Name Index
A
Abeele, Henri van den (b. 1847)— Belgian anarchist, merchant; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872); expelled from the International in 1873; agent of the French and Belgian police.—24*4, 245, 247, 249, 250
Ackroyd (Akroyd), Edward—English manufacturer, Liberal M.P.—351, 352
Albarracin, Severino (d. 1878)—Spanish anarchist, teacher; member of the Spanish Federal Council (1872-73); a leader of an uprising in Alcoy (1873).—208, 589
Albors, A. (d. 1873)—Spanish Republican; the alcalde of Alcoy in 1873.— 587, 588
Alerini, Charles (b. 1842)—French anarchist; Corsican by birth, teacher; member of the section of the International in Marseilles; took part in the Marseilles Commune (April 1871); emigrated to Italy, then to Spain; editor of La Solidarité Révolutionnaire (Barcelona); delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—245, 247-50, 291, 488, 495, 510, 586
Alexander II (1818-1881)—Emperor of Russia (1855-81).—506, 525, 535, 557, 558, 561, 563, 564, 625
Alexandrovskaya (née Chirikova), Varva-ra Vladimirovna (born c. 1833)— member of the Nechayev organisation; in 1871 was sentenced to depor-tation to Siberia.—539
Alexei (Alexis) Mikhailovich (1629-1676)—Tsar of Russia (1645-76).— 518
Allen, George R.—American Radical.— 182, 640
Amadeo (Amadeus) I (1845-1890)—son of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy; King of Spain (1870-73).—418, 496, 583
Amberny—Swiss lawyer.—77
Antonelli, Giacomo (1806-1876)—Italian cardinal; counsellor of the Pope Pius IX.—497
Applegarth, Robert (1833-1925)—a leader of the British trade unions, cabinet-maker; General Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (1862-71), member of the London Trades Council; member of the General Council of the International (1865, 1868-72); • delegate to the Basle Congress of the International (1869); subsequendy abandoned the working-class movement.—19, 145, 159 Argaing, Ferdinand—French worker, member of the International; from the end of 1872 an authorised representative of the General Council in Toulouse.—444
Arnaud, Antoine (1831-1885)—French revolutionary, Blanquist; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and the Paris Commune; emigrated to England; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72), delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872); withdrew from the International in view of the decision by the Congress to transfer the General Council to New York.—19, 122, 145, 159, 243-47, 250, 253, 441
Ashton, Thomas—manufacturer in Lancashire, Liberal.—351, 354
Ashworth, Edmund (1801-1881)— English manufacturer, Liberal.—351, 354
Attila (Etzel) (d. 453)—King of the Huns (433-53).—610
Avrial, Augustin Germain (1840-1904)—prominent figure in the French working-class movement; mechanical engineer; Left Proudhonist; member of the Federal Council of the Paris sections of the International; member of the Paris Commune; emigrated to England.—101
Ayrton, Acton Smee (1816-1886)— English politician, Liberal M.P. (1857-74); Chief Commissioner of Works and Public Buildings (1869-73).—612
B
Bacave, Henri—police agent, insinuated himself into the Narbonne Section of the International; supported anarchists; was exposed in 1873.—507
Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685-1750)— German composer.—602
Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (Bakounine, Michael) (1814-1876)—Russian
revolutionary, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; an ideologist of Narodism and anarchism; opposed Marxism in the International; was expelled from the International at the Hague Congress (1872) for his divisive activities.—32, 61, 64, 66-68, 85, 89-92, 96, 105, 112, 115, 118, 120, 121, 141, 142, 168, 176, 205-07, 228, 230, 231, 238, 249, 257, 267, 268, 274, 275, 283, 290, 413, 439, 440, 442, 445, 446, 451, 457, 459-62, 464, 466-70, 472, 475-76, 478, 480, 482, 485-86, 488, 496, 497, 499, 503, 505, 506, 509, 516-25, 526-32, 535-37, 539-41, 543, 544, 549, 551-55, 556-60, 562-68, 571, 579-81, 584, 592, 595, 630
Banks, Theodore H.—member of the International in the USA, house-painter; bourgeois Radical.—182, 640, 641
Barni, Jules Romain (1818-1878)— French idealist philosopher, Republican; an organiser of the League of Peace and Freedom; deputy to the National Assembly from 1872.—460
Barry, Mailman (1842-1909)—English journalist, socialist; member of the International; member of the General Council (1872) and British Federal Council (1872-74); delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872); supported Marx and Engels in the struggle against Bakuninists and English reformists.—145, 159, 240, 244, 245, 250
Bassi, Ugo (1801-1849) —Italian revolutionary, democrat; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; shot by the Austrians.—44
Bastelica, André Augustin (1845-1884)— a leading figure in the French and Spanish working-class movement, Corsican by birth, printer; Bakuninist; member of the General Council of the International (1871), delegate to the London Conference of 1871.— 92, 93, 97, 102, 474, 476, 488, 504-05 Bayard, Pierre Terr ail, seigneur de (c.
1475-1524)—French warrior, glorified by his contemporaries as Le
chevalier sans peur et sans reproche (the Knight Without Fear and Without Reproach).—466
Bayle, Pierre (1647-1706)—French sceptic philosopher, critic of religious dogmatism.—608
Bebel, August (1840-1913)—a leading figure in the international and German working-class movement; turner; President of the Union of German Workers' Associations from 1867; member of the International, deputy to the Reichstag from 1867; one of the founders and leaders of German Social-Democracy; opposed the Lassalleans; took an internationalist stand during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71; came out in support of the Paris Commune; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—46, 48, 129, 167, 222, 224, 411-12
Becker, Bernhard (1826-1891)—German journalist, follower of Lassalle, President of the General Association of German Workers (1864-65); subsequendy supported the Eisenachers; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—243, 244, 250
Becker, Hermann Heinrich (1820-1885)—German lawyer and journalist, member of the Communist League from 1850; one of the accused at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); member of the Party of Progress in the 1860s; later National-Liberal.— 75
Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-1886)— prominent figure in the international and German working-class movement, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; organised sections of the International in Switzerland and Germany; delegate to the London Conference (1865) and all the congresses of the International; editor of Der Vorbote (1866-71);
friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—160, 243-50
Beesly, Edward Spencer (1831-1915)— British historian and politician, Radical, positivist philosopher; professor at London University, in 1870-71 supported the International and the Paris Commune.—165, 193
Beethoven, Ludwig van (1770-1827)— German composer.—603
Beghelli, Giuseppe (1847-1877)—Italian journalist, democrat; took part in Garibaldi's campaigns; in 1871 member of the Working Men's Federation in Turin.—500
Beklemishev, Fyodor Andreyevich—clerk in the office of Governor-General of Eastern Siberia Muravyov-Amursky.— 556 Benardaki, Dmitry Yegorovich (1799-1870)—Russian landowner and manufacturer.—557
Benary, Franz Simon Ferdinand (1805-1880)—German Orientalist, philolo-gist, and Bible scholar, professor in Berlin.—452 Benedek, Ludwig August von (1804-1881)—Austrian general, Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian army during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—624
Bennett, George—member of the British Federal Council of the International (1872-73).—414
Bergenroth, Gustav Adolph (1813-1869)—German historian and journalist; petty-bourgeois democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; left Germany in 1850.—609
Bert, Cesare—Italian mechanic, an organiser of the Turin Section of the International; in 1871-72 supported the General Council; later joined the anarchists; delegate to the anarchist Congress in Geneva (1873).—500
Bertrand, Francis J.—cigar-maker; German by birth; member of the North American Federal Council of the International (1872) and the editorial board of the Arbeiter-Zeitung; member of the General Council elected by the Hague Congress (1872).—240, 253, 266
Bervi, Vassily Vassilyevich (pseudonym Flerovsky, N.) (1829-1918)—Russian economist and sociologist; democrat; Narodnik Utopian socialist; author of the book The Condition of the Working Class in Russia.—521
Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand, Count von (1809-1886)—Saxon and Austrian statesman, opposed the unification of Germany under the supremacy of Prussia; in 1849-66 held several ministerial posts in the Government of Saxony; Foreign Minister (1866-71) and Chancellor of Austria-Hungary (1867-71), Ambassador to London (1871-78) and to Paris (1878-82).—64, 83, 223, 225
Biedermann, Friedrich Karl (1812-1901)—German historian and journalist, Liberal; a National-Liberal in the 1860s; editor of the Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (1863-79).—287
Bignami, Enrico (1846-1921)—prominent figure in the Italian democratic and working-class movement, journalist; took part in Garibaldi's campaigns; organiser of the Lodi Section of the International; editor of La Plebe (1868-82); from 1871 regularly corresponded with Engels; opposed anarchism.—22, 271, 409, 415, 437, 447
Bismarck-Schönhausen, Otto, Prince von (1815-1898)—statesman of Prussia and Germany, diplomat; Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-72, 1873-90), Chancellor of the North German Confederation (1867-71) and of the German Empire (1871-90); carried through the unification of Germany by counter-revolutionary means.—62, 64, 75, 83, 95, 116, 119, 161, 222, 225, 262, 352, 360, 364, 402-05, 411, 446, 477, 484, 617, 618, 620, 622, 624
Blanc, Gaspard Antoine (b. 1845)— French Bakuninist; took part in the Lyons uprising in 1870; after the suppression of the Paris Commune, sided with the Bonapartists.—92, 93, 96, 119-21, 300, 467, 474, 476, 505, 567
Blanc, Jean Joseph Charles Louis (1811-1882) — French petty-bourgeois socialist, historian; member of the Provisional Government and President of the Luxembourg Commission in 1848; pursued a policy of conciliation with the bourgeoisie; a leader of petty-bourgeois refugees in London in the 1850s-60s; deputy to the National Assembly of 1871; opposed the Paris Commune.—524, 562
Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881)— French revolutionary, Utopian communist; organised secret societies and plots; sentenced to imprisonment several times.—265
Blind, Karl (1826-1907)—German journalist, petty-bourgeois democrat; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in London in the 1850s; National-Liberal from the 1860s.—162, 418
Blood, James—American Radical.—641
Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von (1742-1819)—Prussian field marshal; took part in wars against the French Republic and Napoleonic France.— 622
Böhme, Jakob (1575-1624)—German artisan, pantheist philosopher; expressed ideas on the dialectical development of the world.— 602
Bolte, Friedrich—prominent figure in the American working-class movement; cigar-maker; Secretary of the North American Federal Council of the International (1872), member of the Arbeiter-Zeitung editorial board; member of the General Council (1872-74) elected at the Hague Congress.—240, 253, 266
Bonança—Portuguese anarchist.—487 Bonaparte—see Napoleon III
Boon, Martin James—British mechanic; follower of the social-reformist views of James Bronterre O'Brien, a Chartist; member of the General Council of the International (1869-72); member of the British Federal Council (1872).—19, 122, 145, 159
Boriani, Giuseppe—participant in the Italian working-class movement of the 1870s; member of the International.—56
Börne, Ludwig (1786-1837)—German critic and writer.—604
Borrel(l), Enrique—Spanish anarchist, tailor; a founder of the first sections of the International in Spain; member of the Spanish Federal Council (1870-71).—486, 487
Bousquet, Abel—French anarchist, expelled from the Bézièrs Section of the International as a police agent.— 249, 300, 399, 412, 508
Bovê, Clémente—Spanish anarchist, weaver; Chairman of the factory workers' trade union of Catalonia.—497
Bracke, Wilhelm (1842-1880)—German Social-Democrat; publisher of socialist literature in Brunswick; a founder and leader of the Social-Democratic Workers'Party; deputy to the Reichstag (1877-79).—50
Bradlaugh, Charles (1833-1891)—English Radical, editor of the National Reformer; sharply attacked Marx and the International Working Men's Association.—62, 71-73
Bradnick, Frederick—member of the General Council of the International (1870-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871); following the Hague Congress (1872) joined the reformist wing of the British Federal Council.—19, 122, 145, 159, 306, 311, 312
Bray, John Francis (1809-1897)—English Utopian socialist, follower of Robert Owen.—394
Brentano, Lujo (1844-1931)—German vulgar economist; a representative of Katheder-Socialism.— 164, 190
Bright, John (1811-1889)—British manufacturer; one of the Free Trade leaders and founders of the Anti-Corn Law League; leader of the Left wing of the Liberal Party from the early 1860s; held several ministerial posts in Liberal cabinets.—144
Brismée, Désiré Jean François (1822-1888)—prominent figure in the Belgian democratic and working-class movement; printer; Proudhonist; a founder of the Belgian Section of the International (1865); member of the Belgian Federal Council from 1869; joined Bakuninists at the Hague Congress (1872), subsequently dissociated himself from the anarchists.—243, 245-50
