Name Index
A
Abercorn, James Hamilton, Duke of (1811-1885) —Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1866-68, 1874-76).—192, 202, 206
Abercromby, Ralph (1734-1801) —English general, Commander-in-Chief in Ireland (1797).—257, 281
Abingdon—see Bertie, Willoughby, Earl Abingdon
Adam of Bremen (d. after 1081) — medieval chronicler, author of Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontifi-cum.—184
Addington, Henry, Viscount Sidmouth (1757-1844) —British statesman, Tory, Prime Minister (1801-04).— 266
Adrian IV (Nicholas Breakspear) (before 1100-1159) — Pope ( 1154-59), Englishman by birth.—195, 285
Albinus (4th cent.) — Irish Christian missionary.—177
Albinus (second half of the 8th cent.) — Irish monk, invited by Charles the Great to teach in Pavia.—178
Alexander II (1818-1881) —Emperor of Russia (1855-81).—8
Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great) (356-323 B.C.) —soldier and statesman of Ancient Greece.—169
Alexeyev—see Bartenev, Viktor Ivanovich
Alexeyeva—see Barteneva, Yekaterina Grigoryevna
Alfred the Great (849-901) —King of the West Saxons (871-901), promoted en-lightenment.— 177
Alternent, Louis—210
Allen, William Philip (1848-1867) — Irish Fenian, sentenced to death by an English court and executed.— 3, 13
Ammianus Marcellinus (c. 330-c. 400) — Roman historian.—177
Anne (1665-1714) — Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1702-14).—192, 196, 317
Annesley, John, Baron Mountnorris— member of the Irish Parliament (1799).—262
Anonymus Ravennatis—geographer in Ravenna, author of De Geographiae.— 177
Anselm of Canterbury (c. 1033-1109) — theologian, representative of early scholasticism.— 179
Applegarth, Robert (1833-1925)—cabinet-maker; a trade union leader; General Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and
19* Joiners (1862-71), member of the London Trades Council; member of the General Council of the International (1865, 1868-72); delegate to the Basle Congress of the International (1869); one of the Reform League leaders; subsequently left the working-class movement.— 26, 38, 51, 54, 82
Ardin, Antoine (d. after 1898) — Swiss worker; Chairman of the Coach-makers' and Smiths' Society affiliated to the International.— 210
B
Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans (1561-1626) —English philosopher, naturalist and historian, Lord Privy Seal and Lord Chancellor of England.—287
Bagenal, Beauchamp—member of the Irish Parliament for the County Car-low (1782).—229, 274
Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1876) — Russian revolutionary and journalist, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; later an ideologist of Narodism and anarchism; opposed Marxism in the First International.—112-16, 125-26, 209, 445
Bakunina, Antonina Ksaveryevna (née Kvyatkovskaya) (c. 1840-1887) —Mikhail Bakunin's wife.— 210
Ball, Thomas—Irish lawyer.— 266
Baquet, Joseph—210
Bar a, Jules (1835-1900) —Belgian statesman, Liberal, Minister of Justice (1865-70, 1878-84).—14, 15, 50, 320, 375-76
Barrett, Michael (d. 1868) — Irish Fenian, sentenced to death by English authorities.—432
Barrington, Sir Johan (1760-1834) — lawyer, Protestant, member of the Irish Parliament (1790-97, 1798-
1800), opposed the Anglo-Irish Union.—266, 290
Barry, Catherine—Richard Burke's sister.—422
Bartenev, Viktor Ivanovich (1838-1918) — Russian army officer, emigrated to Switzerland; in 1869 broke with the Bakuninists; member of the Russian Section Committee of the International in Geneva, vigorously opposed the Bakuninist splitting activities after 1869.—210
Barteneva, Yekaterina Grigoryevna (1843-1914) — Russian revolutionary and journalist; took part in founding the Russian Section of the First International; actively opposed the Bakuninist splitting activities after 1869; Viktor Bartenev's wife.— 210
Bauer, Edgar (1820-1886) — German philosopher and journalist; Young Hegelian; emigrated to England after the 1848-49 revolution; editor of the London Neue Zeit (1859); Prussian official after the 1861 amnesty.— 27
Beaufort, Daniel Augustus (1739-1821) — Irish geographer and clergyman of French origin.—157
Bebel, August (1840-1913)—a leading figure in the international and German working-class movement; turner; President of the Union of German Workers' Associations from 1867; member of the First International; deputy to the Reichstag from 1867; one of the founders and leaders of German Social-Democracy; fought Lassalleanism; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 32
Becker, Bernhard ( 1826-1891 )—German journalist; follower of Lassalle, President of the General Association of German Workers (1864-65); subsequently supported Eisenachers; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—24
Becker, Ernest (d. after 1898) — 210 Beehr, Johann Philipp (1809-1886) — German revolutionary, took part in the Gorman and Swiss democratic movement in the 1830s and 1840s and in the 1848-49 revolution; organised German sections of the In-lernational in Switzerland; delegate to the London Conference (1865) and all the congresses of the International; editor of Der Vorbote (1866-71); in October 1868 became a member of the provisional committee of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy, but, influenced by Marx and Engels, soon broke with the Bakuninists; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—90, 114, 122, 209, 336, 348-49, 378
Be de (Beda or Baeda) the Venerable (c. 673-735) — Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastic, scholar and historian.— 177
Bedeau. ./.—210
Bedell, William (1571-1642) — Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh in Ireland.— 302
Bel. André (d. after 1898) — Swiss worker, joiner; Secretary of the Joiners' Society in Geneva.— 210
Belli ngham. Edward (d. 1549) — Lord Deputy ol Ireland from 1548.—297
Belvidere— Irish Lord.— 263
Benignus (d. 468) — Irish priest; according to tradition, a compiler of Senchus
M or, a collection of ancient laws.— 171
Beresford, John (1738-1805) —Irish statesman; supporter of the Anglo-Irish Union, M. P., Pitt's adviser on Irish policy.— 251
Beresfords—aristocratic family in Ireland, Protestants.— 252
Bernard, Marie—Belgian house-painter; member of^ the General Council of the International (September 1868-69); Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (September 1 868-November 1869).—37, 51, 55
Bernard of Clairvaux (Bernard, Saint) (c. 1091-1153) —French theologian, fanatical champion of Catholicism.— 172, 285, 308, 311
Bertel—Mayor of Sotteville-lès-Rouen and one of the biggest manufacturers there.—388
Bertie, Willoughby, Earl Abingdon (1740-1799) — Speaker in the House of Lords (1775-99), Whig supporter.— 232, 275
Bervi, Vasily Vasilyevich (pseudonym N. Flerovsky) (1829-1918) —Russian economist and sociologist, enlight-ener and democrat, Narodnik Utopian socialist; author of The Condition of the Working Class in Russia.—110-11
Besson, Alexandre—mechanic; French refugee in London; member of the General Council of the International (1866-68), Corresponding Secretary for Belgium, a leader of the French branch in London; follower of Félix Pyat.—4
Biscamp (Biskamp), Elard—German democrat, journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated after its defeat; member of the editorial board of Das Volk, the newspaper of the German refugees in London published with Marx's active participation.— 27
Bismark (or Bismarek-Schönhausen), Otto,
Prince von (1815-1898) — statesman of Prussia and Germany; diplomat, Ambassador to St. Petersburg (1859-62) and Paris (1862); Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-72, 1873-90), Chancellor of the North-German Confederation (1867-71) and of the German Empire (1871-90); carried through the unification of Germany by counterrevolutionary means.— 21, 75, 134-35
Blackburn, Colin, Baron Blackburn (1813-1896) —British judge, presided at the trial of the Manchester Fenians (October 1867) and took part in the trial of the former Jamaica Governor Edward John Eyre (June 1868).—362
Blackburne, Francis (1782-1867) — Irish lawyer and statesman, held high posts in English judiciary in Ireland.—200
Blackwood — see Dufferin and Ava, Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Black-ivood
Blake, J. A.— British politician, Liberal M.P.—431
Blanc, André—member of the Lyons Section of the International.—108
Blanchard, D.A. (d. 1869)—owner of a printing house in Geneva, member of the International.— 210
Blount, Charles, Lord Mountjoy, Earl of Devonshire (1563-1606) — Lord Deputy of Ireland from 1599; directed the suppression of Tyrone's uprising against the English.—257, 281, 298
Boate (or Botius), Gerard (1604-1650) — English physician of Dutch origin; author of Ireland's Natural History.— 162
Bofféty, François (d. after 1898) — Swiss worker, joiner.— 210
Bohn, Henry George (1796-1884) — English publisher.— 173
Boileau - Despréaux, Nicolas (1636-1711) — French poet and theoretician of Classicism.— 426
Bond, Oliver (c. 1760-1798) —member of the United Irishmen Society in Dublin, Republican.—255, 281
Boon, Martin James—British worker, mechanic; active in the British working-class movement, member of the General Council of the International (1869-72), Secretary of the Land and Labour League, member of the British Federal Council (1872).—54, 406
Borlase (Borlace), Edmund (d. 1682) — British historian and physician; son of Sir John Borlase; wrote a book on the history of the Irish uprising of 1641-52.—302
Borlase, Sir John (1576-1648) —British army officer; Lord Justice of Ireland (1640-44); governed Ireland with William Parsons in absence of Lord Deputy.—302
Borret, Etienne—210
Boudet, Paul (b. 1800) — French Minister of the Interior (1863-65).— 364, 368
Bourdon, Antoine Marie (b. 1842) — French worker, engraver; active participant in the French working-class movement; delegate to and secretary of the Geneva Congress (1866); member of the Paris Committee of the International.— 13, 365
Brechtel, Carl (d. after 1898) — member of the Geneva Central Committee of the German-speaking sections in Switzerland (from 1866); member of the Geneva Section of the International named Alliance of Socialist Democracy (January-March 1870).— 210
Brewer, John Sherren (1810-1879) — English historian and philologist, professor of King's College, London.—173
Brian Borumha (926-1014) — King of Ireland (1001-14) who routed the Norsemen at the battle of Clontarf (1014).—140, 181-84
Bright, John (1811-1889) —British manufacturer and politician, a Free Trade leader and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League; leader of the Left wing of the Liberal Party from the early 1860s; held several ministerial posts.—97, 103, 343, 407, 409, 430
Bristol—see Hervey, Frederick, Earl of Bristol
Broadstreet, Samuel—member of the Irish Parliament (1782).—228
Brodhir (Brodir or Brodar) (d. 1014) — Norse Viking, killed Irish King Brian Borumha at the battle of Clontarf (1014).—181-84 Brown, John (1800-1859) — American farmer; a prominent leader of the revolutionary wing of the abolitionist movement; took an active part in the armed struggle against the slave-owners in Kansas (1854-56); attempted to organise a revolt of Negro slaves in Virginia in 1859; was tried and executed.—189
Brownlow—member of the Irish Parliament (1785).—227, 237, 277
Bruce, Henry Austin, 1st Baron Aberdare (1815-1895) —British Liberal statesman, Home Secretary (1868-73).— 81, 103, 104, 408, 421-22, 426-28, 430-32, 438
Buckingham—see Grenville, George Nugent-Temple, hi Marquis of Buckingham
3uckley, James—British trade unionist; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864-69) and of the Reform League.— 26, 54
Burgh, Walter Hussey (1742-1783) — Irish statesman, Whig, lawyer; member of the Irish Parliament; Free Trader.—222, 271
Burke, Richard (d. 1870) — Irish Fenian, officer in the North-American Army; an organiser of the 1867 uprising in Ireland; arrested in 1867, died in prison.—102, 416, 421, 425-26, 430-32
Burke, Thomas F. (b. 1840) — Irish Fenian, General of the Southern Army in the US Civil War; an organiser of the 1867 uprising in Ireland; sentenced to life imprisonment in April 1867.—103
Burke, Thomas Henry (1829-1882) — British statesman, permanent Irish Under-Secretary from 1869.—408
Burnet, Gilbert (1643-1715) —English bishop and historian.—-302
Bushe, Charles Kendal (1767-1843) — Lord Chief Justice; member of the Irish Parliament from 1796; opposed the Anglo-Irish Union.— 261, 266
Butler, James, 12th Earl and 1st Duke of Ormonde (1610-1688) — Irish statesman.—300, 302-04
Butt, Isaac (1813-1879) —Irish lawyer and politician, Liberal M.P.; in the 1860s came out in defence of the Fenian prisoners; an organiser of the Home Rule movement in the 1870s.—83, 408, 410
Byrne, William (1775-1799) — member of the United Irishmen society, hanged for taking part in the 1798 uprising.— 249, 256
C
Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar) (c. 100-44 B.C.) — Roman general, statesman and writer, author of De Bello Gal-ileo.—185
Caird, Sir James (1816-1892) —Scottish agriculturist, Liberal M.P.; author of works on the land question in England and Ireland.— 158
Cairnech (5th cent.) — Christian missionary in Ireland; according to tradition, a compiler of Senchus M or, a collection of ancient laws.—171
Camden—see Pratt, John Jeffreys, 2nd Earl and 1st Marquis of Camden
Camden, William (1551-1623) — English antiquary and historian.—173, 298, 308, 311
Campe, Johann Julius Wilhelm (1792-1867)—German publisher and bookseller; co-proprietor of the Hoff-mann & Campe Publishing House in Hamburg (from 1823); published works by the authors of the Young Germany group in the 1830s.— 56
