Name Index
NAME
A
Affre, Denis Auguste (1793-1848) — Archbishop of Paris (1840-48); shot by the soldiers of the government troops during the June 1848 uprising in Paris when he tried to persuade the insurgent workers to lay down their arms.—352, 446, 528
Albert (1828-1902) —Saxon Crown Prince, King of Saxony from 1873; German general, field marshal-general from 1871; commanded the 12th (Saxon) Corps and subsequently the Fourth (Meuse) Army during the Franco-Prussian war.— 74, 147, 155
Albrecht, Friedrich Heinrich (1809-1872) — Prussian prince, German general; commanded the Fourth Cavalry Division during the Franco-Prussian war.—169
Albrecht, Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus (1837-1906) — Prussian prince, son of the above; German general, subsequently field marshal-general; commanded a cavalry brigade during the Franco-Prussian war.— 223
Alexander (1845-1894)—Russian Grand Duke, son of Alexander II; heir to the Russian throne from 1865; Emperor Alexander III from 1881.— 282
INDEX
Alexander I (1777-1825)—Emperor of Russia (1801-25).—7
Alexander II (1818-1881) — Emperor of Russia (1855-81).—267, 276, 281, 282
Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great) (356-323 B.C.) —general and statesman of antiquity; King of Mace-don (336-323 B.C.).—12
Alexandra (Alexandra Caroline Maria Charlotte Louisa Julia) (1844-1925) — daughter of Christian IX, King of Denmark; in 1863 married Prince of Wales, who from 1901 reigned as Edward VII, King of Great Britain and Ireland.—324, 528 Alvensleben, Konstantin von (1809-1892)—German general; commanded the Third Corps during the Franco-Prussian war.—42
Applegarth, Robert (1833-1925)—a leader of the British trade unions, cabinet-maker; General Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Carpen-ters and Joiners (1862-71), member of the London Trades Council; member of the General Council of the International (1865, 1868-72); delegate to the Basle Congress of the International (1869); one of the Reform League leaders; subsequently left the working-class movement.—7, 270, 431, 562, 564 Arnold, Georges Leon (1837-1912)— French architect; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune and of its Military Commission; was deported to New Caledonia in 1872; after the amnesty of 1880 returned to Paris.—381
Assi, Adolphe Alphonse (1841-1886) — French mechanic; organised strike movement in Creusot (1870); one of the accused at the third Paris trial against the International in 1870; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; headed the capture of Hôtel de Ville on March 18, 1871; was sentenced to exile to New Caledonia in 1871.—292, 365, 400, 403, 563
Aster, Ernst Ludwig von (1778-1855)— Prussian general and military engineer, fortifications expert.— 88
Aubry, Hector Emile (1829-1900)— French worker, lithographer; Proudhonist, member of the International; Corresponding Secretary of the Rouen section and Federation of the International; delegate to the Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International; took part in the Paris Commune; in 1873 emigrated to Belgium.—560
Augusta, Marie Luise Katharina (1811-1890)—wife of William I, King of Prussia.—80, 189
Aulois—French prosecutor.— 558
Aumale, Henri Eugene Philippe Louis d'Orléans, Duc d' (1822-1897) —son of Louis Philippe, King of France; emigrated to England after the February 1848 revolution; deputy to the National Assembly (1871).—450
Aurelle de Paladines, Louis Jean Baptiste
d' (1804-1877)—French general; commanded the Army of the Loire during the Franco-Prussian war; Commander of the Paris National
Guard (March 1871); deputy to the National Assembly (1871).—168, 169, 176-78, 181, 203-05, 210, 320, 322, 441, 508-10, 546, 575, 585
B
Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1876) — Russian revolutionary and journalist; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; subsequently an ideologist of Narodism and anarchism; opposed Marxism in the First International; was expelled from the International at the Hague Congress (1872) for his splitting activities.—376, 411
Balan, Hermann Ludwig von (1812-1874)—German diplomat, envoy to Brussels (1865-74).—275
Barnekow, Albert Christoph Gottlieb, Baron von (1809-1895)—German general; commanded the 16th Division during the Franco-Prussian war.— 32
Barrai, Eugène (1808-1890) —French general; during the Franco-Prussian war inspector-general of the army training camps.—203
Barthélémy Saint Hilaire, Jules (St. Hilaire) (1805-1895)—French philosopher and politician; member of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; deputy to the National Assembly (1871); member of the Versailles Commission of the Fifteen and man-ager of Thiers' office (1871-73).—390
Bastelica, André Augustin (1845-1884) — took part in the French and Spanish working-class movement, printer; member of the International; Bakuninist; participant in the revolutionary uprising in Marseilles in October-November 1870; member of the General Council of the International (1871), delegate to the London Conference (1871).—616, 618
Bataille, Henri Jules (1816-1882)— French general; commanded a division of the Second Corps at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war.—22
Bazaine, François Achille (1811-1888) — French marshal; monarchist; headed the French armed intervention in Mexico (1863-67); commanded the Third Corps and then the Army of the Rhine during the Franco-Prussian war; capitulated at Metz in October 1870.—32, 34, 38, 41, 42, 51, 53, 54, 57-59, 62, 65-73, 75, 76, 82, 87, 127, 129, 136, 150, 152, 154-56, 159-61, 166, 182
Bebel, Ferdinand August (1840-1913)—a major figure in the international and German working-class movement; turner; President of the League of German Workers' Unions from 1867; member of the First International from 1866; one of the founders and leaders of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party; deputy to the Reichstag of the North German Confederation in 1867-70; took a proletarian, internationalist stand during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71; came out in support of the Paris Commune; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—272, 274, 278, 617, 619
Beesly, Edward Spencer (1831-1915)— English historian and politician, Professor at London University; radical, positivist philosopher; a leader of the campaign for the recognition of the French Republic by the British government; supported the Paris Commune in the English press.— 364
Benedek, Ludwig von (1804-1881) — Austrian general; Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian Army fighting against the Prussians during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—35
Bergeret, Jules Henri Marius (1830-1905)—member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; general of the National Guard; after the suppression of the Commune emigrated to England, and later to the USA.— 325, 510, 511, 529
Berry, Marie Caroline Ferdinande Louise
de Bourbon, duchesse de (1798-1870)— mother of Count Chambord, Legitimist pretender to the French throne; in 1832 attempted to start an uprising in Vendée with the aim of overthrowing Louis Philippe.— 315, 454, 503, 520
Berryer, Pierre Antoine (1790-1868) — French lawyer and politician; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Legitimist.—524
Beslay, Charles Victor (1795-1878)— French entrepreneur and politician; member of the International; Proudhonist; member of the Paris Commune and its Finance Commission; its delegate at the Bank of France; pursued a policy of non-interference in the latter's internal affairs and abstention from its nationalisation; after the suppression of the Commune emigrated to Switzerland.—317, 453
Bigot, Léon (1826-1872)—French lawyer and journalist, Left republican; after the suppression of the Commune became the Communards' defence counsel before the Versailles court.—400
Bismarck-Schönhausen, Otto, Prince von (1815-1898)—statesman of Prussia and Germany, diplomat; Prussian representative in the Federal Diet in Frankfurt am Main (1851-59); ambassador to St. Petersburg (1859-62) and Paris (1862); Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-71) and Chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90); carried through the unification of Germany by counter-revolutionary means.— 5, 112-14, 125, 134, 248, 249, 267, 274, 275, 303, 313, 314, 317, 318, 320, 321, 340, 343, 346, 347, 353, 358, 359, 362, 393, 438, 444, 450-53, 459, 467, 482, 483, 501, 505, 517, 523, 531, 539, 541, 544, 545, 546, 588, 595, 608, 616
Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis (1811-1882) — French petty-bourgeois socialist, historian; member of the Provisional Government and President of the Luxembourg Commission (1848); pursued a policy of conciliation with the bourgeoisie; emigrated to England (August 1848) and became a leader of the petty-bourgeois refugees in London; deputy to the National Assembly (1871); came out against the Paris Commune.—386, 497, 503, 571, 598, 611
Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881) — French revolutionary, Utopian communist; organised several secret societies and plots; active participant in the revolution of 1830; adhered to the extreme Left of the democratic and proletarian movement during the 1848 revolution; a leader of the uprising of October 31, 1870 in Paris; was elected member of the Commune in his absence while in prison.—292, 319, 323, 352, 399, 471, 478, 480, 527
Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von, Prince of
Wahlstatt (1742-1819)—Prussian field marshal-general; took part in wars against the French Republic and Napoleonic France.— 72, 196
Bonaparte—dynasty of French emperors (1804-14, 1815 and 1852-70).—156, 451
Bonaparte—see Napoleon I
Bonaparte, Joseph (1768-1844)—eldest brother of Napoleon I, King of Naples (1806-08) and Spain (1808-13)._160
Bonaparte, Louis—see Napoleon HI
Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul (1822-1891)—cousin of Napoleon III, nicknamed Plon-Plon and the Red Prince.—301
Bonjean, Louis Bernard (1804-1871) — French lawyer, Right Republican;
commanded the Légion d'honneur; remained in Paris during the Paris Commune; was shot in La Roquette in April 1871.—401
Boon, Martin James—participant in the British working-class movement; mechanic; supported the social-reformist views of the Chartist James O'Brien; member of the General Council of the International (1869-72); Secretary of the Land and Labour League; member of the British Federal Council (1872).—7, 270, 355, 382, 431
Bora, Giovanni—member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Italy in 1870.—8, 270
Bonis, Casimir Dominique (c. 1843-1916) — French journalist; Blanquist; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; after the suppression of the Commune was deported to New Caledonia.—478
Bourbaki, Charles Denis Sauter (1816-1897)—French general, Greek by birth; commanded the Guard and later the 18th Corps and the Army of the East during the Franco-Prussian war.—138, 187, 203, 207, 209, 210, 222, 226-30, 236-37, 241-49, 251, 252, 255-58
Bourbons—royal dynasty in France (1589-1792, 1814-15 and 1815-30).— 459, 460, 540
Bower, Elyott—Paris correspondent of The Morning Advertiser (1871).— 552
Bradnick, Frederick—member of the General Council of the International (1870-72); delegate to the London Conference of 1871; following the Hague Congress (1872), together with the reformist wing of the British Federal Council opposed its decisions; expelled from the International by decision of the General Council in May 1873.—7, 270, 355, 382, 431 Brass, August (1818-1876)—German journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to Switzerland after its defeat; follower of Bismarck from the 1860s; editor-in-chief of the Norddeusche Allgemeine Zeitung.—300
Bressolles, Antoine Aubin (1828-1891) — French general, commanded the 24th Corps of the Army of the Loire during the Franco-Prussian war. —241
Broadhead, William (1815-1879)— British trade-unionist; secretary of the Union of Knife-Makers (1848-67).—574
Bruce, Henry Austin, 1st Baron Aberdare (1815-1895) — British statesman, Liberal, Home Secretary (1868-73).— 563, 579
Brunei, Paul Antoine Magloire (b. 1830)—French officer, Blanquist; took part in the uprising of October 31, 1870; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; was gravely wounded by the Versaillists in May 1871; emigrated to England after the suppression of the Commune; in his absence was sentenced to death in Paris in 1871, which was commuted to five years' imprisonment in 1872.— 357
Butler, Benjamin Franklin (1818-1893)— American politician and general, Democrat; during the US Civil War commanded the expeditionary Northern Army which occupied New Orleans; military Governor of New Orleans.—582
Buttery, G. H.—member of the General Council of the International (1871-72).—355, 382, 431
C
Cabet, Etienne (1788-1856) —French lawyer and writer, Utopian communist, author of Voyage en Icarie (1840);
one of the organisers of communist communes in North America in 1848-56.-357, 362
Cadiot (Cadrot)— participant in the Paris Commune.—562
