish refugees in France and, from 1833, in Brussels.—344
Lemke, Gottlieb (c. 1844-1885)— member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London.—467
Le Moussu, Benjamin Constant (b. 1846)—prominent figure in the French working-class movement; engraver; took part in the Paris Commune; emigrated to London after the suppression of the Commune; member of the General Council of the First International and Corresponding Secretary for the French-language sections in the USA (1871-72) and, from May 1872, for all sections of the International there; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); supported Marx and Engels in their struggle against the Bakuninists.—571
Leonhardt, Gerhard Adolf Wilhelm (1815-1880)—German lawyer and statesman; Minister of Justice in Hanover (1865-66) and Prussia (1867-79).— 448 Leopold I (1790-1865)—King of Belgium (1831-65).—136-37
Lépine, Jules—Secretary of the Paris branch of the French Workers' Party.—470
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781)— German dramatist, critic and philosopher of the Enlightenment.— 23
Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910)— member of the Communist League; tailor; participant in the 1848-49 revolution; defendant at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); refugee in London from 1856; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the Gener-
al Council of the First International (November 1864-72); member of the British Federal Council (1872-73); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—105, 345, 471, 571
Le Tailleur, A.—publisher of L'Égalité.— 586
Levy, Joseph Moses (1812-1888)— English journalist; one of the founders and publisher of The Daily Telegraph from 1855.—51
Lewal, Jules Louis (1823-1908)—French general and military theoretician; War Minister of France (1885).—66
Lichnowski, Felix Maria, Prince von (1814-1848) —Silesian landowner, Prussian army officer; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right wing); killed during the September 1848 uprising in Frankfurt.—144
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900)— prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League and of the First International; deputy to the North German (1867-70) and the German Reichstag from 1874 (with intervals); one of the founders and leaders of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—67, 72-73, 77, 209, 214, 253-57, 408, 470, 492, 500, 521, 525
Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865)— American statesman; a leader of the Republican Party; President of the United States (1861-65); during the Civil War, under pressure from the masses, carried out a number of important bourgeois-democratic reforms, thus making possible the adoption of revolutionary methods of warfare; assassinated by a slave-holders' agent in April 1865.—236
Linné, Carl von (1707-1778)—Swedish naturalist; was the first to devise the classification systems for plants and animals.—303
Lissagaray, Prosper Olivier (1838-1901)—French journalist; took part in the Paris Commune, emigrated to Great Britain after its defeat; author of Histoire de la Commune de 1871 (1876); on returning to France (1880), published the newspaper La
Bataille (1882-83, 1888-93), which opposed the leaders of the French Workers' Party, Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue.—527
Lochner, Georg (born c. 1824)—active member of the working-class movement; joiner; member of the Communist League and of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the General Council of the First International (November 1864-67 and 1871-72); delegate to the London conferences of the International (1865 and 1871); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—471, 571
Locke, John (1632-1704)—English dual-ist philosopher and economist.—299
Longuet, Charles (1839-1903)—prominent figure in the French working-class movement; journalist; Proudhonist; member of the General Council of the First International (1866-67, 1871-72), Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (1866); delegate to the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and the Hague (1872) congresses and the London Conference (1871); member of the Paris Commune (1871); later joined the Pos-sibilists; in the 1880s-90s was elected to the Paris Municipal Council; in 1872 married Karl Marx's daughter Jenny.—330, 460, 469, 571, 585
Longuet, Edgar (1879-1950)—Marx's grandson, son of Jenny and Charles Longuet.—585
Longuet, Henri (1878-1883)—Marx's grandson, son of Jenny and Charles Longuet.—585
Longuet, Jean, Frédéric, Laurent (1876-1938)—Marx's grandson, son of Jenny and Charles Longuet.—585
Longuet, Jenny (1844-1883)—Marx's eldest daughter; prominent figure in the international working-class movement; wife of Charles Longuet (from 1872).—460-61, 475, 585
Loria, Achille (1857-1943)—Italian sociologist and economist.—479-80
Louis XIV (1638-1715)—King of France (1643-1715).—559
Louis XV (1710-1774)—King of France (1715-74).—21
Louis Bonaparte—see Napoleon III
Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon III
Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)—Duke of Orleans, King of the French (1830-48).—13, 93, 96, 419, 488
Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans, Count of Paris (1838-1894)—Louis Philippe's grandson; pretender to the French throne.—222
Lucraft, Benjamin (1809-1897)—one of the reformist leaders of the British trade unions; furniture-maker; member of the General Council of the First International (1864-71); in 1871 refused to sign the General Council's address The Civil War in France and left the General Council.—237
Luther, Martin (1483-1546)—German theologian and writer, a leader of the Reformation, founder of Protestant-ism (Lutheranism) in Germany, ideologist of the German burghers.— 247
M
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de (1709-1785)— French sociologist, proponent of Utopian egalitarian communism.—287
McDonnell (MacDonnell), Joseph Pat-rick (1847-1906) — active member of the Irish working-class movement; member of the General Council of the First International and Corresponding Secretary for Ireland (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; in 1872 emigrated to the USA where he took part in the American working-class movement.—571
Maclver, D.—British M.P. from Bir-kenhead (1881).—389
MacMahon, Marie Edmé Patrice Maurice,
comte de, duc de Magenta (1808-1893)—French military figure and politician, marshal, Bonapartist; an organiser of the suppression of the Paris Commune (1871), President of the Third Republic (1873-79).— 577
Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner (1822-1888)—English comparative jurist and historian; as a member of the Governor General's Council for India (1862-69) took an active part in working out local English laws and in the colonial oppression of India.— 359, 365
Malon, Benoît (1841-1893)—French socialist, member of the First International; took part in the formation of the Bakuninist Alliance of Socialist Democracy (1868); delegate to the Geneva Congress of the International (1866); deputy to the National Assembly (1871); member of the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to Italy and then to Switzerland; later, a leader and ideologist of the Possibilists.—12
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)— English clergyman and economist, author of a theory of population.— 69, 91
Manteuffel, Edwin Hans Karl, Baron von (1809-1885)—German general, general field-marshal from 1873; during the Franco-Prussian war commanded the First Corps, then the First (from October 1870) and South
(from January 1871) armies; Commander-in-Chief of the German oc-cupational troops in France (1871-73).—530
Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron von (1805-1882)—Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (November 1848-November 1850); Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1850-58).—140-41, 161, 516
Manteuffels—aristocratic family from Pomerania, first mentioned in documents in 1287; in the 14th century setded in Saxony, Sweden and the Baltic area.—144
Marat, Jean Paul (1743-1793)—leading figure in the French Revolution, prominent Jacobin.—582
Maria Alexandrovna, the Grand Duchess (1853-1920)—Alexander II's daughter; wife of Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, from January 1874.—5
Martin, Bon Louis Henri (1810-1883)— French historian, Republican; deputy to the National Assembly (1871); Senator (from 1876).—235
Martin, Constant (1839-1906)—French employee, Blanquist; member of the Paris Federal Council of the First International; member of the Paris Commune; after its defeat emigrated to London, member of the General Council of the First International (1871-72); Secretary of the London Conference (1871); after the amnesty in 1880 returned to France.— 571
Marx, Edgar (Musch) (1847-1855)—Karl Marx's son.—420, 423
Marx, Eleanor (Tussy) (1855-1898)— Karl Marx's youngest daughter, prominent figure in the British and international working-class movement; married Edward Aveling in 1884.—460-61, 473, 476
Marx, Franziska (1851-1852)—Karl Marx's daughter.—420, 423 Marx, Heinrich Guido (1849-1850)— Karl Marx's son.—420, 423
Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881)—Karl Marx's wife from June 1843.—184, 419-24, 463, 467, 474, 583, 585
Marx, Karl (1818-1883).—32, 37-38, 51-55, 57, 69-73, 77-78, 81, 87-92, 107, 131, 137, 165, 170-71, 183-84, 187-96, 230-37, 246-47, 249, 253, 268, 269, 305, 307, 308, 315, 326, 327, 332, 335, 336, 345-46, 352-54, 355, 358, 360, 361-62, 364-66, 370-72, 374, 419-20, 422-23, 460-64, 467-80, 487, 492-93, 495, 500, 520-23, 532-37, 549-51, 557, 563-65, 568-85
Massard, Nicolas Emile (1857-1932)— French socialist, journalist; member of the French Workers' Party; staff member of L'Egalité in the early 1880s.—586
Maurer, Georg Ludwig (1790-1872)— German historian, studied the social system of ancient and medieval Germany.—46, 350, 366
Mayo, Henry—participant in the British working-class movement, member of the General Council of the First International (1871-72) and the British Federal Council (1872); in the latter he joined the reformist wing; opposed the decisions of the Hague Congress of the International; expelled from the International by the General Council's decision of May 30, 1873.—571
Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—leader of the national liberation movement in Italy; headed the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic (1849); an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London (1850); when the International was founded in 1864 he tried to bring it under his influence; in 1871 opposed the Paris Commune and the International; hindered the development of the independent working-class movement in Italy.— 217, 583
Merovingians—the first dynasty of Frankish kings that ruled from 457 to 751.—450
Mesa y Leompart, José (1840-1904)— participant in the Spanish working-class and socialist movement; printer; an organiser of the First International's sections in Spain, member of the Spanish Federal Council (1871-72) and the New Madrid Federation (1872-73); fought anarchism; one of the first propagandists of Marxism in Spain and a founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (1879); translated works by Marx and Engels into Spanish.—105, 470
Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens Wenzel Lothar, Prince von (1773-1859)— Austrian statesman and diplomat; Minister of Foreign Affairs (1809-21) and Chancellor ( 1821 -48) ; an organiser of the Holy Alliance.—488, 512
Meyer, Rudolph Hermann (1839-1899) — German bourgeois economist and journalist, conservative.—550
Mezentsov, Nikolai Vladimirovich (1827-1878)—Russian statesman; from 1864, chief of staff of the political police corps; in 1876-78, chief of the political police.—245
Mickiewicz, Adam (1798-1855)—Polish poet and leader of the national liberation movement; emigrated in 1829; studied literature, culture and history of the Slav peoples.—497
Mieroslawski, Ludwik (1814-1878)— leader of the Polish national liberation movement, took part in the 1830-31 uprising; helped to organise the uprising in Posen in 1846, was arrested; headed the 1848 uprising in Posen; in 1849, commanded the Baden-Palatinate revolutionary army.—58
Mikhailovsky, Nikolai Konstantinovich (1842-1904)—Russian sociologist, journalist and literary critic; an ideologist of Narodism (populism);
46-1317 an editor of Otechestvenniye Zapiski (Fatherland's Notes) (1868-84) and Russkoye Bogatstvo (Russian Wealth) (1892-1904).—196, 199-200
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)—British economist and positivist philosopher.—181
Milner, George—participant in the British working-class movement; Irish by birth; tailor; follower of the social-reformist views of the Chartist James Bronterre O'Brien; member of the National Reform League, the Land and Labour League, the First International's General Council (1868-72), and the British Federal Council (autumn 1872 to 1873); in the latter opposed the reformist wing; delegate to the London Conference (1871) of the International.—571