Camperio, Philipp (1810-1882) —Swiss statesman, Italian by birth, lawyer; member of the Grand Council (1847-70); President of the State Council of Geneva and head of the Department of Justice and Police.—138, 352 Campion, Edmund (1540-1581)—ex-ponent of Catholicism in Britain, author of A History of Ireland.—173, 307
Canning, George (1770-1827) —British statesman and diplomat, Tory; Foreign Secretary (1807-09, 1822-27), Prime Minister (1827).—266
Carew, George, Baron Carew of Clopton and Earl of Totnes (1555-1629) — British statesman, president of Munster (South Ireland); brutally suppressed Irish uprising in Tyrone (1595-1603).—257, 281
Carey, Martin Henley—Irish journalist, Fenian, sentenced to five years' penal servitude in 1865.—102, 409, 416
Carkampton—see Luttrel, Henry Lawes, Earl of Carhampton
Carlisle—see Howard, Frederick, Earl of Carlisle
Carolan (O'Carolan), Torlogh (1670-1738) — Irish bard, author of many folk songs.—140
Carte, Thomas (1686-1754) —English historian; in his writings defended the Stuart dynasty.—299, 300, 302, 303 Casey, John—Irish Fenian, arrested and sentenced to five years' penal servitude in 1866.—437-38
Castlehaven—see Touchet, James, Baron Audley of Hely or Heleigh, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount (1769-1822) —British Tory statesman, Chief Secretary for Ireland (1799-1801), Secretary for War and for the Colonies (1805-06, 1807-09), and Foreign Secretary (1812-22).— 193, 227, 236, 252, 254, 256, 258-59, 262, 263, 266, 268, 280-82, 411, 430
Catalan, Adolphe—Swiss radical journalist, editor of La Liberté delegate to the Brussels Congress of the International (1868).—210
Cavendish, Sir Henry (1732-1804) —British politician, member of the British
(1768-74) and the Irish Parliament (1766-68, 1776-1800); Deputy Vice-Treasurer of Ireland from 1795.— 238
Celestine I (Saint) (mid. 4l.h-early 5th cent.) — Irish missionary; Pope (422-32).—177
Chanoz, Jean Baptiste (b. 1828)--French worker, weaver; member of the Lyons Section of the International.— 108
Charette de la Contrie, François (1763-1796) — French army officer, a leader of the royalist revolt in Vendee; executed after the defeat of the Quiberon expedition.— 246
Charlemont, James Caulfield, 1st Earl of (1728-1799) —Irish aristocrat, politician, Commander-in-Chief of the Irish Volunteers in the Duke of Leinster's army; opposed the Anglo-Irish Union.—219, 223. 231, 234-35, 245, 271, 273, 275
Charles I (1600-1649) —King of Great Britain and Ireland (1625-49); be-headed during the English Revolution.—195, 269, 300-01, 304
Charles II (1630-1685) —King of Great Britain and Ireland (1660-85).—196, 289, 304, 305
Charles II the Bald (823-877)--King of France (840-77).—179
Charles (Carlos) III (1716-1788)—King of Spain (1759-88).— 217, 270
Charles the Great (Charlemagne) (c. 742-814) —King of the Franks (768-800) and Holy Roman Emperor (800-14).—178 Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe (1810-1865) — French military leader and politician, moderate republican; took part in suppressing the June 1848 uprising of the Paris workers; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic (1848-51); opposed Louis Bonaparte; banished from France after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—57 Cheneval, L. J.— 210
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889) — Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, writer and literary critic; a predecessor of Russian Social-Democracy.— 111
Chevallier, François—active in the Swiss working-class movement; member of the committee of the Geneva Bakers' Cooperative Society which was a section of the International.— 210
Chichester of Belfast, Arthur Chichester, Baron (1563-1625) —Lord Deputy of Ireland (1604-14).—300, 301
(Jlanmorris—Irish Lord, member of the Irish Parliament (1800).—263
(Hare—see Fitzgibbon, John, Earl of Clare
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of (1609-1674) — British statesman and historian.— 294 Clarendon, George William Frederick Vil-liers, Earl of, Baron Hyde (1800-1870) — British statesman, Whig, later Liberal; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1847-52), Foreign Secretary (1853-58, 1865-66, 1868-70).—29
Claadianus, Claudius (Claudian) (late 4th early 5th cent.) — Latin epic poet; an Alexandrian by birth.—177
Clerfayt, Karl, Count (1733-1798) — Austrian field marshal; took part in the war between Austria and Turkey (1788-89); in 1794 and 1795 Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian army in the war with the French Republic — 246
Cluseret, Gustave Paul (1823-1900) — French politician, general; joined Garibaldi's volunteers in Italy (1860); fought in the US Civil War; member of the First International, Bakuninist; the General Council's correspondent in the USA in the spring of 1870; took part in revolutionary uprisings in Lyons and Marseille (1870); member of the Paris Commune; emigrated after its defeat.— 4421
Cobbett, William (c. 1762-1835) — British politician and radical writer.—251, 266, 411
Cockburn, Sir Alexander James Edmund (1802-1880) —Lord Chief Justice of England from 1859.— 363
Cohn, James—leading figure in the British working-class movement, President of the London Association of Cigar-Makers; member of the General Council of the International (1867-71), Corresponding Secretary for Denmark (1870-71), delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868) and the London Conference (1871) of the International.— 26, 55
Columba (c. 521-597) — Irish Christian missionary in Scotland.— 178
Conaing—nephew of the Irish King Brian Borumha, killed at the battle of Clontarf (1014).—183
Condon, Edward O'Meagher (c. 1835-1915) — Irish Fenian; in 1867 was sentenced to death; this was com-muted into imprisonment.—3
Conolly, Thomas (1738-1803) —Irish politician, member of the Irish Parliament (1761-1800); supporter of the Anglo-Irish Union.—229, 234, 242, 278
Cooke, Edward (1755-1820) —British statesman, held several posts in the Irish government (1778-1800), member of the Irish Parliament (1789-1801), supporter of the Anglo-Irish Union.— 256
Coote—Sheriff of the Monagham County in Ireland (1870).—313
Copeland—a leading figure in the atheist movement in Britain, member of the General Council of the International (1868-69).—26
Coppet, Louis de—210
Core (5th cent.) — King of Munster; according to a legend from Irish chronicles, helped in compiling Senchus Mor, a collection of ancient laws.—171 Cormac Mac Art (Cormac Ulfada) (d. 260) —King of Ireland (218-54).—176
Cormac McCulinan (836-908) — King of
Munster and Bishop of Cashel (901-08).—172
Cormier, Aristide—worker in the late industry, member of the Lyons Section of the International.—108
Cornell, Ezra (J 807-1874) —US capitalist and philanthropist, founder of Cornell University in Ithaca (USA).— 161
Cornwallis, Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquis (1738-1805) — British politician, Governor-General of India (1786-93, 1805); as Viceroy of Ireland (1798-1801) suppressed the Irish uprising of 1798.—217, 259-62, 271, 281, 282
Costello, Augustin—Irish Fenian, American army officer; in 1867 came to Ireland to take part in the uprising, was arrested and sentenced to twelve years' penal servitude.—422
Coulin, L.—210
Courtois, Jacques—Swiss worker, joiner; member of the First International.— 210
Cowley, Henry Wellesley, Earl of (1804-1884) — British diplomat, Ambassador to Paris (1852-67).—364
Creed, H. Herries—correspondent of The Times; in December 1866-January 1867, in collaboration with W. Williams, published a series of articles on Belgian industry.— 357
Crochet, François (d. after 1898) — Swiss worker, carpenter.— 210
Cromwell, Henry (1628-1674) — son of Oliver Cromwell; general in the English Parliamentary Army; in 1650 took part in Oliver Cromwell's punitive expedition to Ireland; Commander of the English army in Ireland (1654); Lord Deputy (1655-57) and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1657-59).—196, 289
Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658) — leader of the English Revolution; Lord Lieutenant and Commander-in-Chief of Ireland from 1649; Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1653.—140, 192, 194, 195, 196, 264, 294, 300, 302-04, 317
Croset, J.— 210
Croset, Suzette— 210
Crosset, Edouard—Swiss worker, printer; took part in the Inaugural Congress of the Romance Federation of the International (January 1869); opponent of Bakunin.— 210
Curran, John Philpot (1750-1817) — Irish politician and judge, member of the Irish Parliament, defended leaders of the United Irishmen revolutionary society at state trials.— 216, 230, 234, 236-44, 247-55, 256, 267, 276-80
Custine, Adam Philippe, comte de (1740-1793) — French general and politician; took part in the war of the French Republic against the First European Coalition, General-in-Chief of the Vosges army in 1792.— 249
D
Daire (5th cent.)—a ruler of Ulster; according to tradition, a compiler of Senchus Mor, a collection of ancient laws.—171
Davies, Sir John (1569-1626) —British statesman, poet, author of books on the history of Ireland, Attorney-General of Ireland (1606-19), supporter of the English colonisation of Ireland.—173, 284-87, 299, 308, 310
Davis, Jefferson (1808-1889)—American statesman, big slave-owner and plant-er, Democrat; an organiser of the Southern slave-holders' revolt; took an active part in the war with Mexico (1846-48); U.S. Secretary of War (1853-57); President of the Confeder-ate States of America (1861-65).— 409 Davis, Thomas Osborne (1814-1845) — Irish democrat, historian and poet; a leader of the Young Ireland group; prepared a publication of Curran's speeches with commentaries.— 219, 250, 252, 256
Davisson, A. N.— secretary of the Board of Directors of the Schiller Institute in Manchester at the end of the
1860s.— 18
Dean, Frederick—English worker, a smith; delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868) of the First International.— 26
Deane, Robert—member of the Irish Parliament (1779-80).—222
Defoe, Daniel (c. 1660-1731) —English novelist and journalist.— 269
Delescluze, Louis Charles (1809-1871) — French revolutionary, journalist; participant in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848; founder, editor and publisher of Le Réveil (1868-71); member of the Paris Commune of 1871.—374
Dclesvaux—President at the trial of the Executive Committee of the Paris Section of the First International (1868).—366-67
Dell, William—interior decorator; active in the British working-class and democratic movement; member of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; took part in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, London; member of the General Council of the International (1864-69) and its Treasurer (1865, 1866-67); participated in the London Conference (1865); a leader of the Reform League.— 26
Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (1799-1869) — British statesman, Tory leader, Prime Minister (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68).— 105. 427
Derkinderen—-member of the General Council of the International (1866-67), Corresponding Secretary for Holland (1867).—4
Desmond, Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of (d. 1583) — powerful Anglo-Irish feudal lord; a leader of the uprising against English rule in the south of Ireland.—299
Détrax, Charles— 210
Dickson, William (1745-1804) —Irish Bishop of Down and Connor (1783).— 261
Dinter, Johann Gotlieb (1813-1910) — German miner, leader of the miners' union in Zwickau.— 43, 389
Diodoras, Siculus (c. 80-29 B.C.) — Greek historian, author of Bibliothecae historicae.—174
Dionysius Areopagiticus (the Areopagite) (1st cent.) — first Christian Bishop of Athens, member of the Athenian Areopagus.—178
Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st Earl of Beacons-field (1804-1881) —British statesman and writer; adherent of the Young England group in the 1840s; later a Tory leader; Prime Minister (1868, 1874-80).—105, 407, 427
Donat— 210
Downing, M'Carthy—Irish politician, Liberal M.P.—431-32
Drennan, William (1754-1820) —Irish poet, a leader of the United Irishmen society in Dublin.— 248
Dubhghall—son of Amhlaeibh (Amh-lanibh Anlaf, or Olaf), killed at the battle of Clontarf (1014).—183
Dubthach Maccu Lugir (5th cent.) — Irish court poet and lawyer; according to tradition, a compiler of Senchus Mor, a collection of ancient laws.— 171
Duchâtel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, comte
(1803-1867) —French statesman, Or-leanist, Minister of the Interior (1839-40, 1840-February 1848).—373 Dufferin and Ava, Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, ht Marquis of (1826-1902) —British statesman and diplomat, Liberal, member of Gladstone's Cabinet (1868-72), big landowner in Ireland.—190, 206, 428, 435
Duffy, Edward (1840-1868) —a leader of the Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood, leader of the Fenian movement in Western Ireland; in 1867 was sentenced to fifteen years of penal servitude, died in prison.— 418
Dumas, Alexandre (Dumas père) (1802-1870) —French writer.—423
Dumouriez, Charles François du Perier (1739-1823) — French general, commanded the Northern revolutionary army in 1792-93; was close to the Girondists, betrayed the revolution in March 1793.—248, 249
Dunaud, Antoine—Swiss worker, engraver; at a congress of the Romance Federation of the International, held in La Chaux-de-Fonds (April 1870), opposed the Bakuninists.— 210
Duncker, Franz Gustav (1822-1888) — German publisher, prominent figure in the Party of Progress; founder and editor of the Volks-Zeitung (1853-59); in 1868, together with Max Hirsch, founded reformist trade unions, known as Hirsch-Duncker unions, which existed until 1933.— 25