Brix, Harald Frederik Valdemar (1841-1881)—Danish journalist; a founder of the sections of the International in Copenhagen; editor of the Socialisten; an organiser of the Danish Social-Democratic Party (1876).—224
Brousse, Paul Louis Marie (1854-1912)—French petty-bourgeois socialist: physician; participant in the Paris Commune; sided with the anarchists; in 1879 became a member of the French Workers' Party; a leader of the opportunist trend of the Possibilists.—399, 443, 507, 586
Bruce, Henry Austin, 1st Baron Aberdare (1815-1895)—British statesman, Liberal, Home Secretary (1868-73).— 149, 612
Brunetti, Angelo (nicknamed Ciceruacchio) (1800-1849)—Italian revolutionary; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; shot by the Austrians.—44
Brutus, Lucius Junius (6th cent. B.C.)— according to legend, founder of the Roman Republic, Roman Consul (509 B.C.); condemned his own sons to death for conspiring against the Republic — 395 Bürgers, Heinrich (1820-1878)—German radical journalist; member of the Communist League; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; from 1850 member of the Communist League Central Authority; one of the accused at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); member of the Party of Progress in the 1860s-70s.—75
Burt, Thomas (1837-1922)—English trade-unionist, miner; Secretary of the Northumberland Miners' Association; M.P. (1874-1918); supported the Liberal Party.—613, 615
Butt, Isaac (1813-1879)—Irish lawyer and politician, Liberal M.P. (1852-65, 1874-78); counsel for the defence at the trial of the Fenians (1860s); leader of the Irish Home Rule League in 1872-75.—616
Buttery, G. H.—member of the General Council of the International (1871-72).—19, 122, 145, 159
Buttner, Hugo—Swiss whitesmith; participant in the League of Peace and Freedom; member of the Bakuninist Alliance.—461
C
Cabet, Etienne (1788-1856)—French writer, Utopian communist; author of Voyage en Icarie.—524
Cafiero, Carlo (1846-1892)—participant in the Italian working-class movement, member of the International; in 1871 corresponded with Engels, pursued the General Council's line in Italy; one of the founders of the Italian anarchist organisations from 1872; abandoned anarchism at the end of the 1870s.—48, 262, 275, 280, 283, 497, 498, 503, 509
Cagliostro, Alessandro, Count (Giuseppe
Balsamo) (1743-1795)—Italian adventurist and hoaxer.—89
Cagnon (Cognon), Emile—French anarchist, engraver; lived in Switzer-
land; member of the Romance Federal Committee; in 1870 expelled from the International for embezzlement.—474
Calas, André (born c. 1825)—French upholsterer; Secretary of the section of the International in Montpellier; supported the policy of the General Council; in 1873 was sentenced to one-year imprisonment.—443, 507, 508
Calleja, Inocente—prominent figure in the Spanish working-class movement, jeweller; member of the Spanish Federal Council of the International (1871-72), the Emancipacion editorial board (1871-73) and the New Madrid Federation (1872-73); opposed the anarchists.—493
Camélinat, Zéphyrin Rémy (1840-1932)— prominent figure in the French working-class and socialist movement, bronze-worker; a leader of the Paris sections of the International; participant in the Paris Commune.—40, 101
Campos—see Martinez de Campos, Arsenio
Caporusso, Stefano (Etienne)—Italian anarchist, tailor; one of the founders of the Neapolitan Section of the International and its chairman; delegate to the Basle Congress (1869); in 1870 was expelled from the section for embezzlement.—497, 498
Carl, Conrad (d. 1890)—German refugee in die USA from 1854; tailor; member of the North American Federal Council of the International; elected to the General Council at the Hague Congress (1872); in 1873 editor of the Arbeiter-Zeitung; after 1875 abandoned the working-class movement.—240, 253
Castelar y Ripoll, Emilia (1832-1899)— Spanish politician, historian and writer; leader of the Right-wing Republicans; in September 1873-January 1874 head of the government which paved the way for the restoration of monarchy in Spain.—496
Catherine II (1729-1796)—Empress of Russia (1762-96).—567
Cervera, Rafael (1828-1908)—Spanish politician; Federal Republican; deputy to the Constituent Cortes (1873).— 589
Cetti—member of the North American Federal Council of the International.—240
Chalain, Louis Denis (1845-1888)— prominent figure in the French working-class movement, metal-turner; member of the Paris Commune; emigrated to England, where for some time he was a member of the French Section of 1871, which opposed the General Council; later joined the anarchists.—101
Charles Augustus (Karl August) (1757-1828)—duke of Saxe-Weimar (from 1758); grand duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (from 1815).—602
Chassin, Charles Louis (1831-1901)— French journalist and historian, Republican; participant in the League of Peace and Freedom; founder and editor of the Démocratie (1868-70).— 540
Chautard, B.—French police agent who found his way into workers' organisations; member of the French Section of 1871 in London; was exposed and expelled from the section.—40, 98
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889)—Russian revolutionary democrat and Utopian socialist; materialist philosopher; writer and literary critic, one of the predecessors of Russian Social-Democracy.—516, 524, 526, 558, 559, 561-62
Chenal, Julien (real name Joseph Cramer)—police spy for Prussia and France; gained entry into the Communist League and led one of the Paris communities belonging to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group; ac-
cused of complicity in the so-called Franco-German plot in Paris in February 1852; escaped from prison with die connivance of the police.— 160
Chevalley, Henri—Swiss anarchist, tailor.—92, 474, 475
Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (106-43 B.C.)—Roman orator, statesman and philosopher.—619
Ciceruacchio—see Brunetti, Angelo
Cincinnatus (Lucius Quinctius Cincin-nati) (c. 519-438 B.C.)—Roman patrician, Consul (460 B.C.), dictator (458 and 439 B.C.); according to legend, was an ordinary man and worked his own small farm.—621
Claflin, Tennessee Celeste (1845-1923)— American bourgeois feminist; sought to use the International's organisation in the USA for her own ends; together with her sister, Victoria Woodhull, published Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly.—178
Claris, Aristide (1843-1916)—French journalist, anarchist; took part in the Paris Commune; emigrated to Switzerland, where he joined the anarchist Section of Propaganda and Revolutionary Socialist Action; editor of the Révolution Sociale (1871-72).— 485
Cochrane-Baillie, Alexander Dundas Ross Wishart (1816-1890)—British politician and man of letters; Conservative M.P.— 31, 33, 140-43, 145, 149-50, 645
Coenen, Philip(pe) (1842-1892)—a leading figure in the Belgian working-class movement, shoe-maker; Secretary of the editorial board of the Antwerp newspaper De Werker; delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868), London Conference (1871) and Hague Congress (1872) of the International; at the latter he joined the anarchist minority; subsequendy one of the organisers of the Belgian Socialist Party (1879).—243, 245-47, 249, 250
Cordova y Lopez, Francisco—Spanish journalist, Republican; from 1868 member of the Bakuninist Alliance in Madrid.—486
Costa, Andrea (1851-1910)—prominent figure in the Italian working-class and socialist movement; in the 1870s a leader of the anarchist organisations in Italy; in 1879 criticised anarchism; subsequently worked for the establishment of a political workers' party.—503, 509
Cournet, Frédéric Etienne (1839-1885)— French revolutionary, Blanquist; member of the Paris Commune; emigrated to England; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); withdrew from the International in view of the decision by the Congress to transfer the General Council to New York.— 19, 122, 145, 159, 213, 243-47, 250, 253, 441
Cremer, William Randal (1838-1908)— active participant in the British trade union and pacifist movement; a founder of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (1860); member of die London Trades Council, participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held at St. Martin's Hall (September 28, 1864); member of the General Council of the International and its General Secretary (1864-66); in 1870-71 opposed the campaign in defence of the French Republic; subsequendy Liberal M.P.— 31, 615
Crescio, Prospero—Italian journalist; supporter of Garibaldi; joined the Bakuninists; editor of the newspaper Avvenire Sociale in Piacenza.— 451, 453, 504
Cuno, Edward Heinrich—engineer and architect; father of Theodor Friedrich Cuno.—151
Cuno, Theodor Friedrich (pseudonym Capestro, Frederico) (1846-1934)— prominent figure in the German and the international working-class movement, engineer; actively opposed the anarchists in Italy; organiser of the Milan Section of the International; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); after the Congress, emigrated to the USA and took part in the International's activities there.—151-52, 244, 245, 246-47, 249-50, 415, 457, 499
Cyrille, Marie Antoine Victor—French anarchist, shop assistant; took part in the Paris Commune; refugee in Italy, Switzerland, Belgium; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872); subsequendy became a police agent.—245, 250, 253, 279
D
Dante, Alighieri (1265-1321)—Italian poet.—72, 143, 600
Darboy, Georges (1813-1871)—French theologian, archbishop of Paris from 1863; shot by the Commune as a hostage in May 1871.—143, 149
Dave, Victor (1847-1922)—member of the Belgian Federal Council of the International, journalist; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); sided with the anarchist minority.— 244-50
David, Edouard—prominent figure in the French and American working-class movement; was elected to the General Council at the Hague Congress of the International (1872), but refused.—253, 266
Davis, Ira—American Radical.— 641
Delahaye, Victor Alfred (1838-1897)— French mechanic, Proudhonist; member of the International from 1865, participant in the Paris Commune; emigrated to England; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871).— 19, 122, 145 Dentraygues, Emile Jean Philippe (pseudonym Swarm) (b. 1836)— French railway worker; member of the section of the International in Toulouse; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); betrayed his friends at die Toulouse Trial (1873).—243, 245, 247, 249, 250, 438-40, 442-44, 507
De Paepe, César Aimé Désiré (1841-1890)—Belgian socialist, compositor, subsequendy physician; one of die founders of the Belgian sections of the International, delegate to the London conferences (1865 and 1871), the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International; following the Hague Congress (1872) supported the Bakuninists for some time; a founder of the Belgian Workers' Party.— 135
Dereure, Louis Simon (1838-1900)— prominent figure in the French and the international working-class movement, shoe-maker; Blanquist, member of the Paris Commune, emigrated to the USA; delegate to the Basle (1869) and Hague (1872) congresses of the International; member of the General Council (1872-74); from 1882, member of the French Workers' Party.—243-50, 253, 266
De Wolfers, Alfred Charles Daniel Edouard, (b. 1841)—took part in the Paris Commune, refugee in London; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72).—145, 159
Dickens, Charles John Huff am (1812-1870)—English novelist.—196
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784)—French philosopher of the Enlightenment, atheist, leader of the Encyclopae-dists.—608
Dietzgen, Joseph (1828-1888)—German Social-Democrat, leather-worker; self-taught philosopher who independ-
endy arrived at dialectical materialism; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—246
Dilke, Charles Wentworth (1843-1911)— British politician and writer; a leader of the Radical wing of the Liberal Party, M.P.—52, 265
Dolgov, Nikolai Stepanovich (born c. 1844)—Russian revolutionary Narodnik; took part in student disturbances in 1869; member of the Nechayev organisation; in the 1870s was close to the Land and Freedom society.—531, 533
Dollfus, Jean (1800-1887)—Alsace manufacturer, bourgeois philanthropist; Mayor of Mulhouse.—329, 383
Douglass, Frederick (c. 1817-1895)— outstanding leader of the Abolitionist movement; participant in John Brown's raid in 1855 and in the American Civil War; active advocate of women's rights.— 641
Ducpétiaux, Edouard (1804-1868)— Belgian journalist and statistician; bourgeois philanthropist; inspector of prisons and charity institutions.— 338
Dufaure, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881)—French lawyer and politician, Orleanist; in the 1840s held several ministerial posts; one of the organisers of the suppression of the Paris Commune; Minister of Justice (1871-73, 1875-76 and 1877-79); Prime Minister (1876, 1877-79).—83, 107, 122, 129, 223-24, 439
Dumont—see Faulet, Eugene Louis
Dupont, Eugène (c. 1837-1881)— prominent figure in the international working-class movement; musical instrument maker; took part in the June 1848 uprising in Paris; from 1862 on lived in London; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872), Corresponding Secretary for France (1865-71); participant in the majority of congresses and conferences of the International; associate of Marx; became a member of the British Federal Council of the International in 1872; moved to the USA in 1874.— 19, 32, 122, 132, 145, 159, 240, 243-46, 249-50, 253, 265, 273, 283, 314, 556
Dupont, Jean Martial Aminthe (b. 1841)—French revolutionary; sided with the Blanquists; bank clerk; member of the Paris Commune.— 142
Durand, Gustave—member of the section of the International in Lyons; police agent; after the suppression of the Paris Commune, went to London, where he passed himself off as a refugee; Secretary of the French Section of 1871; in October 1871 was expelled from the International.— 21, 38, 67, 97, 103
Duval, Théodore—prominent figure in the Swiss working-class movement, joiner; a founder of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; at the beginning of 1870 left the Bakuninists; member of the Romance Federal Committee of the International; opposed the Bakuninists; delegate to the Hague (1872) and Geneva (1873) congresses.—243-50, 253
E
Eastwick, Edward Backhouse (1814-1883)—British diplomat and Orien-talist, Conservative M.P. (1868-74).— 143
Eberhardt—Belgian tailor; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; sided with the anarchist minority.—244-47, 250, 253
Eberstein, Mangold von—West-German knight; engaged in hostilities with Nuremberg and other towns from 1516.—600
Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889)— prominent figure in the international and German working-class movement, tailor; refugee in London;
member of the Communist League, member of the General Council of the International (1864-72), Council's General Secretary (1867-May 16, 1871); Corresponding Secretary for America (1870-72); from 1865 to 1872 delegate to all the International's conferences and congresses; associate of Marx up to 1872; after the Hague Congress, joined the reformist wing of the British Federal Council.—16, 20, 122, 145, 159, 243, 245, 247, 449, 615
Elliott, John T.—American democrat; member of the International.— 640
Elpidin, Mikhail Konstantinovich (1835-1908)—took part in the student movement in Russia in the 1860s; then emigrated to Switzerland; member of the Bakuninist Alliance.— 36, 460
Engels, Frederick (1820-1895)—19, 22, 30, 36, 53, 55, 56, 59-61, 74-76, 122, 129-30, 137-39, 145-47, 150, 154, 159, 168, 175, 176, 184, 211, 213, 215, 217, 239, 240, 243-50, 253, 265, 273, 276, 283-85, 292, 293, 296, 297, 298, 300, 302, 303, 315, 319, 321, 325, 326, 327, 330, 338, 342, 344, 348, 349, 353, 359, 360, 362, 364-66, 369-71, 373-80, 382, 383, 385-90, 391, 415, 416, 418, 422-25, 437, 438, 447, 556, 581, 591, 627, 632, 636, 637, 645
Estévanez y Murphy, Nicolas (1838-1914)—Spanish politician and writer; Republican; took part in the 1868-74 revolution; Governor of Madrid (1873).—490
F
Faulet, Eugène Louis (pseudonym Dumont) (1840-1912)—prominent figure in the French working-class movement; took part in the Paris Commune; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872) from the sections in Paris and Rouen; subsequently member of the French Workers' Party.— 243-45, 247-50
Fanelli, Giuseppe (1827-1877)—Italian democrat; participant in the 1848-49 revolution and Garibaldi's campaign of 1860; Mazzinist; close friend of Bakunin from the mid-1860s; organiser of the first sections of the International and anarchist groups in Spain (1868); delegate to the Basle Congress of the International (1869); deputy to the Italian parliament from 1865.—288, 467, 486, 490, 497, 509
Farga Pellicer, Rafael (1840-1903)— Spanish anarchist, printer and journalist; an organiser and leader of anarchist groups and first sections of the International in Spain, one of the leaders of the secret Alliance, editor of the Federacion (1869-72); delegate to the Basle (1869) and Hague (1872) congresses of the International.— 245, 247, 249, 250, 291, 486, 489, 495, 496, 510, 586
Farkas, Kâroly (Carl) (1843-1907)— prominent figure in the Hungarian working-class and socialist movement; exponent of Marxism, metal-worker; an organiser and leader of the section of the International in Hungary; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—243-50, 432
Faucher, Julius (Jules) (1820-1878)— German journalist, Young Hegelian; advocate of Free Trade; refugee in England from 1850 till 1861; author of works on the housing question; member of the Party of Progress.— 339
Favre, Claude Gabriel Jules (1809-1880)—French lawyer and politician; a leader of the republican bourgeois opposition from the late 1850s; Foreign Minister (1870-71), an organiser of the suppression of the Paris Commune and of the struggle against the First International.—32, 45, 83, 107, 161, 223, 224, 421, 480
Favre, Henri—watch-maker; chairman of the section of the International in Moutier-Grandval (Switzerland); opposed the principles of the Bakuninist Jura Federation and complied with the decisions of the Hague Congress (1872).—512
Fawcett, Henry (1833-1884)—English vulgar economist; follower of John Stuart Mill; M.P. from 1865; Liberal.—143-45, 645
Ferdinand I (1503-1564)—Austrian Archduke; Holy Roman Emperor (1556-64).—326
Ferdinand II (1810-1859)—King of Naples (1830-59), nicknamed King Bomba for the bombardment of Mes-sina in 1848.—294
Ferré, Théophile Charles (1846-1871)— French revolutionary, Blanquist; member of the Paris Commune; member and later leader of the Committee of Public Safety and Deputy-Procurator of the Commune; shot by the Versaillese.— 95, 477
Flerovsky, N.—see Bervi, Vassily Vas-silyevich
Florinsky, Ivan Ivanovich (born c. 1845)—student of the Agricultural Academy in Moscow; member of the Nechayev organisation; in 1871 sentenced to six months' imprisonment.— 533
Fluse, Pierre Joseph (1841-1909)— Belgian Proudhonist, weaver; delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Brussels (1868) and Hague (1872) congresses of the International, supported the Bakuninists.—244-46, 249, 250
Fornaccieri—participant in the American working-class movement, Italian by birth; member of the General Council of the International, elected at the Hague Congress (1872).—253, 266
Foster, Robert—Secretary of the British Federal Council of the International (1871-72), member of its reformist wing.— 406
Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837)—French Utopian socialist.— 347, 348, 394, 524, 630
Franca—see Nobre Franca, José Correia
Frankel, Léo (1844-1896)—a leading figure in the Hungarian and the international working-class movement, jeweller; member of the Paris Commune; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); associate of Marx and Engels.—19, 122, 145, 159, 213, 243-47, 249-50, 253, 284, 556
Frederick II (the Great) (1712-1786)—King of Prussia (1740-86).— 401, 602
Frederick William II (1744-1797)—King of Prussia (1786-97).—604
Frederick William III (1770-1840)— King of Prussia (1797-1840).—604
Frederick William IV (1795-1861)— King of Prussia (1840-61).—401
Friedländer, Hugo—German Social-Democrat; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872) from the section in Zurich.— 243, 244, 246, 250
Fries, Jakob Friedrich (1773-1843)— German idealist philosopher.— 610
Fusté, Luis—Spanish cooper; member of the section of the International in Sans.— 495
G
Gambetta, Léon (1838-1882)—French statesman, bourgeois Republican, member of the Government of National Defence (1870-71); Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1881-82).—482
Gambuzzi, Carlo (1837-1902)—Italian lawyer; Mazzinist at the beginning
of the 1860s; then anarchist; a leader of the secret Bakuninist Alliance and anarchist organisations in Italy.— 461, 497
Gameter, Charles—Swiss anarchist; member of the Bakuninist Jura Federation.—450, 514
Garcia Fraile, Dionisio—Spanish anarchist, member of the group of the Bakuninist Alliance in Saint-Sebastien, police agent; expelled from the International in 1872 for embezzlement of section funds.—497
Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882) —Italian revolutionary, democrat; participant in the revolution of 1848-49; in the 1850s and 1860s headed the struggle for national liberation and the unification of the country; defended the Paris Commune; wel-comed the establishment of sections of the International in Italy.— 29, 43-45, 47, 48, 451, 453, 504, 579
Garrido y Tortosa, Fernando (1821-1883)—Spanish Federal Republican, Utopian socialist, deputy to the Cortes (1869-73).—486
Gavrishev, Georgi Yakovlevich (born c. 1846)—student of the Agricultural Academy in Moscow; member of the Nechayev organisation; in 1871 sentenced to four months' imprisonment.— 532
Geleff, Paul Johansen (1842-1921)—an organiser of sections of the International in Denmark (1871); a founder of the Danish Social-Democratic Party (1876); subsequently abandoned the working-class movement.— 224
Gerhard, Hendrick (1829-1886)—one of the founders and leaders of the Dutch sections of the International; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872); sided with the Bakuninists.—245, 247, 250, 253 Gerlach, Ernst Ludwig von (1795-1877)—Prussian reactionary politi-
',626 — 1006 cian, one of the founders of the Conservative Party and its organ Neue Preussische Zeitung (1848).— 403
Gibbons, Sills John—Lord Mayor of London in 1871.—51
Girardin, Emile de (1806-1881)— French journalist and politician, lacked principles in politics.— 62
Gladstone, Robert (1811-1872)—English businessman; bourgeois philanthropist; cousin of William Ewart Gladstone.—144
Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898)— British statesman, Tory; later Peelite; a leader of the Liberal Party in the latter half of the nineteenth century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55 and 1859-66) and Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94).— 164-66, 190-97, 225, 265, 284, 294-95, 611, 612, 615
Gluck, Christoph Willibald von (1714-1787)—German composer.— 603
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German writer and thinker.—386, 582, 603, 620
Gondres, Eugene (b. 1825)—police agent, insinuated himself into the Narbonne Section of the International; was exposed in 1873.— 507
Gorchakoff (Gorchakov), Alexander Mikhailovich, Prince (1798-1883)— Russian statesman and diplomat; Foreign Minister (1856-82); State Chancellor (1867-82).—64
Grant, James (1802-1879)—English journalist; editor of The Morning Advertiser (1850-71).—351
Greg, Robert Hyde (1795-1875)— English manufacturer, Liberal.— 352, 354
Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Carl (1785-1863)—German philologist; a founder of comparative linguistics.— 604
Gromeka, Stepan Stepanovich (1823-1877)—Russian journalist, moderate Liberal; during the Polish uprising in
1863-64, was Chairman of the Commission on peasant questions in Poland, later Governor.— 562
Grosse, Eduard—German refugee in the USA, Lassallean; member of the International.—183, 641
Grout, John—member of the British Federal Council of the International (1872), member of its reformist wing.— 406
Guesde, Jules (Basile, Mathieu) (1845-1922)—prominent figure in the French and the international working-class and socialist movement; sided with the anarchists in the first half of the 1870s; later a founder of the French Workers' Party (1879) and exponent of Marxism in France.— 442-44, 506, 507
Guillaume, James (1844-1916)—Swiss teacher, anarchist, participant in the Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867), Basle (1869) and Hague (1872) congresses of the International; one of the organisers of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; editor of the newspapers Le Progrès, La Solidarité and Bulletin de la Fédération jurassienne; at the Hague Congress (1872) was expelled from the International for his divisive activities.— 67, 91, 92, 102, 113, 118, 244-46, 249, 250, 257, 267, 268, 275, 280, 286, 287, 446, 450, 457, 473-76, 478, 485, 500, 504, 505, 509, 514, 540, 544, 580
Gülich, Gustav von (1791-1847)— German economist and historian; author of works on the history of economics.— 604
H
Hales, John (b. 1839)—British trade unionist, weaver; member of the General Council of the International (1866-72) and its Secretary (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference
(1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; headed the reformist wing of the British Federal Council in 1872.—20, 32, 123, 145, 154, 159, 301-03, 306, 309, 311, 312, 406, 408, 414, 415, 446, 615, 644
Hales, William—member of the General Council of the International (1867, 1869-72).—19, 122, 145, 159
Halliday, Thomas (1835-1919)—a leader of British trade unionists, Chairman of the Amalgamated Association of Miners (1869-75); supported the policy of the Liberal Party.— 615
Händel, Georg Friedrich (George Frederick) (1685-1759)—German composer, citizen of Great Britain from 1726.—603
Hansard, Thomas Curson (1776-1833)— English publisher; printed reports on the Parliamentary sittings; after his death they continued to be published under his name.—166-67, 195-97
Hansemann, David Justus Ludwig (1790-1864)—big German capitalist; a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie; Minister of Finance of Prussia in March-September 1848.— 342
Harcourt, W. E.—miner; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872) from Australia.—247, 250
Hardenberg, Karl August von, Prince (1750-1822)—Prussian statesman and diplomat; Foreign Minister (1804-06, 1807), Chancellor of State (1810-22); champion of moderate reforms; supported the policy of the Holy Alliance after 1815.—401
Harris, George—active in the British working-class movement, follower of James Bronterre O'Brien, a Chartist; member of the General Council of the International (1869-72), Finance Secretary of the Council (1870-71).— 19
Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard von (1842-1906)—German idealist philosopher.—610
Hasenclever, Wilhelm (1837-1889)— German Social-Democrat, Lassallean; President of the General Association of German Workers in 1871-75.— 451 Hasselmann, Wilhelm (b. 1844)—one of the leaders of the Lassallean General Association of German Workers; in 1871-75 editor of the Neuer Social-Demokrat; member of the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany from 1875; expelled from the party as anarchist in 1880.— 451
Haussmann, Georges Eugene, Baron (1809-1891)—French politician, Bonapartist; prefect of the Seine Department (1853-70); directed work on the reconstruction of Paris.— 319, 365 Heddeghem—see Van-Heddeghem, L.
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—classical German philosopher.—370, 403, 600, 610, 630
Heim, Ludwig—see Oberwinder, Heinrich Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—German revolutionary poet.—607
Henry III (1551-1589)—King of France (1574-89).—608
Henry IV (1553-1610)—King of France (1589-1610).—608
Hepner, Adolf ( 1846-1923)—German Social-Democrat; an editor of Der Volksstaat; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—243-45, 247, 249, 250, 286, 439
Herbart, Johann Friedrich (1776-1841)— German idealist philosopher and teacher.— 610
Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744-1803)—German writer and literary theorist of the Enlightenment, a founder of the Sturm-und-Drang movement.— 603
V226 * Herman, Alfred (1843-1890)—active in the Belgian working-class movement, sculptor; an organiser of sections of the International in Belgium; member of the General Council and Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (1871-72); at the Hague Congress (1872) joined the anarchist minority.—19, 41, 103, 122, 145, 159, 244-45, 247, 249, 250
Herzen, Alexander Alexandrovich (1839-1906)—Russian physiologist; son of Alexander Ivanovich Herzen.— 162
Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870)—Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher and writer; emigrated in 1847.—162, 529, 540, 541, 557, 558, 561-62
Hills, Edmund—Secretary of the British Federal Council of the International (1872), opposed its reformist wing.— 285, 313
Hinckeldey, Karl Ludwig Friedrich von
(1805-1856)—Prussian official, Chief Commissioner of Berlin police from 1848; President of the Police Department in the Ministry of the Interior from 1853.—401
Hoffmann, Gotthelf (pseudonym Füsilier
Kutschke) (1844-1924)—German poet, author of the nationalist sol-dier's songs.— 339
Hole, James (1820-1895)—English publi-cist, author of a book on housing conditions of the working class.— 338
Hollinger, Fidelio—German refugee, owner of a printing-house in London.—162
Höpfner, Friedrich Eduard Alexander von
(1797-1858)—Prussian general, military writer.— 604
Hout, Isaak Salomon van der (b. 1843)— Dutch worker; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872) from the sections in Amsterdam.— 243, 245, 247, 250, 253, 278
Howell, George (1833-1910)—a leader of the British trade unions, mason;
participant in the Chartist movement, Secretary of the London Trades Council (1861-62), participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (October 1864 to 1869); opposed revolutionary tactics.— 615
Huber, Victor Aimé (1800-1869)— German publicist and historian of literature, conservative.— 338, 348, 349
Hubert, Joseph—Belgian miner, member of the International; at the extraordinary Congress of the Belgian Federation in July 1872 came out for preserving General Council's functions.—483
Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885)— French writer, Republican; after the Bonapartist coup d'état of December 2, 1851 emigrated from France.— 562
Huleck, Maria—member of the General Council of the International (1868); emigrated to the USA, joined the group of bourgeois reformers.— 641
Hume, Robert William—American Radical; one of the leaders of the National Labour Union; member of the International and correspondent of the General Council; subsequently joined the group of bourgeois reformers.—182, 640
Hurliman—member of the General Council of the International (1871-72); delegate from the Swiss Society in London.—19, 122, 145, 159
Hurry, F.—member of the British Federal Council of the International (1872-73), opposed its reformist wing.— 313
I
Iglesias, Pablo (1850-1925)—prominent figure in the Spanish working-class and socialist movement, printer;
member of the Spanish Federal Council of the International (1871-72), the Emancipation editorial board (1871-73), and the New Madrid Federation (1872-73); opposed anarchists; a founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (1879).—493
Ishutin, Nikolai Andreyevich (1840-1879)—Russian revolutionary; founder and leader of the secret revolutionary society in Moscow (1863-66); was arrested in 1866 and sentenced to death, commuted to penal servitude for life.— 551
Itzenplitz, Heinrich August Friedrich, Count (1799-1883)—Prussian statesman, Minister of Trade (December 1862-May 1873).—404
Ivanov, Ivan Ivanovich (d. 1869)— student of the Agricultural Academy in Moscow; participant in the student movement in the 1860s and the Nechayev organisation; was mur-dered by Nechayev.—528, 530, 531, 535-38, 541, 553
J
Jacoby, Pavel Ivanovich—Russian refugee, physician, friend of Bakunin; propagated anarchism in Italy in the early 1870s.—500
Jalvo, Juan—Spanish anarchist; founded the groups of the Bakuninist Alliance in Spain; Chairman of Madrid Section of the International.— 486
Johannard, Jules Paul (1843-1892)— active in the French working-class movement, lithographer, member of the General Council of the International (1868-69, 1871-72) and Corresponding Secretary for Italy (1868-69); member of the Paris Commune, Blanquist; emigrated to London; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).—19, 122, 145, 159, 243-45, 247, 249, 250, 253
Jung, Hermann (1830-1901)— prominent figure in the international and Swiss working-class movement, watch-maker; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Switzerland (November 1864 to 1872); Treasurer of the General Council (1871-72); Vice-President of the London Conference (1865); Chairman of the Geneva (1866), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and of the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the British Federal Council (1872); supported Marx before the Hague Congress (September 1872), later joined the reformist wing.—20, 122-23, 129, 145, 158, 159, 189, 213, 302, 303, 306, 311, 312, 406, 449, 644
K
Kameke, Arnold Karl Georg von (1817-1893)—Prussian general, fought in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71; War Minister (1873-74).—404
Kamensky, Gavriil Pavlovich (1824-1898)—agent of the tsarist government abroad; in 1872, was, in his absence, sentenced to imprisonment by the Swiss court for the forgery of bank notes.—77
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)—founder of the German classical philosophy.— 603, 610
Karakozov, Dmitry Vladimirovich (1840-1866)—Russian revolutionary; in April 1866 made an attempt upon Alexander II's life; was hanged.— 525, 534
Katkov, Mikhail Nikiforovich (1818-1887)—Russian journalist; in the 1830s and 40s was close to democratic circles; later moderate Liberal; sided with reaction from 1863; editor of the Moscow Gazette (MocKoecKW. ehdoMocmu) (1850-55, 1863-87).— 557
26 — 1006 Kavanagh, Samuel—participant in the American working-class movement, Irishman by birth; member of the General Council elected at the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—240, 253, 266
Keen, Charles—participant in the British working-class movement; Chartist in the past; member of the General Council of the International (1872).— 145, 159
Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)—German astronomer.— 602
Klein, Johann Jacob (1817-c. 1896)— doctor in Cologne, member of the Communist League, defendant at the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); acquitted by the jury.— 75
Klimin, Innokenty Fyodorovich (b. 1847)—student of the Agricultural Academy in Moscow, member of the Nechayev organisation; in 1871 sentenced to one-year imprisonment.— 532, 534
Kolachevskaya, Alia Nikolayevna (born c. 1845)—sister of Andrei Kolachevsky; prosecuted in the Nechayev organisation's case; was released in 1870 under police surveillance.— 534
Kolachevskaya, Lyudmila Nikolayevna (born c. 1850)—sister of Andrei Kolachevsky; prosecuted in the Nechayev organisation's case; was released in 1870 under police surveillance.— 534
Kolachevsky, Andrei Nikolayevich (c. 1848-1888)—participant in the student movement in Russia in the 1860s; prosecuted in the Nechayev organisation's case; acquitted by the jury.— 534
Kossuth, Lajos (1802-1894)—leader of the Hungarian national liberation movement; head of the Hungarian revolutionary government in 1848-49; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated from Hungary.— 52
Krug, Wilhelm Traugott (1770-1842)— German idealist philosopher, follower of Kant.—610
Krupp, Alfred (1812-1887)—German manufacturer.— 187, 353
Kugelmann, Ludwig (1828-1902)— German physician, participant in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the International; delegate to the Lausanne (1867) and Hague (1872) congresses of the International; friend of Marx.—243, 244, 247, 249, 250
Kupper, F.—Secretary of Manchester Foreign Section of the International (1872); opposed reformists.— 308
Kuznetsov, Alexei Kirillovich (1845-1928)—Russian revolutionary, student of the Agricultural Academy in Moscow, member of the Nechayev organisation; in 1871 was sentenced to ten years of penal servitude.— 532, 537-40
Kuznetsov, Semyon Kirillovich (born c. 1847)—student of the Agricultural Academy in Moscow in 1869; member of the Nechayev organisation; arrested in December 1869; discharged in 1871; brother of Alexei Kuznetsov.— 532
L
Laforgue, Paul (1842-1911)— prominent figure in the international and French working-class movement, member of the General Council of the International; Corresponding Secretary for Spain (1866-69), helped to organise the International's sections in France (1869-70), Spain and Portugal (1871-72); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); a founder of the French Workers' Party; disciple and associate of Marx and Engels.— 236, 243-45, 247-50, 261, 266, 271, 286, 287, 290, 437, 493, 496
La Fontaine, Jean de (1621-1695)— French fabulist.—526 Landeck, Bernard (b. 1832)—French jeweller, refugee in London; member of the French Section of 1871 and the Universal Federalist Council, both of which opposed the General Council of the International.—101, 157
Langethal, Christian Eduard (1806-1878)—German botanist and historian of agriculture.—609
Lanza, Giovanni (1810-1882)—Italian statesman, Liberal; Minister of Finance (1858-59), Minister of the Interior (1864-65), Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior (1869-73).— 225
Larroque, Charles (Edouard) (b. 1829) — participant in the French working-class movement and in the Paris Commune, a leader of the International's section in Bordeaux; in 1873 fled to Spain where he conducted the work of Bordeaux sections as a representative of the General Council.— 297, 415, 444
Lasker, Eduard (1829-1884)—German politician, a founder and a leader of the National-Liberal Party; deputy to the Reichstag from 1867.—167, 619
Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864)— German journalist, lawyer, in 1848-49 took part in the democratic movement; founder of the General Association of German Workers (1863), adherent of the unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy, one of the originators of the opportunist trend in the German working-class movement.—144, 379, 380
Laugrand, P.—French refugee in the USA.—641
Laurel (I), Carl Malcom Ferdinand—took part in the American working-class movement, Swede by birth, member of the General Council elected at the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—240, 253, 266
Law, Harriet (1832-1897)—a leading figure in the democratic and atheist movement in England, member of the General Council (1867-72) and the International's Manchester Section (1872).—19, 122, 145, 159
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874)—French journalist and politician, democrat; member of the Provisional Government (1848), deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies where he headed the petty-bourgeois Montagne Party; emigrated to England after the demonstration of June 13, 1849.—562
Lefrançais, Gustave Adolphe (1826-1901) — took part in the 1848 revolution in France; member of the International from the late 1860s; Left Proudhonist, member of the Paris Commune, emigrated to Switzerland where he sided with the anarchists.—103, 105, 119, 127
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von (1646-1716)—German idealist philosopher and mathematician.—600, 602 Le Moussu, Benjamin Constant (b. 1846)—participant in the French working-class movement, engraver; member of the Paris Commune, emigrated to London; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for the French-speaking sections in America (1871-72); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); supported Marx and Engels in their struggle against the Bakuninists.—20, 122, 145, 159, 213, 240, 243-45, 247, 249-50, 253, 416, 437, 447, 556
Léo, André (real name Léodile Champ-
seix) (1832-1900)—French writer, took part in the Paris Commune, emigrated to Switzerland, supported the anarchists.—95, 477, 488
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781)—German writer, critic and philosopher of the Enlightenment.— 603
26* Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910)— prominent figure in the German and the international working-class movement, tailor; member of the Communist League, participant in the revolution of 1848-49, a refugee in London from 1856; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872); took part in the London conferences of 1865 and 1871, and the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868), Basle (1869) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the International; member of the British Federal Council; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—19, 75, 122, 145, 159, 240, 244, 247, 250, 294, 313
Levièle, E.—member of the American working-class movement, French by birth, member of the General Council elected at the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—240, 253, 266
Liebig, Justus, Baron von (1803-1873)— German chemist, a founder of agricultural chemistry.—384, 609
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900)— prominent figure in the German and the international working-class movement, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League and of the International, delegate to the Basle Congress (1869); from 1867 deputy to the Reichstag; a founder and leader of the German Social-Democracy, editor of the Volksstaat (1869-76); during the Franco-Prussian War took an internationalist stand, supported the Paris Commune; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—75, 129, 160, 164, 222, 224, 473, 496
Likhutin, Ivan Nikitich (born c. 1848) — took part in the student movement in 1869, founded a circle connected with Nechayev in Petersburg, sentenced to sixteen months' imprisonment (1871).—534
Lochner, Georg (born c. 1824)—active member of the German and the in-
ternational working-class movement, joiner; member of the Communist League and of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1867 and 1871-72); delegate to the London conferences of 1865 and 1871; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—19, 122, 145, 159
Longuet, Charles (1839-1903)— prominent figure in the French working-class movement, journalist, Proudhonist; member of the General Council of the International (1866-67, 1871-72), delegate to the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and the Hague (1872) congresses and the London Conference (1871); member of the Paris Commune, emigrated to England; later joined the opportunist group of Possibilists.—19, 20, 123, 145, 159, 240, 243-45, 249, 250
Lorenzo, Anselmo (1841-1914)—active member of the Spanish working-class movement, printer; a founder of the International's sections in Spain, member of the Spanish Federal Council (1870-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871).—53, 207, 234, 236, 289, 290, 302, 303, 486, 491, 493-94
Lostau, Baldomero (born c. 1845)— Spanish mechanic, federal Republican, member of the International; elected to the Cortes in 1871.—495
Louis XIV (1638-1715)—King of France (1643-1715).—94
Louis XV (1710-1774)—King of France (1715-74).—34
Louis Bonaparte—see Napoleon HI
Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon III
Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)—Duke of Orleans, King of the French (1830-48).—417 Loyola, St. Ignatius of (Inigo Lopez de
Recalde) (1491-1556)—Spanish nobleman, in 1540 founded and headed the Society of Jesus.—470, 525 Lucain—see Potel, Frederic
Lucraft, Benjamin (1809-1897)—a leader of the British trade unions, furniture-maker; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-71), delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses; in 1871 refused to sign the General Council's address The Civil War in France and left the Council.—80
Ludwig, Gustav—German Social-Democrat, delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872) from the Mainz Section.—245, 250, 253
M
Macdonald, Alexander (1821-1881)— British trade unionist, miner, President of the National Union of Mineworkers; member of Parliament from 1874, supported Liberal Party's policy.—613, 615
M(a)cDonnell, Joseph Patrick (1845-1906)—active member of the Irish working-class movement; member of the General Council of the International, Corresponding Secretary for Ireland (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872), member of the British Federal Council (1872); in December of 1872 emigrated to the USA, took part in the American working-class movement.—19, 122, 145, 159, 213, 240, 244-46, 249, 250, 265, 284, 294, 416
Macfarlane, Helen—a Chartist on the staff of The Democratic Review (1849-50) and The Red Republican (1850); translated the Manifesto of the Communist Party into English.—174
Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527)— Italian politician, philosopher, historian and writer.—488
Mac-Mahon, Marie Edmé Patrice Maurice,
duc de Magenta (1808-1893)—French
military figure and politician, marshal, Bonapartist; during the Franco-Prussian War commanded the First Corps, then the Châlon Army, was captured at Sedan; Commander-in-Chief of the Versaillese Army, an organiser of the suppression of the Paris Commune; President of the Republic (1873-79).—623
Maddox (Maddock or Maddoss), G. W.— American Radical.—182, 640-42
Mahomet—see Mohammed
Malm, Benoît (1841-1893)—French socialist, member of the International and of the Paris Commune; emigrated to Italy, then to Switzerland where he sided with the anarchists; later a leader of the opportunist trend of the Possibilists.—94, 101, 103, 104, 117, 119,249,267,275,485,506,507
Malou, Jules Edouard, François Xavier
(1810-1886)—Belgian statesman, belonged to the Catholic Party, Minister of Finance (1844-47, 1870-78), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1871-78).—83, 224
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)— British vulgar economist, founder of the misanthropic theory of population.—380
Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron von (1805-1882)—Prussian statesman; Minister of the Interior (1848-50), Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1850-58).—401, 402, 617
Marchand, Louis Joseph Gabriel (1842-1901)—French Bakuninist; from 1871 refugee in Switzerland, contributed to La Révolution Sociale; expelled from the International.—249, 399
Marguerittes, Edouard Louis Marie (b. 1835)—French revolutionary, Blanquist, took part in the Paris Commune, emigrated to London; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72).—122, 145, 159
Marselau, Nicolas Alonso—Spanish anarchist, a leader of the Spanish organisation of the Bakuninist Alliance, editor of the Razon in Seville (1871-72); delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—244-45, 247, 249, 250, 253, 291, 495, 510
Marshall, Alfred (1842-1924)—British economist.—351, 352
Martin, Constant (1839-1906)—French revolutionary, Blanquist, took part in the Paris Commune, emigrated to London; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871).—19, 122, 145, 159
Martin, Felipe—Spanish anarchist.—490
Martinez de Campos, Arsenio (1831-1900)—Spanish general; in 1873 suppressed a cantonal uprising in Catalonia and Valencia, headed the monarchical coup d'état which brought to power Alfonso XII (December 24, 1874); War Minister (1881-83).—593, 594
Martinez, Franco (Francisco)—Spanish anarchist, dyer, member of the Spanish Federal Council of the International (1872-73).—208, 493
Marx, Karl (1818-1883)—19, 50-52, 63, 71-73, 75, 103, 122, 127, 131, 132, 145, 159-67, 175, 187, 188, 190-94, 197, 199, 213, 214, 240, 243, 244, 247, 249-50, 253, 254-59, 265, 273, 284, 286, 287, 303, 317, 318, 322, 333, 336, 370, 379, 390, 395, 397-99, 440, 445, 448, 461, 488, 501, 556, 644-45 Marx-Aveling, Eleanor (1855-1898)— participant in the British and international working-class movement, Karl Marx's younger daughter, married to Edward Aveling.—330
Mavritsky, Vasily Abramovich (c. 1847-1910)—student of the Kiev theologi-
cal seminary, prosecuted in the Nechayev organisation's case, the investigation was stopped for lack of evidence.—527 Mayo, Henry—took part in the British working-class movement, member of the General Council of the International (1871-72) and the British Federal Council (1872); in the latter he joined the reformist wing.—19, 122, 145, 159, 306, 311, 312, 406
Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—Italian revolutionary, democrat, a leader of the national liberation movement in Italy; when the International was founded in 1864, tried to bring it under his influence; in 1871 opposed the Paris Commune and the General Council.—28, 29, 43-48, 60, 61, 141, 162, 480, 497, 504, 562, 579
Mechnikov, Lev Ilyich (1838-1888)— Russian geographer, sociologist and journalist; took part in Garibaldi's campaign (1860); contributed to Kolokol and Sovremennik; in the second half of the 1860s was close to Bakunin.—506
Méndez, Juan—Spanish anarchist.—495
Menke, Heinrich Theodor (1819-1892)— German geographer and ethnog-rapher.—601, 602
Mesa y Leompart, Jose (1840-1904) — participant in the Spanish working-class and socialist movement, printer; an organiser of the International's sections in Spain, member of the Spanish Federal Council (1871-72), of the Emancipacion editorial board (1871-73), the New Madrid Federation (1872-73), fought anarchism; a founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (1879); translated works by Marx and Engels into Spanish.—290, 292, 438, 487, 488, 493 Milke, Fritz—German Social-Democrat, printer, delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872) from the Berlin Section.—245, 247, 250, 253 Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)—British economist and positivist philosopher, follower of the classical school of political economy.—144
Millot, Théodore—French refugee in the USA, bookbinder, member of the International; took bourgeois radical-ist stand.—182, 640
Milner, George—took part in the British working-class movement, Irish by birth, tailor; follower of the Chartist O'Brien's views; member of the General Council of the International (1868-72) and the British Federal Council (1872-73), came out against its reformist wing.—19, 122, 145, 159, 302, 313
Mitchell, John—member of the British Federal Council of the International (1872-73), came out against its reformist wing.—313
Mohammed (or Muhammed, Mahomet) (c. 570-632)—semi-legendary founder of Islam.—107, 558
Molière, Jean Baptiste (real name Po-quelin) (1622-1673)—French dramatist.—191, 192
Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard von, Count (1800-1891)—Prussian field marshal, military writer, Chief of the Prussian (1857-71) and the Imperial (1871-88) General Staff.—222, 592, 619-24
Montel, Guglielmo—member of the International in Italy.—48
Montoro, Peregrin (pseudonym Damon) — Spanish anarchist, weaver, member of the Spanish Federal Council of the International (1872-73).—208, 488, 493, 496
Mora, Angel—participant in the Spanish working-class movement, carpenter; member of the Spanish Federal Council of the International (1870-72), of the Emancipacion editorial board (1871-73) and the New Madrid Federation (1872-73); fought against anarchist influence.—486, 493
Mora, Francisco (1842-1924)—took part in the Spanish working-class and socialist movement, shoe-maker; an organiser of the International's sections in Spain and Portugal; member of the Spanish Federal Council of the International (1870-72), of the Emancipacion editorial board (1871-73), and the New Madrid Federation (1872-73); fought against anarchist influence; an organiser of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (1879).—235, 236, 290, 413, 486, 487, 491-93, 503, 578
Morago, Gonzalez, Tomas (d. 1885)— Spanish anarchist, engraver; a founder and leader of the Bakuninist Alliance in Spain, member of the Spanish Federal Council of the International (1870-71); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).—236, 245, 247, 249, 250, 287, 289-91, 486-90, 495, 497, 510
Morley, Samuel (1809-1886)—British manufacturer and politician, Liberal M.P. (1865, 1868-85).—265, 412, 446, 615
Mottershead, Thomas G. (c. 1826-1884)— British weaver, participant in the Chartist movement, member of the General Council of the International (1869-72); Corresponding Secretary for Denmark (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); a representative of the reformist wing of the British Federal Council, opposed Marx.—19, 122, 145, 159, 243, 247, 305, 306, 309, 311, 312, 615
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791)—Austrian composer.—603
Mülberger, Arthur (1847-1907)— German petty-bourgeois journalist, Proudhonist, physician.—368-79, 381-83, 385-91
Mundella, Anthony John (1825-1897)— British manufacturer and statesman, M.P. (from 1868), held several ministerial posts.—167 Muravyov, Mikhail Nikolayevich, Count (1796-1866)—Russian statesman, during the Polish uprising (1863) was Governor-General in Poland, for the brutal suppression of the uprising was called "hangman".—536, 556
Muravyov-Amursky, Nikolai Nikolayevich, Count (1809-1881)—Russian statesman, Governor-General of Eastern Siberia (1847-61).—556, 557