Miquel, Johannes (1828-1901)—German lawyer, politician and banker; member of the Communist League up to 1852, later a National Liberal; deputy to the North German and the German Reichstag (1867-77 and 1887-90), Finance Minister (1890-1901).—266
Mires, Jules Isaac (1809-1871)—French banker, owner of several newspapers.—277
Molière (real name Jean Baptiste Po-
quelin) (1622-1673)—French dramatist.—569
Moll, Joseph (1812-1849)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; watchmaker; a leader of the League of the Just, member of the Central Authority of the Communist League, President of the Cologne Workers' Association (from July to September 1848), member of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, was killed in the battle of the Murg.— 138, 566
Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Count von (1800-1891)—military writer and
strategist, ideologist of Prussian militarism, field marshal-general from 1871; Chief of Prussian (1857-71) and Imperial (1871-88) General Staff; virtually commander-in-chief during the Franco-Prussian war.— 528-30
Monk, Charles (b. 1824)—British statesman, Liberal Unionist M.P. (1859, 1865-85).—389
Montaigne, Michel de (1533-1592)— French skeptical philosopher.—569
Moore, Samuel ( 1838-1911 )—English lawyer, member of the First International; translated into English Volume One of Marx's Capital (in collaboration with Edward Aveling) and the Manifesto of the Communist Party; friend of Marx and Engels.—480
Morago Gonzalez, Tomas—Bakuninist, delegate to the Ghent Congress of Socialists (September 1877).—216
Morelly (18th cent.)—French advocate of Utopian egalitarian communism.— 287
Morgan, Lewis Henry (1818-1881)— American ethnographer, archaeolo-gist and historian of primitive society.—350
Most, Johann Joseph (1846-1906)— German anarchist, joined the working-class movement in the 1860s; deputy to the German Reichstag (1874-78); after the promulgation of the Anti-Socialist Law (1878) emigrated to England; founder (1879) and editor of the Freiheit; expelled from the German Socialist Workers' Party as an anarchist (in 1880); in 1882 emigrated to the USA and continued anarchist propaganda.— 210, 214, 374, 410, 478-79
Motteler, Julius (1838-1907)—German Social-Democrat, a founder of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party (1869), deputy to the Reichstag (1874-78, 1903-07).—209, 214
Mottershead, Thomas G. (c. 1826-1884)— English weaver, a Chartist; member of the General Council of the First International (1869-72), Corresponding Secretary for Denmark (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); member of the British Federal Council; opposed Marx's line in the General Council and the British Federal Council; expelled from the International by decision of the General Council of May 30, 1873.—571
Müller, Wilhelm (1820-1892)— historian, professor in Tübingen.— 511 Münzer, Thomas (c. 1490-1525)—leader of the urban plebeians and poor peasants during the Reformation and the Peasant War in Germany (1525); advocated egalitarian Utopian communism.—287
Muravyov-Apostol, Sergei Ivanovich (1796-1826)—one of the leaders of the Decembrist movement in Russia, republican and opponent of serfdom; executed by Nicholas I together with the other four leaders of the Decembrist uprising of 1825.—501
Muravyov, Mikhail Nikolayevich (1796-1866)—Russian statesman, Minister of State Property (1857-63), opposed the Peasant Reform, Governor General of the North-Western Territory (1863-65); for the brutal suppression of the Polish uprising (1863-64) he was called "hangman".—503
Murray, Charles Joseph—active participant in the British workers' movement; shoemaker; follower of the social-reformist views of the Chartist James Bronterre O'Brien, member of the National Reform League and the Land and Labour League; member of the General Council of the First International (1870-72) and of the British Federal Council (1872-73); follower of Marx and Engels; an active member of the Social-Democratic Federation in the 1880s.—571
N
Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821)— French statesman and general, first Consul of the French Republic (1799-1804); Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—9, 62, 103, 224, 288, 318, 390, 454, 494, 497, 504, 511, 528, 577
Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—nephew of Napoleon I; President of the Second Republic (December 1848 to 1851), Emperor of the French (1852-70).— 9, 56, 96, 167, 188-89, 221, 224, 271, 412, 504, 511, 525, 578
Napoleon, Prince (Plon-Plon)—see Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul
Nechayev (Netschajeff), Sergei Gen-nadyevich (1847-1882)—Russian revolutionary, conspirator, representative of the extreme adventurist trend of anarchism; as a refugee in Switzerland in 1869-71 he was connected with Bakunin; in August 1869, having returned to Russia for a short time, he formed a secret organisation, Narodnaya rasprava (People's Judgement), in Moscow; used methods impermissible for a revolutionary and did serious harm to the Russian revolutionary movement; in 1872 was extradited by the Swiss authorities to the Russian government and was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment; died in the SS. Peter and Paul fortress in St. Petersburg.—22, 25-27, 37, 246
Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) (A. D. 37-68)—Roman Emperor (54-68).—432-33
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)—English physicist, astronomer and mathematician, founder of classical me-chanics.—301, 303
Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—9, 103, 107-08, 228, 343, 426, 488, 501-03, 512, 515-16
46* Niebelschütz, Edwin von—German official, editor of the Neue Preußische Zeitung in 1876-81.—241
Nobiling, Karl Eduard (1848-1878)— German anarchist; on May 11, 1878 made an attempt on William Fs life.—231, 238, 241-46
Noble, John (1827-1892)—British politician, Free Trader, advocate of the Anti-Corn Law League; author of works on finances.—400-03
O
Odger, George (1820-1877)—one of the leaders of the British trade unions; shoemaker; took part in founding the London Trades Council and was its Secretary from 1862 to 1872; member of the British National League for the Independence of Poland, the Land and Labour League and the Labour Representation League; member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; member of the General Council of the First International (1864-71), its President (1864-67), took part in the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866), opposed revolutionary tactics; in 1871 refused to sign the General Council's address The Civil War in France and left the Council.—237