Dungal (died c. 827) — Irish monk, scholar and poet, invited to teach in Pavia (c. 820).—178
Dupont, Eugène (c. 1831-1881) —prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement; musical instrument maker; took part in the June 1848 uprising in Paris; from 1862 on, lived in London; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872), Corresponding Secretary for France (1865-71); participant in the London Con-
ference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866); Chairman of the Lausanne Congress (1867), delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868); the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); associate of Marx and Engels; became a member of the British Federal Council of the International in 1872; moved to the USA in 1874.—4, 37, 51, 55, 341, 364, 443
Dupraz, Louis—delegate of the Geneva building workers at the talks with the government during their strike in the spring of 1869.—210
Dutoit, Jules—an editor of L'Egalité (1870).—123
E
Eccarius, Johann Georg (John George) (1818-1889) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; tailor; member of the League of the Just, later of the Communist League; a leader of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, London; member of the General Council of the International (1864-72), Council's General Secretary (1867-71), Corresponding Secretary for America (1870-72); delegate to all the International's congresses and conferences; until 1872 follower of Marx; in the spring of 1872 joined the reformist leaders of the British trade unions.— 4, 17, 51, 55, 82, 139, 358, 364, 378, 406, 443
Edgeworth, Richard Lovell (1744-1817) — British writer; from 1782 lived in Ireland, where he owned an estate; member of the Irish Parliament (1798-1800); opponent of the Anglo-Irish Union.— 264
Edward I (1239-1307) —King of England (1272-1307).—287 Edward II (1284-1327) —King of England (1307-27).—269
Edward III (1312-1377) —King of England (1327-77).—290
Edward VI (1537-1553) —King of England (1547-53).—297
Edward "the Confessor" (1004-1066) — King of England (1043-66).—292
Eichhoff, Wilhelm Karl (1833-1895) — German socialist and journalist; refugee in London (1861-66); member of the International (from 1868) and one of its first historians; organiser of the Berlin Section of the International; General Council's correspondent; member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (from 1869).—326, 329, 330, 337, 345, 354, 357, 363, 364, 377, 378
Einhard (Eginhard) (c. 770-840) — historian of the Franks, biographer of Charles the Great.—177
Elizabeth I (1533-1603) —Queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603).— 140, 192, 195, 257, 281, 288, 292, 297-99, 302, 317
Ella (or Aella) (d. 867) —King of Northumbria (c. 862-67).—180
Elpidin, Mikhail Konstantinovich (1835-1908) — participant in the Russian students' revolutionary movement in the early 1860s; in 1865 emigrated to Geneva, founded a Russian printing plant where the newspaper Narodnoye Dyelo (The People's Cause) was published.—210
Ely—Irish aristocrat, Marquis, M.P. (1800).—263
Emmet, Thomas Addis (1764-1827) — Irish politician, lawyer, secretary of the United Irishmen society from 1795.—255, 281
Engels, Frederick (1820-1895).—18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 93, 94, 95, 135, 154, 156, 158, 161, 185, 284, 286, 299, 307, 308, 309-11
Ensor, George (1769-1843) — Irish journalist; opponent of the Anglo-Irish Union; in his works denounced the colonial policy of the English ruling classes.—259, 264, 265-68, 269
Erdmann, Johann Eduard (1805-1892) — German philosopher, Right-wing Hegelian.—178
Erigena, Johannes Scotus (c. 810-c. 877) — medieval philosopher, theologian, and translator; Irish by birth.—179, 308, 311
Erlingr from Straumey—Norse Viking, killed at the battle of Clontarf (1014).—181
Eyre, Edward John (1815-1901) —British colonial official, Governor of Jamaica (1864-66); suppressed a Negro insurrection in 1865.—49, 362
F
Fane, John, Earl of Westmoreland (1759-1841) — British statesman, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1790-95); opposed emancipation of the Catholics.— 229, 230, 234, 236, 245-47, 249, 278
Ferdinand II (1810-1859) —King of the Two Sicilies (1830-59), nicknamed King Bomba for his bombardment of Messina in 1848.—105, 422
Fergus (5th cent.) — Irish poet; according to tradition, a compiler of Senchus Mor, a collection of ancient laws.— 171
Ferguson, Patrick (1744-1780) — English army officer, commanded troops during the American War of Independence; killed in the battle at Kings Mountain in 1780.— 217
Filliétaz, G.—participant in the Swiss working-class movement in the second half of the 1860s; member of the International.— 210
Finn—King of Leinster; Murchadh's father.—183 bourgeois revolutionary; a founder of the United Irishmen society; was in charge of preparations for the 1798 rebellion.—194, 198, 255, 281
Fitzgerald, George Robert (c. 1748-1786) — member of the Anglo-Irish clan of Geraldines; took part in the political life of Ireland; supported independent legislature in Ireland; executed in 1786.— 226
Fitzgerald, James (1742-1835) —Irish lawyer and politician, M.P. from 1769; supported emancipation of the Catholics; Prime Serjeant of Ireland from 1787; in 1799 dismissed for his opposition to the Anglo-Irish Union; later supporter of the Union.— 266
Fitzgerald, John David, Lord Fitzgerald (1816-1889) —Irish lawyer and Liberal politician, M.P.; held a series of high judicial posts in the British administration in Ireland.—439
Fitzgerald, William Robert, 2nd Duke of
Feinster (1749-1804) — member of the Irish Parliament from Dublin (1769-73); colonel in the Dublin volunteers' army; supporter of the Anglo-Irish Union.—222, 271
Fitzgeralds (or Geraldines) — the name of an ancient Irish dynasty; owners of large estates in Leinster and Munster.— 288
Fitzgibbon, John, Earl of Clare (1749-1802) — Lord Chancellor of Ireland (1789); member of the Irish Parliament; supported the government's trade policy; adherent of the Anglo-Irish Union.—225, 227, 234, 236, 243, 244, 252, 261, 273, 277, 278, 279
Fitzherbert, Alleyne, Baron St. Helens (1753-1839) — British statesman; Chief Secretary of Buckingham's government in Ireland from 1787, member of the Irish Parliament.— 242, 244, 278
Fitzpatrick, Richard (1747-1813) — British general and statesman, Whig, M.P., Chief Secretary for Ireland (1782), War Secretary (1783, 1806-07).—229
Fitzwilliam, William Wentworth Fitzwilliam, 2nd Earl (1748-1833)—Whig leader, member of Pitt's government, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (January-March 1795).—220, 245, 251, 252, 255, 258, 279
Fleetwood, Charles (d. 1692) — general in the Parliamentary Army during the English Revolution; Commander-in-Chief of the English army in Ireland from 1652; Lord Deputy of Ireland (1654-57).—196
Flerovsky, N.—see Bervi, Vasily Vasi-lyevich
Flood, Henry (1732-1791) — Irish statesman, member of the Irish Parliament, leader of the people's party; in the 1780s spoke in Parliament against Grattan's moderate position, moved the Renunciation Act adopted in 1783.—228, 230-33, 236, 240, 273-75
Forbes, George, 6th Earl of Granard (1760-1837) — general, member of the House of Lords; opposed the Anglo-Irish Union.—237, 238, 277, 278
Fornachon, L. H. (d. after 1898) — member of the Geneva Section of the International named Alliance of Socialist Democracy.— 210
Försterling, Emil (1827-1872)—copper-smith; member of the General Association of German Workers; later President of the Lassallean General Association of German Workers founded by Hatzfeldt (1867-68); deputy to the North German Imperial Diet (1867-70).—24
Fortescue—see Parkinson-Fortescue, Chichester Samuel, Baron Carlingford
Foster, John—English worker., carpenter; member of a co-operative society in Hull, delegate to the Brussels Congress of the First International (1868).—26
Foster, John—English worker, mechanic; member of a co-operative society in Hull, delegate to the Brussels Congress of the First International (1868), John Foster's son.— 26
Foster, John, Baron Oriel (1740-1828) — Irish lawyer, Privy Councillor; Speaker of the Irish House of Commons from 1785; member of the united Parliament from 1801; opposed the Anglo-Irish Union.— 261, 266
Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837) — French Utopian socialist.— 175 Fox, Charles James (1749-1806) — British statesman, a Whig leader, Foreign Secretary (1782, 1783, 1806).—226, 228, 230, 231, 240-42, 259, 273-74, 278
Fox, Henry Richard V assail, 3rd Baron Holland (1773-1840) —Whig, member of Grenville's Cabinet (1806-07), opposed the Anglo-Irish Union.— 266
Fox, Luke—Irish lawyer, M. P., in 1799 actively supported the Anglo-Irish Union.—261, 282
Fox, Peter (André, Peter Fox) (d. 1869) — journalist, active member of the British democratic and working-class movement; Positivist; a leader of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, London; member of the General Council of the International (1864-69); General Secretary of the Council (September-November 1866); Corresponding Secretary for America (1866-67); an editor of The Commonwealth (1866); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League.— 16
Frederick William IV (1795-1861) — King of Prussia ( 1840-61).— 60
Fridolin or Fridold, Saint (6th cent.) — Irish Christian missionary among the Allemanni of the Upper Rhine.—178
Friess, J. (or Fries) — member of the International and of the Central Committee of the German-speaking sections in Geneva.— 210
Frodi—son of Harald I Fairhair.— 179
Fulliquet, Louis—Swiss worker; member of the International, Secretary of the Geneva cabinet-makers' section.— 210
G
Callus (Gall St.) (c. 550-c. 645) —Irish Christian missionary.—178
Gandillon, Ami— 210
Garbani, Paul— 210
Gardiner, William or William Neville (1748-1806) —English army officer, aide-de-camp of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1793); member of the Irish Parliament from 1799.— 236
Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882) — Italian revolutionary and democrat; took part in the revolutionary movement in South America in the 1830s and 1840s and in the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; headed the struggle for Italy's national liberation and unification in the 1850s and 1860s.—101, 323, 341
Gathorne-Hardy, Gathorne (1814-1906) — British statesman, Conservative, Home Secretary (1867-68).—3
Gay, Désirée— 210
Gay, François—in May 1869 refused to join the committee of the Geneva Section named Alliance of Socialist Democracy.— 210
Gay, Jules Leopold (1807-d. after 1876) — French journalist; Utopian communist, communist, follower of Owen; publisher of Le Communiste in Paris (1849); member of the International; an editor of L'Egalité and La Liberté.— 210 Geib, August (1842-1879) —German bookseller in Hamburg; Social-Democrat; member of the General Association of German Workers; participant in the Eisenach Congress (1869); a founder of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; Treasurer of the Party (1872-78); deputy to the Imperial Diet (1874-77).—133
Gennadius (5th cent.)—Gallic writer.— 177
George I (1660-1727) —King of Great Britain and Ireland (1714-27).—212, 225, 228, 229, 230, 232, 270, 272-74
George III (1738-1820) —King of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820).— 197, 212, 215, 222-24, 226, 227, 228, 232-34, 241, 242, 252, 257, 259-62, 264, 273-74, 275, 278
George IV (1762-1830) —Prince Regent (1811-20), King of Great Britain and Ireland (1820-30).—242, 256, 278
Gerlach, Karl Heinrich Eduard Friedrich von—Prussian official, Regierungs-präsident in Cologne (1839-44).—60
Gillaciarain—Viking, son of Gluniairn, killed at the battle of Clontarf (1014).—183
Giraldus Cambrensis (Gerald de Barry) (c. 1146-c. 1220) —English writer; took part in the military expedition to Ireland (1185); author of essays on Ireland.—172, 173, 180, 185, 285-86
Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898) — British statesman, Tory, later Peelite; leader of the Liberal Party in the latter half of the 19th century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55, 1859-66) and Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94).—28, 83, 103, 105, 189, 324, 326, 327, 345, 407-11, 415, 416-18, 421-30, 434-36, 438-40
Gluniairn—father of Gillaciarain.— 183
Godfrey, Thomas—English inventor of a patent medicine (Godfrey's Cordial).—327
Gordon, James Bentley (1750-1819) — English historian, author of works on the history of Ireland.— 309
Gottlob, Walter— 210
Gottraux, Jules—a Swiss, who became a British subject; member of the International.— 364
Grange, Charles—Swiss worker, plas-terer; member of the Geneva Section named Alliance of Socialist Democracy.—210
Grattan, Henry (1746-1820) —Irish politician, lawyer; from 1775 to 1800 leader of moderate Liberal opposition to the British Government in the Irish Parliament; member of the British Parliament from 1805.— 222, 227-34, 235, 236, 241, 244, 247, 250, 254, 258, 271, 273-75, 276, 278, 280
Graves, Charles (1812-1899) —Irish scholar, mathematician; in 1852-99 member of the government commission for translating and publishing the ancient Irish laws; Bishop of Limerick from 1866.—170
Gray, Sir John (1816-1875) —British journalist, member of the House of Commons (1865-75).—407
Gregory XIII (1502-1585) —Pope (1572-85).—195
Grenville, George Nugent-Temple, 1st Marquis of Buckingham (1753-1813) — British statesman, member of the Privy Council, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1782-83, 1787-90).—222, 231, 236, 238, 241, 242, 264, 274, 278 Grenville, William Wyndham Grenville, Baron (1759-1834) — British statesman, Tory, later Whig; in 1782 he became secretary to his brother. Marquis of Buckingham; Foreign Secretary (1791-1801), Prime Minister (1806-07).—231, 274