Cafiero, Carlo (1846-1892)—Italian lawyer, member of the First International; pursued the policy of the General Council in Italy in 1871; from 1872, one of the founders of the Italian anarchist organisations; abandoned anarchism at the end of the 1870s; in 1879 published a brief summary of Volume I of Capital in the Italian language.— 563
Caihill, Edward—member of the General Council of the International (1870-71).—270, 355, 382
Calonne, Charles Alexandre de (1734-1802)—French statesman; controller of finances (1783-87); a leader of the counter-revolutionary émigrés during the French Revolution.—343, 457, 543
Canrobert, François Certain (1809-1895)—French general, Marshal of France from 1856; Senator, Bonapartist; an active participant in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—33, 38, 40, 41, 45, 54, 58, 62, 66, 78, 154, 158-59
Caporusso, Stefano—Italian worker, tailor; follower of Bakunin; one of the founders of the Naples section of the International; expelled from the section in 1870.—559
Cardinal von Widdern, Georg (1841-1920) — Prussian officer and military writer, author of works on strategy, tactics, military geography and history; participant in the Franco-Prussian war.—17, 18
Cardon, Emile.— 398
Cardwell, Edward Cardwell, Viscount (1813-1886) —British statesman, a Peelite leader, later Liberal; President of the Board of Trade (1852-55), Secretary for Ireland (1859-61), Secretary for the Colonies (1864-66) and Secretary for War (1868-74).—579
Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite (1753-1823) — French mathematician; political and military leader of the French Revolution, Jacobin; member of the Directory (1795-97); War Minister during the Consulate.—47
Carrel, Armand (1800-1836) —French journalist; moderate republican; a founder and editor of Le National.— 454, 456
Castagny, Armand Alexandre de (1807-1900) — French general; commanded the Second Division of the Third Corps of the Army of the Rhine during the Franco-Prussian war; was taken prisoner at Metz.—42
Castiau, Adelson Joseph Adolphe (1804-1879)—Belgian lawyer and politician; democrat; member of the Chamber of Representatives (1843-48).—617
Cathelineau (Cathélineau), Henri de (1813-1891) —French general, Royalist; during the Franco-Prussian war and the suppression of the Paris Commune commanded a legion of volunteers from the West.—452, 539, 541
Catherine II (1729-1796) —Empress of Russia (1762-96).—576
Cavaignac, Louis Eugène (1802-1857) — French general and politician, moderate republican; took part in the conquest of Algeria; after the February 1848 revolution, Governor of Algeria; from May 1848 War Minister of France; directed the suppression of the June uprising; head of the executive (June-December 1848).—352, 444, 446, 461, 510, 521-22, 528
Chambord, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné dArtois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de (1820-1883)—last representative of the elder line of the Bourbons, grandson of Charles X, pretender to the French throne
under the name of Henri V.—301, 540 Changarnier, Nicolas Anne Théodule (1793-1877) —French general and politician, monarchist; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (1848-51); commander of the Paris garrison and the National Guard after June 1848; commanded the troops that dispersed the demonstration of June 13, 1849 in Paris; was expelled from France after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851 and returned to France in 1859; a staff officer of the Army of the Rhine during the Franco-Prussian war; was taken prisoner at Metz; deputy to the National Assembly (1871).—325, 455, 512, 529
Chanzy, Antoine Alfred Eugène (1823-1883) — French general; commanded the 16th Corps and then the Second Army of the Loire during the Franco-Prussian war; deputy to the National Assembly (1871).—203, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 221, 222, 226, 228-30, 236-38, 249, 251, 253, 450, 478
Charette de la Contrie, Athanase, baron de
(1832-1911)—French general; commanded the Pontifical Zouaves and then a legion of volunteers from the West during the Franco-Prussian war.—452, 513, 539, 549
Charmont, Jeanne (1812-1870)—wife of Vernier, mistress of Jules Favre.— 313, 439, 517
Chassepot, Antoine Alphonse (1833-1905) — French military inventor.— 26, 120 Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, 4th Earl of, 4th Baron Hyde (1800-1870) — British statesman, Whig, later Liberal; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1847-52), Foreign Secretary (1853-58, 1865-66, 1868-70).— 576, 582
Clausewitz, Karl (1780-1831) —Prussian general and military theoretician.— 166 Cluseret, Gustave Paul (1823-1900) — French officer; member of the First International; was close to the Bakuninists; took part in the revolutionary uprisings in Lyons and Marseilles (1870); member of the Paris Commune and its military delegate (April 1871); a refugee after the suppression of the Paris Commune.—399, 470, 554, 557
Cobbett, William (1762-1835) —British politician and radical writer.— 370, 375
Coenen, Philip (Philippe) (1842-1892)— took part in the Belgian working-class movement, shoe-maker; founded the Antwerp section of the International in 1868; founder and editor-in-chief of De Werker; delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868) and the London Conference (1871) of the International; at the Hague Congress (1872) supported the Bakuninists; subsequently one of the organisers of the Belgian Socialist Party.— 294 Coëtlogon, Louis Charles Emmanuel, comte de (1814-1886) —French official, Bonapartist; one of the organisers of the counter-revolutionary demonstration in Paris on March 22, 1871.— 327, 511, 529
Cohn (Cohen), James—active in the British working-class movement; President of the London Association of Cigar-Makers; member of the General Council of the International (1867-71), Corresponding Secretary for Denmark (1870-71), delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868) and the London Conference (1871) of the International.—8, 270, 355, 382, 578, 581
Comte, Isidore Auguste François Marie (1798-1857) —French philosopher and sociologist, founder of Positiv-ism.—498, 504, 574
Conseil-Dumesnil, Gustave Antoine Marie (1813-1877) — French general; commanded a division of the Seventh Corps of the Army of the Rhine
during the Franco-Prussian war; was taken prisoner at Sedan.—40
Corbon, Claude Anthime (1808-1891) — French politician, republican; Vice-President of the Constituent Assembly (1848-49); after the fall of the Second Empire, Mayor of the 15th arrondissement of Paris; deputy to the National Assembly of 1871; belonged to its Left minority.—312, 516
Cormontaigne, Louis de (c. 1695-1752) — French general, military engineer; author of works on fortification.— 135
Courbet, Desire Jean Gustave (1819-1877)—painter, founder of the realistic trend in French painting; republican; Socialist, member of the Paris Commune; worked in the Journal officiel de la République française; in 1873 emigrated to Switzerland.— 552, 553
Cousin-Montauban, Charles Guillaume Marie Apollinaire Antoine, comte de Palikao (1796-1878)—French general, Bonapartist; War Minister and Prime Minister (August-September 1870).—13, 44, 50, 120, 161, 320, 441
Cowley, Henry Richard Charles Wellesley, 1st Earl of (1804-1884) —British diplomat, ambassador to Paris (1852-67).—380
Crémer, Camille (1840-1876) — French general; commanded a division of the Army of the East during the Franco-Prussian war.—224, 255, 258
Crouzat, Joseph Constant (1811-1879)— French general; commanded the 20th Corps during the Franco-Prussian war.— 203
D
Dallas—Paris correspondent of The Times (1871).—552, 553
Dana, Charles Anderson (1819-1897) — American journalist, follower of Fourier, abolitionist; an editor (1848) and then managing editor (1849-62) of the New-York Tribune; an editor of the New American Cyclopaedia (1857-63); editor-in-chief of the New-York Sun (1868-97).—396
Darboy, Georges (1813-1871)—French theologian, Archbishop of Paris from 1863; shot by the Commune as a hostage in May 1871.—342, 352, 381, 400, 401, 446, 448, 476, 477, 528
Davies, John Llewellyn (1826-1916) — English clergyman and theologian, liberal.—370, 376
Decaen, Claude Théodore (1811-1870)— French general; commanded a division of the Third Corps, and then the Third Corps during the Franco-Prussian war; was mortally wounded at the battle of Borny in August 1870.—62, 154
Dechamps, Victor Auguste (1810-1883) — Belgian cardinal; Archbishop of Malines from 1867, primat de Bel-gique.—563
Deguerry, Gaspard (1797-1871) — French clergyman; Curé of the Madeleine Church in Paris; was shot by the Commune as a hostage in May 1871.—448, 476
Dejean, Pierre Charles, vicomte (1807-1872)—French general, Deputy War Minister in the Ollivier cabinet in August 1870.—45, 46
Delahaye, Victor Alfred (1838-1897) — French mechanic, member of the First International; member of the Paris Commune; emigrated to London; member of the General Council of the International and the British Federal Council (1871-72); Secretary of the London Conference (1871).— 355, 431
Delane, John Thadeus (1817-1879) — English journalist, editor-in-chief of The Times (1841-77).—285, 286, 287, 292-93
Delescluze, Louis Charles (1809-1871)— French revolutionary, journalist; participant in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848; founder, editor and publisher of Le Réveil (1868-71); member of the Paris Commune, and its military delegate; was killed on the barricades during the street fighting in Paris on May 25, 1871.—381, 398
Delescluze, Louise Azémia (b. 1808) — sister of Charles Delescluze.—398
Delpech—French lawyer, reactionary; general prosecutor in Toulouse (1871).—397, 398, 624-25, 630
De Paepe, César Aimé Désiré (1841-1890)—prominent in the Belgian working-class and socialist movement; compositor, subsequently physician; a founder of the Belgian section of the International; member of the Belgian Federal Council; delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and to the London Conference (1871) of the International; following the Hague Congress of 1872 supported the Bakuninists for some time; one of the founders of the Belgian Workers' Party.— 557
De Potter, Louis (1786-1859)—Belgian publicist and politician, bourgeois democrat; member of the Provisional Government during the 1830 revolution in Belgium.—617
Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of (1799-1869) —British statesman, Tory leader; Prime Minister (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68).—579, 582
Desagarre, baron—French lawyer, public prosecutor at a local lawcourt of Haute-Garonne (1871).—621, 623, 625, 630
Desmarets—French captain of the gendarme troops at Versailles; killed Gustave Flourens.—326, 447, 464, 530
Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881)—British statesman and author, a Tory leader; one of the founders and ideologists of the Conservative Party; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68), Prime Minister (1868, 1874-80).— 576
Dombrowski, Jaroslaw (1836-1871)— Polish revolutionary democrat; took part in the national liberation movement in Poland (1860s); general of the Paris Commune; commander-in-chief of all its armed forces from early May 1871; killed on the barricades.— 339
Douay, Charles Abel (1809-1870)— French general; commanded a division of the Second Corps during the Franco-Prussian war; killed in the battle of Wissembourg.—37
Douay, Félix Charles (1816-1879) — French general; commanded the Seventh Corps of the Army of the Rhine during the Franco-Prussian war; was taken prisoner at Sedan; one of the organisers of reprisals against the Paris Commune; commanded the Fourth Corps of the Versailles Army.—34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 51, 54, 58, 66, 67, 78, 109, 159, 348
Ducrot, Auguste Alexandre (1817-1882) — French general, Orleanist; commanded a division of the First Corps, then the First Corps and the Second Paris Army during the Franco-Prussian war; took part in the building up of the Versailles Army for the suppression of the Paris Commune; deputy to the National Assembly (1871).—108, 121, 169, 177, 189-91, 193, 232, 506
Dufaure, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881)—French lawyer and politician, Orleanist; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848); Minister of the Interior (October-December 1848, June-October 1849); Minister of Justice (February 1871-May 1873); inspired the suppression of the Paris Commune.—319, 325, 344, 345, 441, 443-45, 467-69, 497, 519, 544
Dumas, Alexandre (son) (1824-1895) — French dramatist and novelist.—464, 478
Dupanloup, Félix Antoine Philibert (1802-1878) — French theologian and politician; one of the leaders of the Catholic Party; Bishop of Orléans from 1849; deputy to the National Assembly (1871).—198, 200, 585
Dupont, Eugène (c. 1831-1881)— participant in the French and international working-class movement; musi-cal-instrument maker; took part in the June 1848 uprising in Paris; from 1862 lived in London, then in Manchester; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864-72), Corresponding Secretary for France (1865-71); participant in all the conferences and congresses of the International (except the Basle Congress); contributed to Le Courrier français; formed the French branch of the International in Manchester (1870); in 1872 became a member of the British Federal Council of the International; in 1874 moved to the USA; associate of Marx and Engels.—8, 270, 355, 382, 431, 556, 558, 560, 590-91