O'Donovan Rossa, Jeremiah (1831-1915)—a leader of the Fenian movement; publisher of The Irish People (1863-65); in 1865 was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment; amnestied in 1870, emigrated to the USA where he headed the Fenian organisation; retired from political life in the 1880s.—460
Orleans—a branch of the royal dynasty in France (1830-48).— 586
Orsini, Felice (1819-1858)—Italian democrat, republican; prominent fig-
ure in the struggle for Italy's national liberation and unification, executed for his attempt on the life of Napoleon III.—577
Owen, Robert (1771-1858)—British Utopian socialist.—287, 289, 294-96, 335, 459
P
Paine, Thomas (1737-1809)—English-born American author, Republican, participant in the American War of Independence (1775-83) and the French Revolution (1789-94).— 569
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount (1784-1865)—British statesman, Tory at the beginning of his career, Whig from 1830 onwards; Foreign Secretary (1830-41, 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58, 1859-65).—56, 138, 189
Pavia y Albuquerque, Manuel (1827-1895)—Spanish general and politician; in 1873 commanded the Republic's troops against the Carlists and suppressed the cantonalist uprising in Andalusia; Captain-General of New Castile (1873-74); carried out a monarchist coup d'état (January 2-3, 1874) which brought Serrano to power; Senator from 1880.— 49
Péreire, Isaac (1806-1880)—French banker, Bonapartist, deputy to the Corps législatif; in 1852, together with his brother Emile Péreire, founded the joint-stock bank Crédit mobilier, which went bankrupt in 1867 and was liquidated in 1871; author of works on credit.— 274, 277
Péreire, Jacob Emile (1800-1875)— French banker, adhered to the Saint-Simonists (1825-31); later a Bonapartist; a founder (1852) and director of the Crédit mobilier.—274, 277 Persius (Aulus Persius Flaccus) (A.D. 34-62)—Roman satirist, follower of Stoic philosophy.—433
Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich (1793-1826)— a leader of the Decembrist movement in Russia, founder and leader of the Southern Society.—501
Peter I (the Great) (1672-1725) —Tsar of Russia (1682-1721); Emperor of Russia (1721-25).—8, 42, 488, 508
Peter III (1728-1762)—Emperor of Russia (1761-62).—49
Petronius (Gaius Petronius Arbiter) (d. A.D. 66)—Roman satirist, the reput-ed author of Satyricon showing moral degradation of Roman society during Nero's reign.—431
Pfander (Pfänder), Karl (Carl) (c. 1818-1876)—participant in the German and international working-class movement, painter; from 1845, a refugee in London; a leader of the League of the Just; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, of the Communist League's Central Authority and of the General Council of the First International (1864-67 and 1870-72); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—571
Pfuel, Ernst Heinrich Adolf von (1779-1866)—Prussian general; Prime Minister and War Minister (September-October 1848).— 138
Philalethes—see Johann Nepomuk Maria Joseph
Philo (Philo Judaeus) (21 or 28 B.C.— A.D. 41 or 49)—main representative of the Judaic religious philosophy of Alexandria; greatly influenced the formation of Christian theology.— 428-30
Pinder, Julius Hermann (b. 1805) — Prussian official, moderate liberal; Oberpräsident of Silesia; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Right wing) in 1848.—148
Pio, Louis Albert François (1841-1894)— publisher of the workers' weekly Socialisten; actual founder of the International's sections in Denmark (1871); a founder of the Danish Social-Democratic Party (1876); fled to the USA in 1877.—219
Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) (1792-1878)—Pope (1846-78).—10, 238
Pi y Margall, Francisco (1824-1901)— Spanish politician, leader of the Left Republicans, Utopian socialist; lawyer and writer; took part in the revolutions (1854-56 and 1868-74); Minister of the Interior (February 13-June 11, 1873); President pro tern of the republican government (June 11-July 18, 1873).—513 Plato (428 or 427-348 or 347 B.C.)— Greek philosopher.—548
Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) (A.D. 23 or 24-79)—Roman scholar, author of Natural History in 37 volumes.—548 Pogodin, Mikhail Petrovich (1800-1875)—Russian historian, writer and journalist.—6-7 Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson le
Normant d'Étiolés, marquise de (1721-1764)—mistress of Louis XV of France.—21 Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)— French writer, petty-bourgeois socialist, economist and sociologist; a founder of anarchism.—71, 184, 296, 326-27, 479, 514, 520-21
Puchta, Georg Friedrich (1798-1846)— German lawyer; representative of the historical school of law.— 554 Pugachov, Yemelyan Ivanovich (c. 1742-1775)—leader of an anti-feudal peasant and Cossack uprising in Russia (1773-75).—49
R
Racine, Jean (1639-1699)—French dramatist.—569 Rackow, Heinrich—German Social-Democrat; from 1879 a refugee in London; owner of a tobacco shop; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London.— 578
Rau, Karl Heinrich (1792-1870)— German political economist.—532, 537, 540, 543
Reh, Theodor (1801-1868)—German lawyer; in 1848-49, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left Centre), its last President (1849).— 167
Reichensperger, August (1808-1895)— Prussian politician and writer on art; deputy to the Second Chamber (1850-63) and to the North German and German Reichstag (1867-92); a leader of the Roman Catholic (Centre) Party.—250
Reimer, O.—follower of Lassalle; deputy to the Reichstag (1874).—214
Reimers, W.—sergeant of the English police (1874).—564
Renan, Ernest (1823-1892)—French historian of religion, Semitist, idealist philosopher.—238, 427
Renard, Andreas, Count (1795-1874)— Silesian landowner; deputy to the Second Chamber (Right wing) in 1849.—151
Reuleaux, Franz (1829-1905)—German scientist, founder of the German school of machine theory; member of the juries of the world exhibitions in Paris (1867), Vienna (1873) and Philadelphia (1876).—275
Reuß (Reuss), Heinrich XXII, Prince von (1846-1902).—172
Reuter, Heinrich Ludwig Christian Fritz (1810-1874)—German humorist writer; for participation in the student movement was sentenced to death (1833) which was commuted to thirty years' imprisonment; amnestied in 1840; began his literary activity in 1852.—133