Greville-Nugent, Reginald—Irish army officer, Liberal.— 439
Grey, Charles, Earl of, Viscount Howick, Baron Grey (1764-1845) —British statesman, a Whig leader; First Lord of the Admiralty (1806), Prime Minister (1830-34); opposed the Anglo-Irish Union of 1801.—266
Gréy or Gray, Lord Leonard, Viscount Grane of Ireland (d. 1541) — Deputy-Governor of Ireland (1535-40).—288
Griffith, Richard (1752-1820) —member of the Irish Parliament (1783-90).— 239, 276
Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Carl (1785-1863)—German philologist, author of a historical grammar of the German language and of folklore adap-tations; professor in Göttingen and then in Berlin; Liberal.—175, 184
Grouchy, Emmanuel, marquis de (1766-1847) — Marshal of France, participated in the Napoleonic wars.— 254, 280
Guerry—210
Guillaume, James (1844-1916) — Swiss teacher; anarchist, Bakunirtist; member of the International, delegate to the Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867), Basle (1869) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the International; an organiser of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; editor of Progrès, La Solidarité and the Bulletin de la Fédération Jurassienne; was expelled from the International at the Hague Congress for his splitting activities.— 114-15
Guillmeaux—member of the Romance Federation of the International; Chairman of the section of turners and mechanics; elected member of the Egalité editorial board at the Federation's congress in January 1869, withdrew from the board in January 1870, together with the other Bakuninists.—123, 210
Guinet, Jenny—210
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874) — French historian and statesman; virtually directed France's home and foreign policy from 1840
to the February 1848 revolution; expressed the interests of the big financial bourgeoisie.— 61
Guyot. Charles— 210
H
Habsburgs (or Hapsburgs) — dynasty of emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1273 to 1806 (with intervals), Spanish Kings (1516-1700), Austrian emperors (1804-67) and Austro-Hungarian emperors (1867-1918).— 289
Haeberling, Adolphe—member of the committee of a bakers' co-operative society in Geneva affiliated to the I nternational.— 210
Hales, John (b. 1839) —British trade-union leader; weaver; member of the Reform League, the Land and Labour League; member of the General Council of the International (1866-72) and its Secretary (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; headed the reformist wing of the British Federal Council from the beginning of 1872; expelled from the International in 1873.—26, 54
Hallam, Henry (1777-1859) —English historian, author of works on the history of English constitution.— 285, 288
Hancock, U. Nelson—Irish lawyer, with O'Mahony published two volumes of Senchus A/or, a collection of ancient laws.—170
Hanmer, Meredith (1543-1604) — English clergyman and historian, author of The Chronicle of Ireland.—173
Hansemann, David Justus (1790-1864) — German capitalist, a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie; Prussian Finance Minister (March-September 1848).—40
Harald I Fairhair (c. 850-c. 933) — King of Norway (872-930).—179 Harcourt, Simon, 1st Earl Harcourt (1714-1777) — British aristocrat, held various posts at Court; Ambassador to Paris (1768-72), Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1772-77).—222, 238
Hardy, Jean (1763-1802) —French general; taken prisoner by the English during the expedition to Ireland (1798); later fought in the French Rhenish Army.—282
Harris, Walter (1686-1761) —Irish his-toriographer, author of works on the history of Ireland; published documents collected by Sir James Ware with his additions and comments.— 269 Hastings, Francis Rawdon, Marquis of Hastings, Earl of Moira (1754-1826) — English army officer; member of the Irish Parliament from 1780.—-245
Hatzfeldt, Sophie, Countess von (1805-1881) — German aristocrat, friend and supporter of Lassalle.—-24
Hay, Peter—governor of Spike Island Convict Prison.—106
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.— 61, 309 Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856) —German
revolutionär) poet.— 348
Hely-Hutchinson. John (1724-1794) — Secretary of Slate in Ireland from 1777, supported English rule in Ireland.—227, 273
Hely-Hutchinson, John, Earl of Donough-more (1757-1832) —Irish general; member of the Irish Parliament; supporter of the Anglo-Irish Union; son of the above.— 260
Hennessy, John Pope (1834-1891) —Irish politician, Conservative M. P.; proposed several minor reforms in Ireland in the early 1860s.—206
Henry 1 (1068-1 135) —King of England (1100-35).—173
Hen rv II Plan ta gen et (1133-1189) — King of England (1 154-89).—195, 285
Henry V (1387-1422) —King of England (1413-22).—291
Henry VII (1457-1509) —King of England (1485-1509).—212, 270, 287
Henry VIII (1491-1547) —King of England (1509-47).—287, 288, 292, 297, 302 Héridier, Marc—210
Heron, Denis Caulfield (1824-1881) — Irish lawyer and economist, M. P. —440
Hervey, Frederick, Earl of Bristol (1730-1803) — Bishop of Derry; member of the Irish Parliament; commanded a volunteer regiment in Londonderry (1782), took an active part in the volunteer congress in Dublin in 1783.—226, 234, 235, 275
Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870) — Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher and writer; left Russia in 1847, from 1852 lived in England where he established the Free Russian Press and published the periodical Polyarnaya Zvezda (Polar Star) and the newspaper Kolokol (The Bell).—123
Hieronym us— see Jerome, St.
Hirsch, Max (1832-1905) —German economist, prominent figure in the Party of Progress; in 1868, together with Franz Duncker, founded reformist trade unions which were known as Hirsch-Duncker trade unions and which existed until 1933.—25, 26
Hobart, Robert, Lord Hobart, Earl of Buckinghamshire (1760-1816) — English army officer; Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1784-93); member of the Irish Parliament (1787-93).—234, 236, 238, 245, 278
Hoche, Lazare Louis (1768-1797) — French general; directed the suppression of the counter-revolutionary revolt in Bretagne and Vendée in 1794; in 1795 routed the royalist landing party at Quiberon thus putting an end to Vendean wars; in 1796 commanded an expeditionary corps that was to land in Ireland.— 246, 254, 280
Holinshed (or Hollingshead), Raphael (died c. 1580)—English historian, author of the Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland from ancient times to the 1570s.—298
Holland—see Fox, Henry Richard Vas-sail, 3rd Baron Holland
Homer—semi-legendary Greek epic poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey.—294
Hood, Gunner—Irish Fenian, sentenced to four years' penal servitude by a military tribunal in 1866.—415-16
Houchard, Jean Nicolas (1740-1793) — French general; commanded the Northern army which defeated the Duke of York's troops (1793).—246
Howard, Frederick, Earl of Carlisle (1748-1825)—Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1780-82).—224, 251
Howell, George (1833-1910) —British mason; a reformist leader of the British trade unions; former Chartist, Secretary of the London Trades Council (1861-62); participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, London; member of the General Council of the International (October 1864 to 1869); participant in the London Conference of the International (1865); Secretary of the Reform League; opposed revolutionary tactics.— 26
Howison—Irish politician, alderman; in 1790 was put up by the Municipal Council as candidate for the post of Mayor of Dublin.—244, 279
Hrafn the Red—Norse Viking, took part in the battle of Clontarf (1014).—181
Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885) — French writer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies
during the Second Republic; opposed Louis Bonaparte.— 56
Humbert, Jean Robert Marie (1755-1823)—French general; commander of a French force that landed in Ireland.—281
Hume, Robert William—American petty-bourgeois radical, journalist; a leader of the National Labour Union; member of the International, General Council's correspondent.—442-43
Huriot, Victor—member of the editorial board of Le Courrier français (1866-68).—348
Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895)— English naturalist; close associate of Charles Darwin and populariser of his teaching.—174
I
Ireton, Henry (1611-1651 ) — prominent figure in the English Revolution; an ideologist of the Independent Party; general in the Parliamentary Army; participant in Oliver Cromwell's punitive expedition to Ireland (1649-50); succeeded Cromwell as Commander-in-Chief and Lord Deputy of Ireland (1650-51).—196
Isidore of Seville (Isidorus Hispalensis) (c. 570-636) — Spanish bishop and Catholic writer.—177
J
Jackson, William (c. 1737-1795)—Irish Catholic clergyman, member of the United Irishmen society; in 1794 came from France to establish links with Theobald Wolfe Tone, was arrested and sentenced to death, committed suicide.—251, 253
Jaclard, Charles Victor (1843-1900)— French journalist, Blanquist; member of the International; was active in the Paris Commune, 1871; member of the National Guard's Central Committee, commander of a legion of the National Guard; following the suppression of the Paris Commune, emigrated to Switzerland and then to Russia; after the 1880 amnesty returned to France and resumed his activities in the socialist movement.— 210
James—alderman and, from 1790, Mayor of Dublin; commanded troops that crushed the Defenders' uprising near Dublin (1795).—244-45, 279
James I (1566-1625) — King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1603-25).— 140, 195, 288, 293, 297, 299-300
James II (1633-1701) —Duke of York (from 1634), King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1685-88).—194, 196, 289-90, 294, 304-05
Jerome, St. (Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus) (c. 340-420)—theologian; born in Dalmatia; translated the Bible into Latin.—176
Jessup, William J.—American worker, carpenter; active participant in the American labour movement; Vice-President (1866) and Corresponding Secretary (1867) of the National Labour Union of the United States for the State of New York; a leader of the Workers' Union of New York; General Council's correspondent in the USA.—443
Johannard, Jules (1843-1888) — prominent figure in the French working-class movement; lithographer; member of the General Council of the International (1868-69, 1871-72) and Corresponding Secretary for Italy (1868-69); in 1870 founded a section of the International at St. Denis; member of the Paris Commune of 1871; sided with the Blan-quists; after the defeat of the Commune emigrated to London; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).—51, 55
John (Lackland) (c. 1167-1216) —King of England (1199-1216).—173
Johnstone, James (d. 1798) — Scottish col-lector and publisher of ancient Scandinavian literature.—181
Jost, Jean—secretary of the section of the Geneva turners, mechanics and foundrymen.— 210
Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, comte (1762-1833) — Marshal of France; fought in the wars of the French Republic and Napoleonic France, won a victory at Fleurus (1794); commanded the French Army in Spain (1808-14); Minister of Foreign Affairs during the July monarchy.— 246
Jukes, Joseph Beete (1811-1869)— English geologist, supervised the geological survey of Ireland in 1850-69.—148, 151
Jung, Hermann (1830-1901) — prominent figure in the international and Swiss working-class movement; watchmaker; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Switzerland (November 1864 to 1872); Treasurer of the General Council (1871-72); participant in the London Conference (1865), Chairman of the Geneva (1866), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and of the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the British Federal Council; supported Marx before the Hague Congress of 1872, later joined the reformist leaders of the British trade unions.—4, 37, 38, 51, 55, 123, 136, 336-37
K
Kamp—Mayor of Seraing (Belgium), member of the Cockerill Company.— 48
Kane, Sir Robert John (1810-1890) — Irish scientist, professor of chemistry and physics; also studied the economy of Ireland.—152, 163 Kelly, Jeremiah Hubert—physician in Spike Island Convict Prison.—106-07
Kenyon, Lloyd Kenyon, 1st Baron (1732-1802)—British lawyer, Master of the Rolls and Lord Chief Justice of England, M. P.—265
Keogh, John (1740-1817)—Irish merchant; member of the Catholic Committee, supported emancipation of the Irish Catholics; on his initiative the Relief Act was adopted in 1793; member of the United Irishmen society.—219, 249
Kerthialfadh (Kerthialfadr)—Irish soldier, participant in the battle of Clontarf (1014).—182-83
Kickham, Charles Joseph (1826-1882) — Irish journalist; took part in the national liberation movement of the 1840s; Fenian; an editor of The Irish People (1865); in 1865 was arrested and sentenced to 14 years' penal servitude, released in 1869.—102, 422, 440
Kilian (Chilian, Killian), St. (d. 697) — Irish missionary, preached Christianity in Eastern Franconia; first Bishop of Würzburg.—178
Kimbaoth (3rd cent. B. C.) — mentioned in chronicles as the ruler of Ulster.— 169
Knox, Alexander Andrew (1818-1891) — English journalist and police magistrate; member of a commission which reported to Parliament in 1867 on the treatment of political prisoners in British prisons.—418, 424, 428, 438