Duval, Emile Victoire (1840-1871) — French ironfounder, Blanquist; member of the International; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; general of the Commune's National Guard; member of the Executive and Military commis-sions; was shot by the Versailles troops on April 4, 1871.—326, 401, 447, 471, 530, 557, 591
E
Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889) — prominent figure in the international and German working-class movement; tailor; member of the League of the Just and later of the Communist League; member of the General Council of the First International (1864-72) and then its General Secretary (1867-71); Corresponding Secretary for America (1870-72), delegate to all the International's congresses and conferences; until 1872 follower of Marx; after the Hague Congress joined the reformist wing of the British Federal Council.—8, 270, 286, 287, 355, 382, 431, 562, 565-67, 577, 590
Elliott, Thomas—British trade-unionist; from 1871 member of the British Federal Council of the International.— 563
Elpidin, Mikhail Konstantinovich (c. 1835-1908)—was active in the Russian revolutionary movement in the early 1860s; in 1865 emigrated to Switzerland; member of the First International and of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; later was exposed as an agent-provocateur of the tsarist secret police.—377
Engels, Frederick (1820-1895)—138, 156, 158, 161, 170, 185, 186, 192, 208, 247, 249, 250, 256, 273, 277-80, 284, 355, 370, 382, 389, 561, 564, 566, 567, 573, 577, 582, 587, 588, 593, 594, 607, 609
Espartero, Joaquin Baldomero Fernandez, duque de la Vittoria y de Morello, conde de Luchana (1793-1879)—Spanish general and politician; leader of the Progresista Party; Regent of Spain (1841-43), head of government (1854-56).—315, 455, 521
Eugénie—see Montijo, Eugénie
F
Faidherbe, Louis Leon César (1818-1889) — French general; commanded the Army of the North during the Franco-Prussian war.—203, 222-24, 230, 236, 251, 253, 389
Failly, Pierre Louis Charles Achille de
(1810-1892) —French general, Senator; commander of a division in
the Crimea (1855); commanded the Fifth Corps during the Franco-Prussian war; was taken prisoner at Sedan.—33, 37, 38, 40, 51, 57, 66, 67, 78, 109, 154, 158, 161
Falloux, Frédéric Alfred Pierre, comte de
(1811-1886) — French politician and writer; Legitimist and clerical; in 1848 initiated the closure of the national workshops and inspired the suppression of the June uprising of the Paris workers; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Minister of Education (1848-49).— 524
Favre, Claude Gabriel Jules (1809-1880) — French lawyer and politician; from the late 1850s, a leader of the bourgeois - republican opposition ; Foreign Minister in the Government of National Defence and in Thiers' government (1870-71); negotiated the capitulation of Paris and peace treaty with Germany; together with Thiers directed the struggle against the First International.—4, 112, 114, 241, 248, 249, 304, 312, 313, 317, 320, 323, 340, 346, 357-62, 370, 376, 416, 417, 437-40, 442, 450, 454, 456, 466, 469, 475, 481, 482, 506, 509, 511, 513-18, 527, 528, 571, 572, 588, 595, 608, 610, 611, 616
Ferdinand II (1810-1859)—King of the Two Sicilies (1830-59), nicknamed King Bomba for the bombardment of Messina (1848).—315, 455, 520
Ferry, Jules François Camille (1832-1893) — French lawyer and politician; one of the leaders of moderate bourgeois republicans; member of the Government of National Defence; Mayor of Paris (1870-71); deputy to the National Assembly (1871); Prime Minister (1880-81, 1883-85).—314, 438, 439, 440, 443, 480, 509, 515, 517-18
Flocon, Ferdinand (1800-1866) — French politician and journalist; democrat; an editor of La Réforme; member of the Provisional Government in 1848.—571
Flourens, Gustave Paul (1838-1871) — French naturalist and revolutionary, follower of Blanqui; contributed to La Marseillaise; emigrated to London in March 1870 and returned in September 1870; one of the leaders of the Paris uprisings on October 31, 1870 and January 22, 1871; member of the Paris Commune and its Military Commission; on April 3, 1871 was killed by the Versaillists.—320, 323, 326, 447, 471, 480, 527, 530, 591
Fondeville, Eugène (Fondewille)— member of the French section of the First International in Bordeaux; member of the Paris Commune; a refugee in London after its defeat; took part in the London Conference of the International in 1871; in 1875 emigrated to the USA.—400-02
Forcade de la Roquette, Jean Louis Victor
Adolphe de (1820-1874)—French statesman, liberal; Minister of the Interior in the Ollivier cabinet (1869).—45
François—French National Guardsman, Communard; killed during the counter-revolutionary demonstration in Paris on March 22, 1871.—511, 529 Frankel, Léo (1844-1896)—active in the Hungarian and international working-class movement; jeweller; in the 1860s emigrated to France; in 1870 was one of the founders of the German section in Paris; Secretary and member of the Paris Federal Council; was prosecuted at the third trial of the International in Paris; member of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; in 1872 was sentenced to death in his absence; in 1871-72 member of the General Council of the International, Corresponding Secretary for Austria-Hungary; delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); in 1876 returned to
Hungary; associate of Marx and Engels.—339, 431, 476, 501, 617
Fransecky, Eduard Friedrich von (1807-1890)—German general; commanded the Second Corps during the Franco-Prussian war.— 241
Frederick II (the Great) (1712-1786) — King of Prussia (1740-86).—165, 359
Frederick Charles (1828-1885) —Prussian prince, German general, from October 1870 field marshal-general; during the Franco-Prussian war commanded the Second Army.— 20, 23, 29, 33, 34, 39, 41, 62, 69, 86, 104, 147, 152, 170, 171, 175-77, 179, 183, 185, 186, 188, 195, 196, 204-06, 209-12, 221, 222, 226, 228-30, 238, 245, 248-49, 252
Frederick Francis II (1823-1883) — Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1842-83); German general; during the Franco-Prussian war first commanded the troops on the coast of Germany and then a formation fighting south of Paris.—147, 169, 176, 177, 179, 180, 182, 183, 186, 195, 196, 204-06, 208, 209, 221, 222, 243
Frederick William (1831-1888)—Crown Prince of Prussia and the German Empire; general; son of William I; King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany under the name of Frederick III (1888); commanded the Third Army during the Franco-Prussian war.—20, 23, 25, 28-29, 33, 37, 57, 67-69, 71, 72, 75, 78, 81, 147, 177, 195, 281
Frederick William III (1770-1840)— King of Prussia (1797-1840).—98, 195-97
Friedländer, Max (1829-1872)—German democratic journalist, editor of the
Neue Oder-Zeitung and Die Presse, to which Karl Marx contributed in the 1850s-1860s; founder and editor of the Neue Freie Presse (1864-72).—374 Frossard, Charles Auguste (1807-1875)— French general; commanded the Second Corps during the Franco-Prussian war; was taken prisoner at Metz.—22, 29, 30, 32-34, 37, 38, 42, 57, 61, 62, 67, 154
G
Gallien, Louis Auguste (b. 1831)— officer of the National Guard of the Commune.—470, 477
Galliffet, Florence Georgina—wife of marquis de Galliffet.—326, 356, 447, 530
Galliffet, Gaston Alexandre Auguste, marquis de (1830-1909)—French general; commanded a cavalry regiment during the Franco-Prussian war; was taken prisoner at Sedan but was released to fight the Commune; commanded a cavalry brigade in the Versailles army.—326-27, 356, 447, 477, 513, 530, 532
Gambetta, Léon (1838-1882)—French statesman, bourgeois republican; member of the Government of National Defence (1870-71); head of the delegation sent by this government to Tours; Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1881-82).— 129, 168, 186, 191, 221, 229, 238, 242, 253, 275, 312, 437, 480, 516, 532, 618
Ganesco, Gregory (c. 1830-1877) — French journalist, Romanian by birth; Bonapartist during the Second Empire, and then supported the Thiers government.—338 Garau—governor of the prison in Mazas.—401
Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882)— Italian revolutionary, democrat, leader of the Italian national liberation movement and the struggle for the unification of Italy in the 1850s-1860s; participant in the Franco-Prussian war on the side of the French Republic; commanded the Vosges Army, consisting of units of the National Guard, French and
foreign volunteers.—199, 224, 242, 244, 245, 248, 252
Garibaldi, Ricciotti (1847-1924)—son of Giuseppe Garibaldi; took part in the national liberation movement in Italy; participant in the Franco-Prussian war on the side of France as the commander of a brigade of the Vosges Army.—180
Garnier-Pagès, Louis Antoine (1803-1878)—French politician, moderate republican; member of the Provisional Government and Mayor of Paris in 1848; member of the Government of National Defence (1870-71).—469
Giovacchini, P.— member of the General Council of the International, Corresponding Secretary for Italy (1871).—355, 382
Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898)— British statesman, Tory and then Peelite; in the latter half of the nineteenth century, leader of the Liberal Party; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55 and 1859-66) and Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, and 1892-94).—281, 560, 578-80
Gneisenau, August Wilhelm Anton, Count Neithardt von (1760-1831)—Prussian field marshal; one of the organisers of the liberation struggle against Napoleon's rule; took part in drawing up and carrying out Prussian army reforms.—166, 200-02
Goeben, August Karl Friedrich Christian von (1816-1880)—German general; commanded the Eighth Corps and from January 1871 the First Army during the Franco-Prussian war.— 223, 228, 230, 248, 252
Goltz, Eduard Kuno, Baron von der (1817-1897)—German general; commanded a Prussian detachment of the 14th Corps during the Franco-Prussian war.—228
Gorchakov, Alexander Mikhailovich, Prince (1798-1883)—Russian statesman and diplomat, envoy in Vienna (1854-56),
'/.25-1232 Foreign Minister (1856-82).—267, 575
Gramont, Antoine Alfred Agénor, duc de
Gramont et de Guiche, prince de Bidache (1819-1880)—French diplomat; Minister of Foreign Affairs (1870); pursued the policy of un-leashing a war between France and Prussia.—12
Grand Duke of Mecklenburg—see Frederick Francis II
Grant, Ulysses Simpson (1822-1885)— American general and statesman; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Union, Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Army from March 1864; War Secretary (1867-68), US President (1869-77).—142
Granville, George Leveson Gower, 2nd Earl (1815-1891)—British statesman, Whig and later Liberal; Foreign Secretary (1851-52, 1870-74, 1880-85); President of the Council (1852-54, 1855-58 and 1859-65), Secretary of State for the Colonies (1868-70, 1886).—579
Greenwood, Frederick (1830-1909)— British journalist, first editor of The Pall Mall Gazette (1865-80); held bourgeois-liberal and then conservative views.—281, 359, 378
Greppo, Jean Louis (1810-1888)— French socialist, took part in the Lyons uprisings of 1831 and 1834; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Mayor of an arrondissement in Paris (1870-71); deputy to the National Assembly (1871).—468 Grimai—French officer; commissary of one of the military courts set up at Versailles for trying the Communards.—389
Grousset, Paschal Jean François (1844-1909)—French journalist and politician, Blanquist; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; Chairman of the Commission for
Foreign Relations; after the suppression of the Commune deported to New Caledonia, from which he escaped in 1874; up to 1881 lived in England and then returned to France.—476
Guillaume, James (1844-1916)—Swiss teacher, anarchist, Bakuninist; member of the International; participant of the Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867), Basle (1869) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the First International; one of the organisers of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; editor of the newspapers
Le Progrès, La Solidarité and Bulletin de la Fédération jurassienne; at the Hague Congress (1872) was expelled from the International for his splitting activities.—412, 557, 559
Guiod, Alphonse Simon (b. 1805)— French general; Commander-in-Chief of the artillery during the siege of Paris in the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71).—313, 438, 517
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874)—French historian and statesman; virtually directed the home and foreign policy of France from 1840 to the February 1848 revolution; expressed the interests of the big financial bourgeoisie.—315, 316, 445, 455, 521
Gyulay, Ferenc, Count (1798-1868)— Austrian general, Hungarian by birth; took part in suppressing the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; War Minister (1849-50); during the Italian war of 1859 commanded an Austrian army until the defeat at Magenta.— 34