Ricardo, David (1772-1823)—English economist.—69, 382, 534, 551
Richter, Ludwig—see Höchberg, Karl
Rittinghausen, Moritz (1814-1890)— prominent figure in the German working-class movement; staff member of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49; deputy to the German Reichstag (1877-78 and 1881-84).—209
Roach, Thomas John—member of the General Council of the First International (1871-72), delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); Corresponding Secretary for the British Federal Council, belonged to its reformist wing (1872); expelled from the International by the General Council's decision of May 30, 1873.—571
Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de (1758-1794)—leader of the Jacobins in the French Revolution; head of the revolutionary government (1793-94).—18, 176, 514
Rochat, Charles Michel (b. 1844)— member of the Paris Federal Council, took part in the Paris Commune; Corresponding Secretary of the International's General Council for Holland (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871); in 1872 emigrated to Belgium.—571
Rochefort, Henri, marquis de Rochefort-
Luçay (c. 1831-1913)—French journalist and politician, Left-wing republican; publisher of the journal La Lanterne (1868-69) and the newspaper La Marseillaise (1869-70); after the revolution of September 4, 1870 until October 31, member of the Government of National Defence; after the suppression of the Paris Commune was exiled to New Caledonia; monarchist from the end of the 1880s.—460, 584
Rodbertus (Rodbertus-Jagetzow), Johann Karl (1805-1875)—German economist; leader of the Left Centre in the Prussian National Assembly in 1848; subsequently theoretician of "state socialism".—531, 544-47, 549-51
Rost, Valentin Christian Friedrich (1790-1862)—German philologist.—548
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778)— French philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment.—82, 286, 288, 298
Rubichon, Maurice (1766-1849)— French economist, royalist, contributed to the Journal des Économistes.—326
Rüge, Arnold (1802-1880)—German radical journalist and philosopher, Young Hegelian; published, jointly with Marx, the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher; Marx's ideological opponent after 1844; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in England in the 1850s; National Liberal after 1866.— 184, 335
Rühl, J.—German worker, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London and of the General Council of the First International (1870-72).—571
Rutenberg, Adolf (1808-1869)—German journalist, Young Hegelian; member of the editorial board of the Rheinische Zeitung (1842); National Liberal after 1866.—233
S
Sadler, Michael Thomas—participant in the British working-class movement; member of the General Council of the First International (1871-72).— 571
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825)—French Utopian socialist.—287, 289-92, 302, 459, 514, 521
Saltykov (Saltykov-Shchedrin), Mikhail Yevgrafovich (pseudonym N. Shched-
rin) (1826-1889)—Russian satirical writer; in the 1840s took a great interest in the ideas of Saint-Simon and Fourier and was exiled to Vyatka "for harmful thoughts" (1848); Vice-Governor of Ryazan, then of Tver (1858-62); member of the editorial board of Sovremennik (1862-64); co-editor and shareholder of Otechestvenniye Zapiski (1868-84). Thanks to him these journals became the main tribune of the Russian democrats.—196
Schaf fie, Albert Eberhard Friedrich (1831-1903)—German economist and sociologist; propagated abstention from the class struggle.—531, 533, 536-37, 547, 553
Schapper, Karl (c. 1812-1870)— prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; a leader of the League of the Just, member of the Communist League's Central Authority; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; a leader of the separatist group that split away from the Communist League (1850); again drew close to Marx in 1856; member of the General Council of the First International (1865), participant in the London Conference of 1865.—52, 336, 565
Scheele, Alfred—head of the imperial railway office (1873-74).—278
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von
(1759-1805)—German poet, dramatist, historian and philosopher.—14, 18, 127
Schinderhannes—see Bückler, Johann
Schneider, Adam—German carpenter, took part in an attempt on the life of Prince William (subsequently William I) on June 12, 1849.—244
Schorlemmer, Carl (1834-1892)— German organic chemist, dialectical materialist, professor in Manchester; member of the First International and of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party; member of seien-tific societies in Great Britain, USA and Germany; friend of Marx and Engels.—471
Schouvaloff—see Shuvalov, Pyotr An-dreyevich
Schramm, Carl (Karl) August (1830-1905)—German Social-Democrat; reformist; an editor of the Jahrbuch für Socialwissenschaft und Socialpolitik ; criticised Marxism in the second half of the 1870s; withdrew from the working-class movement in the 1880s.—257-59, 262-67, 269
Schulze, Ernst—German philologist, author of the Gothisches Glossar.— 548
Schwarzenberg, Felix, Prince zu (1800-1852)—Austrian conservative statesman and diplomat; after the suppression of the Vienna uprising in October 1848 Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (November 1848-52).—516
Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von (1833-1875)—German journalist, follower of Lassalle, editor of Der Social-Demokrat (1864-67); President of the General Association of German Workers (1867-71); supported Bismarck's policy of unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy; fought against the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; was expelled from the General Association for his contacts with the Prussian authorities (1872).—263
Sefeloge, Maximilian Joseph (1820-1859)—Prussian retired non-commissioned officer; made an attempt on the life of Frederick William IV on May 22, 1850; died in a lunatic asylum.—244
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (c. 4 B.C.—A.D. 65)—Roman stoic philosopher, writer and statesman.—429-33
Serraillier, Auguste (1840-1878)— prominent figure in the French and international working-class move-