Kohl, Johann Georg (1808-1878) — German geographer, author of several works on the geography of European countries.—284
L
Laeghaire (Loeghaire) (d. 458) — King of Ireland (428-58).—171
Lafargue, Paul ( 1842-1911 )—prominent figure in the international
and French working-class movement; member of the General Council of the International, Corresponding Secretary for Spain (1866-69); helped to organise sections of the International in France (1869-70), Spain and Portugal (1871-72); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); a founder of the Workers' Party of France; disci-ple and associate of Marx and Engels; husband of Marx's daughter, Laura.—4, 55
Lake, Gerard, 1st Viscount Lake of Delhi and Leswarree (1744-1808) — British general, M. P. (1790-1802); commanded troops that quelled the Irish uprising of 1798.—254, 260, 280
Lambert, John (1619-1683)—general in the Parliamentary Army during the English Revolution; took part in all major battles with royalist troops and in conquering Scotland; Lord Deputy of Ireland (1652).—196
Langrishe, Sir Hercules (1731-1811) — Irish politician, M. P.— 263
Lanigan, John (1758-1828)—Irish bishop, supported the Anglo-Irish Union, wrote several works on ecclesiastical history.— 263, 265
Laplace, Jacques—delegate to the third congress of the Romance Federation of the International from the Carouge Section.—210
Larcom, Sir Thomas Aiskew (1801-1879)—Irish government official, later major-general; from 1826 worked at the British geological survey of Ireland, studied material on the history of old Ireland; permanent Irish Under-Secretary from 1853.— 170
Larkin, Michael (d. 1867) — Irish Fenian, sentenced to death by English court.—3, 13
Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864)—German journalist and lawyer, petty-bourgeois socialist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution, founder and first President of the General Association
21-733 of German Workers (1863), one of the originators of the opportunist trend in the German working-class movement.—20, 21, 23-24, 59
Laurier, Clement (1832-1872) —French lawyer and politician, Republican; after the revolution of September 4, 1870 was in the service of the Government of National Defence; later a monarchist.—438
La Valette, Charles Jean Marie Félix, marquis de (1806-1881) — French statesman, Minister of the Interior (1865-67).—364
Lovelle, Patrick—Irish clergyman, sym-pathised with the Fenians; author of the book The Irish Landlord since the Revolution.—434
Lavergne, Louis Gabriel Léonce Guilhaud
de (1809-1880) —French bourgeois economist, author of a number of works on agricultural economics.— 159-60, 283
Law, Harriet (1832-1897) —a leading figure in the atheist movement in England; member of the General Council (June 1867-72) and of the Manchester Section of the International (1872).—26, 55, 399-400
Lawrence (Laurence), Richard (1643-1682) — Parliamentary Army colonel during the English Revolution; took part in Cromwell's expedition to Ireland and in land confiscations there; author of pamphlets on Ireland.— 269
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874) — French journalist and politician, a leader of the petty-bourgeois democrats; editor of La Réforme; Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government in 1848; Deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (leader of the Montagne
party); emigrated to England following the events of June 13, 1849; returned to France in 1870.— 376, 381, 411
Ledwich, Edivard (1739-1823) —Irish ar-
chaeologist; author of works on the history of old Ireland (The Antiquities of Ireland and others).—308
Leinster, Duke of—see Fitzgerald, William Robert, 2nd Duke of Leinster Leland, Thomas (1722-1785) —English historian, author of The History of Ireland from the Invasion of Henry IL— 298-300, 301-03 Lepelletier—public prosecutor at the trial of the Executive Committee of the Paris Section of the International (1868).—367
Leslie, Thomas Edward Cliffe (c. 1827-1882) —English economist.—191, 205
Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; tailor; member of the Communist League from 1847; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; prosecuted at the Cologne Communist trial in 1852; emigrated to London in 1856; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London and of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872); delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868), Basle (1869) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the International; member of the British Federal Council; later a founder of the British Independent Labour Party; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 55
Levy, Joseph Moses (1812-1888)—a founder and publisher of The Daily Telegraph.—421
Lewis, Sir George Cornewall, Baronet (1806-1863)—British statesman, Whig; Financial Secretary to the Treasury (1850-52); editor of The Edinburgh Review (1852-55); Chancellor of the Exchequer (1855-58), Home Secretary (1859-61), Secretary of State for War (1861-63).—28 Liddell, A. F. O.— English employee in the Home Office (1870).—422 Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; participant in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League and the International; delegate to the Basle Congress (1869) of the International; deputy to the Imperial Diet from 1867; a founder and leader of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 24, 32, 90, 116, 122, 133, 354, 445
Limburg, W.— German shoemaker; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, member of the General Council of the International (1868-69).—55
Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865)—American statesman; a leader of the Republican Party; President of the United States (1861-65); during the Civil War, under pressure from the masses, carried out a number of important bourgeois-democratic reforms which led to the adoption of revolutionary methods of warfare; assassinated by a slave-holders' agent in April 1865.—53, 361, 362
Lindegger, Antoine (d. after 1898) — Swiss worker, loader; follower of Bakunin; member of the Committee of the Geneva Section named Alliance of Socialist Democracy; member of the
Égalité editorial board (1869).—123, 209
Lingard, John (1771-1851) — English historian, author of A History of England in eight volumes.— 303, 305
Loder—Norse ruler of Orkney Islands; fought at the battle of Clontarf (1014).—183
Longfield—Irish nobleman, M.P. from County Cork (1787).—243
Longuet, Charles (1839-1903) —prominent in the French working-class movement; journalist; Proudhonist; member of the General Coun-
cil of the International (1866-67, 1871-72); Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (1866); delegate to the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and the Hague (1872) congresses and the London Conference (1871); member of the Paris Commune; later joined the Possibilists; husband of Marx's daughter, Jenny.— 366
Louis XIV (1638-1715) —King of France (1643-1715).—289, 295
Louis Philippe I (1773-1850) —Duke of Orleans, King of France (1830-48).— 328
Lucas, Charles (1713-1771) — Irish physician and journalist, patriotic pam-phleteer.— 212
Lucraft, Benjamin (1809-1897) — a reformist leader of the British trade unions; cabinet-maker; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, London; member of the General Council of the International (1864-71); delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International; member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; in 1871 refused to sign the General Council's address The Civil War in France and withdrew from the International.— 26, 55, 139
Luttrel, Henry Lawes, Earl of Carhampton (1743-1821)—English general, member of the Irish Parliament; from 1796 Commander-in-Chief in Ireland.— 257, 281
Lynch, John (c. 1599-c. 1673) —Irish clergyman, author and translator of several works on the history of Ireland.—174
Lynch, John (1832-1866) — Irish Fenian, leader of a Fenian organisation in Cork; sentenced to ten years' penal servitude in January 1866; died in Working Prison that year.—418, 437-38
Lyons, Robert Spencer Dyer (1826-1886) — Irish physician, Liberal, member of
21* the commission of inquiry (1870) into the treatment of the Irish political prisoners.—417
M
McCann—member of the United Irishmen society, took part in preparing an uprising in 1798.—255, 281
Macaulay, Thomas Babington Macaulay, Baron (1800-1859) —English historian and politician, Whig, M.P.—294, 301, 313
McCormic—Irish politician, secretary of the Catholic Committee in the early 1790s.—249
McCracken, Henry Joy (1767-1798) —a founder of the United Irishmen society in Belfast, leader of the Antrim uprising (1798).—219
M'Donnel—Irish typographer, printed the Hibernian Journal at the end of the 18th century.—250
M'Donnell—prison doctor in Dublin dismissed from the post because of his protest against the brutal treatment of the Fenian prisoners.—106-07, 409, 427
MacGeoghegan, James (1702-1763) — French abbot of Irish origin, author of History of Ireland.—290, 299
Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527) —Italian politician, historian, military theorist and writer.— 75, 419
MacNevin (MacNeven), William James (1763-1841) — Irish physician, member of the United Irishmen society.— 255, 281
Macpherson, James (1736-1796) — Scottish poet, author of several poems based on an Irish epic.—140
Maelseachlainn II (949-1022) —King of Ireland. (980-1002 and 1014-22).— 183 Maguane—government spy in the United Irishmen society.— 255 Maguire, Thomas—Irish sailor; arrested in 1867 on a false charge of trying to
arrange the escape of the imprisoned Fenians; was sentenced to be hanged but was released soon afterwards.— 3
Malachy—see Maelseachlainn II
Malachy, St. (c. 1094-1148) —Irish pre-late, Archbishop of Armagh and papal legate in Ireland.—172, 285
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834) — English clergyman and economist, author of a theory of population.— 373
Manners, Charles, Duke of Rutland (1754-1787) — British statesman, member of the Privy Council, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1784-87).—236, 239, 242, 243, 276-77
Mansfield—see Murray, William, Lord Mansfield
Maolmordha (d. 1014) — King of Leinster (999-1014).—181, 183
Marauda—210
Marilly, Joseph— 210
Marly—Irish Catholic leader, Bishop of
Waterford.—261
Martin, John (1812-1875) —Irish politician, participant in the national liberation movement in the 1840s; a founder of the National League (1864); Honorary Secretary of the Home Rule League, M.P. (1871-75).—439
Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881) —wife of Karl Marx.—61
Marx, Jenny (1844-1883) —Karl Marx's eldest daughter.—414, 420-21, 424
Marx, Karl (1818-1883)—4, 10, 18, 32, 33, 35, 38, 51, 55-64, 90, 93, 94, 101, 110-12, 122, 124, 125, 133, 134, 195, 210, 278, 317, 320, 322, 323, 324, 326, 337, 344, 361, 366, 378, 380, 382, 383, 386, 387, 389, 392-93, 394, 397, 398, 399, 407, 410, 411, 412, 413, 443-46
Mary I (1516-1558)—Queen of England (1553-58), wife of Philip II of Spain.—289, 297, 298 Massey, William Nathaniel (1809-1881) — English historian, author of an unfinished work on the reign of George III.—290
Matis, A.—210
Maulet, Joseph D.—210
Maurice, Zévy—tailor; member of the General Council of the International (1866-72), Corresponding Secretary for Hungary (1870-71).—26
Maxwell—Attorney-General of Ireland (1796).—254, 280
Mayo—see Naas, Richard Southwell Bourke, Earl of Mayo
Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872) — Italian revolutionary, democrat; a leader of the Italian national liberation movement; headed the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic (1849); an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London (1850); after the foundation of the International in 1864 tried to bring it under his influence.— 323
Meagher, Thomas Francis (1823-1867) —
leader of the Irish national liberation movement in the 1840s; a founder of the Irish Confederation (1847); in 1848 was arrested and sentenced to penal servitude for life for taking part in the preparation of an uprising; escaped in 1852 and emigrated to the USA; during the US Civil War (1861-65) commanded the brigade of Irish volunteers that fought on the
side of the Northerners.— 200, 206, 318
Meissner, Otto Karl (1819-1902) — Hamburg publisher; brought out Marx's Capital and other works by Marx and Engels.— 62
Mela, Pomponius (1st cent.) — Roman geographer, author of De situ orbis in three volumes.—161
Mende, Fritz (d. 1879) — member of the General Association of German Workers; president of the Lassallean General Association of German
Workers founded by Hatzfeldt (1869-72); deputy to the North-German Imperial Diet (1869).—24
Mermillod, François—Swiss case-maker; took an active part in the Swiss working-class movement in the latter part of the 1860s; Vice-President of the Romance Federation of the International; delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868).—210
Methuen, John (c. 1650-1706) —British diplomat; in 1703 concluded a trade treaty with Portugal known as the Methuen Treaty.— 224
Meyer, Sigfrid (c. 1840-1872) — a prominent figure in the German and American working-class movement, socialist; engineer; member of the General Association of German Workers; opposed the Lassallean influence in the German working-class movement; in 1864 published in Germany, at his own expense, the Manifesto of the Communist Party by Marx and Engels; in 1866 emigrated to the USA, member of the New York Communist Club; an organiser of the International's sections in the USA; follower of Marx and Engels.— 443
Meyers—doctor at Broadmoor asy-'lum.—422, 431.