H Hales, John (b. 1839)—British trade-union leader, weaver; member of the General Council of the International (1866-72) and its Secretary (1871-72); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League and of the Land and Labour League; delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; in 1872 headed the reformist wing of the British Federal Council.—7, 270, 355, 358, 362, 367, 368, 370, 373, 382, 403, 431, 554, 555, 558, 562, 564, 567
Hales, William-,— member of the International; member of the General Council of the International (1867, 1869-72).—7, 270, 355, 382, 431, 562
Harris, George—active in the British working-class movement; Chartist, supported the social views of James O'Brien; member of the National Reform League; member of the General Council of the International (1869-72); Financial Secretary of the Council (1870-71).—7, 270, 355, 431
Haussmann, Georges Eugene, Baron (1809- 1891) — French politician, Bonapartist; took part in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; prefect of the Seine Department (1853-70); directed work on the reconstruction of Paris.—98, 339, 351
Heeckeren, Georges Charles d'Anthès, Baron (1812-1895)—French politician, Royalist; Russian army officer (1834-37); killed the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin in a duel; Bonapartist from 1848; Senator of the Second Empire; one of the organisers of the counter-revolutionary demonstration in Paris on March 22, 1871.—325, 505, 529
Heinemann—Prussian agent provocateur in England; editor-in-chief of the German-language weekly Hermann, published in London.—560
Henderson, Edmund Newmans Wolcott (1821-1896)—British officer, chief of the London police (1869-86).—597
Henry II (1519-1559)—King of France (1547-59).—117
Henry V—see Chambord, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de
Hepner, Adolf (1846-1923)—German journalist; one of the founders of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party (1869); editor of Der Volksstaat (1869-73); delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872); emigrated to the USA (1882); in 1908 returned to Germany.—275
Herbert, Auberon Edward William Molyneux (1838-1906) — English philosopher and publicist, Liberal; member of the House of Commons (1870-74).—580 Herman, Alfred—active in the Belgian working-class movement, sculptor; founder and member of the International section in Liege (1868-71); member of the General Council and Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (1871-72); delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868), the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; at the Hague Congress joined the anarchist minority.—355, 431, 563
Hervé, Aimé Marie Edouard (1835-1899)—French journalist; one of the founders and editor-in-chief of Le Journal de Paris; bourgeois liberal; Orleanist after the fall of the Second Empire.—349 Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870)—Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, journalist and writer; emigrated to France in 1847; from 1852 lived in London, where he established the Free Russian Press and published the periodical Polyarnaya Zvezda (Polar Star) and the newspaper Kolokol (The Bell).— 374 Hill, F.H.—editor-in-chief of The Daily News (1868-86).—274-76
Hohenzollerns—dynasty of Brandenburg electors (1415-1701), Prussian kings (1701-1918) and German emperors (1871-1918).—5, 125, 275, 301, 339
'/425* Holyoake, George Jacob (1817-1906)— British journalist; reformist; Owenite and Chartist in the 1830s and 1840s; prominent figure in the co-operative movement.—367, 368, 370, 372, 563
Hossart.—378, 380, 382
Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885) — French writer; deputy to the Constituent and the Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; opposed Louis Bonaparte.—133
Hume, Robert William—American journalist; one of the leaders of the National Labour Union; member of the International and Correspondent of its General Council.— 555, 558
Hurliman (Hurlimann)—Swiss by birth; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72).—431
Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895)— British naturalist, the closest associate of Charles Darwin; inconsistent materialist in philosophy.—336, 488
J
Jaclard, Charles Victor (1840-1903)— French mathematician, physician and publicist, Blanquist; member of the International; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard; during the Paris Commune commander of a legion of the National Guard; following the suppression of the Paris Commune emigrated to Switzerland and then to Russia; after the 1880 amnesty returned to France.—510
Jacquemet, Alexandre—French clergyman; in 1848, Vicar General of the Archbishops of Paris.—352, 446, 528
Jaubert, Hippolyte François, comte (1798-1874)—French politician, monarchist; Minister of Public Works in the Thiers government (1840); deputy to the National Assembly (1871).— 354, 538, 596
Jaurès, Constant Louis Jean Benjamin (1823-1889) —French naval officer,
admiral from 1871; as a general commanded the 21st Corps during the Franco-Prussian war; deputy to the National Assembly (1871).—203
Jeannerod, Georges (1832-1890) — French officer and journalist; war correspondent of Le Temps at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war.—23, 38, 39, 43, 62, 66
Johannard, Jules Paul (1843-1892)— active in the French working-class movement; flowerist; Blanquist; member of the General Council of the International (1868-69, 1871-72) and Corresponding Secretary for Italy (1868-69); member of the Paris Commune; following the defeat of the Commune emigrated to London; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).—431
Joukowsky (Zhukovsky), Nikolai Ivanovich (1833-1895)—Russian anarchist; a refugee in Switzerland from 1862; Secretary of the Geneva section of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; in 1872 withdrew from the International in protest against Bakunin's expulsion.—429
Jourde, François (1843-1893)—French banking employee; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; representative of the Finance Commission; adhered to the Proudhonist minority; sentenced to exile to New Caledonia after the suppression of the Commune; escaped in 1874.— 553 Jung, Hermann (1830-1901)—prominent in the Swiss and international working-class movement; watchmaker; an émigré in London; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Switzerland (November 1864-72); Treasurer of the General Council (1871-72); Vice-Chairman of the London Conference (1865), Chairman of the Geneva (1866), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and of the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the British Federal Council; supported Marx before the Hague Congress of 1872 but later sided with the reformist wing of the British trade unions.—8, 270, 355, 382, 420, 431, 554-59, 562, 564-67
K
Kamehe, Georg Arnold Karl von (1817-1893)—German general; during the Franco-Prussian war commanded the 14th Division, then conducted the siege operations near Paris; War Minister (1873-83).—32, 224
Keller—German general; commanded a brigade during the Franco-Prussian war.—257
Kératry, Emile, comte de (1832-1905) — French politician, Orleanist, Prefect of the Paris police (September-October 1870); later supervised the formation of territorial armed forces in Brittany; Prefect of the Haute-Garonne Department (1871); in April 1871 suppressed the Commune in Toulouse.—176, 186, 203, 397, 398, 624-27, 629-30
Kinglake, Alexander William (1809-1891) — English historian and politician, Liberal M.P. (1857-68).—235
Kolb, Georg Friedrich (1808-1884)— German politician, publicist and statistician; bourgeois democrat.— 299
Kolb, Karl—member of the General Council of the International (1870-71).—355, 382
Küchenmeister, Gottlieb Friedrich Heinrich
(1821-1890) — German physician, parasitologist; author of scientific works.—298
Kummer, Ferdinand von (1816-1900) — Prussian general; commanded the Third Reserve Division and then the 15th Division during the Franco-Prussian war.—127, 147
L
Lacretelle, Charles Nicolas (1822-1891) — French general; during the Franco-Prussian war commanded a division of the 12th Corps; was taken prisoner at Sedan; later commanded a division of the Second Corps of the Versailles Army.—470
Ladmirault, Louis René Paul de (1808-1898)—French general; took part in conquering Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s; commanded the Fourth Corps during the Franco-Prussian war; was taken prisoner at Metz; later commanded the Second Corps of the Versailles Army; Governor of Paris (1871-78).—32, 34, 37, 38, 62, 154
Laf argue (February 1871-July 1871) — second son of Laura and Paul Lafargue.—622, 623
Laf argue, Charles Etienne (1869-1872)— first son of Laura and Paul Lafargue.— 622, 623, 625, 630, 631
Laf argue, François (died 1870 or 1871)—father of Paul Laf argue.— 396
Laf argue, Laura (1845-1911) — second daughter of Karl Marx; was active in the French working-class movement; wife of Paul Lafargue from 1868.— 396-98, 432, 622, 623, 625, 627-30
Lafargue Paul (1842-1911) — prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement; member of the General Council of the International, Corresponding Secretary for Spain (1866-69); helped to organise the International's sections in France (1869-70), Spain and Portugal (1871-72); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); one of the founders of the Workers' Party of France (1879); disciple and associate of Marx and Engels; from 1868 husband of Marx's daughter Laura.—396-98, 612, 622, 623, 625-31
25-1232 Laffitte, Jacques (1767-1844)—French banker and liberal politician; headed the government in the early period of the July monarchy (1830-31).— 314, 454
Lafont—French official; inspector-general of prisons (1871).—478
Lagarde—French abbot.—401
Lambord—member of the International.—554
Lamennais, Félicité Robert de (1782-1854) — French abbot, writer, one of the ideologists of Christian socialism.—507
Landeck, Bernard (b. 1832) — French jeweller, Polish by birth; participant in the Paris uprisings on October 31, 1870 and January 22, 1871; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; emigrated to England; one of the founders of the French section of the International in London in 1871; in his absence was sentenced to death in Marseilles (1872) and Versailles (1873).—565
Landor, R.—American journalist; London correspondent of the New York newspaper The World (1871).—600-06
La Rochejaquelein (Larochejaquelein), Henri Auguste Georges du Vergier, marquis de (1805-1867) — French politician, one of the leaders of the Legitimists; deputy to the Constituent Assembly during the Second Republic; Senator during the Second Empire.—524
La Roncière Le Noury, Camille Adalbert Marie, baron Clement de (1813-1881)—French admiral; during the siege of Paris (1870-71) commanded a division of the Third Paris Army and then a corps.—189
Latham, Robert Masden—British trade-unionist; President of the Labour Representation League; member of the International.— 554
Lavallée, Théophile Sébastien (1804-1866)—French historian and military geographer.—117
Lebrun, Barthélémy Louis Joseph (1809-1889)—French general; during the Franco-Prussian war commanded the 12th Corps; was taken prisoner at Sedan.— 78
Lecomte, Claude Martin (1817-1871)— French general; commanded a brigade during the Franco-Prussian war; on March 18, 1871 was shot by the insurgent soldiers after the failure of the Thiers government to seize the artillery of the National Guard.—323, 324, 328, 345, 347, 443, 445, 508, 524, 526, 528, 532
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874)—French journalist and politician, a leader of the petty-bourgeois democrats; editor of La Réforme; Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government (1848); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (leader of the Montag-nards); after the demonstration of June 13, 1849 emigrated to England, where he lived up to early 1870; deputy to the National Assembly in 1871, resigned in protest against the conclusion of peace with Germany.— 571
Le Flô, Adolphe Emmanuel Charles (1804-1887)—French general, politician and diplomat; representative of the Party of Order; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Minister of War in the Government of National Defence and the Thiers government (1870-71); deputy to the National Assembly (1871), Ambassador to St. Petersburg (1848-49 and 1871-79).—324, 327, 449, 527
Legreulier—member of the General Council of the International in 1870.—8
Leland, Charles Godfrey (1824-1903)— American lawyer, writer and journalist.—600
Lemaître, Antoine Louis Prosper (pseudonym Frederic Lemaître) (1800-1876)—French actor and playwright, representative of romanticism and founder of critical realism in the French theatre.—442
Lemaître, Frederic—French refugee, owner of a small printshop in London; member of the Paris section of the International; participant in the Paris Commune; after its suppression again emigrated to England; member of the French branch of the International in London.—558