ment; shoemaker; member of the First International (from 1864) and of its General Council (1869-72), Corresponding Secretary for Belgium, Holland and Spain (1870) and France (1871-72); member of the Paris Commune; delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress of the International (1872); member of the International's British Federal Council (1873-74); supporter of Marx and Engels.— 571
Serrano y Dominguez, Francisco, conde de
San Antonio, duque de la Torre (1810-1885)—Spanish general and statesman, War Minister (1843); took part in the coup d'état of 1856; Foreign Minister (1862-63), head of the Provisional Government (1868-69), Regent of the Kingdom (1869-71), Prime Minister (1871 and 1872), President (1874), Ambassador to France (1883-84).—22
Seton—English house-owner.—564
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)— English poet and dramatist.—72, 237, 569
Shuvalov (Schouvaloff), Pyotr Audreyevich, Count (1827-1889)—Russian general and diplomat; chief of gendarmes and head of the Third Department of the Imperial Office (1866-74); Ambassador to Great Britain (1874-79).— 239 Sieber, Nikolai Ivanovich (1844-1888)— Russian economist, one of the first popularisers and supporters of Marx's economic theories in Russia.— 534 Singer, Paul ( 1844-1911)—prominent leader of the German working-class movement and the Social-Democratic group of the Reichstag, member of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party (from 1869), deputy to the Reichstag (1884-1911).—254, 257 Skaldin—see Yelenev, Fyodor Pavlovich Slagg, J.—member of the British Parliament from Manchester (1881).—389 Smith, Adam (1723-1790)—Scottish economist.—534
Socrates (c. 470-399 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.—583
Sorge, Friedrich Adolph (Adolf) (1828-1906)—German teacher, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to the USA (1852), organised the First International's sections there; Secretary of the General Council, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), General Secretary of the General Council in New York (1872-74); took part in organising the Socialist Workers' Party of North America (1876-77); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—472, 478
Soriano, Trinidad—Bakuninist, delegate to the Ghent Congress of the Socialists (September 1877).—216
Spartacus (d. 71 B.C.)—leader of the greatest slave revolt in Ancient Rome (73-71 B.C.).—432
Speyer, Karl (b. 1845)—Secretary of the German Workers' Educational Society in London in the 1860s; carpenter; member of the General Council of the First International in London from 1870 and then in New York.— 105
Spinoza, Baruch (or Benedictus) de (1632-1677)—Dutch philosopher.—298
Stenzel, Gustav Adolph Harald (1792-1854)—German historian; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing, later Right Centre) in 1848.—164
Stephen Dushan (c. 1308-1355)—King of Serbia (from 1331), Tsar (from 1346); after long wars with Byzan-tium, annexed Macedonia (1345), Al-bania, Epir and Fessalia (1348) to Serbia and created a vast Greco-Serbian kingdom.—497, 500
Stepney, Cowell William Frederick (1820-1872)—participant in the British
working-class movement, member of the Reform League, member of the General Council of the First International (1866-72) and its Treasurer (1868-70); delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and the London Conference (1871) of the First International; member of the British Federal Council (1872).— 571
Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882)—chief of the Prussian political police (1850-60), an organiser of and chief witness for the prosecution at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); together with Wermuth wrote the book Die Communisten-Ver schwörungen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts.—51, 53, 135
Stirner, Max (real name Schmidt, Johann Caspar) (1806-1856)—German Young Hegelian philosopher, an ideologist of individualism and anarchism.—514, 521
Stolberg-Wernigerode, Otto, Graf zu (from 1890 Fürst zu) (1837-1896)— German statesman and politician, deputy to the Reichstag (1871-78), Vice-Chancellor of the German Empire (1878-81); Conservative.— 240, 250
Stosch, Albrecht von (1818-1896)— German general; during the Franco-Prussian war, Chief of the Commis-sariat of the German armies and later Chief of Staff of German occupation-al troops in France (1871); Navy Minister (1872-83).—242
Strauss, David Friedrich (1808-1874)— German Young Hegelian philosopher and writer; author of Das Leben Jesu; National Liberal after 1866.— 428
Strousberg, Bethel Henry (real name Baruch Hirsch Strausberg) (1823-1884)—British railway industrialist, German by birth; went bankrupt in 1875.—266
Swinton, John (1830-1901)—Scottish-born American journalist, editor of several influential New York newspapers, The Sun (1875-83) included; founder and editor of John Swinton's Paper (1883-87).—583-85
Sybel, Heinrich von (1817-1895)— German historian and politician, representative of the "Prussian school" of German historians; member of the North German Reichstag (1867); National Liberal; director of the Prussian State Archives (1875-95).—458
T
Tacitus, Cornelius (c. 55-120)—Roman historian, orator and politician.— 350, 365, 432, 443-44
Tamerlane (or Timur) (1336-1405)— Gentral Asian soldier and conqueror, Emir (1370-1405), founder of a vast state in Asia with its capital in Samar-kand.—510
Taylor, Alfred—British worker; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72) and the British Federal Council (1872-73).—571
Tessendorff, Hermann Ernst Christian (1831-1895)—Prussian public prosecutor, member of the Berlin Municipal Court (1873-79); from 1885 President of the Criminal Sen-ate of the Supreme Court in Berlin; organised persecutions of Social-Democrats.—173, 566
Thackeray, William Makepeace (1811-1863)—English writer.—569
Thadden-Trieglaff, Adolf von (1796-1882)—Prussian landowner in Pomerania, reactionary; member of the first United Diet (1847).— 144
Thaler, Karl von (b. 1836)—Austrian writer and journalist; opposed the First International; editor of and contributor to the Neue Freie Presse
(1865-70 and 1873).—20-21, 26
Thiers, Louis Adolph (1797-1877)—
French historian and statesman, Prime Minister (1836 and 1840); head of the Orleanists after 1848; Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1871); suppressed the Paris Commune (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73).—222, 224, 492-93, 527
Thompson, Thomas Perronet (1783-1869)—British politician and economist, Free Trader.—403
Tiberius (Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar) (42 B.C.—A.D. 37)—Roman Emperor (14-37).—432
Tkachov (Tkatschoff), Pyotr (Peter) Nikitich (1844-1886) —Russian revolutionary, journalist, ideologist of the Blanquist trend in the Narodnik movement; in the 1860s was several times arrested for participation in student unrest and revolutionary propaganda among students; fled abroad from exile (1873); contributed to Lavrov's journal Vperyod! in Zurich; after break with him (1874) worked in the Blanquist newspaper Ni Dieu, ni Maître (1880).—21-43, 45-49, 100
Tolain, Henri Louis (1828-1897)— prominent figure in the French working-class movement; engraver; Proudhonist; member of the First Paris Bureau and Paris section of the First International, delegate to all congresses and conferences of the International in 1865-69; deputy to the National Assembly (1871); during the Paris Commune went over to the side of the Versaillists and was expelled from the International (1871); Senator during the Third Republic — 235
Tooke, Thomas (1774-1858)—English economist, adherent of the classical school in political economy, criticised Ricardo's theory of money.— 556
Townshend, William—British worker; member of the General Council of the First International (1869-72), took part in the socialist movement in the 1880s.—571
Treitschke, Heinrich von (1834-1896)— German historian and journalist, editor of the Preußische Jahrbücher
(1866-69); deputy to the German Reichstag (1871-88) where he first joined the Right wing of the National Liberals and from the late 1870s supported conservatives.— 54, 458
Trochu, Louis Jules (1815-1896)— French general and politician, Orleanist; took part in the conquest of Algeria (1830s-40s); head of the Government of National Defence; Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of Paris (September 1870-January 1871); sabotaged the city's defence; deputy to the National Assembly (1871).—527, 530
Tschech, Heinrich Ludwig (1789-1844)— Prussian official, democrat, bur-gomaster of Storkow in 1832-41, executed for an attempt on the life of Frederick William IV.—244
Tussy—see Marx, Eleanor (Tussy)
U
Uhland, Johann Ludwig (1787-1862)— German romantic poet; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848-49.—168
Urquhart, David (1805-1877)—British diplomat, writer and politician, Tur-cophile, went on diplomatic missions to Turkey in the 1830s; Tory M. P. (1847-52), exposed the foreign policy of Palmerston and the Whigs; founder and editor of The Free Press (1855-77), which appeared under the heading Diplomatic Review from 1866.—230
V
Vahlteich, Carl Julius (1839-1915) —
German shoemaker and editor; a founder of the General Association of German Workers (1863), set up the Dresden section of the First International (1867),one of the founders of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party (1869); deputy to the German Reichstag (1874-76 and 1878-81); emigrated to the USA (1881).— 214
Vaillant, Marie Edouard (1840-1915)— French engineer, naturalist and physician, Blanquist; delegate to the Lausanne Congress (1867) and the London Conference (1871) of the First International; member of the Paris Commune, of the National Guard's Central Committee and of the General Council of the International (1871-72); after the Hague Congress (1872) withdrew from the International.—18, 571
Van Patten, Philipp—American bourgeois, joined the socialist movement; National Secretary of the Labor Party of the USA (from 1876) and of the Socialist Labor Party of the USA (from 1877 to 1883); later became a government official.— 477
Vermersch, Eugene Marie Joseph (1845-1878)—French petty-bourgeois journalist, participant in the republican movement; during the Paris Commune (1871) published the newspaper Le Père Duchêne; after the suppression of the Commune emigrated to England where he published Vermersch-Journal and Qui Vive? attacking the International and the General Council.—14-15
Victor Emmanuel (Vittorio Emanuele) II (1820-1878)—King of Piedmont (1849-61), King of Italy (1861-78).— 271
Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 295, 563 Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa (1840-1901)—Queen Victoria's elder daughter; from 1858 wife of the Prussian Crown Prince Frederick William.—580-82
Viereck, Louis (1851-1921)—German publisher and journalist; during the Anti-Socialist Law a leader of the Right wing of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany; member of the Reichstag (1884-87); discharged from all responsible party posts by decision of the St. Gallen Congress (1887); in 1896 emigrated to the USA and withdrew from the socialist movement.—254, 257, 260-62
Vinas, José Garcia—Bakuninist, delegate to the Ghent Congress of the Socialists (September 1877).—216
Vogt, Auguste—Karl Vogt's younger sister.—168
Vogt, Karl (1817-1895)—German naturalist, petty-bourgeois democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; one of the five Imperial regents (June 1849); emigrated to Switzerland in 1849; received subsidies from Napoleon III in the 1850s and 1860s, slandered proletarian revolutionaries; exposed by Marx in his pamphlet Herr Vogt.—167-68, 189
Voigts-Rhetz, Julius von (1822-1904)— Prussian general, participant in the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71), major general and Director of the General War Department (1873); later General Inspector of Artillery.—64
Voltaire (François Marie Arouet) (1694-1778) — French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlightenment.—433, 569
W
Wagner, Adolph (1835-1917)—German bourgeois economist and politician, professor of political economy and finance; a founder of the socio-legal
school in political economy; academic (Katheder) socialist.—531-59
Washington, George (1732-1799)— American statesman, Commander-in-Chief of the North American Army in the War of Independence (1775-83), First President of the USA (1789-97).—343
Weitling, Wilhelm (1808-1871)—one of the early leaders of the working-class movement in Germany; tailor; member of the League of the Just; a theoretician of Utopian egalitarian communism; emigrated to the USA in 1849.—297, 565
Wenceslas IV (1361-1419)—King of Bohemia (1378-1419), Holy Roman Emperor (1378-1400).—500
Wermuth, Carl Georg Ludwig (c. 1803-1867)—chief of police in Hanover, an organiser of and witness for the prosecution at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); together with Stieber wrote the book Die Communisten-Verschwörungen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts.—135