Murray, Charles Joseph—member of the British working-class movement, shoe-maker; took part in the Chartist movement, follower of O'Brien's views; member of the General Council of the International (1870-72) and the British Federal Council (1872-73); supporter of Marx and Engels.— 19, 122, 145, 159, 294, 313
N
Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—340, 419, 420, 602, 603, 604, 624
Napoleon HI (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—Emperor of the French (1852-70).—60, 92, 96, 107, 120, 157-58, 161, 219, 220, 300, 330, 350, 354, 361, 364, 401, 402, 417, 420, 438, 440, 461, 466, 467, 567, 624
Navarre, E.—Secretary of the French Section of 1871 (London) which the General Council did not admit to the International.—100
Nechayev (Netschajeff), Sergei Gen-nadyevich (1847-1882)—Russian revolutionary, conspirator, representative of the extremely adventurist trend in anarchism; in 1869-71 was connected with Bakunin; in 1872 was extradited by the Swiss authorities to the Russian government, sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment, died in the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.—23, 30, 77, 89, 459, 463, 478, 485, 515-17, 519, 522-24, 527-41, 544, 549, 552, 553, 557
Negreskul, Mikhail Fyodorovich (c. 1843-1871)—took part in the student movement in the 1860s, in 1869 arrested in connection with the Nechayev organisation's case, discharged because of illness (1870).— 535
Neklyudov, Mikhail Sergeyevich (d. 1859)—Russian lawyer, employee in the office of the Eastern Siberian Administration in Irkutsk, killed by Beklemishev at a duel.—556
Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) (37-68)—Roman Emperor (54-68).—452
Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—560, 567
Nikolayev, Nikolai Nikolayevich (born c. 1850)—member of the Nechayev organisation, in 1871 sentenced to seven years and four months' imprisonment and to setdement in Siberia.—538, 539
Nobre Franca, José Correia—took part in the Portuguese working-class movement, an organiser of the International's sections in Lisbon.—413
Notker, Labeo (c. 952-1022)—German monk, taught at the monastic school of St. Gallen, Switzerland; translated into German and annotated a number of works by ancient and medieval authors.—604
O
Oberwinder, Heinrich (1846-1914)— participant in the Austrian working-class movement, journalist; Lassallean in the early 1860s, later joined the Eisenachers; delegate to the Basle (1869) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the International; in the late 1870s abandoned working-class movement, subsequendy exposed as a police agent.—249, 250, 253, 415
O'Connell, Daniel (1775-1847)—Irish lawyer and politician, leader of the Liberal wing of the national liberation movement; organiser and leader of the Repeal Association.—616
O'Connor, Feargus Edward (1794-1855)—a leader of the Left wing of the Chartist movement, founder and editor of The Northern Star; reformist after 1848.—155
Odger, George (1820-1877)—a leader of the British trade unions, shoe-maker; member of the London Trades Council; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-71), its President (1864-67), took part in the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866); in 1871 refused to sign the General Council's address The Civil War in France and left the Council.—31, 80, 87, 615
Ogarev, Nikolai Platonovich (1813-1877)—Russian revolutionary democrat, poet and journalist, friend and associate of Alexander Herzen.—529
Ol(l)ivier, Emile (1825-1913)—French politician, moderate Republican, Bonapartist from the end of the 1860s; head of the government (January-August 1870).—220, 395, 645
Otto(n)s—first emperors of the Holy Roman Empire; its founder Otto I (962-73), German King of the Saxon dynasty, and his followers Otto II (973-83) and Otto III (983-1002).— 600
Outine—see Utin (Outine), Nikolai Isaakovich
Owen, Robert (1771-1858)—British Utopian socialist.—347, 348, 394, 561, 630
P
Pages, Victor (born c. 1850)— participant in the Spanish working-class movement, shoe-maker; member of the Spanish Federal
Council (1871-72), of the Emancipacion editorial board (1871-73), the New Madrid Federation (1872-73); fought against anarchist influence in Spain.—290, 493
Palladino, Carmelo (1842-1896)—Italian anarchist, barrister, a leader of the Bakuninist Alliance, a founder of anarchist organisations in Italy, member of the International's Neapolitan Section.—498
Pape, Fletcher—member of the International's British Federal Council (from 1871), belonged to the reformist wing.—406 Pauly, Hipolito—participant in the Spanish working-class movement, printer; member of the International's Spanish Federal Council (1871-72), of the Emancipacion editorial board (1871-73), the New Madrid Federation (1872-73); fought against anarchist influence in Spain.— 290, 493
Pavia y Rodriguez de Aümrquerque, Man-uel (1827-1895)—Spanish general and politician, in 1873 suppressed the cantonal uprising in Andalusia, carried out the coup d'état (January 2-3, 1874) which brought the monarchist Serrano to power; Senator from 1880.—590, 593
Pavlov, Platon Vasilyevich (1823-1895)— Russian historian, professor; in 1862 deported from Petersburg for the connection with revolutionary circles.—561
Pêne, Henri de (1830-1888)—French journalist, monarchist; founder and chief editor of the Paris-Journal (1868-88).—127
Péniche, count—Portuguese aristocrat, head of a masonic lodge, organiser of a secret society in 1872.—487
Pereire, Isaac (1806-1880)—French banker, Bonapartist, founded the joint-stock bank Crédit Mobilier together with his brother Emile (1852).—364 Perron—chocolate manufacturer.—94
Perron, Charles Eugène (1837-1919)— Swiss anarchist, member of the Central Bureau of the Bakuninist Alliance of Socialist Democracy, editor of L'Égalité (1869), an editor of La
Solidarité and a leader of the Jura Federation; later abandoned the working-class movement.—229
Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich (1793-1826)—a leader of the Decembrist movement, founder and leader of the Southern Society.—567
Peter I (the Great) (1672-1725)—Tsar of Russia (1682-1721), Emperor of Russia (1721-25).—518, 563
Petrashevsky ( B utashevich-Petrashevsky ) , Mikhail Vasilyevich (1821-1866)— Russian revolutionary, Utopian socialist, organiser of the progressive Russian intellectuals' circle in Petersburg (1844); in 1849 was arrested and sentenced to death, then commuted to penal servitude for life.—556, 557
Petroni, Giuseppe (1812-1888)—Italian journalist and politician, Mazzinist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; sentenced to life imprisonment in 1853, released in 1870; editor of the Roma del Popolo.—43, 44, 47
Petzold, Ernst—German lawyer, legal officer, Liberal, candidate for election to the Reichstag in Glauchau-Meerane (1873).—411
Pfänder (Pfander), Karl (c. 1819-1876)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, painter; refugee in London from 1845; member of the Communist League's Central Authority, of the International's General Council (1864-67 and 1870-72); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 19, 122, 145, 159
Piétri, Joseph Marie (1820-1902)— French politician, Bonapartist, Prefect of police in Paris (1866-70).— 101, 463
Pihl, Sophus Theodor (1840-1881)— delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872) from the Copenhagen Section.—243, 245, 247, 249-50
Pindy, Jean Louis (1840-1917)—French engraver, member of the International (from 1867), of the Paris Commune; emigrated to Switzerland where he sided with the anarchists; member of the Bakuninist Jura Federation's Committee.—450, 514
Pino, Miguel—Spanish anarchist, mechanic, founder of the Bakuninist Alliance group in Malaga.—490
Pio, Louis (1841-1894)—participant in the Danish working-class and socialist movement; an organiser of the International's Danish sections (1871); editor of Socialisten; a founder of the Danish Social-Democratic Party (1876); in 1877 emigrated to America.—57, 224
Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) (1792-1878)—Pope (1846-78).—45, 64, 225
Pi y Margall, Francisco (1824-1901)— Spanish politician, historian, lawyer, philosopher and writer; leader of the Left federalist Republicans, was influenced by Utopian socialist ideas; took part in the revolutions (1854-56 and 1868-74), Minister of the Interior (February 13-June 11, 1873), temporary President of the Republic (June 11-July 18, 1873).—585, 589, 590, 592
Pompadour, Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, marquise de (1721-1764)—Louis XV's mistress.—34
Potel, Frédéric (pseudonym Lucain) (died in December 1872)—French refugee in Belgium, engineer; took part in the Paris Commune; member of the International, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).—244-45, 247, 249, 250, 437, 457
Potter, George (1832-1893)—a leader of the British trade unions, carpenter;
member of the London Trades Council and a leader of the Amalgamated Union of Building Workers; editor of The Bee-Hive Newspaper; pursued a policy of compromise with the liberal bourgeoisie.—615
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)— French journalist, economist and sociologist, a founder of anarchism.— 317, 319, 320-23, 324, 325, 327-29, 331, 332, 334-35, 336-37, 341, 343, 369-71, 372, 373-74, 376-80, 381, 384, 385, 387, 388, 391, 394-95, 397
Pryzhov, Ivan Gavrilovich (1829-1885)— Russian historian, ethnographer and journalist, member of the Nechayev organisation; in 1871, sentenced to twelve years of penal servitude and life settlement in Siberia.—531, 537-39
Pugachev, Yemelyan Ivanovich (c. 1742-1775)—leader of the anti-serfdom uprising of peasants and Cossacks in Russia (1773-75); executed in Moscow.—567
Pyat, Félix (1810-1889)—French journalist, dramatist and politician; democrat, took part in the 1848 revolution; in 1849 emigrated to Switzerland, then to Belgium and England; conducted a slander campaign against Marx and the International, using for this purpose the French Section in London; member of the Paris Commune.—96
R
Ranvier, Gabriel (1828-1879)—French revolutionary, Blanquist, member of the Paris Commune, emigrated to England; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72), delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); left the International after the decision to transfer the General Council to New York.—19, 122, 145, 159, 243, 245-47, 250, 253, 439, 441, 444
Razin, Stepan Timofeyevich (c. 1630-1671)—leader of an anti-serfdom uprising of peasants and Cossacks in Russia (1670-71); executed in Moscow.—518, 524, 549
Razoua, Angèle Eugene (1830-1878)— French journalist, Republican, sided with neo-Jacobins; took part in the Paris Commune, emigrated to Geneva, contributed to several newspapers.—83
Regis, Vitale (pseudonyms Carlo Bog-gio, Etienne Péchard) — Italian revolutionary, member of the International's Italian section in London; participant in the Paris Commune, member of the General Council (1871-72); took part in the 1873 revolutionary events in Spain.—19, 122, 145, 159, 499, 500
Renan, Joseph Ernest (1823-1892)— French historian, idealist philosopher, author of works on the origins of Christianity.—452
Reschauer, Heinrich (b. 1838)— Austrian writer and journalist, Liberal.—383
Reuter, Fritz (1810-1874)—German humorous writer and poet, wrote in Low German dialect.—380
Ricardo, David (1772-1823)—British economist.—396
Richard, Albert Marie (1846-1925)— French journalist, a leader of the International's section in Lyons; member of the Bakuninist Alliance, took part in the Lyons uprising in September 1870; after the suppression of the Paris Commune became a Bonapartist.—91, 93, 96, 119-21, 300, 440, 444, 461, 467, 472, 474, 476, 505, 567
Rigaut, Raoul (1846-1871) —Ftench revolutionary, Blanquist; member of the Paris Commune, member of the Public Safety Committee, Procurator of the Commune, shot by the Versaillese troops.—95, 477 Riley, William Harrison (1835-1907)— British journalist, Republican, socialist, editor and publisher of the International Herald; member of the International's British Federal Council (1872-73), opposed the reformist wing.—313, 314
Ripman, Fyodor Fyodorovich (b. 1842)— student of the Agricultural Academy in Moscow, member of the Nechayev organisation; in 1871 sentenced to one-year imprisonment.—531, 533
Ripoll—took part in suppression of cantonal uprisings in Spain in the summer of 1873.—593
Roach, Thomas John—member of the British working-class movement; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72), delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); Corresponding Secretary of the British Federal Council (1872), belonged to its reformist wing.—19, 122, 145, 159, 245-47, 250, 306, 310-12
Robert, Fritz (1845-1899)—Swiss teacher, Bakuninist, member of the editorial board of La Solidarité.—92, 113, 475
Roberts, Henry (d. 1876)—British architect, philanthropist.—338
Robin, Paul Charles Louis Jean (1837-1912)—French teacher, Bakuninist, a leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; member of the International's General Council (1870-71); delegate to the Basle Congress (1869) and the London Conference (1871).—93, 102, 476, 645
Rochat, Charles Michel (b. 1844)—took part in the French working-class movement; member of the Paris Federal Council of the International, participant in the Paris Commune; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Holland (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference of 1871.—19, 122, 145, 159
Rodriguez, Mariano—member of the
International's Granada Federation (1872-73), joined Bakuninists in 1873.—410
Romanovs—dynasty of the Russian tsars and emperors (1613-1917).—567
Roon, Albrecht Theodor Emil, Count von (1803-1879)—Prussian statesman and military figure, from 1873 field marshal-general, War Minister (1859-73) and Naval Minister (1861-71), Minister-President of Prussia (January-November 1873).—404
Rossell, Vicente—Spanish anarchist, weaver, member of the Spanish Federal Council (1872-73).—208
Rothschild, Mayer Amschel (or Meyer An-selm) (1743-1812)—head of the banking firm in Frankfurt am Main.—604
Roy, Henry—English physician and economist.—165
Rozwadowski, Jôzef (1846-c. 1878)— Polish revolutionary, participant in the 1863-64 uprising in Poland; took part in the Paris Commune, emigrated to England; member of the General Council of the International (1872).—122, 145, 159
Rubau Donadeu, José—Spanish anarchist, lithographer, a founder and leader of the Bakuninist Alliance in Spain.—486
Riihl, J.—German worker, member of the General Council of the International (1870-72).—19, 122, 145, 159
S
Sacase, Jean François (1808-1884)— French legal officer, monarchist, deputy to the National Assembly from 1871.—107, 122, 143, 480
Sadler, Michael Thomas—participant in the British working-class movement, member of the General Council of the International (1871-72).—19, 122, 145, 159 Saenz, Valentin—took part in the Spanish working-class movement, commercial employee; member of the Spanish Federal Council of the International (1871-72), of the Emancipacion editorial board (1871-73), and the New Madrid Federation (1872-73); fought against anarchist influence in Spain.—493
Sagasta, Precedes Mateo (1827-1903)— Spanish statesman, leader of the Liberal Party, Minister of the Interior (1871-72), Foreign Minister (1874), Prime Minister (1881-83, 1885-90, 1892-95, 1897-99, 1901-02).—225, 289, 491, 497, 596
Saint-Clair, E. P.—participant in the American working-class movement, Irish by birth, member of the General Council elected at the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—240, 253, 266
Saint-Germain, Claude-Louis, comte de (1707-1778)—French general, War Minister (1775-77).—622
Saint-Martin, D., de—French barrister, Bakuninist.—507
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825)—French Utopian socialist.—89, 394, 472, 630
Salt, Sir Titus (1803-1876)—English manufacturer.—351
Sauva, Arsène—French socialist, tailor; follower of Cabet, an organiser of the Icarian colonies in the USA; took part in the Paris Commune, emigrated to the USA; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872), where he supported the anarchist minority; participant in the socialist movement in America in the 1870s.—244-45, 247, 249, 250, 260, 280
Sax, Emil (1845-1927)—Austrian economist.—338-55, 359-61
Scheu, Heinrich (1845-1926)—Austrian Social-Democrat, member of the International; delegate to the Hague
Congress (1872), emigrated to England in 1873.—245, 247
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von
(1759-1805)—German writer.—167, 522, 603
Schlözer, August Ludwig von (1735-1809)—German historian and statis-tician.—603
Schneider, Josef—German worker, Lassallean, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, at the end of 1871 expelled from it for divisive activities; libelled Marx and his supporters in the German press.—75
Schneider, Joseph Eugene (1805-1875)— French manufacturer, owner of the metallurgical plants in Creusot.—353
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860)— German idealist philosopher, exponent of voluntarism, irrationalism and pessimism.—610
Schubart, Johann Christian (1734-1787)—German agronomist.—602
Schulze-Delitzsch, Franz Hermann (1808-1883)—German economist and liberal politician, supporter of unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy, a founder of the National Association and leader of the Party of Progress; tried to divert workers from revolutionary struggle by organising co-operative societies.—357, 384
Schumacher, Georg (1844-1917)— German Social-Democrat, tanner, later businessman; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872) from the Solingen Section; expelled from the Social-Democratic Party in 1898.—245, 247, 250, 253
Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von (1833-1875)—German barrister, a leader of the Lassalleans; editor of the Social-Demokrat in 1864-67; President of the General Association of German Workers (1867-71), supported the policy of unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy, fought against the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; expelled from the General Association for his contacts with the Prussian authorities (1872).—180, 183, 445, 473, 641
Schwitzguébel, Adhémar (1844-1895)— Swiss anarchist, engraver, member of the International; a leader of the Bakuninist Alliance of Socialist Democracy and the Jura Federation; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).—67, 68, 113, 188, 243-47, 267-68, 275, 280, 286, 287, 474, 478, 580
Schwitzguébel, Léon—Swiss anarchist, member of the Bakuninist Jura Federation.—36, 450, 514
Selchow, Werner von—Prussian statesman, Minister of Agriculture (December 1862-January 1873).—404
Sentinon, Caspar (d. 1903) — Spanish anarchist, physician, a founder and leader of the Bakuninist Alliance in Spain; delegate to the Basle Congress of the International (1869).—486, 496
Serno-Solovyovich, Alexander Alexandrovich (1838-1869)—Russian revolutionary democrat, follower of Chernyshevsky, took part in the revolutionary movement in Russia in the early 1860s, then emigrated to Geneva; member of the International, participant in the Swiss working-class movement.—163
Serraillier, Auguste Daniel (b. 1840)— participant in the French and international working-class movement, shoe-maker; member of the General Council of the International (1869-72), Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (1870) and France (1871-72); member of the Paris Commune; delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress of the International (1872), member of the British Federal Council (1873-74); supporter of Marx and Engels.— 19, 27, 42, 122, 127, 145, 159, 213,
240, 243, 247, 249-50, 253, 265, 273, 283, 297, 415, 439, 444, 507-08, 556, 644, 645
Sexton, George—British socialist, physician; member of the General Council of the International (May-August 1872), delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); fought against the reformist wing in the British Federal Council (1872-73).—159, 240, 245, 247, 250
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)— English poet and dramatist.—470, 588
Shaw, Robert (d. 1869)—participant in the British working-class movement, house-painter; took part in the inaugural meeting of the International held at St. Martin's Hall on September 28, 1864; member of the General Council of the International (1864-69), Council's Treasurer (1867-68); Corresponding Secretary for America (1867-69); took part in the London Conference (1865) and the Brussels Congress (1868).—87
Shimanovsky—Russian army officer, was close to the Nechayev organisation.— 531
Dr. Simpson—member of the German Reichstag.—49
Smith, Adam (1723-1790)—Scottish economist.—191
Sorge, Friedrich Adolf (1828-1906)— prominent figure in the international and American working-class and socialist movement, took part in the 1848 revolution in Germany, emigrated to the USA in 1852; organised the International's American sections, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), member of the General Council in New York and its General Secretary (1872-74); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—243-47, 249, 250, 253, 292, 398
Soriano, Trinidad (d. after 1913)— Spanish anarchist.—467, 495, 496 Soria Santa Cruz, Federico de (1815-1891)—Spanish general, suppressed the cantonal uprising in Andalusia in 1873; Military Governor of Cadiz (1874-75).—590
Speyer, Karl (b. 1845)—German carpenter; in the 1860s Secretary of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, in 1870 emigrated to the USA; member of the General Council of the International in New York from October 1872.—253, 266
Spichiger, Auguste (d. 1919)—Swiss anarchist, Chairman of the Bakuninist sections' Congress in Sonvillier (1871).—479
Splingard, Roch Jules Jean Baptiste (1843-1889)—Belgian anarchist, barrister, delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).— 245, 247, 249, 250, 457, 458
Spotti, Vincenzo—member of the International in Parma (1872).—184
Spruner von Merz, Karl (1803-1892)— German historian and cartog-rapher.—601
Stahl, Friedrich Julius (1802-1861)— German lawyer, philosopher and reactionary politician, a founder of the Prussian Conservative Party.— 403
Stanley, Edward Henry, Earl of Derby (1826-1893)—British statesman, Tory; Conservative in the 1860s-70s, later Liberal; Secretary of State for Colonies (1858, 1882-85) and Secretary for India (1858-59); Foreign Secretary (1866-68, 1874-78).—15
Statuti, Michelangelo—Italian clergy-man, after renouncing orders took part in the activities of the Neapolitan Section of the International.— 498
Stefanoni, Luigi (1842-1905)—Italian writer and journalist, democrat, rationalist, took part in Garibaldi's campaigns, founder and editor of //
Libero Pensiero, supported Bakuninists.—74, 119, 160-62, 484
Stein, Heinrich Friedrich Karl, Baron von (1757-1831)—Prussian statesman, in 1804-08 held several high-ranking posts, an initiator of moderate reforms.—401
Stepney, Cowell William Frederick (1820-1872)—participant in the British working-class movement, member of the General Council of the International (1866-72) and its Treasurer (1868-70); delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and the London Conference (1871), member of the British Federal Council (1872).—19, 122, 145, 159
Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882)—Prussian police officer, Chief of the Prussian political police (1850-60), an organiser of the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); during the Franco-Prussian war Chief of military police and of the German intelligence on French territory.—67, 161, 225, 463
Strousberg, Bethel Henry (or Barthel Heinrich) (real name Strausberg, Baruch Hirsch) (1823-1884)—railway entrepreneur; till 1855 lived in London, then in Berlin; went bankrupt in 1875.—364
Strutt, Edward, Baron Belper (1801-1880)—British liberal politician, member of the House of Commons.—351, 352
Svyatsky, Vladimir Ivanovich (born c. 1847)—student of the Agricultural Academy in Moscow, prosecuted as a member of Nechayev's Petersburg circle, acquitted in 1871.— 532
Swarm—see Dentraygues, Emile Jean Philippe
T
Taylor, Alfred—British worker, member of the General Council of the International (1871-72) and the British Federal Council (1872).—19, 122, 145, 159
Terzaghi, Carlo (b. 1845)—Italian barrister and journalist, Secretary of the Emancipation of the Proletarian society in Turin; became police agent in 1872.—112, 168, 275-76, 483, 499-501
Testut, Oscar—French lawyer, close to police circles; author of a book on the organisation and history of the International, published in 1871-72 with a police-informative purpose.— 32
Theisz, Albert Frederic Félix (1839-1881)—participant in the French working-class movement, engraver, Proudhonist; member of the Paris Commune, emigrated to England; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72) and its Treasurer.—97, 101
Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)— French historian and statesman, Or-leanist, Prime Minister (1836, 1840); head of the executive power (Chairman of the Council of Ministers) (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73), chief organiser of the suppression of the Paris Commune.—44, 59, 64, 98, 119, 122, 128, 223, 225, 262, 300, 412, 418, 420, 446, 507, 623
Tokarzewicz, Jôzef (pseudonym / . T. Hodi) (1840-1919)—Polish revolutionary, journalist and writer; in 1863 emigrated to France and later to Switzerland; member of the Polish Section of the International in Zurich; fought against Bakuninist influence on the Polish refugees.—484
Tolain, Henri Louis (1828-1897)— participant in the French working-class movement, engraver, Right Proudhonist, a leader of the Paris Section of the International, delegate to its several congresses; after February 8, 1871 deputy to the National Assembly, during the Paris Commune took sides of the Versaillese; in
1871 was expelled from the International; later a senator.—67, 142
Tomas Oliver (Tomas), Francisco (c. 1850-1903)—Spanish anarchist, bricklayer, member of the Spanish Federal Council of the International (1872-73).—208, 589
Tomilova (née Drittenpreis), Yelizaveta Khristianovna (born c. 1839)— prosecuted in the Nechayev organisation's case, acquitted in 1871; in the 1880s took part in the People's Will circle in Saratov.—527
Townshend, William—British worker, member of the General Council of the International (1869-72), participant in the socialist movement in the 1880s.—19, 122, 145, 159
Trochu, Louis Jules (1815-1896)— French general and politician, Or-leanist, head of the Government of National Defence and Commander-in-Chief of the Paris armed forces (September 1870-January 1871), sabotaged city's defence.—45
Tucci, Alberto—member of the Neapolitan Section of the International.—48
U
Us, Vasily Rodionovich (d. 1671)—Don Cossack, associate of Stepan Razin, a leader of the peasants' uprising in Russia (1670-71).—524
Uspensky, Pyotr Gavrilovich (c. 1847-1881)—a member of the Nechayev organisation, in 1871 sentenced to fifteen years of penal servitude and to setdement in Siberia.—528, 530, 532, 536-38
Utin (Outine), Nikolai Isaakovich (1845-1883)—Russian revolutionary, took part in the student movement, member of the Land and Freedom society; refugee from 1863, an organiser of the Russian Section of the International in Geneva, delegate to the London Conference (1871); supported Marx and the General Council in their struggle against Bakunin and his adherents; in the mid-1870s abandoned the revolutionary movement.—77, 100, 225, 485, 517, 526, 540, 562, 645
V
Vaillant, Marie Edouard (1840-1915)— French revolutionary, Blanquist, member of the Paris Commune, member of the General Council of the International (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871), Lausanne (1867) and the Hague (1872) congresses; withdrew from the International in connection with the decision to transfer the General Council to New York; a founder of the Socialist Party of France.—19, 122, 145, 159, 243-47, 250, 253, 441
Van-Heddeghem, L. (pseudonym Walter) (born c. 1847)—police agent who penetrated the Paris sections of the International, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); exposed in 1873.— 244, 247, 249-50, 438-41, 444, 457
Varlin, Louis Eugène (1839-1871)— prominent figure in the French working-class movement, bookbinder, Left Proudhonist, a leader of the International in France, delegate to the London Conference (1865), Geneva (1866) and Basle (1869) congresses; member of the Paris Commune, shot by the Versaillese at the end of May 1871.—101
Velarde, José Maria—Spanish general, captain-general of Catalonia in April-September 1873.—589
Vermersch, Eugène Marie Joseph (1845-1878)—French petty-bourgeois socialist, participant in the republican movement; during the Paris Commune published the newspaper Père Duchêne; emigrated to England where he published the newspaper Qui Vive! attacking the International and the General Council.—143
Vésinier, Pierre (1824-1902)—French
journalist, an organiser of the French Section of the International in London, expelled from the Central Council for slander (1866) and in 1868 from the International; member of the Paris Commune, emigrated to England, Secretary of the French Section of 1871 and member of the Universal Federalist Council, opposed Marx and the General Council of the International.— 101, 157
Vichard, Paul Eugène (1835-1883)— participant in the French working-class movement, took part in the Paris Commune, delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 457
Vickery, Samuel—Secretary of the British Federal Council (1872-73), fought against its reformist wing; Chairman of the British Federation Congress in Manchester (1873).—304, 309, 314, 414
Victor Emmanuel (Vittorio Emanuele) II (1820-1878)—King of Piedmont (Sardinia) (1849-61), King of Italy (1861-78).—45, 64, 83
Vinas, Garcia José ( 1848-1931 )—Spanish medical student, anarchist, an organiser of the Bakuninist Alliance in Spain (1868), took part in the revolutionary events of 1873.—486, 496, 586
Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (70-19 B.C.)—Roman poet.—166
Vogel von Falckenstein, Eduard (1797-1885)—German general, during the Franco-Prussian war Governor-General of the coastal regions of Germany.—221-22
Vögele, August—compositor at the Hollinger printing shop in London (1859).—162 Vogelweide, Walther, von der (1170-1230)—German medieval poet.—610
Vogt, Gustav (1829-1901)—Swiss lawyer, writer and radical politician, pacifist, an organiser of the League of Peace and Freedom; Karl Vogt's brother.—85, 461
Vogt, Karl (1817-1895)—German naturalist, vulgar materialist, petty-bourgeois democrat; in 1849 left Germany; in the 1850s-60s Napoleon Ill's secret agent, a participant of slanderous campaign against proletarian revolutionaries.—160-62, 440
Voltaire (real name François Marie Arouet) (1694-1778)—French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlightenment.—405, 608
W
Wagner, Adolf (1835-1917)—German vulgar economist, Katheder-Socialist.—365, 620
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon (1796-1862)—British statesman and economist, proposed a theory of colonisation.—166, 193
Waldersee, Friedrich Gustav, Count von (1795-1864)—Prussian general and military writer, War Minister (1854-58).—604
Walter—see Van-Heddeghem, L.
Ward, Osborne—participant in the American working-class movement, mechanic, member of the International's section in Brooklyn, was influenced by bourgeois reformists; at the Hague Congress of the International (1872) was elected member of the General Council, but refused.— 253, 266
Weerth, Georg (1822-1856) —German proletarian poet and journalist, member of the Communist League; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); friend of Marx and Engels; in the 1850s visited Latin American states as a travelling agent of the British trade firm.—607
Weiler, G. Adam (1841-1894)—German refugee in the USA and from 1862
in England, cabinet-maker, member of the International (from 1865), member of the British Federal Council (1872-73) and its last Secretary; supported Marx and Engels in their struggle against reformists, later member of the Social-Democratic Federation.—313
Wenker, Henri—Swiss anarchist, joiner, member of the Bakuninist Jura Federation.—450, 514
West, William—American Radical, Secretary of Section No. 12 in New York, expelled from the International by the General Council and the Hague Congress (1872).—178, 179, 182, 261, 272, 514, 636-39, 640
Weston, John—participant in the British working-class movement, carpenter, then businessman, Owenite; took part in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, member of the General Council of the International (1864-72), member of the British Federal Council (1872).—19, 122, 145, 157, 159
Wheeler, George William—took part in the British working-class movement, participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, member of the General Council of the International (1864-67), Treasurer of the Council (1864-65, 1865-67).—31
Wiehe, Johann Friedrich—compositor at the Hollinger printing shop in London (1859).—162
Wieland, Christoph Martin (1733-1813)—German writer of the Enlightenment.—603
William I, the Conqueror (c. 1027-1087)—Duke of Normandy, King of England (from 1066).—222
William I (1743-1821)—Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel (under the name of William IX) (1785-1803), Elector of Hesse-Cassel (1803-07, November 1813 to 1821).—604
William I (1797-1888)—King of Prussia (1861-88), Emperor of Germany (1871-88).—128, 417
William IV (1765-1837)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1830-37).—50
Wilmart, Raimond (pseudonym Wilmot)—French revolutionary, took part in the Paris Commune, delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872) from Bordeaux sections; in 1873 emigrated to Buenos Aires where he propagated the International's principles.—243-47, 249, 250, 253
Wilmot—see Wilmart, Raimond
Wolf—owner of a shoe factory in Mainz.—434
Woodhull, Victoria Claflin (1838-1927)—American feminist, in 1871-72 tried to become a leader of the International's North American Federation; headed Section No. 12 in New York, expelled from the International by the General Council and the Hague Congress (1872).—178-80, 182, 183, 636, 638-42
Wröblewski, Walery (1836-1908)— prominent figure in the Polish and international working-class movement, revolutionary democrat, a leader of the Polish uprising (1863-64); general of the Paris Commune, member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Poland (1871-72), delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), fought against Bakuninists.—19, 122, 145, 159, 213, 240, 244, 247, 249, 250, 265, 273, 284
Wyss, O.—French secretary of the Manchester foreign section of the International, supported Marx and Engels in their struggle against reformists; later emigrated to the USA.—308
Y
Yarrow (Jarrow), F. J.—prominent figure in the British trade-unionist movement, cabinet-maker; member of the General Council of the International (1866-68 and 1872).—122, 145, 159
Yenisherlov, Georgi Petrovich (born c. 1849)—student at the Petersburg Technological Institute, took part in the student disturbances in 1868-69, prosecuted in the Nechayev organisation's case, released for lack of evidence.—534
Z
Zabel, Friedrich (1802-1875)—German liberal journalist, editor of the Berlin National-Zeitung ( 1848-75).— 160
Zaichnevsky, Pyotr Grigoryevich (1842-1896)—Russian revolutionary, organised the student movement in the early 1860s in Moscow and a circle to disseminate illegal literature; author of the Young Russia proclamation; sentenced to penal servitude and exile to Siberia where he continued revolutionary propagandist activities.—561
Zévy, Maurice—member of the General Council of the International (1866-72), Corresponding Secretary for Hungary (1870-71).—19, 122, 145, 159
Zhukovsky (Joukowsky, Joukowski), Nikolai Ivanovich (1833-1895)—Russian anarchist, participant in Petersburg revolutionary circles in the early 1860s; refugee in Switzerland from 1862; a leader of the Bakuninist Alliance.—94, 249, 272, 461
Zürcher, P.—member of the Manchester foreign section of the International (1872), opposed the reformist wing in the British Federal Council.—308 INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES
Achates—character in Virgil's Aeneid, Aeneas' loyal fellow-traveller, whose name is symbolical of true friendship.—476
Anthony—Christian saint, according to legend, hermit in the Nubian de-sert.—493
Aymon's sons—heroes in the French early medieval legends; Alard, Richard, Guichard and Renaud de Montauban, sons of Count Dor-dona Aymon, took part in the vassals' struggle against Charles the Great (8th-9th cent.).—509
Christ, Jesus (Bib.).—497
Daniel—Old Testament prophet.—562
Dogberry—a character in Shakespeare's comedy Much Ado About Nothing, a pretentious ignoramus.—143
Don Quixote—the title character in Cer-vantes' novel.—223, 599
Etzel—a character in the German medieval poem Nibelungenlied, Huns' King; Attila, the Huns' leader (433-53) was his prototype.—610
Falstaff, Sir John—a character in Shakespeare's King Henry IV and Merry Wives of Windsor, a sly, fat braggart and jester.—470, 588
Gargantua—the title character in Rabelais' Gargantua et Pantagruel.— 493
John—one of the Twelve Apostles, according to Christian tradition, author of the Revelation of John (Apocalypse), one of the Canonic gospels, and three Epistles actually written by different persons.—452
John Bull—the tide character in John Arbuthnot's book The History of John Bull (18th cent.). His name is often
used to personify England and Englishmen.—611
Karl Moor—the main character in Schiller's drama Die Räuber.—522, 548
Kri(e)mhild—a character in the German medieval poem Nibelungenlied; sister of Gunter, King of Burgundy; fiancée, then wife of Siegfrid; after his death, wife of Etzel, King of the Huns.— 610
Leviathan (Bib.)—a sea monster.—104
Mary Magdalene (Bib.)—according to the evangelical legend, a sinner who repented.—439
Mephistopheles—a character in Goethe's tragedy Faust.— 386
Monte-Christo de, count—the title character in Alexander Dumas' novel.—548
Peter (Bib.)—one of Christ's Twelve Apostles; according to the evangelical legend, he renounced his Teacher three times.—497
Robert Macaire—typical villain, a character created by the French actor Frédéric Lemaître and immortalised in Honoré Daumier's caricatures.— 548
Rodolphe, Prince of Gerol(d)stein—the main character in Eugène Sue's Les Mystères de Paris.—548
Rüdiger of Bechelaren—a character in the German medieval poem Nibelungenlied, margrave.—610
Siegfri(e)d—hero of the old German epics and a medieval poem Nibelungenlied.—6io
Uncle Bräsig—a character in the German humorous writer Fritz Reuter's novel Ut mine Stromtig.—380