Le Moussu, Benjamin Constant (b. 1846)—active in the French working-class movement, engraver; member of the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to London; in 1872 was sentenced to death in his absence; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for the French sections in America (1871-72); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); supported Marx and Engels in their struggle against the Bakuninists.—431
Leroux, Pierre (1797-1871)—French writer, Utopian socialist; representative of Christian socialism; émigré in England in 1851-52.—598
Lessner, Friedrich (Frederick) (1825-1910) — active in the German and international working-class movement, tailor; member of the Communist League; participant in the revolution of 1848-49; at the Cologne Communist trial was sentenced to three years' imprisonment; from 1856, an émigré in London, member of the London German Workers' Educational Society and of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872); delegate to the London Conferences (1865
and 1871), the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868), Basle (1869) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the International; member of the British Federal Council; a founder of the British Independent Labour Party in 1893; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—8, 270, 355, 382, 431
Leuckart, Friedrich Rudolf (1823-1898)— German parasitologist and zo-ologist.—298
Lewis, Sir George Cornewall (1806-1863) — British statesman, Whig; Secretary to the Treasury (1850-52), Chancellor of the Exchequer (1855-58); Home Secretary (1859-61), and Secretary of State for War (1861-63).—582
Liebknecht, Wilhelm Philipp Martin Christian Ludwig (1826-1900)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League and the First International, delegate to the Basle Congress (1869); editor of Der Volksstaat (1869-76); a founder and leader of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party; in 1867-70 member of North German Reichstag; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—272, 274, 278, 617, 619, 620
Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865) — American statesman, a leader of the Republican Party, President of the USA (1861-65); under the influence of the masses, carried out important bourgeois-democratic reforms during the Civil War, thus making possible the adoption of revolutionary methods of warfare; was assassinated by an agent of slave-owners in April 1865.—458, 464, 542
Lintern, W. — British trade-unionist, member of the General Council of the International (1870).— 8
Littré, Maximilien Paul Emile (1801-
25* 1881)—French philosopher, phi-lologist and politician.—510
Lochner, Georg (born c. 1824)—active in the German and international working-class movement, carpenter; member of the Communist League and of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, member of the General Council of the International (November 1864-1867 and 1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1865); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 355, 386, 431
Locke, John (1632-1704)—English dual-ist philosopher and economist.—594
Longuet, Charles Félix César (1839-1903) — prominent in the French working-class movement, journalist, Proudhonist; member of the General Council of the International (1866-67, 1871-72); Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (1866); delegate to the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868), the Hague (1872) congresses and the London Conference (1871); took part in the defence of Paris (1870-71); member of the Paris Commune; editor-in-chief of the Paris Commune's organ Journal officiel de la République française; after the suppression of the Commune emigrated to England; later joined the Possibil-ists; husband of Marx's daughter Jenny.— 431
Lopatin, German Alexandrovich (1845-1918) — Russian revolutionary, follower of Chernyshevsky, Narodnik; member of the General Council of the International (1870); translated into Russian a sizable part of Volume I of Capital; Marx's friend.— 270
Lorenz (Lorentz), Josef (1814-1879) — Austrian army officer and military inventor.— 96
Lorenzo, Anselmo (1841-1915) — Spanish printer, member of the International (from 1869); a founder of the International's sections in Spain (1869); delegate to the London Conference (1871); Secretary of the Spanish Federal Council (1872).—415, 616
Louis XIV (1638-1715) — King of France (1643-1715).—165, 440, 538
Louis XVI (1754-1793)—King of France (1774-92); guillotined during the French Revolution.—476
Louis XVIII (1755-1824)—King of France (1814-15 and 1815-24).— 503
Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon HI
Louis Philippe (1773-1850)—Duke of Orleans, King of France (1830-48).— 95, 122, 304, 314, 316, 317, 323, 333, 345, 442, 444, 451, 453-55, 460, 470, 520, 521, 527, 538, 539
Louis Philippe Albert, duc d'Orléans, count of Paris (1838-1894)—grandson of Louis Philippe; pretender to the French throne.— 540
Lowe, Robert, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke (1811-1892)—British statesman and journalist, contributor to The Times, Whig and later Liberal; M.P., Chancellor of the Exchequer (1868-73); Home Secretary (1873-74).—579
Löwenfeld—German general, inspector of reserve units during the Franco-Prussian war.—148
Lucraft, Benjamin (1809-1897)—a leader of the British trade unions, cabinet-maker; member of the General Council of the International (1864-71), delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International; member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League, later member of London School Board; in 1871 refused to sign the General Council's Address The Civil War in France and withdrew from the International.—8, 270, 372, 376, 386
Lumley.—563 Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, 2nd Baron and 1st Earl Lyons (1817-1887)—British diplomat, envoy in Washington (1858-65), ambassador to Constantinople (1865-67) and Paris (1867-87); in September 1870 mediator in the negotiations between Favre and Bismarck.—379, 380
M
Maccabees—the name of a Jewish family of priests dominant in Jerusalem; in the mid-2nd century B.C. headed the revolt against foreign dominion; ruling dynasty in Judaea from 142 to 40 B.C.—200
McDonnell (Mac Donnell), Joseph Patrick (1847-1906)—active in the Irish working-class movement; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Ireland (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; in 1872 emigrated to the USA where he participated in the American working-class movement.— 355, 382, 386, 431
Mack, Charles (1752-1828) —Austrian general; in 1805 commanded troops in the war against Napoleonic France; was defeated by Napoleon I and capitulated at Ulm.—34, 65
McKean, J. A.—secretary of the American ambassador Washburne in Paris in 1871.—381
Mac-Mahon (MacMachon), Marie Edme Patrice Maurice, comte de, duc de Magenta (1808-1893) —French general and politician, marshal, Bonapartist; during the Franco-Prussian war commanded the First Corps and later the Army of Chalons; was taken prisoner at Sedan; Commander-in-Chief of the Versailles Army; President of the Third Republic (1873-79)._26-30, 32, 33, 37, 38, 40, 42,
44, 51, 54, 57, 58, 65-85, 86, 91, 109, 120, 155, 158-59, 161, 174, 348, 352-53, 465, 542
Magne, Alfred—French official, collector-general of taxes in the Loire Department; Pierre Magne's son.— 443
Magne, Pierre (1806-1879) —French statesman, Bonapartist; Minister of Finance (1855-60, 1867-69, 1870, 1873-74).—443
Malet, Sir Edward Baldwin, Baronet (1837-1908) —British diplomat, secretary of the embassy in Paris (1867-71).—380
Maljournal, Louis Charles (1841-1894)— French bookbinder; member and secretary of the National Guard's Central Committee; member of the First International; participant in the Paris Commune; was wounded and taken prisoner; in 1872 was sentenced to deportation and amnestied in 1879.—325, 511
Malon, Benoît (1841-1893) —French socialist; member of the International; was accused at the second and third trials in Paris against the International; delegate to the Geneva Congress (1866); deputy to the National Assembly (1871); member of the National Guard's Central Committee and of the Paris Commune; after the suppression of the Commune emigrated to Italy and then to Switzerland; later one of the leaders and ideologists of the Possibilists.— 421
Manteuffel, Edwin Hans Karl, Baron von (1809-1885) — German general, from 1873 field marshal-general; in 1865-66 governor and commander of Prussian troops in Schleswig; during the Franco-Prussian war commanded the First Corps, then the First (from October 1870) and South (from January 1871) armies; Commander-in-Chief of the German occupational troops in France (1871-73).—185, 186, 196, 211, 222-24, 228, 237, 244-46, 248, 252
Manuel, Jacques, Antoine (1775-1827) — French lawyer, democrat; in 1818-23 member of the Chamber of Deputies; was expelled from the Chamber by the reactionary majority.— 617
Markowski—agent of the Tsarist government in France; was in the service of Thiers in 1871.—338 Martin, Constant (Saint-Martin) (1839-1906)—French employee, Blanquist; member of the Paris Federal Council of the First International; member of the Paris Commune; after its defeat emigrated to London; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72); Secretary of the London Conference (1871); after the amnesty in 1880 returned to France.—431
Martin des Pallières, Charles Gabriel Féli-cité (1823-1876)—French general; commanded a brigade of the Second Corps and then the 15th Corps during the Franco-Prussian war.— 203
Marx, Eleanor (1855-1898)—Karl Marx's youngest daughter, prominent figure in the British and international working-class movement; married Eduard Aveling in 1884.— 397, 398, 432, 622-31
Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881) —Karl Marx's wife.—397, 625 Marx, Jenny (1844-1883) —Karl Marx's eldest daughter, journalist; was active in the international working-class movement; married Charles Longuet in 1872.—397, 398, 432, 622-32
Marx, Karl (1818-1883) —8, 259, 270, 276, 288-93, 299, 355, 360, 364, 367, 370-71, 378, 382-84, 386, 388, 391-96, 398-400, 403, 405, 411, 431, 432, 555, 556, 558-67, 571, 573, 577, 578, 580-82, 587-93, 595, 599, 600-06, 607, 610, 613, 614, 616-22, 625, 631, 633-34
Mayo, Henry—active in the British
working-class movement; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72) and from 1872 of the British Federal Council, belonged to its reformist wing.—431
Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—Italian revolutionary, democrat; a leader of the Italian national liberation movement; headed the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic (1849); an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London (1850); during the foundation of the International in 1864 tried to bring it under his influence; in 1871 opposed the Paris Commune and the General Council of the International.—385-87, 598, 605, 607-08
Michel, Alexandre Ernest—French general; commanded a cavalry division of the Army of the Loire during the Franco-Prussian war.— 203
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)—English economist and positivist philosopher.—561, 582, 605
Miller, Joseph or Josias (commonly called Joe Miller) (1684-1738)—English comic actor.— 314, 440, 518
Millière, Jean Baptiste Edouard (1817-1871)—French lawyer, journalist, Left Proudhonist; participated in the uprising of October 31, 1870; critis-ised the Thiers government, blamed Jules Favre and supported the Paris Commune; was shot by Versaillists on May 26, 1871.—313, 358, 362, 365, 439, 512, 597
Mills, Charles—English engineer, member of the General Council of the International in 1871.— 355, 386
Milner, George—Irish tailor; was active in the British working-class movement; supported the social views of the Chartist James O'Brien; member of the National Reform League and the Land and Labour League;
member of the General Council of the International (1868-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871); from the autumn of 1872 member of the British Federal Council.—7, 270, 355, 382, 431, 578
Milton, John (1608-1674)—English poet and writer; prominent in the English revolution.—490
Minié, Claude Etienne (1804-1879)— French army officer, inventor of a new type of rifle.—120
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Victor Riqueti,
comte de (1749-1791)—prominent figure in the French Revolution, constitutional monarchist.—316
Molière (real name Jean Baptiste Po-quelin) (1622-1673)—French dramatist.—319, 524
Molinet, vicomte de (d. 1871)—French aristocrat; killed during the counter-revolutionary demonstration on March 22, 1871 in Paris.—512
Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Count von (1800-1891)—military writer and strategist, ideologist of Prussian militarism; field marshal-general from 1871; Chief of Prussian (1857-71) and Imperial (1871-88) General Staff; virtually commander-in-chief during the Franco-Prussian war.— 21, 27, 52, 71, 133, 152-53, 170, 177, 178, 181, 186, 195, 243, 245, 248, 574, 577
Montalembert, Marc René, marquis de
(1714-1800)—French general, military engineer; elaborated a new fortification system largely used in the nineteenth century.— 87