Weston, John—prominent figure in the British working-class movement; carpenter, follower of Owen; member of the General Council of the First International (1864-72), delegate to the London Conference (1865); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; a leader of the Land and Labour League; member of the British Federal Council.—571
Westphalen, Johann Ludwig von (1770-1842)—Jenny Marx's father, Privy Councillor in Trier.—419, 422
Wilke, Christian Gottlob (1786-1854)— German theologian, first Protestant, then Catholic; engaged in the philological-historical studies of the Bible.—428
William I (1797-1888)—Prince of Prussia, King of Prussia (1861-88), Emperor of Germany (1871-88).— 172, 212, 239, 241, 372, 408-09, 577
William III (1650-1702)—Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the Netherlands (1672-1702), King of Great Britain and Ireland (1689-1702).— 436
William IV (1765-1837)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1830-37).-563
Williams, J.—sergeant of the British police (1874).—564
Willich, Johann August Ernst (1810-1878)—Prussian officer, retired from the army on account of his political views; member of the Communist League, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; a leader of the separatist group that split away from the Communist League in 1850; emigrated to the USA in 1853, took part in the US Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—52, 336
Wolff, Bernhard (1811-1879)—German journalist, owner of the Berlin newspaper National-Zeitung from 1848; founder of the first telegraphic agency in Germany (1849).—241
Wolff, Johanna Christiane (d. 1846)— younger sister of Wilhelm Wolff.— 132
Wolff, Johann Friedrich (d. 1835)— Wilhelm Wolff's father.—132
Wolff, Marie Rosine—Wilhelm Wolff's mother.—132
Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864)— German teacher, proletarian revolutionary; the son of a Silesian serf peasant; participant in the student movement; was imprisoned in Prussia (1834-39); from 1846 member of the Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee; from March 1848 member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; took an active part in the 1848-49 revolution in
Germany; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; in 1849 deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (extreme Left wing); emigrated to Switzerland in summer 1849 and to England in 1851; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—129-71
Woodhull, Victoria Claflin (1838-1927)—U.S. feminist, headed Section No. 12 which included bourgeois and petty-bourgeois members; was expelled from the International (1872).—575
Wrangel, Friedrich Heinrich Ernst, Count von (1784-1877)—Prussian general; took part in the counter-revolutionary coup d'état in Berlin and in dispersing the Prussian National Assembly in November 1848; from 1856, field marshal-general.— 138
Wrôbleuiski, Walery (1836-1908)—Polish revolutionary democrat, a leader of the Polish liberation uprising of 1863-64; general of the Paris Commune, after its defeat emigrated to London; sentenced to death in his absence; member of the General Council of the First International and Corresponding Secretary for Poland (1871-72); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); fought Bakuninists; headed the Polish People revolutionary society in London (1872); propagated the idea of a Russian-Polish revolutionary alliance; after amnesty returned to France; maintained contacts with Marx and Engels.—5, 571
Würth, Carl Otto (1803-1884)—lawyer, petty-bourgeois democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (extreme Left wing).—168
Y
Yelenev, Fyodor Pavlovich (pseudonym Skaldin) (1827-1902)—Russian writer, journalist, liberal; Secretary of the Editorial Commissions for the Preparation of the Peasant Reform of 1861 (1859-61); author of essays In the Backwoods and in the Capital; in 1868-96 member of the Council for the Press Affairs and simultaneously, from 1890, member of the Council of the Ministry of the Interior; from the 1870s took a reactionary stand.— 47
Z
Zasulich, Vera Ivanovna (1849-1919)— participant in the Narodnik (from 1868) and later in the Social-Democratic movement in Russia; a
Achilles (Gr. Myth.)—a Greek warrior during the Trojan War, a character in Homer's Illiad and Shakespeare's tragedy Troilus and Cressida.—24, 33, 119
Apollo—Greek god of the arts.—429
Christ, Jesus (Bib.).—428, 431
Don Quixote—the tide character in Cervantes' novel.—458
Eckart—hero of German medieval legends, loyal guard. In the Tann-häuser legend he guards the mountain of Venus, warning those who approach it of the danger of Venus' charms.—25
Falstaff, Sir John—a fat, merry, ribald and boastful knight in Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor and King Henry IV—237—
Faust or Faustus—hero of a medieval German legend, the tide character in Goethe's tragedy and Marlowe's play The Tragical History of Doctor Faus-tus.— 306, 550
Hamlet—the title character in Shakespeare's tragedy.—14
founder (1883) and active member of the Emancipation of Labour group.— 245, 346, 361, 364, 370-71
Zévy, Maurice—member of the General Council of the First International (1866-72), Corresponding Secretary for Hungary (1870-71); tailor.—571
Zhukovsky, Yuly Galaktionovich (1833-1907)—Russian economist, journalist, sociologist, eclectic; manager of the State Bank, senator; author of the article "Karl Marx and His Book on Capital", which slandered Marxism.—196
Ziemann, Adolf (1807-1842)—German philologist, author of works on the history of the German language.— 548
Jacob (Bib.)—traditional ancestor of the people of Israel.—430, 514
Jahveh (Jehovah) (Bib.).—430
John, Saint (the Apostle)—according to the New Testament, one of the twelve apostles of Christ, author of one of the Gospels and the Revelation of John (Apocalypse).—430, 434
Karlchen Mießnick—a half-taught person and mother's darling in the books of German humorist David Kalisch.—18, 24, 29, 33, 35
Lazarus (Bib.).—433
Mammon—wealth or the idol of wealth among some ancient peoples; in Christian ecclesiastical texts evil spirit, idol, personifying money-loving and money-grubbing.—417
Mary (Bib.).—15
Moros—character in Schiller's ballad Bürgschaft.—14
Nemesis (Gr. Myth.)—goddess of re-tributive justice.—26
Paul, the Apostle (Bib.).—238
INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES Peter, the Apostle (Bib.).—559
Prometheus (Gr. Myth.)—a Titan who stole fire from the gods and gave it to men; was chained by Zeus to a rock.—315
Sancho Panza (Pansa)—a character in
Cervantes' Don Quixote.—458
Vulcan—the Roman god of fire, the deity of smiths.—315
Zeus (Gr. Myth.)—the supreme god in classical times.—432