Milner, George—Irishman, prominent figure in the British working-class movement; follower of James O'Brien; member of the National Reform League and of the Land and Labour League; member of the General Council of the International (1868-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the British Federal Council (autumn of 1872 to 1873); fought the reformist wing in the Council.—26, 55, 387, 392, 399
Mitchel, John (1815-1875) —Irish revolutionary democrat, Left-wing leader of the Young Ireland group; deported to a penal colony for taking part in the preparation of an uprising in 1848; escaped in 1853 and emigrated to the USA; fought on the side of the Southerners during the US Civil War; author of The History of Ireland.—222, 232, 256, 266
Moira—see Hastings, Francis Rawdon, Marquis of Hastings, Earl of Moira
Molyneux, William (1656-1698) — Irish scholar, studied philosophy, mathe-matics and astronomy; M.P. from Dublin University; author of an essay, The Case of Ireland (1698).—197, 212
Monachon, L.— 210
Monk (Monck), George, 1st Duke of Al-bemarle (1608-1670) — English general and statesman; originally a royalist; later served in Cromwell's army; helped restore the Stuart dynasty in 1660.—264
Moore, Charles, 6th Earl and 1st Marquis of Drogheda (1730-1822)—Anglo-Irish politician; judge; field marshal, M.P., supported the Anglo-Irish Union.— 266
Moore, George Henry (1811-1870) — Irish politician, leader of the tenant-right movement, M.P. (1847-57, 1868-70); defended the imprisoned Irish Fenians.—103, 313, 408, 410, 415, 422, 425-26, 430
Moore, John— coroner of the Midleton district.—104, 107, 415 Moore, Thomas (Morus) (1779-1852) — Irish poet and writer, author of The History of Ireland in four volumes.— 287, 309, 310
Moreau, Jean Victor Marie (1763-1813) — French general; took part in the wars waged by the French Republic against European coalitions.— 246
Morhardt, Emile—Swiss official in the Geneva canton in the 1860s.— 71
Morley, Samuel (1809-1886) —English manufacturer and politician; owner of The Bee-Hive Newspaper (1869).— 126 Moryson, Fynes (1566-1630) — English traveller; author of An Itinerary..., a
part of which contains the description of Ireland.—173
Mottershead, Thomas (c. 1825-1884) — English weaver; member of the General Council (1869-72), Corresponding Secretary for Denmark (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; opposed Marx's line in the General Council and the British Federal Council; expelled from the International by decision of the General Council on May 30, 1873.—411
Mountjoy—see Blount, Charles, Lord Mountjoy, Earl of Devonshire
Mroczkowsky, Valerien (1840-1889) — photographer; took part in the Polish insurrection of 1863, after which he emigrated first to France and then to Switzerland; follower of Bakunin; member of the League of Peace and Freedom Committee; member of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy, both the open and the secret alliance.— 210
Mulcahy, Denis Dowling (b. 1840) — Irish journalist and physician; leader of the Fenian organisation in Clonmel; a leader of the Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood; assistant editor of The Irish People (1863-65); sentenced to ten years' penal servitude (1865); amnestied in 1871.—101
Müller, Anton — Swiss watchmaker; member of the General Council of the International (1869).— 55
Münzer, Thomas (c. 1490-1525) — leader of the urban plebeians and poor peasants during the Reformation and the Peasant War in Germany (1525); advocated egalitarian Utopian communism.—93
Murchadh (d. 1070) — first Irish King of the Dublin Danes; son of Finn, King of Leinster.—183
Murphy (called O'Leary) — Irish Fenian; in 1864 was arrested for agitation among the royal army soldiers in Ireland; sentenced to ten years' penal servitude.—102, 415
Murphy, John Nicholas—English journalist, author of several works, including Ireland, Industrial, Political, and Social published in London in 1870.—297, 298, 300, 301-05
Murray, Patrick Joseph—inspector of a convict prison in Dublin.—104, 409, 427
Murray, William, Lord Mansfield (1705-1793)—British statesman, Chief Justice of the King's Bench.—232, 275
N
Naas, Richard Southwell Bourke, Earl of Mayo (1822-1872) —British statesman, Conservative; Chief Secretary for Ireland (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68); Viceroy of India (1869-72).—105, 409, 427
Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—246, 313
Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—nephew of Napoleon I; President of the Second Republic (December 1848 to 1851), Emperor of the French (1852-70).— 13, 18, 42, 49, 57, 62, 72, 97, 189, 365, 408, 435
Neilson, Samuel (1761-1803)—an organiser of the United Irishmen society; founder of The Northern Star (Belfast, 1792); supporter of Ireland's independence.—219, 247, 255
Nennius (8th cent.)—Welsh chronicler, author of Historia Britonum.—177, 308
Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) (37-68) — Roman Emperor (54-68).—328
Nest or Nesta—daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr, King of South Wales.—172
Newell—government spy in the United Irishmen society.— 255
Newenham, Sir Edward (1732-1814)— participant in the volunteer movement in the early 1780s; member of the Irish Parliament (1769-97); supporter of the Anglo-Irish Union.— 245
Newport, Sir John (1756-1843) — participant in the volunteer movement in the early 1780s; Whig, member of the British Parliament (1803-32); supporter of emancipation of the Catholics.—267
Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—429
Nidegger, Louis—209-10
Niemtzik, Eduard Richard Julius (1838-1897)—active in the Slovak working-class movement; an organiser of the workers' educational association Vpred (Forward) in Bratislava (Pressburg) (1869).—78
North, Frederick, 2nd Earl of Guilford (1732-1792) — British statesman, Tory; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1767), Prime Minister (1770-82), Home Secretary in Portland's Coalition Cabinet (1783).—222, 226, 231, 240, 270-71, 273, 274, 295
Notker, Labeo (c. 952-1022)—German monk who taught at the monastic school of St. Gall, Switzerland.—175
O
Oates, Titus (1649-1705)—English Protestant clergyman.— 289
O'Braein, Tighearnach (d. 1088)—Irish annalist and abbot.—168-69, 309
O'Brien—government spy in the United Irishmen society.— 255
O'Brien, James (literary pseudonym Bronterre) (1805-1864)—British journalist, Chartist leader; editor of Poor Man's Guardian (1830s); author of several social reform projects; founder of the National Reform League (1849).—26 O'Brien, Sir Lucius Henry (d. 1795) — member of the Irish Parliament, member of the Privy Council from 1787, clerk of the High Court of Chancery.—225 O'Brien, Michael (d. 1867) —Irish Fenian, executed by sentence of an English court.— 3, 13
O'Byrnes—noble Irish family.— 301
O'Clery, Michael (1575-1643) —Irish monk, chronicler, a compilor of Annales IV Magistrorum.— 168, 309
O'Connell, Daniel (1775-1847) —Irish lawyer and politician; leader of the liberal wing in the national liberation movement.—192, 194, 201
O'Connor, Arthur (1763-1852)—a prominent figure in the Irish national liberation movement; in 1797-98 a leader of the United Irishmen society and editor-in-chief of its organ, The Press; arrested on the eve of the 1798 uprising; emigrated to France in 1803.—169, 255, 281
O'Connor, Brian (or Bernard) (c. 1490-c. 1560) — Leinster chieftain, Lord of Offaly.—289, 297
O'Connor, Feargus Edward (1794-1855)—Left-wing Chartist leader, editor-in-chief of The Northern Star; reformist after 1848.—169
O'Connors—noble Irish family from Offaly County (later King's County) in Leinster Province.— 297
O'Conor, Charles (1764-1828) —Irish priest and collector of antiquities, translator and editor of Irish chronicles.—168
O'Conor, Matthew (1773-1844) —Irish historian, author of The History of the Irish Catholics...—283, 300, 304
O'Curry, Eugene (1796-1862) —Irish historian, authority on the chronicles; from 1852 member of the government commission for translating and publishing the ancient Irish laws; author of a work on ancient Irish manuscripts.— 170
Odger, George (1820-1877) —shoemaker; a reformist leader of the British trade unions, Secretary of the London Trades Council (1862-72); member of the British National League for the Independence of Poland, the Land and Labour League; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, London; member of the General Council of the International (1864-71), its President (1864-67); took part in the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; opposed revolutionary tactics; in 1871 refused to sign the General Council's address The Civil War in France, and left the Council.—26, 55, 344, 356, 412
O'Dogherty, Sir Cahir (1587-1608) — Irish feudalist, leader of the 1608 uprising.— 300
O'Donnell—see M'Donnell
O'Donnell, Hugh Mac-Manus, Lord of Tyrconnel from 1566—North Irish chieftain; father of Irish insurgent leader Hugh O'Donnell.—298
O'Donnell, Hugh Roe (Red Hugh), Lord of Tyrconnel (c. 1571-1602) — a leader of the anti-English insurrection.— 298
O'Donnell, Rory, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel (1575-1608)—North Irish chieftain, brother of Hugh O'Donnell.—293
O'Donovan, John (1809-1861)—Irish philologist and historian, from 1852 member of government commission on the translation and publication of ancient Irish laws.—168, 169-70, \73-74
O'Donovan Rossa, Jeremiah (1831-1915) a leader of the Fenian movement; publisher of The Irish People (1863-65); in 1865 was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment; amnestied in 1870; emigrated to the USA where he headed the Fenian organisation; retired from political life in the 1880s.—101, 103, 410, 414, 415, 416-22, 423-24, 427-28, 436, 438, 450
O'Donovan Rossa, Mary J.—wife of Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa; organised the collection of funds for the families of the Irish political prisoners in 1865-66; author of an appeal to Irish women published in The Workman's Advocate on January 6, 1866 by the decision of the General Council.—417 O'Leary—see Murphy (called O'Leary)
O'Mahony, Thaddens—Irish philologist; jointly with Hancock he published two volumes of Senchus Mor, a collection of ancient laws.—170
O'More, Guilpatrick—chieftain of the big Irish clan; owner of the County Leix; fought against English domination until 1542.—289, 297
O'Mores—Irish clan from County Leix (later Queen's County) in Leinster Province.— 297
O'Neill, Conn Bacach (c. 1484-c. 1559) — descendant of the ancient Irish feudal clan in Northern Ireland; Earl of Tyrone (from 1542).—297
O'Neill, Hugh, Earl of Tyrone (c. 1540-1616) — head of an influential clan in Ulster; leader of an insurrection against the English (1595-1603).— 293, 298 O'Neill, John, 1st Viscount O'Neill (1740-1798) — member of the Irish Parliament, Governor of the County of Antrim; killed during the Irish uprising of 1798.—224, 242, 244
O'Neill, Sir Phelim (c. 1604-1653) — Irish nobleman, participant in the 1641 uprising.—293
O'Neills Shane, Earl of Tyrone (c. 1530-1567)—leader of a rebellion against the English (1559-67).—288
O'Neills—an Irish family from Northern Ireland.—289
Orde, afterwards Orde-Powlett, 1st Baron Bolton (1746-1807) —English lawyer;
member of the Irish Parliament (1784-90); member of the Privy Council of Ireland and its Chief Secretary (1784-87).—236, 237, 239-42, 276-78
Oriel—see Foster, John, Baron Oriel
Ormonde—see Butler, James, 12th Earl and 1st Duke of Ormonde Orr, William (1766-1797) —Irish farmer, member of the United Irishmen society; executed for taking part in the movement.—255, 280
O'Shea, William Henry (1840-1905)— Irish public figure; came out in support of the imprisoned Fenians in 1869.—83
Ospakr—Irish soldier, fought at the battle of Clontarf (1014).—182
Owen, Robert (1771-1858) —English Utopian socialist.—331, 382
P
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount (1784-1865)—British statesman, Tory, from 1830 Whig; Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58, 1859-65).—193, 322, 331, 435
Parkinson- Fortescue, Chichester Samuel, Baron Carlingford (1823-1898) — British Liberal statesman, M.P. (1847-74), Chief Secretary for Ireland (1865-66, 1868-70).—408
Parnell, Sir John (1744-1801) —Irish lawyer, Protestant; member of the Irish Parliament from 1761, Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1799; opposed the Anglo-Irish Union.— 261, 266
Parsons, Sir Lawrence, 2nd Earl of Rosse
(1758-1841) — Irish politician, member of the Irish Parliament.— 254, 261
Parsons, Sir William (1570-1650) —Lord Justice of Ireland (1640-43), inspired policy of Ireland's colonial subjugation.—300, 302
Patrick, St. (c. 389-c. 461) —Christian missionary in Ireland; founder of the Irish Catholic Church and its first bishop.—171, 176, 178, 433 Patterson, William— Irish physician, author of Observations on the Climate of Ireland.— 164 Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850)—British statesman, moderate Tory, Prime Minister (1834-35, 1841-46); repealed the Corn Laws in 1846.—28-30, 158, 382
Pelagius (c. 360-c. 420) —a British theologian; condemned as a heretic for preaching the doctrine of righte-ousness by the exercise of free will.— 176-77
Pelham, Thomas, Earl of Chichester ( 1756-1826) — member of the Irish Parliament, Whig; opposed emancipation of Catholics; Chief Secretary of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Camden in 1795-98.—254, 280
Pellaton, S.—Secretary of the Bakers' Co-operative Society in Geneva; member of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy, withdrew from it in February 1869.—210
Pellegrin-Druart, A.—210
Pelletier, Claude (1816-1881)—French democrat; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (1848-51); exiled from France after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; emigrated to the USA; the International's correspondent for the French-language section in America.—442
Perret, Henri—prominent figure in the Swiss working-class movement; engraver, a leader of the International in Switzerland, General Secretary of the Romance Federal Committee (1868-73); member of the Égalité editorial board; delegate to the Geneva (1866) and Basle (1869) congresses and to the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the
Alliance of Socialist Democracy; in 1869 broke with the Bakuninists, but adopted a conciliatory stand after the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—84, 117, 123, 210 Perrié— 210 Perron, Charles Eugène (1837-1919) — active in the Swiss working-class movement; enamel painter, then carthographer; delegate to the Lausanne (1867) and Brussels (1868) congresses of the International; follower of Bakunin; member of the Central Bureau of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; an editor of LEgalité (1869) and La Solidarité; a leader of the Jura Federation; subsequently left the working-class movement.—114, 123, 210 Perrot, Sir John (c. 1527-1592) —Lord President of Munster (1570-73), Lord Deputy of Ireland (1584-88).—298 Pétrie, George (1789-1866) —Irish scholar, archaeologist; member of the Irish Royal Academy; author of works on ancient Irish architecture; from 1852 member of the government commission for translating and publishing . the ancient Irish laws.— 165, 169, 170
Petty, Sir William (1623-1687)—English economist and statistician, founder of the classical school of bourgeois political economy in Britain.— 268-69, 303, 305
Phelan, William (1789-1830)—Irish scholar; author of works on the history of Ireland.— 290
Philip, Prince (1837-1905)—Count of Flanders, son of Leopold I of Belgium.—48
Philip II (1527-1598)—King of Spain (1556-98), Mary I's husband.—298
Pichegru, Charles (1761-1804) —French general; in 1794-95 conducted military operations in Holland.— 246
Pigott, Richard (c. 1828-1889)—Irish journalist, publisher of The Irishman (1865-79); supporter of the Fenians;
sided with the British government in the 1880s.—415, 437
Piniére (or Pinier) (d. after 1898) — Swiss shopkeeper; Bakuninist; member of the editorial board of L'Égalité (1869).—123, 210
Pirmez, Eudore (1830-1890) —Belgian statesman, Liberal M.P. (1857-90); Home Minister (1868-70), Director of the National Bank.—48
Pisteur, Fr.—210
Pitt, William (1759-1806)—British statesman, a Tory leader; Prime Minister (1783-1801, 1804-06).—227, 235, 236, 240-42, 246, 252, 256-62, 265, 276, 281, 282, 290, 295
Placide, Margarittaz— 210
Plantagenets—English royal dynasty (1154-1399).—292
Pliny the Elder (Gains Plinius Secundus) (A.D. 23-79) — Roman scholar, author of Natural History in 37 volumes.— 175, 312
Plunket, Oliver (1629-1681) —Irish Archbishop in Armagh County.— 289
Plunket, Thomas Span, 2nd Lord Plunket of Newtown (1792-1866)—elder son of William Conyngham Plunket; Bishop in Ireland from 1839.— 266
Plunket, William Conyngham, 1st Baron Plunket (1764-1854) —Irish lawyer; Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1830, member of the King's Council from 1797; M.P.; opponent of the Anglo-Irish Union; after the Union was a member of the government.— 261, 266
Poerio, Carlo (1803-1867) — Italian politician, Liberal; Prefect of Police and Minister of Education in Naples in 1848; imprisoned in 1849-59 for taking part in the national movement; Vice-President of Parliament (1861-67).—105
Pollock, George D.—British army doctor; member of the commission, which in June 1867 submitted to the Parlia-
ment a report on the treatment of the political prisoners in the English convict prisons.—418, 424, 427-29, 438
Ponsonby, George (1755-1817) — lawyer; member of the Irish Parliament from 1776; Lord Chancellor of Ireland.— 227, 254, 273, 280
Portland, William Henry Cavendish Ben-tinck, 3rd Duke of (1738-1809) — English statesman, a Whig leader; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1782-83); Home Secretary (1794-1801), Prime Minister (1783, 1807-09).— 226, 227-31, 273-74
Postleb, Charles— 210
Potemkin, Grigory Alexandrovich, Prince Tavrichesky (1739-1791) —Russian statesman, field marshal-general, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army in the Russo-Turkish war of 1787-91.—288
Potot, John— 210 Potter, George (1832-1893) — British worker, carpenter; a reformist leader of the trade-union movement; member of the London Trades Council and a leader of the Amalgamated Union of Building Workers; founder, editor and publisher of The Bee-Hive Newspaper.—26, 37
Poynings, Sir Edward (1459-1521) — British statesman, Henry VII's Attorney-General, Lord Deputy of Ireland (1494-96).—212, 215, 225, 270, 272, 287 Pratt, John Jeffreys, 2nd Earl and 1st Marquis of Camden (1759-1840) — British statesman; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1795-99); English Secretary for War (1804-05); advocated Orangeism.— 245, 252-54, 257, 258, 279, 280
Prendergast, John Patrick (1808-1893) — Irish historian, Liberal, author of works on the history of Ireland.— 303
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)— French writer, economist and sociol-ogist; a founder of anarchism.— 56-57, 61, 344, 393, 399 Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus) (2nd cent.)—Greek mathematician, as-tronomer and geographer; founder of the geocentric conception of the universe.—175
Pyat, Félix (1810-1889) —French journalist, playwright and politician; democrat; took part in the 1848 revolution; emigrated in 1849 to Switzerland and later to Belgium and England; opposed independent working-class movement; conducted a slander campaign against Marx and the First International; member of the Paris Commune (1871).— 7
R
Radcliffe, Thomas, 3rd Earl of Sussex (c. 1526-1583) —Lord Deputy of Ireland from 1556.—298, 300
Raleigh, Sir Walter (c. 1552-1618) — British military figure and explorer; favourite of Elizabeth I; took part in suppressing uprisings in Ireland.— 288
Raspail, François Vincent (1794-1878) — French naturalist and writer; socialist; sympathised with the revolutionary proletariat; took part in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848; after the revolution of 1848 was imprisoned, then lived in exile in Belgium; returned to France in 1863; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1869).— 71
Rau, Wilhelm—member of the Central Committee of the German-speaking sections in Geneva.— 210
Raymond, Charles—delegate to the first congress of the Romance Federation of the International (January 1869); Secretary of the Central Section in Geneva (1870).—210
Reilly, Henry—Sheriff of the County of Dublin; supporter of reforms; in 1784 was prosecuted for an attempt to organise, in the county, election of members to a national congress.— 237, 276
Rémy, Theodor—Swiss teacher; Secretary of the Central Committee of the German-speaking sections in Geneva; follower of Bakunin; member of the Geneva Section of the International named Alliance of Socialist Democracy.—209
Reynolds, Thomas (1771-1836)—joined the United Irishmen society in 1797; reported to the government on the plan for the uprising; later an English official.—256
Rhys ap Tewdwr (d. 1093) —King of South Wales (1078-93).—173
Richard, Albert (1846-1925) —French journalist; a leader of the' Lyons Section of the International; member of the secret Alliance of Socialist Democracy; took part in the Lyons uprising of September 1870; after the suppression of the Paris Commune, a Bonapartist.—108
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis de (1585-1642) — French statesman, Car-dinal, Chief Minister of Louis XIII.— 293
Robin, Paul (1837-1912) —French teacher; Bakuninist; a leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; member of the General Council (1870-71); delegate to the Basle Congress (1869) and the London Conference (1871) of the First International; an editor of L'Égalité (1870).—123
Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de
Vimeur, comte de (1725-1807) — Marshal of France; commanded a French corps during the American War of Independence.— 217
Rachat, François—210
Rochefort, Henri, marquis de Rochefort-
Luçay (c. 1831-1913) —French journalist and politician; Left-wing republican; publisher of the journal La Lanterne (1868-69) and the newspaper La Marseillaise (1869-70); after the revolution of September 4, 1870, a member of the Government of National Defence; monarchist from the end of the 1880s.~414, 436
Rochow, Gustav Adolf Rochus von (1792-1847) — Prussian Minister of the Interior (1834-42).—43
Rockingham— see Watson- Wentworth, Charles, 2nd Marquis of Rockingham
Rogers—English army officer, major of artillery, served in Ireland (1799).— 262, 264
Ross, J.—English worker; member of the General Council of the International (1869).—55
Rossa (5th cent.)—according, to tradition, a compiler of Senchus Mor, a collection of ancient laws.—171
Rossety (or Rossetti), Biagip (Blaise)— Italian worker; President of the Italian Section in Geneva; member of the Romance Federal Committee from 1870.—210
Rouher, Eugene (1814-1884) — French statesman, Bonapartist; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Minister of Justice (1849-52, with intervals); held several government posts during the Second Empire.— 13, 365, 366, 374
Rowan, Archibald Hamilton (1751-1834) — Irish politician; English army officer; Secretary of the United Irishmen society in Dublin; in 1794 was prosecuted for the Proclamation to the Volunteers of Ireland.— 245, 248, 251
Ruchet, Charles—210
Ruge, Arnold (1802-1880)—German radical journalist; Young Hegelian; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848 (Left wing); a leader of German petty-bourgeois refugees in England during the 1850s; National-Liberal after 1866.— 61
Rush-worth, John (c. 1612-1690)—. English historian and statesman.— 294
Russell, John Russell, 1st Earl (1792-1878)—British statesman, Whig leader; Prime Minister (1846-52, 1865-66), Foreign Secretary (1852-53, 1859-65).—28, 345
Russell, Thomas (1767-1803) —Irish army officer; a founder of the United Irishmen society in Belfast; executed for taking part in the movement in 1803.—219
Rutland—see Manners, Charles, Duke of Rutland
Rutty, John (1698-1775) —Irish physician and meteorologist; author of works on medicine and me-teorology.—162-63
S
Saint-Paul, Wilhelm (c. 1815-1852) — Prussian army officer, then an official in the Ministry of the Interior; censor of the Rheinische Zeitung in 1843.—60
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825) —French Utopian socialist.—66, 115, 208, 395
Sampson, William ( 1764-1836) — member of the United Irishmen society, was arrested and deported to France for taking part in the 1798 uprising.— 255, 281
Sanguinède, J.—210
Sanguinède, Rosalie—210
Saurin, William (c. 1757-1839) —Irish lawyer; member of the Irish Parliament from 1799; Attorney-General of Ireland; opposed the Anglo-Irish Union.—261, 265
Saxo Grammaticus (mid-12th-beginning of 13th cent.) — Danish chronicler; author of Gesta Danorum (Historia Danica).—184
Schettel, Adrien — French worker, mechanic; Left-wing Republican; took part in the revolution of 1848; an organiser of the Lyons Section of the International; delegate to the Geneva (1866) and Lausanne (1867) congresses of the International; was imprisoned for taking part in the revolutionary events in Lyons in September 1870.—108
Schönburg, Prinz—owner of coal-mines in Saxony (1869).—40, 41
Schulze-Delitzsch, Franz Hermann (1808-1883)—German economist; liberal politician; advocated unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy; a founder of the National Association and a leader of the Party of Progress; sought to divert the workers from revolutionary struggle by organising co-operative societies.— 25, 37
Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von (1833-1875) — German lawyer; a Lassallean leader; editor of Der Social-Demokrat (1864-67); President of the General Association of German Workers (1867-71); supported unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy; fought against the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; expelled from the General Association for his contacts with the Prussian authorities (1872).—10, 32, 33, 90-91, 116, 122, 133-34 Scopini, J. J.— Chairman and then Deputy Secretary of the Geneva Section of joiners, mechanics and rollers; delegate to the Chaux-de-Fonds Congress of the Romance Federation (April 1870).—210
Scott, John, Earl of Clonmel (1739-1798) — Irish lawyer; member of the Irish Parliament; Attorney-General of Ireland.—227, 265, 273
Senior, Nassau William (1790-1864) — English economist, vulgarised Ricar-do's theory; opposed reduction of the working day.— 330
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616) — English poet and dramatist.—435
Shannon—Irish Lord (late 18th-early 19th cent.).—263
Shaw, Robert (d. 1869)—a leader of the British working-class movement;
house-painter; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, London; member of the General Council of the International (1864-69), Treasurer of the Council (1867-68), Corresponding Secretary for America (1867-69); delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Brussels Congress (1868) of the International.—4, 17, 26, 51, 55, 92, 358
Sheares, Henry (1753-1798) —Irish lawyer; member of the United Irishmen society; executed as a leader of the 1798 uprising.—255, 281
Sheares, John (1766-1798) — Irish lawyer; member of the United Irishmen society; executed as a leader of the 1798 uprising; brother of Henry Sheares.—255, 281
Sidney, Sir Henry (1529-1586)—Lord Deputy of Ireland at the beginning of the 1580s.—298
Sigurd Laudrisson (11th cent.)—ruler of Orkney Islands.—181-83
Sihtric or Sigtryggr (d. 1042) — Norse King of Dublin.—182-83
Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard Simonde
de (1773-1842) — Swiss economist; representative of economic romanti-cism.— 57
Smith, Edward (c. 1818-1874)—English physician and medical officer of the Privy Council to Inquire into the Nourishment of the Poorer Labouring Classes.— 325
Smith, Goldwin (1823-1910) —British historian, economist and publicist; Liberal; supported British colonial policy in Ireland; went to the USA in 1868, and to Canada in 1871.—161, 166, 184, 283-96, 313
Smith, Sir Thomas (1513-1577) —British statesman, professor of civil law; in 1572 proposed a plan for establishing a colony of Scottish Protestants in Ireland.—288 Snider, Jacob (d. 1866) — American in-ventor of a breechloading rifle.— 80
Snorri, Sturluson (c. 1178-1241) — Icelandic scald and chronicler.—179 Solinus, Gaius Julius (first half of the 3rd cent.) — Roman writer.— 175, 312 Souham, Joseph, comte (1760-1837) — French general; commanded troops in the wars of the French Republic.— 246 Spencer, John Poyntz Spencer, 5th Earl (1835-1910) —British statesman; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1868-74, 1882-85); First Lord of the Admiralty (1892-95).—435 Spenser (Spencer), Edmund (c. 1552-1599) — English poet and historian; private secretary to the Lord Deputy of Ireland (1580-82); author of the treatise A View of the State of Ireland and the poem The Faerie Queene.— 173, 287, 288, 302, 308
Speyer, Karl (b. 1845)—joiner; Secretary of the German Workers' Educational Society in London in the 1860s; from 1870 member of the General Council of the First International in London and then in the USA.—32
Stacpoole, William—Irish army officer; Liberal M. P. (1860-80).—416
Stampa, Gaspare—member of the Central Council of the Italian workers' associations; delegate to the London Congress of the First International (1867).—341
Stanley, Edward Henry, 15th Earl of Derby (1826-1893) —British statesman, Tory, subsequently Liberal; Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs (1852), Secretary of State for Colonies (1858, 1882-85); Secretary of State for India (1858-59), Foreign Secretary (1866-68, 1874-78); son of Edward Derby.—12, 364
Stepney, Cowell William Frederick (1820-1872)—active participant in the British working-class movement; member of the Reform League; member of
the General Council of the International (1866-72) and its Treasurer (1868-70); delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses, and the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the British Federal Council.—26, 51, 55, 82
Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882) —Prussian police officer; an organiser of and chief witness for the prosecution in the Cologne Communist trial (1852); jointly with Wermuth wrote Die Com-munisten-Ver schwörungen des neunzehn-ten Jahrhunderts; later chief of the Prussian political police.— 72
Stieler, Adolf (1775-1836)—German cartographer.—154
Stofflèt, Jean Nicolas (1751-1796)— French peasant; an organiser of the royalist mutiny in Vendée (1793-96) during the French Revolution; executed.— 246
Strabo (c. 63 B.C.-A.D. c. 20)—Greek geographer and historian.—174
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of (1593-1641) — English statesman; principal minister to Charles I from 1628; Lord Deputy of Ireland (1632-40); advocate of absolutism.— 289, . 300-01
Stuart, James Francis Edward (1688-1766)—James II's son, pretender to the British throne after the dynasty of the Stuarts was deposed.— 290
Stuarts (also Steuarts) — royal dynasty in Scotland (1371-1714) and England (1603-49, 1660-1714).—196, 294, 295
Stumpf, Paul (1826-1912)—German mechanic; member of the German Workers' Society in Brussels (1847); member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, member of the First International; delegate to the Lausanne Congress of the International (1867); member of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party.— 133-34 Sullivan, Sir Edward (1822-1885)—Irish lawyer, conducted the trial of Fenians in 1865; Attorney-General for Ireland (1868-70); Master of the Rolls and Lord Chancellor of Ireland (1883-85).—-410
Sumner, Charles ( 1811 -1874) — American politician, a leader of the Republican Party (Left wing); Senator (from 1851); Chairman of the Senate Committee for Foreign Affairs (1861-71), favoured revolutionary methods of struggle against the slave-owning South; after the victory of the North in the US Civil War (1861-65) spoke in support of political rights for the Negroes.— 379
Sussex, Earl of—see Radcliffe, Thomas, 3rd Earl of Sussex
Swift, Jonathan (1667-1745) —Irish satirist.—212, 290
Sylvis, William (1828-1869)—prominent figure in the American working-class movement; a founder of the International Ironmoulders' Union (1859) and its President (1863-69); took part in the US Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the North; a founder of the National Labour Union of the United States (1866) and its President (1868-69); favoured affiliation to the International.— 81, 82
Symons, George James (1838-1900) — English meteorologist.—164, 166
T
Tait, Archibald Campbell (1811-1882)— Archbishop of Canterbury (1868-82).—423
Tandy, James Napper (1740-1803)— Irish politician, Whig; favoured free trade; a founder of the United Irishmen society.—223, 244, 248, 271, 279
Terbert, Michael—Irish Fenian, sentenced to seven years' penal servitude
in 1866; died in prison in 1870.— 104-07
Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)— French historian and statesman, Prime Minister (1836, 1840); deputy to the Constituent (1848) and Legislative (1849-51) Assemblies, head of the Orleanists after 1848; dealt brutally with the Paris Communards (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73).—348
Thorgils—see Thurkill, Thorkill or Turgesius
Thorgils—son of Harald I Fairhair.— 179
Throsteinn Siduhallzson — Norse Viking; fought at the battle of Clontarf (1014).—181-82
Thurkill, Thorkill or Turgesius (d. 845)—Danish King of North Ireland.—179, 181
Thurloe, John (1616-1668)—English politician, Secretary of State (1653-60).—303
Thurneysen, Edward (1824-1890)—Swiss politician, jurist; member of the Basle Grand Council (1869).—69
Tierney, George (1761-1830)—English statesman, M.P. (1796-1830); member of the Privy Council; opposed Pitt's government policy, and the Anglo-Irish Union.— 266
Tighearnach—see O'Braein, Tighearnach
Tippoo Saib (Tipu Sahib) (1750-1799)—Sultan of Mysore (1782-99); waged wars against the British conquerors of India in the 1780s and 1790s.—259
Tirrel, John—Mayor of Dublin (1602).—299
Todd, James Henthorn (1805-1869)— Irish scholar, philologist; from 1852 member of the government commission for translating and publishing the ancient Irish laws; President of the Irish Royal Academy (1856-60).— 170 Toirdhealbhach—grandson of Brian Borumha; killed at the battle of Clontarf (1014).—183
Tolain, Henri Louis (1828-1897) — French engraver; prominent figure in the French working-class movement, Proudhonist; a leader of the Paris Section of the International; delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and the Basle (1869) congresses of the International; deputy to the National Assembly after September 4, 1870; sided with the Versaillists during the Paris Commune; expelled from the International in 1871; subsequently senator.—366-68, 369, 370
Tone, Peter (d. 1805) —father of Theobald Wolfe Tone.—219
Tone, Theobald Wolfe (1763-1798)— Irish bourgeois revolutionary, democrat; founder and leader of the United Irishmen society; an organiser of the 1798 uprising in Ireland.—194, 198, 219, 236, 247, 248, 249, 251, 253-54, 280-82
Touchet, James, Baron Audley of Hely or Heleigh, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven (c. 1617-1684) —Anglo-Irish aristocrat, Catholic; supporter of the Stuart dynasty.— 302
Townshend, George, 4th Viscount and 1st Marquis Townshend (1724-1807) — British soldier and politician; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1767-72).— 233, 245
Tremenheere, Hugh Seymour (1804-1893) — British official and journalist; member of various government commissions inspecting labour conditions.—327
Trevellick—member of the National Labour Union of the United States.— 16
Troy, John Thomas (1739-1823) — Catholic Bishop of Dublin; supported the Anglo-Irish Union.—263
Tudors—royal dynasty in Britain (1485-1603).—292
Turgesius—see Thurkill, Thorkill or Turgesius
Tyrconnel—see O'Donnell, Rory, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel
Tyrone—see O'Neill, Hugh, Earl of Tyrone
U
Ulfr Hraeda—Irish soldier, fought at the battle of Clontarf (1014).—182-83-
Underwood, Thomas Nelson—Irish public figure, spoke in defence of the imprisoned Fenians.—421
Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini) (1568-1644) —Pope from 1623.—293
Ure, Andrew (1778-1857)—English chemist and economist, Free Trader.—330
V
Varlin, Louis Eugene (1839-1871) — prominent figure in the French working-class movement; bookbind-er; Left-wing Proudhonist; one of the International's leaders in France; delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Geneva (1866) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International; took part in the Paris Commune; shot by the Versaillists on May 28, 1871.—371
Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great
Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 421 Vindry, Augustin—French worker, dyer; member of the Lyons Section of the International.—108 Virgilius, Saint or Fergil (d. 785)— Irish missionary', Bishop of Salz-burg.—178
Vogt, August (c. 1830-c. 1883) —prominent in the German and American labour movement; shoemaker; member of the Communist League; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; member of the General Association of German Workers; together with Liebknecht opposed Lassalleanism; member of the International; in 1867 emigrated to the USA; member of the New York Communist Club; an organiser of the International's sections in the United States; correspondent of the General Council; supporter of Marx and Engels.—443
Vogt, Karl (1817-1895) — German naturalist; petty-bourgeois democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; one of the five imperial regents (June 1849); left Germany in 1849; later received subsidies from Napoleon III; slandered Marx and Engels.— 18, 63
Vollrath, C. W.— publisher and printer of the Demokratisches Wochenblatt (1868 to April 1869).—354
Voltaire, (François Marie Arouet) (1694-
1778) — French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlighten-ment.—423
Vyrubov, Grigory Nikolayevich (1843-1913)—Russian crystallographer and positivist philosopher; lived in Paris from 1864; a founder and publisher of La Philosophie positive-, member of the League of Peace and Freedom.— 113
W
Wakefield, Edward (1774-1854) —English statistician and agronomist, author of Ireland, Statistical and Political,— 156, 157, 158, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 175, 288, 312
Walpoie, Spencer Horatio (Horace) (1806-1898) — British statesman, Tory, Home Secretary (1852, 1858-59, 1866-67).—362
Walsh, David—member of the Irish Parliament (1782).—228
Walton, Alfred Armstrong (b. 1816) — participant in the British democratic movement; architect; member of the Reform League, President of the National Reform League; member of the General Council of the International (1867-70); delegate to the Lausanne Congress (1867).—26
Warren, John—British worker, trunk-maker; member of the General Council from the London Trunk-Makers' Society (1869); member of the Reform League.— 55
Warren, Josiah (c. 1799-1874)—American Utopian socialist; follower of Owen; preached theory of just exchange according to labour value.— 399
Washington, George (1732-1799) — American statesman, Commander-in-Chief during the war of the North American colonies for their independence (1775-83); first President of the United States (1789-97).—217
Watkin, Sir Edward William (1819-1901)—English railway promoter, Liberal M. P.—29
Watson-Wentworth, Charles, 2nd Marquis of Rockingham (1730-1782) —M.P., Whig, Chancellor in the Coalition Government after capitulation of the North (1782).—226, 231, 273, 274
Weiss, Ludwig (Louis) (d. before 1898)—Swiss worker, jeweller; a founder of the first section of the International in Switzerland; member of the Central Committee of the German-speaking sections headed by Johann Philipp Becker.— 210
Weldon, James (died c. 1795) — Irish cavalryman; member of a secret organisation of Defenders in Dublin.— 253
Wellesley, H.—see Cowley, Henry Wellesley, Earl of Wenckheim, Bêla (1811-1879)—Hungarian statesman; Liberal, Home Minister (1867-69).—79
Wentworth—see Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of
Westmoreland—see Fane, John, Earl of Westmoreland
Weston, John—active in the British labour movement; carpenter; subsequently manufacturer; follower of Owen; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, London; member of the General Council of the International (1864-72); delegate to the London Conference (1865); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; a leader of the Land and Labour League.—4, 26, 55, 139, 393, 406
Westphalen, Ferdinand Otto Wilhelm Hen-ning von (1799-1876)—Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (1850-58); step-brother of Jenny Marx, Karl Marx's wife.— 61
Westphalen, Johann Ludwig von (1770-1842)—Jenny Marx's father; Privy Councillor in Trier.— 61
Weydemeyer, Joseph (1818-1866) — leading figure in the German and American working-class movement; member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; editor of the Neue Deutsche Zeitung (1849-50); emigrated to the USA after the defeat of the revolution; fought in the US Civil War on the side of the North; helped to dissemi-nate the ideas and documents of the International in the USA; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 56
Wigand, Otto W. (1795-1870)—German publisher and bookseller; owner of a publishing firm in Leipzig which printed works by radical writers.— 56
William I the Conqueror (c. 1027-1087) —King of England (1066-87).—292
William III (1650-1702)—Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the Netherlands (1672-1702); King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1689-1702),— 140, 194, 196, 197, 305, 317
William IV (1765-1837)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1830-37).—268
William, Duke of Leinster—see Fitzgerald, William Robert, 2nd Duke of Leinster
Williams, Charles Owen—British worker, plasterer; co-operator; member of the General Council of the International (1866-68); at the Brussels Congress (1868) was re-elected to the Council but did not take part in its work.— 26
Williams W.—correspondent of The Times; in December 1866 and January 1867, together with Creed H. Herries, published a series of articles on Belgian industry.— 357
Wolsey, Thomas (c. 1475-1530)—English prelate and statesman.— 287
Woodward, Richard (1726-1794) —English bishop; wrote books and pamphlets defending the rights of the Irish poor and the Irish Church.— 244
Wucher, Leopold (d. before 1898) — German worker, tailor; member of the International; Chairman of the tailors' section in Geneva.— 210
Y Yelverton, Barry, 1st Viscount Avonmore (1736-1805) — Irish lawyer; member of the Irish Parliament from 1774; Attorney-General of Ireland.— 234
Yonge, Sir George, 5th Baronet (1731-1812) — member of the British Parliament; Vice-Treasurer of Ireland (1782).—232, 275
York, Duke of—see James II
York, Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, Earl of Ulster (1763-
1827)—second son of George III of Great Britain; field marshal from 1795; Commander-in-Chief of the British army (1798-1809, 1811-27).— 246, 251
Young, Arthur (1741-1820)—English economist, writer on agriculture, supporter of the quantity theory of money.—155-56, 157, 158, 162
Young, Sir George—see Yonge, Sir George, 5th Baronet
Z
Zabicki, Antoni (1818-1889)—active member of the Polish national liberation movement; compositor; left Poland after 1831; participant in the Hungarian revolution of 1848-49; from 1851 a refugee in England; from 1863 published Glos Wolny— newspaper of the Polish democratic refugees; Secretary of the Polish National Committee; member of the General Council of the International
Aeneas (Gr. Myth.)—son of Anchises and Aphrodite, a chief defender of Troy, legendary ancestor of the Romans, the hero of Virgil's epic poem The Aeneid.—169
Arthegall—a character in Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene.— 288
Beowulf—title character of an Anglo-Saxon epic poem.—185
Ceasair—grand-daughter of Noah.— 169
Comus—personification of revelry.— 294
Fingal—hero of the poems Fingal and Temora by James Macpherson.—138, 176 Finn MacCumhal (Cumhaill)—hero of
(1866-71); Corresponding Secretary for Poland (1866-71).—4, 51, 55
Zagorsky, Jean—Polish refugee in Switzerland; member of the committee of the League of Peace and Freedom; in the late 1860s left for Italy and deserted the movement.— 210-11
Zampérini, J.— Italian worker, hatter; member of the Italian Section of the First International in Geneva.— 210
Zhukovsky, Nikolai Ivanovich (1833-1895) — Russian anarchist, a refugee in Switzerland from 1862; member of the committee of the League of Peace and Freedom; a leader of the secret Bakuninist Alliance of Socialist Democracy.—210
Zimmermann, Wilhelm (1807-1878)— German historian, democrat; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing), author of the Allgemeine Geschichte des großen Bauern-krieges published in 1841-43.—93, 94
Zöller, Phil.— 210
the Irish epic, who, according to legend, reorganised the Irish troops.—140, 176.
George, Saint—mythological dragon-slayer.—287
Hildebrand—hero of the ancient German epic series Das Hildebrandslied (Hildebrand, Lay of), Nibelungenlied, and others.—184
Japheth (Bib.)—Noah's son.—169
Judas Iscariot (Bib.)—one of the twelve apostles, betrayed Christ for thirty pieces of silver.—415 Lycurgus—legendary legislator of ancient Sparta, said to have lived in the 9th-8th centuries B.C.—43
Medusa (Gr. Myth.)—one of the three
INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES snake-haired Gorgons, whose terrify-ing aspect turned the beholder to stone.—326
Michael (Bib.)—one of the seven ar-changels.—69
Moloch — a Sun-God in Carthage and Phoenicia; his worship was accompanied by human sacrifice.— 330
Moses (Bib.)—a prophet.—169
Noah (Bib.) — a patriarch; said to have built an ark in which he and his family were- saved from the De-luge.—169
Odin (Othin)—supreme deity of ancient Scandinavian mythology.—181
Oliver—a character in the French epic Chanson de Roland, mentioned in Shakespeare's Henry VI.—435
Paul (Bib.)—one of Christ's twelve apostles.—70
Penelope—in Homer's Odyssey, the hero's wife and the personification of conjugal fidelity. She waited more
than twenty years for her husband's return from the Trojan War and kept her importunate suitors at bay for three years by weaving a shroud for her father-in-law, but unravelling it secretly every night so that it was never finished.—130
Ragnar Lodbroh—Viking, legendary hero in the'Scandinavian epos.—180
Roland—hero of the French epic Chan-son de Roland, mentioned in Shakespeare's Henry VI.—435
Samuel (Bib.)—a prophet.— 58
Sangrado—a character in Le Sage's L'Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane, a physician who held that all ailments could be cured with hot water and blood-letting.—428
Solomon (Bib.)—King of Israel, reputed to be very wise.—423
Stiggins—character in Charles Dickens' The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, a hypocrite.—430
Tuathal—semi-legendary King of Ireland.—310