Montaudon, Jean Baptiste Alexandre— French general; commanded a division of the Third Corps during the Franco-Prussian war.—42
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondât,
baron de la Brède et de (1689-1755) — French philosopher, economist and
writer of the Enlightenment.— 333, 507, 510
Montijo, Eugénie (Eugenia Maria de Montijo de Guzman, condesa de Teba) (1826-1920)—French Empress, wife of Napoleon III.—30, 160, 161, 162, 300, 301
Moore, Sir John (1761-1809) —British general; commanded the British troops in Portugal in 1808-09.— 173
Mottershead, Thomas G. (c. 1826-1884) — English weaver, a Chartist; member of the General Council (1869-72), Corresponding Secretary for Denmark (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); member of the British Federal Council; opposed Marx's line in the General Council and the British Federal Council; expelled from the First International by decision of the General Council in May 1872.—7, 270, 355, 382, 431, 555, 562, 565, 591, 594
Murray, Charles—active in the British working-class movement, shoemaker, a Chartist, follower of the social views of James O'Brien, member of the National Reform League and the Land and Labour League, member of the General Council of the International (1870-72) and of the British Federal Council (1872-73).—7, 270, 355, 382, 431
N
Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—7, 22, 33, 57, 65, 69, 72, 104, 155, 160, 165-66, 199, 202, 254, 256, 260, 266, 316, 337, 449, 462, 484, 493, 519, 522, 542
Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (1808-1873) —nephew of Napoleon I, President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—3-5, 11, 12, 14, 22, 24-26, 29-30, 33-38, 44, 48-51, 56-57, 59, 70, 95, 96, 98-99, 106, 110, 116, 157-62, 182, 191, 219, 263, 264, 267-69, 279, 283, 299-304, 313, 316, 317, 319, 321-23, 329, 330, 333, 338-42, 345, 347, 348, 358, 364, 439, 442, 445, 451-55, 459, 462, 468-69, 475, 478, 480-81, 486, 490, 493, 505, 515, 517, 518, 520, 522, 524, 527, 532, 539, 547, 572, 585, 588, 608, 611, 619
Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) (37-68)—Roman Emperor (54-68).—457
Netschajeff (Nechaev), Sergei Gennadievich ( 1847-1882)—Russian revolutionary, conspirator; representative of the extreme adventurist trend of anarchism; as a refugee in Switzerland in 1869-71, was connected with Bakunin; in 1872 was extradited by the Swiss authorities to the Russian government and was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment; died in the St. Peter and Paul fortress.—377
O
Obernitz, Hugo Moritz Anton Heinrich von (1819-1901)—German general, commanded the Württemberg division during the Franco-Prussian war.—190, 191
Odger, George (1820-1877)—a leader of the British trade unions, shoemaker; took part in founding the London Trades Council and was its Secretary from 1862 to 1872; member of the British National League for the Independence of Poland, the Land and Labour League and the Labour Representation League; member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; member of the General Council of the International (1864-71) and its President (1864-67); took part in the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866); opposed revolutionary tactics; in 1871 refused to sign the General
Council's Address The Civil War in France and left the Council.— 7, 270, 364, 373, 376, 386, 554, 562, 563, 571, 610, 611
Ollivier, Emile (1825-1913)—French politician, moderate republican; member of the Corps Législatif from 1857; became Bonapartist in the late 1860s; head of the government (January-August 1870).—4, 160, 448, 532
Orléans—royal dynasty in France (1830-48).—301, 340
Oudinot, Nicolas Charles Victor (1791-1863) — French general, Orleanist; in 1849 commanded the troops sent against the Roman Republic.— 521
Outine— see Utin
Owen, Robert (1771-1858) —British Utopian socialist.— 594
P
Palikao—see Cousin-Montauban
Palliares—see Martin des Pallières
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount (1784-1865)—British statesman; at the beginning of his career a Tory, from 1830 Whig; Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51); Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58, 1859-65).—371, 579, 582
Parnell, James—English worker, member of the General Council of the International (1869-70).—7, 270
Pêne, Henri de (1830-1888)—French journalist, monarchist; an organiser of the counter-revolutionary demonstration in Paris on March 22, 1871.—325, 511, 529, 631
Perret, Henri—Swiss engraver; one of the leaders of the International in Switzerland; member and secretary of the Romance Federal Committee (1868-73); member of the editorial board of L'Egalité, delegate to all congresses and the London Conference (1871) of the International.— 557
Pertz, Georg Heinrich (1795-1876)— German historian, author of works on the history of Germany.— 201
Petit—secretary of Archbishop Darboy.—401
Pfänder (Pfander), Carl (1818-1876) — participant in the German and international working-class movement, miniaturist; from 1845, a refugee in London; a leader of the League of the Just; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, of the Central Committee of the Communist League and of the General Council of the First International (1864-67 and 1870-72); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 7, 270, 355, 382, 431
Pic, Jules—French journalist, Bonapartist; editor of L'Étendard.— 313, 475, 518
Picard, Eugène Arthur (b. 1825) — French politician and broker; moderate republican; editor-in-chief of L'Électeur libre; brother of Joseph Ernest Picard.—314, 439, 440, 518 Picard, Louis Joseph Ernest (1821-1877)—French lawyer and politician; moderate republican; Minister of Finance in the Government of National Defence (1870-71); Minister of the Interior in the Thiers government (1871).—314, 320, 326, 354, 439, 440, 442, 443, 445, 454, 466, 467, 471, 508, 515, 517, 518, 616
Piétri, Joseph Marie (1820-1902)— French politician, Bonapartist; Prefect of the Paris police (1866-70).— 5, 343, 440, 447, 452, 459, 477, 518, 541
Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) (1792-1878)—Pope (1846-78).—166, 563, 601, 607
Plon-Plon—see Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul
Pourille, Jean Baptiste Stanislas Xavier
(pseudonym Blanchet) (b. 1833)— former Capuchin; French journalist; sold second-hand things and silk, interpreter in the Lyons' prison ( 1864-67), secretary of the police commissariat; member of the National Guard's Central Committee and of the Paris Commune; member of the Justice Commission; expelled from the Commune as a police officer.— 340
Pouyer-Quertier, Augustin Thomas (1820-1891)—French manufacturer and politician; Protectionist; Minister of Finance (1871-72); took part in peace negotiations with Germany in Frankfurt (1871).—319, 346, 441-43, 446, 519
Protot, Eugène (1839-1921) —French lawyer, physician and journalist; Blanquist; member of the First International; member of the Paris Commune; delegate of the Justice Commission, after the suppression of the Commune emigrated to Italy, Switzerland, England and the USA; after the amnesty returned to France and withdrew from politics.—475, 591
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)— French journalist, economist and sociologist; ideologist of the petty bourgeoisie; a founder of anarchism.—607
Pyat, Félix (1810-1889) —French journalist, playwright and politician; democrat; took part in the 1848 revolution; emigrated in 1849 to Switzerland and later to Belgium and England; was against independent working-class movement; conducted a slander campaign against Marx and the First International; member of the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to England.— 416, 417, 586, 591, 605 R
Radetzky Joseph, Count of Radetz (1766-1858)—Austrian field marshal; commanded the Austrian troops in Northern Italy from 1831; suppressed the national liberation movement in Italy (1848-49); Governor-General of the Kingdom of Lombardy and Venice (1850-56).—88
Raglan, Lord Fitzroy James Henry Somer-set, Baron (1788-1855)—British field marshal; Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in the Crimea (1854-55).—235
Reid, Robert—British journalist, democrat; Paris correspondent of English and American newspapers before and during the Paris Commune.— 379-82, 552, 553, 563
Reitlinger—Jules Favre's friend and private secretary.—358, 362
Renault (Renaut), Léon Charles (b. 1839)—French lawyer; defended Paris Communards before the Versailles court (1871).—403
Renault, Pierre Hippolyte Publius (1807-1870)—French general; commanded the Second Corps of the Second Paris Army during the Franco-Prussian war.—190
Reuter, Paul Julius, Baron von (1816-1899)—founder of the Reuter telegraph agency in London (1851); German by birth.—48
Richard, Albert (1846-1925)—French journalist, a leader of the Lyons section of the International; member of the secret Alliance of Socialist Democracy; took part in the Lyons uprising of 1870; after the suppression of the Paris Commune, a Bonapartist; in the 1880s adhered to the Allemanists, an opportunist trend in the French socialist movement.— 556, 563
Roach, John—member of the General Council of the International (1871-
72); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); Corresponding Secretary for the British Federal Council, where he sided with the reformist wing (1872).—355, 382, 386
Robin, Paul Charles Louis Jean (1837-1912)—French teacher, Bakuninist; a founder of the Belgian section of the First International; one of the leaders of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy (from 1869); member of the General Council (1870-71); delegate to the Basle Congress (1869) and the London Conference (1871); in October 1871 expelled from the International.—419-21, 561-63, 609
Robinet, Jean François Eugène (1825-1899)—French physician and historian; Positivist, republican; took part in the 1848 revolution; Mayor of an arrondissement in Paris during the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71); member of Ligue de L'Union républicaine pour les Droits de Paris, came out for a reconciliation between the
Versailles government and the Commune.—354, 364
Rochat, Charles Michel (b. 1844)— member of the Paris Federal Council and of the General Council of the International; took part in the Paris Commune; Corresponding Secretary for Holland (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871); in 1872 emigrated to Belgium.—355, 431, 563
Rochefort, Victor Henri, marquis de Rochefort Luçay (1830-1913)—French journalist, writer and politician; Left-wing republican; publisher of La Lanterne (1868-69); founder and publisher of La Marseillaise (1869-70) and editor of Le Mot d'Ordre (1871); member of the Government of National Defence (September-October 1870); condemned the counter-revolutionary policy of the Versailles government but at the same time opposed the Commune's revolutionary activities; after the suppression of the Commune was exiled to New Caledonia; returned to France after the amnesty (1880).—145, 232
Roche-Lambert—French official; was appointed collector-general of taxes in the Loire Department (1871).— 442
Roon, Albrecht Theodor Emil, Count von (1803-1879)—Prussian statesman and military leader; field marshal-general from 1873, War Minister (1859-73) and Naval Minister (1861-71); reorganised the Prussian army.—106
Rouher, Eugene (1814-1884)—French statesman, Bonapartist; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Minister of Justice (1849-52, with intervals), Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Public Works (1855-63), Prime Minister (1863-69), President of the Senate (1869-70); after the fall of the Empire emigrated to England; a leader of the Bonapartists in France in the 1870s.—23
Rühl, J.—German worker, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the General Council of the International (1870-72).—7, 270, 355, 382, 431
Russell, Odo William Leopold, 1st Baron Ampthill (1829-1884)—British diplomat, ambassador at Berlin (1871-84).—580
Rutson, E.—private secretary of Henry Austin Bruce, British Home Secretary, in 1871.—563
S
Sadler, Michael Thomas—British member of the General Council of the International (1871-72).—355, 382, 431
Sagasta, Prâxedes Mateo (1827-1903)— Spanish politician, leader of the Liberal party; Home Minister (1868-70,
1871-72); Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (1874), Prime Minister (1881-1902, with intervals).—398
Saguljajew (Zagulyaev), Mikhail An-dreyevich (1834-1900)—Russian officer and journalist; editor of the political section of the newspaper Golos (Voice) (1862-83).—276
Saint-Arnaud, Armand Jacques Achille Leroy de (1801-1854)—Marshal of France, Bonapartist; an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; War Minister (1851-54); Commander-in-Chief of the French army in the Crimea (1854).—235
Saisset, Jean Marie Joseph Théodore (1810-1879)—French admiral and politician, monarchist; commanded the troops defending the Eastern forts during the siege of Paris (1870-71); Commander of the Paris National Guard (March 20-25, 1871); tried to unite reactionary forces in Paris to suppress the proletarian revolution of March 18; deputy to the National Assembly (1871).—326, 450, 457, 497, 512, 529, 539, 543
Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von (1755-1813) — Prussian general and politician; after the defeat of the Prussian army by Napoleon I in 1806, head of the commission for a reform of the army; War Minister (1807-10) and Chief of Staff (1810-13); took an active part in the liberation war of the German people against Napoleonic rule.—166
Scheffer—French National Guardsman; took part in the Paris Commune.— 327, 465, 478, 532
Schill, Ferdinand von (1776-1809) — Prussian officer; commanded a guerrilla detachment fighting against Napoleon's forces, killed in 1809 during an attempt to raise a national liberation uprising.—199, 200
Schmeling—German general; commanded the Fourth Reserve Army-during the Franco-Prussian war.— 148, 243
Schmutz—Swiss worker, member of the General Council of the International (1870-71).—8, 270
Schoelcher, Victor (1804-1893)—French politician and journalist, Left Republican; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; commanded the artillery legion of the Paris National Guard during the Franco-Prussian war and the Paris Commune; deputy to the National Assembly (1871); tried to persuade the Communards to capitulate to the Thiers government.—497, 509
Schwarzenberg, Karl Philipp, Prince von (1771-1820)—Austrian field marshal; fought against Napoleon I; Commander-in-Chief of the Allied armies of the European coalition (1813-14).— 72
Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von (1833-1875)—editor of Der Social-Demokrat (1864-67); President of the General Association of German Workers (1867-71); supported Bismarck's policy of unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy; hindered German workers from joining the International, fought against the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; was expelled from the Association for his contacts with the Prussian authorities (1872).—616
Serebrennikoff, Vladimir Ivanovich (born c. 1850)—Russian revolutionary; took part in the students movement in St. Petersburg in 1868-69; refugee in England and Switzerland; follower of Nechaev.—377
Serraillier, Auguste (b. 1840)—active in the French and international working-class movement, shoemaker; lived in England; member of the General Council of the International (1869-72) and of the British Federal Council (1873-74); associate of Marx
and Engels; Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (1870) and France (1871-72); was sent to Paris as representative of the General Council in September 1870 and in March 1871; officer of the National Guard; member of the Paris Commune; delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International.—8, 270, 273, 277, 288, 289, 355, 381, 431, 556, 557, 559, 561, 562, 566, 567, 585, 590-91
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)— English poet and dramatist.—319, 356, 470, 496, 540, 626, 628
Shepherd, Joseph—member of the General Council of the International (1869-70).—8, 270
Sheridan, Philip Henry (1831-1888) — American general; took part in the US Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the Northerners; observer in the German headquarters during the Franco-Prussian war.—512.
Shipton, George (1839-1911)—trade-union leader, Reformist; founder and secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Housepainters and De-corators, member of the Land and Labour League; secretary of the London Trades Council (1872-96).— 600
Simon, Jules François Simon Suisse (1814-1896)—French statesman; moderate republican; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49); Minister of Public Instruction in the government of National Defence and the Thiers government (1870-73); deputy to the National Assembly (1871); President of the Council of Ministers (1876-77).—320, 442, 469
Smith (Smith-Headingley), Adolphe (Adol-phus) (1846-1924)—British journalist; was born in Paris; member of the Social Democratic Federation in the 1880s; adhered to the French Pos-sibilists.— 553 Sortis, Louis Gaston de (1825-1887)— French general; commanded the 17th Corps during the Franco-Prussian war.—203
Sorge, Friedrich Adolph (1828-1906) — prominent figure in the international and American working-class and socialist movement, German teacher; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; in 1852 emigrated to the USA; founder of the American sections of the First International; Secretary of the Federal Council; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); member of the General Council in New York and its General Secretary (1872-74); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—589
Steens, Eugene (1825-1898) —Belgian journalist, member of the International; editor of La Tribune du Peuple and L'Internationale; delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868) and the London Conference (1871) of the International.—614
Steinmetz, Karl Friedrich, von (1796-1877)—German general, field marshal from 1871; commanded the First Army during the Franco-Prussian war (up to September 1870).—20, 23, 33, 34, 42, 69, 86
Stepney, Cowell William Frederick (1820-1872)—British, member of the Reform League; member of the General Council of the International (1866-72) and its Treasurer (1868-70); delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses; member of the British Federal Council (1872).—8, 270, 355, 382, 431
St. Hilaire—see Barthélémy Saint Hilaire, Jules
Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882) —Prussian police officer; Chief of the Prussian political police (1852-60); one of the organisers of and chief witness for the prosecution at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); during the Franco-Prussian war chief of military police and of the German intelligence
and counter-intelligence in France.— 274, 288
Stoll—member of the General Council of the International in 1870.—8, 270
Stosch, Albrecht, von (1818-1896)— German general; Chief of the Commissariat of the German armies and later Chief of Staff under Duke of Mecklenburg and Chief of Staff of German occupational troops in France (1871).—209 Stiillpnagel, Ferdinand Wolf Louis Anton, von (1813-1885)—German general; commanded the Fifth division during the Franco-Prussian war.— 32
Suchet, Louis Gabriel, due dAlbufera da Valencia (1770-1826)—Marshal of France; fought in the Peninsular war (1808-14).—143, 144
Sulla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla) (138-78 B.C.)—Roman general and statesman, consul (88 B.C.); dictator (82-79 B.C.).—318, 349
Susane, (Suzanne) Louis (1810-1876) — French general; for several years was Chief of the Artillery Department of the War Ministry; author of works on the history of the French army.— 313, 438, 517
T
Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (c. 55-c. 120) — Roman historian and ora-tor.—349
Taillefer—French employee of an in-surance company; was arrested for forgery and embezzlement of state property; publisher of L'Étendard.— 313, 475, 518
Tamisier, François Laurent Alphonse (1809-1880) —French general and politician, republican; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Commander of the Paris National Guards (September-November 1870); deputy to the National Assembly (1871).—323, 446, 480, 527 Tann-Rathsamhausen, Ludwig Samson Arthur Freiherr von und zu der (1815-1881)—German general; commanded the First Bavarian Corps during the Franco-Prussian war.— 138, 147, 152, 163, 168, 169, 171, 176, 181, 192, 204, 208, 211, 243
Taylor, Alfred—British worker; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72), and of the British Federal Council (1872-73).—355, 376, 382, 386, 431
Taylor, Peter Alfred (1819-1891)— British politician; bourgeois radical, M.P.—587
Tertullian (Tertullianus, Quintus Septimus Florens) (c. 160-c. 222)—Christian theologian and writer.— 292
Thiers, Élise (1818-1880)—Adolphe Thiers's wife.—326, 440
Thiers, Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)—French historian and statesman; Prime Minister (1836, 1840); head of the Orleanists after 1848; organised the suppression of the Paris Commune (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73).—4, 292, 311-12, 314-22, 324-29, 331, 337, 338-52, 354, 380, 389-90, 396, 398, 432, 438-44, 446-58, 462-70, 475-78, 492, 497, 501, 503, 506, 508-10, 512-13, 515, 519-25, 528, 530-32, 538-47, 593, 595, 597, 610, 622, 627, 628, 630
Thomas, Clément (1809-1871)—French general, moderate Republican; publisher of Le National; took part in suppressing the June 1848 uprising in Paris; commanded the Paris National Guard (November 1870-February 1871); sabotaged the city's defence; was shot by the insurgent soldiers on March 18, 1871.—323-24, 328, 346-47, 443, 445, 446, 449, 481, 508, 510, 524, 526, 528, 532
Tibaldi, Paolo (1825-1901) —Italian revolutionary, follower of Garibaldi; member of the International; participant in the Paris Commune; after its
suppression emigrated to England.— 563
Timur (Tamerlane) (1336-1405) — Central Asian conqueror, founder of a large state in the East with Samar-kand as its capital.—326, 463, 530
Todleben (Totleben), Eduard Ivanovich (1818-1884) —Russian military engineer, general; an organiser of the defence of Sebastopol (1854-55).— 217
Tolain, Henri Louis (1828-1897) — active in the French working-class movement, engraver; Right-wing Proudhonist; member of the First Paris Bureau and Paris section of the First International; delegate to all congresses and conferences of the International in 1865-69; deputy to the National Assembly (1871); during the Paris Commune went over to the Versaillists and was expelled from the International (1871); Senator during the Third Republic.— 297, 327, 364, 553, 562, 590
Townshend, William—member of the General Council of the International (1869-72).—8, 270, 355, 382, 431
Tresckow, Udo von (1808-1885)— German general; commanded the First Reserve Division and a siege corps at Belfort during the Franco-Prussian war.—227, 244 Tridon, Edme Marie Gustave (1841-1871) — French journalist, Blanquist; deputy to the National Assembly (1871); but then renounced his powers; member of the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to Belgium.—510
Trochu, Louis Jules (1815-1896) — French general and politician, Orleanist; took part in the conquest of Algeria (1830s-1840s), in the Crimean (1853-56) and Italian (1859) wars; head of the Government of National Defence; Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of Paris (September 1870-January 1871); sabotaged the city's defence; deputy to the National Assembly (1871).— 45, 54, 89, 113, 121, 122, 139, 169, 176-78, 183, 188, 189, 192, 196, 205, 216, 219, 232-35, 240, 241, 304, 311, 312, 318, 322-24, 351, 437, 438, 446, 469, 480, 482, 506, 510, 513, 515-17, 527, 532, 547
Truelove, Edward (1809-1899)—British publisher, Chartist; member of the Reform League and the National Sunday League; helped to popularise some of Marx's works, published the General Council's two addresses on the Franco-Prussian war and The Civil War in France.—567
Tümpling, Wilhelm (1809-1884)— German general; commanded the Sixth Corps during the Franco-Prussian war.—189
U
Ulrich, Jean Jacques Alexis (1802-1886) — French general; Commandant of the Strasbourg fortress during the Franco-Prussian war.— 93, 113
Urquhart, David (1805-1877) —British diplomat, writer and politician; Tory M.P. (1847-52).—371
Utin (Outine), Nikolai Isaakovich (1845-1883)—Russian revolutionary; participant in the student movement; member of the Land and Freedom society; in 1863 emigrated to England and then to Switzerland; an organiser of the Russian section of the International; member of the Narodnoye Dyelo (People's Cause) editorial board (1868-70); an editor of the Égalité (1870-71); supported Marx and the General Council in the struggle against Bakunin and his followers; delegate to the London Conference (1871); in 1877 returned to Russia; associate of Marx and Engels.—429, 618
V
Vacheron, Louis—French lawyer; general prosecutor of the Mayenne Department in 1871.—444
Vaillant, Marie Edouard (1840-1915)— French engineer, naturalist and physician; Blanquist; member of the Paris Commune, of the National Guard's Central Committee and of the General Council of the International (1871-72); delegate to the Lausanne Congress (1867) and the London Conference (1871); after the Hague Congress (1872) withdrew from the International.—431, 510, 616, 61,7, 618
Valentin, Louis Ernest—French general, Bonapartist; Prefect of the Paris police on the eve of the uprising on March 18, 1871.—320, 343, 441, 452, 467, 477, 510, 513, 541, 546 Varlin, Louis Eugène (1839-1871) — took part in the French working-class movement, bookbinder; Left-wing Proudhonist; member of the International from 1865; a founder of the International's sections in France; delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Geneva (1866) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International; member of the National Guard's Central Committee and the Paris Commune; was shot by the Versailles troops on May 28, 1871.—510, 554
Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre de (1633-1707)—Marshal of France, military engineer; author of several books on fortification and siege-works.—92, 101, 102, 222
Vendez—French general; commanded the 19th Corps during the Franco-Prussian war.—45.
Vermorel, Auguste Jean Marie (1841-1871) — French journalist and writer, Left republican; Proudhonist; contributed to various newspapers; editor-in-chief of Le Courrier français;
member of the Paris Commune; was heavily wounded in street fighting in Paris in May 1871 and died in captivity.—381
Vernier—husband of Jeanne Char-mont, Jules Favre's mistress.—313.
Vésinier, Pierre (1824-1902)—French journalist, participant in the London Conference of the International (1865); was expelled from the International in 1868 for conducting a slanderous campaign against the General Council; member of the Paris Commune; editor-in-chief of the Journal officiel de la République français, the main organ of the Commune; after the suppression of the Commune emigrated to England; published the newspaper Fédération and was a member of the Universal Federalist Council which opposed Marx and the General Council.— 386, 591
Victor, Claude Victor Petrin, duc de Bellum (1764-1841)—Marshal of France; participant in the wars of Napoleonic France, War Minister (1821-23).—199
Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 579
Vinoy, Joseph (1800-1880)—French general, Bonapartist; took part in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; during the Franco-Prussian war commanded the 13th Corps, then the First Corps of the Second Paris Army and the Third Paris Army; Governor of Paris from January 22, 1871; commanded the Versailles reserve army.—89, 189, 191, 320, 322, 324, 326, 441, 445-47, 471, 510, 512, 513, 525, 527-30, 546, 586
Vivien, Alexandre François Auguste (1799-1854)—French lawyer and politician; Orleanist; Minister of Justice (1840); Minister of Public Works (1848) in Cavaignac's government.— 444
Vogel von Falckenstein, Eduard (1797-1885)—German general; Governor-General of the coastal regions in Germany during the Franco-Prussian war.—271, 275
Voget, H.—Bavarian officer.—165
Vogt, Karl (1817-1895)—German natural scientist, vulgar materialist, petty-bourgeois democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49, one of the five imperial regents (June 1849); emigrated in 1849; subsequently received subsidies from Napoleon III; slandered Marx and Engels.—298-305, 314
Voigts-Rhetz, Konstantin Bernhard von (1809-1877)—German general; commanded the 10th Corps during the Franco-Prussian war.—209
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet (1694-1778)—French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlightenment.—327, 460
W
Wade, Charles—British bourgeois republican.—562
Wahlin—served in the National Guard; Communard; shot in the counter-revolutionary demonstration in Paris on March 22, 1871.—511
Ward, Osborne—American mechanic, member of the International's section in the USA; at the Hague Congress (1872) of the International was elected member of the General Council; was influenced by bourgeois reformists.—357, 559
Washburne, Elihu Benjamin (1816-1887)—American politician and diplomat, Republican; ambassador in Paris (1869-77); opposed the Paris Commune.—379-82, 563
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of (1769-1852)—British general and statesman, Tory; commanded the British forces in the wars against Napoleon I (1808-14, 1815); Commander-in-Chief (1827-28, 1842-52), Prime Minister (1828-30).—175
Werder, August Karl, Count von (1808-1887)—German general; commanded the 14th Corps during the Franco-Prussian war.—138, 148, 153, 171, 180, 196, 211, 222, 224, 226-29, 236-37, 243-47, 258
Weston, John—active in the British working-class movement, carpenter; follower of Owen; member of the General Council of the International (1864-72); delegate to the London Conference (1865); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; a leader of the Land and Labour League; member of the British Federal Council.—8, 270, 278, 355, 382, 431, 554, 558, 582, 583
Wickede, Julius von (1819-1896) — German army officer and military writer; correspondent of the Kölnische Zeitung at the German headquarters during the Franco-Prussian war.—243, 244
Widdern, von—see Cardinal von Widdern, Georg
William I, the Conqueror (c. 1027-1087)—Duke of Normandy, King of England (from 1066).—515
William I (Wilhelm I) (1797-1888) — Prince of Prussia, King of Prussia (1861-88), German Emperor (1871-88).—12, 71, 73, 85, 94, 160, 191, 195, 263, 264, 275, 276, 281, 347, 515, 579, 619, 620 Wimpffen, Emmanuel Félix de (1811-1884)—French general; during the Franco-Prussian war commanded the 5th Corps (from August 31, 1870); commanded the Army of Chalons after Mac-Mahon was wounded in the battle of Sedan, and after the defeat signed the capitulation of the Sedan Army.—78-80, 86
Wittich, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig, von
(1818-1884)—German general; commanded the 22nd division during the Franco-Prussian war.—147, 169
Wolff, Luigi—Italian major, follower of Mazzini; member of the As-sociazione di Mutuo Progresso in London; member of the General Council of the International (1864-65); took part in the London Conference (1865); agent provocateur of the Bonapartist police.— 385, 563, 608
Wroblewski, Walery (1836-1908)—Polish revolutionary democrat; a leader of the Polish liberation uprising of 1863; general of the Paris Commune; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Poland (1871-72); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).— 339, 431
Wurmser, Dagobert Siegmund, Count (1724-1797)—Austrian field marshal; commander of the Austrian troops in Italy (1796); was defeated by Bonaparte several times and capitulated in the fortress of Mantua.— 65
Z
Zabicki, Antoni (c. 1810-1889)—a leader of the Polish national liberation movement; compositor; emigrated from Poland after 1831; participant in the Hungarian revolution of 1848-49; from 1851 a refugee in England; a leader of the Democratic Association in London; from 1863 published Glos Wolny, newspaper of the Polish democratic refugees; Secretary of the Polish National Committee; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Poland (1866-71).—8, 270, 355, 382
Zastrow, Heinrich Adolf von (1801-1875)—German general and military writer; commanded the Seventh
26-1232 Corps during the Franco-Prussian war.—224, 227, 228, 237, 241
Zévy, Maurice—member of the General
Anthony—see Marcus Antonius
Breitmann, Hans—character of Charles Godfrey Leland's (1824-1903) book of humorous ballads of the same name.— 600
Carlos, Don (1545-1568)—idealised character in a number of literary works; Spanish infant, son of the Spanish King Philip II; was persecuted for his opposition to his father and died in confinement.—316, 445
Christ, Jesus (Bib.)— 343, 467, 544
Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar) also called El Campeador (El Sid) (1026 or c. 1041-1099)—a Spanish hero who fought against and conquered the Moors; the hero of the Spanish epic poem Can-tar de mio Cid and many romances and chronicles, e.g. Corneille's Le Cid.—628
Dogberry—a character of Shakespeare's comedy Much Ado About Nothing.— 626
Falstaff—a character in Shakespeare's tragedy King Henry IV and his comedy The Merry Wives of Windsor.—314, 628
Hecate (Greek myth.)—the goddess of moonlight, mistress of monsters and shades in the underworld.—350
Heracles (Hercules) (Greek and Roman myth.)—son of Zeus, famous for his strength and courage.—269, 452, 505
Job (Bib.)—317
Joshua (Bib.)—leader of the Israelites.— 73, 325
Council of the International (1866-72); Corresponding Secretary for Hungary (1870-71).—8, 270, 355, 382, 431
Marcus Antonius (Anthony) (c. 83-30 B.C.)—Roman general and politician; hero in Shakespeare's tragedy Julius Caesar.—470
Megaera—one of the three goddesses of vengeance personifying wrath and enviousness.—350
Münchhausen, Baron—character from German humorous adventure stories collected into a book by the German writer Rudolf Erich Raspe (second half of the 18th century) and published in English as the character's recollection; main character of Karl Immerman's novel Münchhausen, eine Geschichte in Arabesken (1838).—292, 631
Pistol—a character in Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor, King Henry IV (Part Two) and King Henry V: an idler, braggart and liar.—356
Pourceaugnac—a character from Molière's comedy Monsieur de Pourceaugnac.—319, 524
Shylock—a character in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice.—319, 540
Tom Thumb (Tom Pouce)—a very small boy in fairy tale.—326, 463
Triboulet—joker, a hero in Hugo's Le Roi s'anuese.—463
Verges—a character in Shakespeare's comedy Much Ado About Nothing.— 626
INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES