Subject Index

A

Abatis— 38, 39 Abensberg, battle of (1809)—3, 58 Achaean League—96 Acre (St. Jean d'Acre), fortress — 4, 134 Actium, battle of (31 B.C.)—5 Adjutant — 6, 101, 410-12, 415-16, 482-83, 528 Afghanistan—40-48, 379-90, 418 Agincourt, battle of (1415)—24, 35, 104 Aland Islands—9 Albania—106 Albuera, battle of (1811)—10, 11, 290 Aldenhoven, battle of (1793)—12 Aleppo, bloody events in (1850)—133 Alessandria—13 Algeria — 60-70

— its conquest by France, national liberation wars — 64-70, 139, 212-13, 418, 428 — and England — 63-64 — miscellanea — 214, 306 Alma, battle of (1854)—14-18, 139, 164 Almeida, battle of (1811)—19 American Civil War (1861-65)—525-34

See also Balls Bluff, battle of (1861); Bull Run, battle of (1861); Donelson; Mill Springs, battle of (1862) American War of Independence (1775-83)—56, 113, 241, 359, 367-68, 434 See also Lexington and Concord, battle

of (1775) Ammunition— 71, 128, 195, 237, 432,

434, 527

Amusette—20 Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42 — 44-48, 379-90 Anglo-American war of 1812-14—35-36, 164, 242, 374, 527 See also Chesapeake, battle of (1814);

Chippewa, battle of (1814) Anglo-Burmese war of 1852—280 Antwerp— 21-22, 141, 153 Arabs— 61, 67, 105, 142, 189-91, 297 Arbela, battle of (331 B.C.)—23, 95-96,

293, 296 Architecture — 243 Argentina—231 Aristocracy— 247, 340-42 Armada, Spanish (1588)—166-69 Armament, arms—434-35 — side-arms — 55, 74, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92, 95, 97-99, 107-10, 206, 277, 293, 298, 299, 303, 306, 307, 310-11, 340-41, 345, 348, 350-52, 355-56, 514 — missile weapons — 24-25, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92-95, 97-99, 103-04, 105-06, 298, 340-42, 345, 347-50, 352, 364 — defensive armour — 86, 88, 90, 92, 93-96, 98-99, 104, 106, 108-10, 293, 297-99, 301, 303, 340-42, 345, 347, 349, 350, 352, 356 — fire-arms — 72, 104, 189-90, 238, 298, 350, 352, 447-48 —- smooth-bore hand weapons — 24-26, 72, 104, 105-10, 116, 238, 351-52, 355-57, 362, 418-19, 433-34, 436, 438, 440, 443, 445, 448-49 — rifled fire-arms — 111, 116-17, 238, 307, 362-63, 419, 435, 440, 441 — combination of side-arms and fire-arms — 55, 299-301, 306, 307, 350-54, 356, 358, 362, 434, 514 — Assyrian — 86 — Athenian — 89-90, 341-42 — Egyptian — 86 — Macedonian — 94-96, 343, 344, 350 — Persian — 88 — Roman — 97-99, 101, 102-03, 344-47 — Spartan — 91-92, 341 — of medieval infantry — 103-05, 348-49, 350, 351 — of infantry at beginning of modern times — 105-06 — of Spanish army — 107 — of mercenary armies — 107-08, 299 — of 17th-18th cent, armies — 72, 355-59 — of French army during the Revolution and in early 19th cent.—115-16, 302-03 — of 19th cent, armies — 116-17, 306, 307, 361-63, 452, 455 — on warships — 364-70, 371-75

See also Ammunition; Arquebuse; Artillery projectiles; Bayonet; Bullet; Calibre; Cannon, gun; Carabine; Carronade; Case shot, cartouch; Catapult; Grenade; Howitzer; Rifle

Army — 85-126, 316, 340, 525-29

— and the economy — 55, 105, 121, 362-63 — and social relations — 105-06, 346, 351 — in slave-owning society — 35-36, 72, 85-103, 136, 159, 188-89, 263-65, 266, 291-97, 336, 338, 340-47, 354 — under feudalism — 72, 93, 103-08, 136, 159, 190-95, 297-300, 348-52

— under capitalism — 6, 72, 93, 107-26, 136, 146, 160, 196, 237, 302, 354-63, 426, 434 — and bourgeois revolution — 107, 113-14, 302, 359, 434 — regular — 102, 118, 430, 460, 481, 490-91, 502-03, 525-26, 527-29 — national — 106, 347 — standing — 87, 90, 94, 102, 106, 118, 356, 365-66, 430, 467, 480 — irregular — 415, 525-26, 527-29, 540 — militia — 89, 102, 117, 126, 289, 346, 349 — and navy — 371-72 — discipline and morale — 103, 106, 310, 354, 423, 424, 426, 469, 492, 510 — soldiers — 146, 187, 415, 416, 421, 424, 425, 430, 459, 480, 481, 482, 491-93, 508, 510, 519, 526-27 — non-commissioned officers — 75, 118, 146, 411, 431, 511, 527 — officers — 6, 115, 117, 118, 237, 411, 412, 415-16, 430, 432, 474, 480-83, 492, 501, 508, 511, 521-24, 526-27, 528, 535 — generals — 7, 109-10, 111-13, 114-16, 122, 187, 294, 300-01, 342-43, 358-59, 481-83, 512 — military system, modes and forms of recruitment — 90-91, 97, 102, 114, 193, 195, 298, 305-06, 361, 510-11 — recruitment of mercenaries, enlistment — 42, 89-90, 91, 93, 100-02, 106-07, 113, 117, 284, 295, 297, 299, 341-42, 346-49, 351, 354, 356, 361 — recruitment by levy — 93, 113, 117-18, 125, 284, 361 — general conscription — 114, 117, 346, 362, 467

See also Armament, arms; Army (in different countries); Army, organisation of; Army staffs; Army train; Artillery; Art of war; Cavalry; Discipline, military; Engineers; Fortification; Infantry; Military science; Military training; Navy; War, wars Army, Afghan—41-42, 418

Army, Assyrian—86-87, 340

Army, Athenian— 88-91, 92-93 Army, Austrian— 36, 55, 110, 116, 117, 118-21, 127, 146, 160, 196-98, 201, 300, 302, 305, 308-09, 313, 350, 352-54, 356, 359, 362, 412, 420, 423, 430, 437, 446, 447, 509 Army, Babylonian—87, 340 Army, Belgian—161, 190, 201, 349-50, 437, 441, 443 Army, British

— composition, organisation, armament — 18, 24-25, 104, 116-22, 127, 136, 161, 199-201, 203, 237, 238, 241-42, 244, 298, 305, 309, 349, 362, 411, 415, 418, 423-24, 441, 443-44, 460, 528-29 — mercenaries — 117-18 — corporal punishment — 411 — generalship, fighting qualities— 18, 35-37, 300, 302, 304, 312, 349, 414, 420-21, 428, 491, 499, 526, 539-40 — defects in organisation and control — 7, 136 — commanders — 7, 411-12, 415-16 — Anglo-Indian — 308, 418, 428, 526 — militia — 118, 411 See also Sepoys; Volunteers, British Army, Burmese—283-84 Army, Carthaginian—96, 294-96

Army, Danish — 201, 363 Army, Dutch— 55, 107-09, 110, 160, 161, 195, 201, 267-68, 299, 353-54, 436 Army, Egyptian — 85-86, 93, 291-92 Army, French

— composition, organisation, armament, military expenditure — 55, 56, 58, 68, 105-11, 115-21, 125, 127, 160, 190-92, 195, 197, 198, 200-02, 203, 238, 244, 246, 247, 262, 306, 308-09, 313-14, 352, 356, 398, 410, 417-28, 430, 438-39, 440-41, 443, 465-68 — French Revolution of 1789-94 and development of military technology and the art of war—

56, 73, 113-16, 163, 302-03, 359-61, 367, 434 — generalship, training, fighting qualities — 35-36, 56, 73, 107, 113-14, 117, 191, 198-99, 207, 294, 299, 300-04, 311-14, 360-63, 417-23, 424-28, 446, 508-17, 526 — system of substitution — 419 Army, Greek— 88-96, 291

See also Army, Athenian, Macedonian,

Spartan, Theban Army, Hungarian—106, 119, 297, 305, 353, 356 See also Honvéd Army, Macedonian— 93-96, 292-93, 343-44 Army, Neapolitan (of the Kingdom of

the Two Sicilies)—118, 201 Army, Norwegian—363, 449 Army of German states—35, 110, 116,

118, 190-91, 194, 201, 203, 298, 302-03, 305, 306, 362, 412, 417, 424, 435, 439, 441, 443, 446 Army of Italian states— 93, 106-07, 118,

191-92, 201, 349, 351, 352, 363 Army, organisation of

— in Athens — 91-92, 93 — in Macedonia — 93-96 — in Rome — 96, 97-103, 344-47 — in Sparta — 91-92, 93 — first standing armies of modern times — 106 — mercenaries — 106-07, 292 — under Gustavus Adolphus — 109-10 — under Frederick II — 111-13 — in the French Republic — 113-16 — in 19th cent.—116-22, 125-26 — brigades, divisions, corps — 120 — train — 121 — troops control — 121-22, 125-26 — artillery— 111, 191-202 — cavalry — 292, 293-309, 312-16 — infantry — 103-04, 292, 298, 340-50, 351-62, 363 See also Army staffs; Army supply; Battalion; Commissariat; Company; Military establishments; Regiment Army, Persian— 86-88, 93, 159, 292-93 Army, Polish—105, 106, 119, 130, 302-

03, 305 Army, Portuguese—189, 201, 289-90 Army, Prussian

— composition, organisation, armament — 55, 110, 112, 115-17, 118-21, 126-27, 161, 174, 196-98, 200-02, 204, 239, 244, 246, 294, 302-03, 305-06, 308-09, 362-63, 409, 419, 430, 439, 441, 442, 450, 467 — generalship, training, fighting qualities —36, 73, 111-14, 236, 300-02, 303-04, 309, 314, 338-39, 357-59, 362, 420, 451-52, 508 — general conscription — 117-18, 362 See also Landwehr Army recruitment—see Army (military system, modes and forms of recruitment; recruitment of mercenaries, enlistment) Army, Roman— 86, 96-103, 159, 263-64, 266, 294-97, 344-48 See also Legion, Roman; Manipulus, Roman Army, Russian

— composition, organisation, armament — 55, 109-10, 116-21, 127, 160-61, 201, 238, 299, 305, 307-08, 309, 314, 348, 363, 441, 526 — generalship — 36, 314

Army, Sardinian (Piedmontese)—117, 161, 201, 306 Army, Spanish—24, 107-09, 117, 142, 190, 192, 201, 325, 351-55, 441 Army, Spartan— 91-94, 292-93, 340-42 Army staffs—122, 125-26 Army supply—114, 360

— remount service — 118, 194, 305-06 See also Commissariat Army, Swedish—109-10, 157, 194, 201, 217, 300-01, 354-55, 363, 449-50 Army, Swiss— 35, 118, 191, 350, 352,

362, 417, 435-36, 441, 443, 446-47, 457 Army, Theban—92-93 Army train (baggage)—87-88, 91, 100,

103, 113-14, 121, 159, 176, 198, 200, 284, 346, 347, 349, 360, 465, 481 Army, Turkish—106, 352-53, 355 Army, US— 35-36, 113, 117, 126, 161,

237, 307, 309, 359, 360, 450, 521-22, 524, 525-34 Arquebuse—24-26, 105

Artillery— 37-38, 49, 119, 121, 127-29, 146, 192, 196, 198, 201-03, 206-10, 318-19, 429-32, 527, 528

— early stages — 105, 188-90, 191, 266, 364 — as science — 107, 111, 146, 191-92, 194-97, 201-06, 372-73, 429, 430-32 — in Middle Ages — 72, 105, 107, 109, 110-12, 116, 142, 190-95, 299, 318-19, 355 — in 18th cent.—111-12, 116, 195, 196, 197 — in 19th cent.—71, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 141, 198-210, 429-32 — field — 71, 73-74, 107, 109-10, 112, 116, 119, 127, 190-94, 196-98, 200, 202, 204, 208-10, 430-32 — mountain — 20, 132, 200 — siege and fortress — 54, 110, 112, 127, 138, 142, 190, 192, 193, 198, 204, 205, 206, 207, 246, 318, 334, 430-31 — navJ — 143, 145, 147-48, 166-68, 191, 201, 204-06, 246, 287, 334, 365-69, 370-75 — horse — 116, 121, 197, 199, 209, 314, 410, 430 — rifled — 372, 375, 432 — range of fire — 203, 205-06, 207 — density — 195, 199, 210 — mobility — 193-94, 197, 199, 360 — position (emplacement)—191, 198-99, 206-10, 263 — qualities required of artillerymen — 430-32 _ Arab — 142, 189, 190 — Austrian — 116, 120, 146, 196-98, 201 — Belgian — 190, 201 — British — 116, 117, 120, 196, 199-202, 203-05, 206, 232, 241-42, 246, 374, 429-32 — Chinese — 142, 188-90 — Danish — 201 — Dutch — 109, 195, 201 — French — 107, 109, 116, 120, 191, 192, 195-202, 203, 204-07, 238, 246-47, 465, 466 — German — 191, 194-95, 197, 201, 203, 204 — Indian — 188-90 — Italian — 191-92, 196, 201 — Polish —130-31 — Portuguese — 201 — Prussian — 121, 190, 196, 197-98, 199-204, 236, 246 — Russian — 201 — Sardinian (Piedmontese)—117, 201 — Spanish —109, 117, 142, 167-68, 189, 190, 192, 197, 201 — Swedish — 109-10, 194, 201 — US — 205, 241-42 See also Ammunition; Artillery projectiles; Art of war (tactics of artillery); Barbette; Battery; Bombardier; Bomb, shell; Cannonade; Cannon, gun; Carronade; Case shot, cartouch; Fire (artillery); Gun-carriage; Howitzer, Incendiary projectiles; Limber; Ordnance Artillery projectiles—188-91, 193, 194, 195, 196, 200, 201-03, 205-06, 239-40, 372, 527 See also Bomb, shell; Case shot, cartouch; Congreve rocket; Grenade; Incendiary projectiles; Shrapnell

Artillery school—146, 195 Art of war

— its foundations — 35, 115-16, 362 — and socio-economic development — 102-03 — and development of military technology — 72, 73, 104-06, 110, 111, 318, 336-37, 351-52, 362-63, 372-73 — and revolution — 73, 434 — in slave-owning society — 35-36, 72, 88, 90-95, 98-102, 292-94, 295-97, 340-42, 343-44, 347-48 — in feudal society — 35, 72, 103-09, 190-92, 194, 297-300, 348-56 — during decay of feudalism — 36, 72, 73, 110-14, 136, 250, 300-02, 355-59, 452 — revolution in methods of warfare in late 18th and early 19th cent.—73, 113-16, 136, 359-62, 434 — in 19th cent.—115, 117-18, 361-

62, 425-26, 452 — strategy — 34-36, 103-04, 176-77, 335, 356-57, 514 — tactics — 18, 31-32, 72-74, 88-93, 101-04, 105-06, 112-15, 117, 250, 262-63, 294-96, 313-14, 342-44, 348, 349-50, 352-55, 356-57, 358-59, 361-62, 434, 452, 469, 481-82, 486-87, 530-31 — linear tactics — 36-37, 73, 111-14, 249, 357-58, 360, 361, 434 — fighting in columns and extended order — 36-37, 73, 113, 114, 117, 250, 313-14, 359-62, 425, 434, 435, 540 — tactics of infantry — 37-38, 72-74, 85, 87, 88-89, 90-91, 92-94, 96-100, 103-04, 106-07, 111-12, 116-18, 119, 197, 262-63, 303, 314, 340-44, 345-46, 350, 351, 352-58, 359-60, 361-63, 412-15, 425-28, 434-35, 452, 469, 486-88, 490-94, 536-38, 540 — tactics of artillery — 37-38, 73-75, 106-07, 112, 116, 194-95, 197, 199, 206-10, 262-63 — tactics of cavalry — 73-75, 89, 104-05, 106-07, 108-12, 199, 262-63, 292-305, 309-14, 315-16, 343, 348-50, 355, 358 — engineering — 327 — mountain warfare — 20, 39, 132 See also Army; Artillery; Attack; Battery, floating; Battle; Bivouac; Camp; Campaign; Cavalry; Fortification; Infantry; Military science; Military training; Navy Aspern and Essling, battle of (1809)—27-

33, 35, 134 Association of German Authors—81, 392 Assyria— 86-87, 192, 291-92 Astronomy—264 .

Athenian Naval Alliance—90, 93, 341-42 See also Samos, military expedition against (440 B.C.) Attack— 34-38, 104-05, 532-33

— artillery — 37, 74, 208, 209-10, 260 — cavalry — 74, 111, 134, 300-01, 303-04, 306-08, 309-16, 350-51 — infantry — 74-75, 313, 348, 357, 420, 423, 514 — on fortresses — 87, 147, 192, 260, 318, 335-39 — on fortified positions — 37-38, 86 — by parallel front — 36, 92, 358 — oblique — 36, 358 — on flanks — 36, 358 — on centre — 31, 36-37 — in column — 36-37, 93, 210, 304, 313-14 Auerstädt, battle of (1806)—151, 173, 359 Augsburg League (1688-97)—268 Austerlitz, battle of (1805)—134, 136, 151, 173, 474 Austria—105, 278-79, 350 See also Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; Austro-Italo-French war of 1859; Revolution of 1848-49 in Austrian Empire; Vienna, defence of Austro-Italian war of 1848-49 — 13, 279, 339 Austro-Italo-French war of 1859 (Italian war of 1859)—363, 514-15 See also Magenta, battle of (1859); Solferino, battle of (1859) Ayacucho, battle of (1824)—170-71

B

Babouvists— 216, 398 Babylon— 87, 192, 318, 340 Badajos, battles of (1811-12)—10-11, 164 Balaklava, battle of (1854)—140, 309,

312 Balls Bluff, battle of (1861)—531 Banat—133 Banquette—128, 321 Barbarians— 93, 99, 102-03, 264, 346-48 Barbette— 49, 127-28 Barter— 283 Basel Peace Treaty of 1795 — 173 Bashi-Bazouks—106 Bastion— 53-54, 192, 242, 319-38, 430

See also Tower Batavian campaign (1799)—see France's

war against second European coalition (1798-1801) Battalion — 6, 17, 58, 111-12, 113, 116,

118-20, 125, 197-99, 313, 351, 353-55, 356-57, 359, 360-62, 409-20, 421-23, 424, 426, 431, 434, 437, 441, 460,461, 465-67, 468, 480, 486, 489, 501, 502, 513, 515, 516, 518-19, 523, 524, 526, 528, 535-41 Battery— 49, 116, 127-29, 193, 197-98, 201, 207, 332, 334, 337, 373, 430, 462 See also Banquette; Barbette; Berme; Blindage; Bonnet Battery, floating—371-72 Battle— 72-75, 434, 481

— irregular — 354, 361, 426, 537 — naval — 364-65, 372-73 See also Skirmishing; War, wars (forms and character of military operations in land warfare) Bautzen, battle of (1813)—51, 174 ' Bayonet— 37, 55, 110, 356, 410, 428, 434, 435, 439, 444 Bayonne, battle of (1813)—290 Bedouins—H19 Belgian-Dutch war of 1831-33 — 21, 141 Belgium—141, 153, 350 See also Antwerp; Belgian-Dutch war of 1831-33 Berbers— 61, 63, 295 Berme—128, 248 Bidassoa, battle of (1813)—269-75 Bivouac— 114, 136, 262, 360 Blenheim, battle of (1704)—249-50 Blindage—128, 137 Blood vengeance (vendetta)—42 Boarding—364, 449 Bomarsund, battle of (1854)—9, 287 Bombardier—146 Bombardment—147-48 Bomb ketch—143 Bomb, shell—141-42, 191, 205-06 See also Bombardment; Bomb shelter Bomb shelter—144 Bomb vessel—145 Bonapartism—407, 409 Bonn, battle of (1703)—268 Bonnet—128, 138 Borodino, battle of (1812)—51, 73, 199, 209, 251-55, 315 Bosnia—106 Bosworth, battle of (1485)—24 Boulogne camp— 217, 302, 361, 368, 400 Brazil — 290 Brescia— 277-79 Bridge-head—138, 256-57, 339, 531 Bridges, military—159-63, 531 Brigade— 6, 109, 115, 120-21, 125, 309,

360-61, 380-81, 412-13, 485, 515, 537, 538 Bucharest Peace Treaty (1812)—155 Buda, siege of (1849)—258-61

See also Pesth Buddhism—285 Bullet—107, 363, 433, 434, 436-49, 451, 453-55, 456-58, 496-99, 511 Bull Run, battle of (1861)—531 Burgundy, wars against Switzerland in 15th cent.—105, 350 Burma— 280-86, 317

See also Anglo-Burmese war of 1852 Byzantium—189, 297, 348

C

Cabool— see Kabul Calibre—109, 117, 119, 193-98,200-02,

205, 208, 241, 352, 367-69, 435-36, 438, 445, 446, 447, 451, 453, 454, 456, 496-98, 499 Camp — 1, 88, 100-01, 102, 111, 262-65,

530-31

— entrenched — 97, 265, 331, 335-36, 338-39, 387, 399, 460 See also Bivouac Campaign— 71, 77, 97, 103, 111, 234-

35, 371, 530 Campo Formio Peace Treaty (1797)—

150, 216, 398 Candahar— 41, 43, 45, 47, 48, 116, 144,

373, 379, 381, 382, 386, 389, 390 Cannae, battle of (216 B.C.)—36, 296 Cannonade—236, 315 Cannon, gun—105, 107, 109-10, 188-92, 193-94, 204, 205-06, 431-32 Caponnière— 321, 332, 335 Captain— 237, 410, 426 Capua, battle of (554)—297 Carabine—108, 111, 238, 306-07, 358, 438, 450, 498 Carcass—see Incendiary projectiles Carronade—145, 241-42, 367, 373, 374 Carthage—364

See also Punic wars Cartridge — 7 \, 109, 110-11, 244-45, 355, 498

Casemate—13, 54, 144, 242, 319, 326,

332-34 Case shot, cartouch — ll, 111, 193, 194, 200, 208, 209, 243, 246-47 Catalaunian Plains, battle of (451)—311 Catapult— 266, 364 Caucasus—77 Cavalier— 54, 323, 325-26, 327, 337 Cavalry—291-316, 522, 528 — in ancient world — 85-88, 89-90, 103, 104-05, 291-97, 299, 342-44, 346, 349-50 — in Middle Ages — 72, 95, 104-05, 106-12, 297-99, 348-50, 354-55 — in 17th-18th cent.—108-12, 294-95, 300-02, 304, 309, 314, 355, 356, 358, 360-61 — in 19th cent.—114, 117-21, 199, 299-300, 301-16, 449-50 — heavy — 106, 108, 119, 121, 306-08 — light — 106, 119, 121, 293, 298, 306-08 — irregular — 86, 112, 293, 296, 297, 298, 308, 311, 380, 382 — horse load — 307 — in countries of the East — 291-93, 297-98, 311 — Algerian — 306 — in America — 307, 309, 450, 526-27 — Assyrian — 86-87, 291, 292 — Athenian — 88-90 — Austrian — 120-21, 300, 302, 305, 308, 309, 314 — Carthaginian — 294-96 — Egyptian — 86, 291, 292, 294, 311 — English — 121, 238, 300, 302, 304, 305, 308-09, 526 — French — 111, 121, 238, 300-04, 308, 312 — German — 297, 302-03 — Greek — 292-94, 343 — Hungarian — 106 — Indian — 380, 526 — Macedonian — 95-96, 292-94 — Persian — 88, 291-93, 348 — Polish — 106, 302-03 — Prussian — 111, 300-03, 304, 305, 314, 358 — Roman — 96-97, 101, 102-03, 294-97 — Russian — 109, 117, 119, 121, 238, 301-02, 305, 308, 309, 312, 314 — Sardinian (Piedmontese) — 306 — Spanish — 99, 108, 295, 297 — Spartan — 92, 292, 293 — Swedish — 109-10, 111, 300-01, 355 — Turkish —106, 355 See also Art of war (tactics of cavalry); Cossacks; Dragoons; Military training Champaubert, battle of (1814)—182, 183 Charge, loading, wagon—104, 105, 107, 109-10, 116, 119, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, 201-02, 203, 205, 206, 307, 356-57, 362-63, 367, 373, 419, 433-38, 439, 440, 442, 446-53, 456-57 Chasseurs—116, 417, 419-23, 424, 425, 426, 428, 438, 465, 515 Châtillon . congress (1814)—180, 181, 186 Chesapeake, battle of (1814)—164 China—142, 188-90, 191, 282-83, 284-86 Chippewa, battle of (1814)—37 Citadel—13, 318, 323 Civilisation, bourgeois—75 Civil militia in Prussia in 1848—410-11, 415 Civil wars in England (1642-49)—25, 300 See also Marston Moor, battle of (1644); Naseby, battle of (1645) Clan, clans—41 Club of the Cordeliers—see French Revolution of 1789-94 (Club of the Cordeliers) Code Napoléon—230 Coehorn— 267-68, 332 Colombia— 219, 228, 229, 230, 231 Colonies, colonial policy—67, 68-70 See also Algeria; Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42; Anglo-Burmese war of 1852; Franco-Moroccan war of 1844; War of Independence of Spanish colonies in South America (1810-26) Columbus, fort — 533 Commissariat—101, 121, 122, 125, 387, 465, 481, 527-28

Comorn, defence of (1849)—259, 260,

339 Company— 58, 106, 108-11, 117, 119,

120, 237, 356, 381, 387, 388, 410-13, 416, 418-19, 426, 429-31, 434, 436, 460-61, 466-67, 487-94, 513, 515, 523, 524, 535, 538-39 Condottieri—342 Confederation of the Rhine—179, 302 Congreve rocket—130 Continental System—83, 154 Copenhagen, bombardment of (1807) —

164 Corps— 6, 77, 109, 115, 120-21, 125,

134, 303, 315, 333, 361, 410, 429, 460, 480 Corvette— 367, 370, 373, 375 Cossacks—14, 47, 119, 293 Counter-guard—328, 330, 334-35 Counterscarp— 321, 323, 326, 329, 334,

338 Coupures— 326, 328, 330, 332-33, 335 Crécy, battle of (1346) —35, 104 Crimean war of 1853-56

— military operations in the Crimea in 1854-56 — 7, 14-18 — naval operations — 9, 145, 148, 206, 287, 371-72 — and development of military technology and the art of war— 36, 117, 120, 145, 200, 201, 204, 287, 371, 423, 441 — and the French military system, influence of Bonapartism on the conduct of the war — 67 — and Prussia — 441 See also Alma, battle of (1854); Balak-

lava, battle of (1854); Bomarsund, battle of (1854); Inkerman, battle of (1854); Kinburn, bombardment of (1855); Sevastopol, defence of (1854-55); Sveaborg, bombardment of (1855) Crown work—327 Crusades— 4, 105, 136, 297 Curtain— 320, 321, 322-26, 327-31, 333, 337

D

Danish-Swedish war of 1657-58—50 Dannigkow (Möckern), battle of (1813)— 288, 303 Danzig, defence of (1807, 1813)—78, 130, 331 Decorations— 98 Defence— 37, 39, 73-74, 209-10

— bastionary — 319-32 — of fortresses — 144, 192-93, 323, 331-37 — defensive battles, defensive operations— 350 See also Bastion; Fortification Denmark—152, 157, 164, 365 See also Copenhagen, bombardment of (1807); Danish-Swedish war of 1657-58 Dennewitz, battle of (1813)—156, 288 Derbent, battle of (1796)—77 Despotisms, Asian—41, 285 Directory—see France (Thermidorian reaction and Directory) Discipline, military—37, 52, 103, 106, 263, 355, 463, 489, 493-94, 510

— in the operation of railways— 463 Division — 6, 109, 115, 120-22, 198, 302, 313, 315-16, 360-61, 460, 515 Donelson, fort — 532-33 Dorians— 94, 340-42, 344, 348 Dragoons— 32, 96, 108-09, 117, 119, 299-302, 308, 311, 315, 380 Dresden, battle of (1813)—176 Drill, company—490-94 Duchy of Warsaw—302

E

East— 86, 188, 190, 292, 297-98, 311,

348 East India Company—399 Eckmühl, battle of (1809)—3, 27, 313 Ecuador— 223, 229-30 Egypt—134

— ancient — 85-86, 93, 263, 291 — in modern times — 5, 134, 289, 311 Emigration, Polish—131-33 Enceinte— 320, 322, 324, 325, 330, 332,

333, 334, 336 Engineers—120, 161-62, 329-34, 353, 460-64, 465, 498, 528 .See also Sappers England (Great Britain)

— Angles — 365 — in 16th cent.—24-25

— and Afghanistan — 43-48, 379-90 — and Algeria — 63, 64 — and Brazil — 290 — and Burma — 280, 285-86 — and France — 407, 409, 417 — and Germany — 407, 409 — and Persia — 43-44 — and Portugal — 289-90 — and Russia — 44 See also Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42; Anglo-American war of 1812-14; Anglo-Burmese war of 1852; Army, British; Civil wars in England (1642-49); Tories (Britain); "War of the Roses" (1455-85) English revolution of 1640-60—24-25, 300-01 See also Civil wars in England (1642-49) Etoges, battle of (1814)—182, 183 Europe— 21, 190, 311 Expedition to Khiva (1839)—382-83 Experiment, practical—202, 330-31 Eylau — see Preussisch-Eylau, battle of (1807)

F

Fatherland Association in Germany—81, 392 Feudalism, feudal society—103-06, 1 lu-l l , 318, 348-56 See also Guilds, guild system; Knighthood; Nobility; Peasantry; Town, medieval Finland—155 Fire

— infantry — 72, 73, 109-12, 352, 415, 418, 419, 426, 427, 433-36, 487 — artillery — 117, 190-93, 194, 201-10, 268, 431 — cavalry — 110-12, 300-01 See also Ricochet fire; Skirmishing Flanders

— struggle of Flemish towns against French knights — 349-50 Fleurus, battle of (1794)—149, 267 Flint-lock—25, 110 Fontenoy, battle of (1745) — 37 Foreign policy—351 Fornovo, battle of (1495)—191 Fort— 54, 144, 319, 332, 334-36, 532 Fortification—192, 317-39 — as science — 192, 324-25 — permanent — 39, 49, 53-54, 127-28, 137, 138, 144, 192, 248, 256, 268, 317-36, 338 — circular — 334 — polygonal — 332, 334-35 — tenaille — 332, 334 — offensive — 317 — defensive — 317 — in Middle Ages — 192 — siege and defence of fortresses— 36-38, 54, 86-87, 93-94, 127-28, 144, 147-48, 191, 192, 202, 204, 206, 209-10, 248, 267-68, 317, 318, 323-24, 326-27, 328-29, 331-38 — field — 25, 37, 39, 49, 113, 138, 248, 256, 263-65, 268, 317, 338-39 See also Siege; Works (fortifications) Fortresses—see Works (fortifications) Fougasse—142

See also Bomb, shell France

— Frenchmen — 67, 302-03, 512 — absolutism (17th and 18th cent.)—56, 63, 249-50 — Thermidorian reaction and Directory — 56-57, 149-51, 216, 398 — Consulate and First Empire — 57-59, 219, 395 — "Hundred Days" of Napoleon— 59, 84, 211, 217, 401 — Restoration — 59, 84, 211, 217, 401 — July 1830 revolution — 64, 67, 81, 157, 211 — Republican movement — 212 — and Algeria — 64, 70, 139, 212-13, 418-19, 466 — and Britain — 407, 409, 417, 468 — and Egypt — 64 — and Germany — 407, 409 — and Morocco — 212 — and Norway — 157 — and Poland — 130 — and Prussia — 409 — and Spain — 211 — and Turkey — 64, 67 See also Army, French; Austro-Italo-French war of 1859; Boulogne camp; France's war against Augsburg League

(1688-97); France's war against first European coalition (1792-97); France's war against second European coalition ( 1798-1801 ) ; Franco-Austro-Spanish-Dutch war of 1672-79; Franco-Moroccan war of 1844; Franco-Spanish war of 1635-59; Franks; French Revolution of 1789-94; Napoleonic wars; Paris insurrection (1834) France's war against Augsburg League (1688-97)—268 See also Namur, sieges of (1692, 1695) France's war against first European coalition (1792-97)—359-60 — formation and organisation of revolutionary army — 113-14, 302-03, 359-60 — military operations — 12, 56, 113, 149, 173, 199-200, 215, 302, 398 — first Italian campaign of Bonaparte (1796-97) —56-57, 134, 149, 150, 216, 279, 398 See also Aldenhoven, battle of (1793); Fleuras, battle of (1794); Hondschoote, battle of (1793); Lodi, battle of (1796); Mondovi, battle of (1796); Rivoli, battle of (1797); Roveredo, battle of (1796); Valmy, battle of (1792)

France's war against second European coalition (1798-1801) — invasion of Switzerland by French troops in 1798 — 216, 398 — military operations — 150-51, 216-17, 398-99 — Batavian campaign — 216, 398-99 — Egyptian expedition of 1798-99—

4, 57, 134, 289, 311 — second Italian campaign of Bonaparte (1800)—57, 83, 134, 234, 399-400 — and England — 199-200, 216, 398-99 See also Hohenlinden, battle of (1800);

Marengo, battle of (1800) Franco-Austro-Spanish-Dutch war of 1672-

79 — 267-68 See also Maestricht, siege of (1676);

Nimeguen Peace Treaty (1678) Franco-Moroccan war of 1844—212-13 See also Isly, battle of (1844) Franco-Spanish war of 1635-59—13 Franks— 278, 297, 348 Frederikshamm peace (1809)—154 French Revolution of 1789-94

— its character, tasks — 56 — role of masses — 215 — Club of the Cordeliers— 215, 397 — National Convention, its policy— 56 — counter-revolutionary revolts, Vendée — 56, 151, 215-16, 397-98 — revolutionary terror — 56, 215-16, 397-98 — revolutionary wars, army — 56, 236 — revolutionary strategy and tactics — 56, 73, 113-14, 215, 302, 354, 360-61, 434 — and development of military technology and art of war — 63, 73, 113-16, 163, 197-98, 301-02, 360, 361, 367, 434 See also Jacobin dictatorship, Jacobins Friedland, battle of (1807)—78, 134, 199 Frigate

— sailing — 366-69 — steam — 369, 372, 373, 374, 375 Frisians—365

G

Garcia Hernandez, battle of (1812)—315 Gaul—100-01, 265 Geographical discoveries—365 Geographical environment—see Terrain, its role in military operations German Catholicism—81, 392 Germany, German states

— Germans — 452 — in Middle Ages — 103, 106, 297-99 — and French Revolution of 1789-94 and Napoleonic wars — 173-87, 217, 400 — and opposition movement — 81-82, 392 — fragmentation of Germany and need for unification — 82, 392-93 — social development — 82, 392-93 — bourgeois liberalism — 82, 392 — and Hungary — 297

See also Confederation of the Rhine; German Catholicism; Prussia; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany; Teutons;

Tugendbund

Ghuznee — 4\, 45, 47, 48, 381, 382, 390 Glacis— 321, 323, 326-27, 331, 334,

336-38 Gold and silver— 277, 282-83 Gorge— 320, 328, 329, 333, 335, 339 Görlitz, battle of (1813)—51 Goths—103, 278, 348 Grand army (Grande armée)—27, 58,

126, 151, 180-82, 217, 400 Granicus, battle of (334 B.C.)—88-89,

96, 293 Greco-Persian wars (500-449 B.C.)—35,

88-91, 92, 341 See also Marathon, battle of (490 B.C.); Mycale, battle of (479 B.C.); Plataea, battle of (479 B.C.); Thermopylae, battle of (480 B.C.) Greece, Ancient— 88-96, 263-64

See also Achaean League; Army, Greek; Athenian Naval Alliance; Dorians; Greco-Persian wars (500-449 B.C.); Macedonia; Peloponnesian war (431-404 B.C.); Sparta Grenade—110, 267-68 Grenadiers—110, 358, 418, 465, 515 Grossbeeren, battle of (1813)—156, 288 Guard— 95, 131, 134, 180, 312, 465,

468, 515 Guelphs and Ghibellines—278 Guides— 134 Guilds, guild system— 111, 193, 195, 196 Gunboat— 368, 371, 532, 533 Gun-carriage—117, 190, 191, 193, 195, 198, 199, 200 Gunpowder— 38, 72, 96, 105, 141, 188-

90, 195, 201, 239, 336, 381, 437, 438 Gzhatsk—see Tsarevo Zaimishche

H

Haiti— 224 Hangut, battle of (1714)—9 Helots— 92, 341 Herat, siege of (1837-38)—44-45, 380 Hermannstadt, battle of (1849)—133 Hohenfriedberg, battle of (1745)—302 Hohenlinden, battle of (1800)—234 Hondschoote, battle of (1793)—215 Honvéd—132, 261 Horn work—327 Howitzer— 37, 117, 125, 127, 193, 195-98, 200-01, 203-04, 205-06, 210, 246, 337, 367, 368, 437 Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)—24, 35, 104, 190, 191 See also Agincourt, battle of (1415);

Crécy, battle of (1346); Poitiers, battle of (1356) Hungary—132-33, 258-61, 297 See also Buda, siege of (1849); National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary; Pesth; Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary Hypothesis— 86

I

Illyria—96 Incendiary projectiles— 93, 142, 188, 190,

206, 239-40 See also Bomb, shell India—188-90

— natural conditions — 188 — Mogul dynasty — 42 — Punjab, Sind — 43 — religion — 285

See also Indian uprising of 1857-59;

Mahrattas; Sepoys; Sikhs Indian uprising of 1857-59—311, 496 Industry—277 Infantry— 37-38, 71, 96, 262-63, 292,

340-63, 421, 423, 432, 469, 526 — in ancient world — 85-90, 91-92, 93, 94-95, 96-97, 98-99, 103-04, 292, 340-48, 350, 354, 358 — in Middle Ages — 24, 25, 72, 103, 104, 106-08, 194, 298, 299, 348-55, 359 — under capitalism — 55, 73, 108-12, 114-15, 116-17, 118-21, 198, 249-50, 303, 313-16, 355-59, 360-63, 431, 434, 436, 498 — of grenadiers — 110 — light — 37, 55, 90, 97, 101, 110, 117, 118, 120, 121, 257, 341-45, 359, 362, 363, 416, 417-28, 438 — line — 55, 74, 103, 118, 121, 344-45, 347, 359, 362, 363, 439, 464-65, 467 — heavy — 103, 341, 350 — militia — 349 — irregular — 110, 359-61

— naval — 366 — Assyrian — 86 — Athenian — 88-90, 342 — Austrian — 117-19 — Belgian — 116, 350 — Carthaginian — 294-96 — Egyptian — 85 — English — 18, 116-17, 118, 119, 121 — French — 114, 116-17, 118-19, 302, 359-63, 417-28, 469 — Greek — 89, 103, 292, 294, 340-44 — Macedonian — 343-44 — Persian — 88 — Prussian — 111, 116-17, 118, 119, 357-59 — Roman — 96-102, 294-96, 344-47, 354 — Russian — 116, 118, 119 — Swedish —109, 194, 354-55 — Swiss — 299, 350-51 — of mercenaries — 106, 299, 354 See also Art of war (tactics of infantry); Chasseurs; Landsknechts; Pikemen and musketeers; Zouaves Inkerman, battle of (1854)—117, 140,

164 Interaction of combat arms—114 Inventions

— military — 72, 105, 188-90, 194-95, 333, 367-73 — and science — 196 — compass — 364 — gunpowder — 72, 96, 105, 188-90, 336 — steamer of Fulton — 369 — screw propeller — 370 Iran—see Persia Islam—42 Isly, battle of (1844)—212-13 Italian war of 1859—see Austro-Italo-French war of 1859 Italian wars of 1494-1559 — 191-92, 278, 351 See also Fornovo, battle of (1495); Marignano, battle of (1515); Novara, battle of (1513); Pavia, battle of (1525); Renty, battle of (1554) Italy

— population in antiquity — 278 — in Middle Ages — 93, 105 — industry — 277 — and Austria — 278-79 See also Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; Austro-Italo-French war of 1859; Brescia; Guelphs and Ghibellines; Italian wars of 1494-1559; Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont); Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states; Rome, Ancient; Venice

J

Jacobin dictatorship, Jacobins

— Committee of Public Safety — 215, 397 — and revolutionary terror — 56, 215-17, 397-98 — 9th Thermidor — 56, 216, 398 Janizaries—63 Jewish war (66-73)—263, 266 Jews— 61, 64, 305

— ancient — 263 Jugurthine war (111-105 B.C.)—98 Junin, battle of (1824)—170

K

Kabul (Cabool)—41, 42-43, 45-48, 379-

81, 383-86, 389-90 Kabyles— 419, 426, 428 Katzbach, battle of (1813)—175-76, 187 Kentucky— 527, 530, 533 Kesselsdorf, battle of (1745)—302 Kiel Peace Treaty (1814)—157 Kinburn, bombardment of (1855)—-371 Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont)—13, 216 See also Alessandria Knighthood— 72, 104, 106, 298, 299,

349 — its decline — 299, 354 — French — 297, 349 — German — 297 — Spanish —297 — Knights of St. John — 4, 63 Kolin, battle of (1757)—73 Königswartha, battle of (1813) — 51 Kunersdorf, battle of (1759) —73, 197 Kynoskephalae, battle of (197 B.C.)—100

L

Landau, sieges of (1702-04, 1713)—330 Landshut, battle of (1809) — 3

Landsknechts—299, 351 Landwehr—120, 305, 308 Laon, battle of (1814)—184-85, 186, 403 La Plata—see Argentina La Rothihe, battle of (1814)—180, 186 Latin America—219-33 See also Argentina; Colombia; Ecuador; Mexico; Peru; Venezuela; War of Independence of Spanish colonies in South America (1810-26) Laupen, battle of (1339) —350 Lech

— battle of (955)—297 — battle of (1632)—110 Legion, Roman— 72, 97-102, 263, 294-

96, 344-47 Leipzig (Leipsic)—110

— battle of (1631)—110 — battle of (1813)—33, 52, 78, 157, 176-78, 312, 403 — shooting down of demonstration in 1845 — 81, 392 Leuctra, battle of (371 B.C.) —36, 92 Leuthen, battle of (1757)—73, 196, 302 Lévites—263 Lexington and Concord, battle of (1775) —

359 Ligny, battle of (1815)—186, 315, 403 Limber—119, 192, 194-95, 198-200, 208 Llaneros—229 Lodi, battle of (1796)—56, 277 Lombardy — 211, 515, 517 Luckau, battle of (1813)—288, 403 Lunette—331, 334 Lützen

— battle of (1632)—110 — battle of (1813)—135, 174, 304

M

Macedonia

— ancient — 72, 93-96, 100, 104-05, 159, 292-95, 343-44 — Alexander of Macedon's campaigns (334-325 B.C.)—23, 88, 95, 96, 104, 159, 292-93, 294 See also Arbela, battle of (331 B.C.); Army, Macedonian; Granicus, battle of (334 B.C.) Maestricht

— siege of (1676)—267 — siege of (1794)—149 Magenta, battle of (1859)—423, 514,

516 Mahrattas (Marathas)—42 Malays—55 Malplaquet, battle of (1709)—195, 357 Malta— 63 Mamelukes— 311 Manipulas, Roman—97-100, 345-47 Mantinea, battle of (362 B.C.)—36, 93 Marabouts— 69 Marathon, battle of (490 B.C.)—35, 88,

89 Marengo, battle of (1800)—57, 134, 234,

395, 399 Marignano, battle of (1515)—107 Marston Moor, battle of (1644)—300 Mathematics

— and art of war — 196, 325, 328, 363, 430 Maximilian towers—334 Mercenaries, Swiss— 93, 118, 299, 351 Merchant fleet and navigation—370 Merseburg, battle of (933)—297 Mexico—231 See also US-Mexican war of 1846-48 Military engineering—see Art of war (engineering); Bridges, military; Engineers; Fortification Military establishments—121-22, 125 Military frontier (of Austrian Empire)— 110, 359 Military science—103, 125, 191-92, 197, 318-19, 324-25, 328-29, 429, 469 See also Artillery (as science); Art of war; Fortification (as science) Military service duty— 89-90, 97, 100, 361-62 Military training — 87, 89, 91, 96-97, 103, 108, 110, 113, 118, 125, 195, 301-04, 307-08, 344, 355, 361-63, 415, 421-23, 424-26, 429, 459, 461, 480-82, 501-02, 508. 513-14, 519-20. 526-27 See also Drill, company; Fire; Physical training Militia—68, 410, 411, 416, 535

— in Athens — 89, 342 See also Civil militia in Prussia in 1848; Volunteers, British Mill Springs, battle of (1862)—531-32 Mining gallery—338

M Ockern—see Dannigkow (Mackern), battle of (1813) Mottwitt, battU of (1741)—111, 301 Monarchy— 351

— oriental — 41 — slave-holding — 94 — absolute — 351

See also Despotisms, Asian Mondavi, battle of (1796)—56 Money circulation—283-84

See also Gold and silver Mongols, Mongol conquests in 13th cent.—

105, 142, 188, 298 Monopoly, state—283 Montmirail, battle of (1814)—182-83 Moors — 61, 62, 297 Moral factor in warfare—37, 310, 424,

469, 533-34 Mortar—128, 195, 197, 205-06, 267, 337, 437 Moscow— 47, 51, 58, 155-56, 251, 255 Mountain warfare — 20, 39, 105, 132,

200-01 See also Abatis; Amusette Musketeers—see Pikemen and musketeers Muthul, battle of (109 B.C.)—98 Mycale, battle of (479 B.C.)—88

N

Namur, sieges of (1692, 1695)—268 Napoleonic wars

— as continuation of wars of French Republic — 114-16, 136, 360-61 — their character — 121, 136 — peoples' struggle against Napoleonic domination — 33 — and Continental System — 83, 154 — and development of military technology and art of war — 13, 36, 73, 114-15, 116, 136, 162, 198, 199, 210, 302-04, 312-14, 335, 361-62, 368 — naval operations — 63 — war against third European coalition (1805)—58, 151, 173, 302 See also Austerlitz, battle of (1805);

Ulm, capitulation of (1805) — war against fourth European coalition (1806-07)—50, 77, 78, 134, 151-52, 164, 173, 174, 186-87, 199, 211, 217, 302, 331, 359 See also Auerstädt, battle of (1806); Danzig, defence of (1807); Friedland, battle of (1807); Peace of Tilsit (1807); Preussisch-Eylau, battle of (1807) — war against fifth European coalition (1809)—3, 27-33, 58, 134-35, 152, 162, 302-03, 313, 361 See also Abensberg, battle of (1809); Aspern and Essling, battle of (1809); Eckmühl, battle of (1809); Wagram, battle of (1809); Walcheren expedition (1809) — Napoleon's defeat in war against Russia (1812)—see Patriotic war of 1812 (Russia) — war against sixth European coalition (1813-14)—34, 51-52, 78, 134-35, 156-57, 174-87, 234, 256, 302-04, 335 See also Bautzen, battle of (1813);

Châtillon congress (1814); Dannigkow (Möckern), battle of (1813); Danzig, defence of (1813); Dennewitt, battle of (1813); Dresden, battle of (1813); Etoges, battle of (1814); Görlitz, battle of (1813); Katzbach, battle of (1813); La Rothière, battle of (1814); Leipzig, battle of (1813); Lûtzen, battle of (1813); Montmirail, battle of (1814); Paris, battle of (1814); Paris Peace Treaty of 1814; Trachenberg truce (1813) — war against seventh European coalition (1815)—34-35, 52, 147, 186-87, 211, 217, 304, 315, 335, 472. See also Ligny, battle of (1815); Waterloo, battle of (1815) See also Boulogne camp; Continental System; Patriotic war of 1812 (Russia); Peninsular war (1808-14)

Naseby, battle of (1645)—300 National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary—132, 133, 259-61, 339

Nation, national character—424, 512 Navigation—364-65, 367 See also Merchant fleet and navigation Navy— 364-75

— in antiquity — 364-65 — in Middle Ages — 160, 365-66 — development of naval technology and shipbuilding under capitalism — 143, 145, 366-75

— armament, naval artillery — 143, 166-67, 190-91, 204-06, 241-42, 244, 246, 364, 366-69, 371-75 — sailing — 364-66, 374-75 — steam-propelled — 369-71 — steel-plated — 371-72 — tonnage of warships — 366-67 — naval tactics — 143, 148, 206, 364-65, 369, 370, 372-73, 375 — British — 145, 167, 205, 237, 241-42, 244, 246, 287, 366-68, 371-72, 373-74, 450 — French — 190-91, 205, 237, 242, 244, 287, 367-68, 370-72, 374, 450, 468 — Russian — 450 — Spanish — 166-69, 367-68 — US — 205, 241-42, 374, 450 See also Armament, arms (on warships); Captain; Carronade; Navigation; Warship Needle gun—see Rifle Needs and their satisfaction—435 Netherlands— 63, 172 See also Revolution of 1566-1609 in Netherlands New Granada—see Colombia New Zealand—317 Nimeguen Peace Treaty (1678)—267 Nobility—106, 349-51 Northern War (1700-21)—9 See also Hangut, battle of (1714) Northmen— 365 Norway— 155-57 Novara, battle of (1513)—299

O

Ochakov, battle of (1788)—76 Offensive, offensive operations—11, 34,

37, 74-75, 316, 317, 350, 514 See also Attack; Siege Order of battle— 73, 75, 90-95, 97,

98-101, 102, 103-04, 105, 106, 107,

108-16, 182, 295, 298, 303-04, 308-10, 311, 312-14, 341-47, 350, 352-58, 360-61, 373, 515 Ordnance

— in the East and in Western Europe in Middle Ages — 87, 189-92 — cast-iron — 109, 194 — leather — 109, 194 — heavy — 107, 204 — fortress — 192-93, 204, 334, 335, 337-38 — naval — 190-91, 204, 205 See also Amusette; Cannon, gun; Carronade; Catapult; Howitzer; Mortar Örebro Treaty of 1812 — 155 Orthes, battle of (1814)—290 Ostrolenka, battle of (1831)—131 Oszmiana, battle of (1794)—76

P

Painting—319 Parallels (in siege)—329, 337, 338 Parapet — SI, 128-29, 138, 318, 320-23, 337-38, 339 Paris, battle o/ (1814)—186 Paris insurrection (1834)—212 Paris Peace Treaty of 1814—186 Patricians— 344 Patriotic war of 1812 (Russia)—50, 51, 58, 91, 126, 155-56, 234, 256, 302 See also Borodino, battle of (1812); Smolensk, battle of (1812); Tsarevo Zaimishche Pavia, battle of (1525)—24, 107, 351 Peace of Tilsit (1807)—152, 174 Peasantry—103, 298, 350 Peloponnesian war (431-404 B.C.)—90, 91, 341-42 See also Sicilian expedition of Athens (415 B.C.) Peninsular war (1808-14)—10-11, 19, 126, 134, 164, 289-90, 315, 339 See also Albuera, battle of (1811); Almeida, battle of (1811); Badajos, battles of (1811-12); Bidassoa, battle of (1813); Garcia Hernandez, battle of (1812); Salamanca, batttle of (1812); Vittoria, battle of (1813) Periaeci— 92, 340, 341 Persia (Iran)—87

— ancient — 86-88, 93, 159, 291-92, 293, 317, 343, 348 — as object of British colonial expansion — 43-44 — and Afghanistan — 42-44 — and France — 43 — and Russia — 44, 77 Peru— 230

Peshawer— 41, 379 Pesth—132

See also Buda, siege of (1849) Phalanx

— Athenean — 88, 89, 90, 93, 341-42 — Spartan — 88, 90, 91-93, 341 — Theban (Epaminondas)—342-43 — Macedonian — 94-95, 105, 343-44 — medieval — 105, 350 Phoenicia, Phoenicians—364 Physical training

— military bearing — 493-94 — physique — 415, 420-21 — running — 362, 421-23, 428 — gymnastic exercises — 424-26, 513 Piedmont—see Kingdom of Sardinia Pikemen and musketeers—24, 55, 107-10,

352-56 Piracy, privateering—63-64 Pirmasens, battle of (1793)—199 Plataea, battle of (479 B.C.)—35, 88, 90,

92 Plebeians, plebs—344 Poitiers, battle of (1356)—35, 104 Poland

— history — 105, 106, 298 — Kosciuszko uprising (1794)—76 See also Oszmiana, battle of (1794) — and Napoleonic wars — 130, 302-03 — uprising of 1830-31 — 131, 158 See also Ostrolenka, battle of (1831) — and 1848-49 revolution — 131-32 — Tsarist policy towards Poland— 131 See also Polish question Polish question—131-32 Portugal—19, 131, 189, 289, 290 Preussisch-Eylau, battle of (1807)—50,

77-78, 134 Prussia

— and French Revolution of 1789-94 and Napoleonic wars — 173-74 See also Aldenhoven, battle of (1793); Army, Prussian; Civil militia in Prussia in 1848; Tugendbund Punic wars — 297, 345

— first (264-241 B.C.)—364-65 — second (218-201 B.C.)—36, 294-96, 346 See also Cannae, battle of (216 B.C.); Ticinus, battle of (218 B.C.)

Q

Quito—see Ecuador

R

Railways, their role in war — 462-63 Ravelin— 320-24, 326-32, 336-38 Redan—164, 338, 339 Redoubt— 339 Réduit— 328, 332, 334 Regiment—108, 109, 119, 120, 125, 194, 197-99, 303, 309, 312, 313, 353, 356, 380, 381, 382, 386, 387, 423, 424, 465, 466-67, 513, 526 Renty, battle of (1554)—192 Reserve—115

— infantry — 199, 210 — cavalry — 199, 304, 315-16 — artillery — 196, 198, 199, 210 Revolution of 1566-1609 in Netherlands—

107, 193, 299, 327, 353 Revolution of 1830 in France—see France (July 1830 revolution) Revolution of 1848-49 in Austrian Empire

— October 1848 uprising in Vienna — 82, 131-32, 393 — and Hungary — 132-33 — and Italy — 278-79 — and Poland — 131-32

See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary; Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states; Vienna mobile guard Revolution of 1848-49 in France—213 Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany—81-82, 392-93 — Preliminary Parliament — 82, 392 — Frankfurt Parliament — 82, 392, 393 Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary—132-

33 See also National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states—

278-79 See also Austro-Italian war of 1848-49 Revolver— 307', 449 Ricochet fire—138, 207, 328, 337, 338 Rifle

_ Wild — 435-36 — Whitworth — 452-57, 458, 495-99

— Delvigne — 116, 362, 419, 436-40, 456 — Lancaster — 435, 495-99 — Mimé — 18, 116-17, 244, 362, 439-42 — Prussian needle gun — 116, 362, 441, 450-52, 453, 458 — Prélat — 441, 446 _ Swiss — 435-36, 441, 446-47, 451, 457, 458, 498 — Thouvenin — 116, 438-40, 456 — Enfield — 117, 238, 244, 441, 443-44, 445, 446, 451, 453-56, 458, 495-99 — firing — 116, 357, 362-63, 487, 495-99, 519-20 See also Ammunition; Armament, arms (rifled fire-arms); Bullet; Calibre; Cartridge; Skirmishing

Rivoli, battle of (1797)—56, 134, 216,

398 Rome, Ancient— 3, 263-65, 365

— tribes — 97 — conquest of Greece and Macedonia — see Kynoskephalae, battle of (197 B.C.) — civil wars — 98 — conquest of Gaul — 100 — decline of Roman Empire — 278, 365 — and conquered peoples — 62 — and German tribes — 103, 264, 278, 297, 348, 365 — navy — 364-65 — praetorians — 102

See also Army, Roman; Jugurthine war ' (111-105 B.C.); Patricians; Plebeians, plebs; Punic wars; Samnite wars

Rossbach, battle of (1757)—302, 309 Roveredo, battle of (1796)—134 Russia

— Pugachov rebellion — 76 — December 1825 uprising — 131 — and Britain — 44, 155 — and Central Asia — 44, 382 — and Hungary — 133 — and Persia — 44, 77 — and Poland — 130 — and Sweden — 155 See also Army, Russian; Caucasus; Northern War (1700-21); Patriotic war of 1812 (Russia); Russo-Swedish war of 1808-09; Russo-Turkish war of 1787-91 Russo-Swedish war of 1808-09 — 9, 50

See also Frederikshamm peace (1809) Russo-Turkish war of 1787-91 — 76

See also Ochakov, battle of (1788)

S

Salamanca, battle of (1812)—290 Samnite wars (4th-3rd cent. B.C.)—345 Samos, military expedition against (440 B.C.)—93 Sappers—120, 137, 382, 460-64 Scarp— 321, 323, 334 See also Counterscarp Schässburg, battle of (1849)—133 Schiller Association— 81, 392 Sculpture— 243 Scythians— 317 Sepoys—46 Sevastopol, defence of (1854-55)—140, 148, 165, 204, 334 Seven Years' War (1756-63)—73, 76, 116, 172, 197, 302, 309, 315, 339 See also Kolin, battle of (1757); Kunersdorf, battle of (1759); Leuthen, battle of (1757); Rossbach, battle of (1757); Zorndorf, battle of (1758) Sheeahs (Shiites)—42 ShrapneU—71, 201, 239, 246 See also Bomb, shell Sicilian expedition of Athens (415 B.C.)— 91-92 Siege— 93, 147-48

See also Fortification (siege and defence of fortresses) Sikhs— 43, 44, 379, 380, 381, 383 Silesia—105 Silesian war, first (1740-42)—301 Skirmishing— 425-26, 434 Slavery—63 Smolensk, battle of (1812)—51 Solferino, battle of (1859)—423, 514 Soonees (Sunnites)—42 South America—see Latin America Spain

— during Arab domination and reconquest — 62, 105, 189-90, 191, 351 — absolutism — 166-69, 191-92 — second Spanish revolution (1820-23)—211, 228-29

— army, navy — 166-69, 189, 190, 351 — clergy — 166 — and Algeria — 62-63 — and England — 166-69 — and France — 211 — and Holland — 168, 193, 299 See also War of Independence of Spanish colonies in South America (1810-26) Sparta— 91-93, 263, 340-42

See also Army, Spartan; Helots; Periaeci Speyerbach, battle of (1703)—55 Stockholm Treaty (1813)—156 Striegau—see Hohenfriedberg, battle of (1745) Sveaborg, bombardment of (1855)—145,

206, 371 Sweden—152, 153-58, 217 Switzerland—105, 217, 299, 350-51 — struggle of Swiss peasants against Austrian and Swiss feudal lords— 105, 350-51

T

Tafna Treaty (1837)—212 Taxes— 283-84 Temesvâr, battle of (1849)—133 Tenaille— 321, 323, 330, 332, 333, 334 Terrain, its role in military operations— 57, 73, 74, 114, 139, 192, 203, 204, 262, 303, 312, 316, 317, 342, 345-47, 350-51, 355, 357, 359-61, 415, 420, 424, 426, 462, 481, 482, 517, 536-39 Teutons — 103, 190, 264-65, 278, 297, 348, 365 Theory and practice— 82, 202, 205, 318, 319, 328-29, 334-35, 363 — scientific theories — 196, 202, 206 — theory and practice of warfare— 192, 196, 201-02, 205, 206, 313-14, 318-19, 328-29, 334-35, 363, 429, 432, 452 — experiment — 441 Thermopylae, battle of (480 B.C.)—35,

88 Thirty Years' War (1618-48)—109-10, 159, 194, 195, 300, 354, 355 See also Lech, battle of (1632); Leipzig, battle of (1631); Lützen, battle of (1632) Thorn, siege of (1813)—51 Ticinus, battle of (218 B.C.)—295 Tonnage of warships—365-67 Tories (Britain)—290 Toulouse, battle of (1814)—290 Tower— 318-19, 322, 330

See also Bastion Town, medieval—106, 349, 350

— handicraft — 111 Trachenberg truce (1813)—174 Trajectory— 435, 440, 446-47, 451, 454,

456, 457 Transylvania—132-33 Travers—129, 321 Treaty of Abo (1812)—156 Trebia, battle of (218 B.C.)—295 Tribe, tribes— 42, 89, 91 Troops, control of—122 Tsarevo Zaimishche, position at — 51, 251 Tugendbund— 174 Turco-Egyptian war of 1831-33—4 Turkey

— wars of conquest (14th-17th cent.)—63, 259, 332 — and Algeria — 62-63, 67

U

Ulm, capitulation of (1805)—58 United States of America—527

— and Algeria — 63-64 See also American Civil War (1861-65); American War of Independence (1775-83); Anglo-American war of 1812-14; Army, US; US-Mexican war of 1846-48 US-Mexican war of 1846-48 — 161, 527

V

Valmy, battle of (1792)—236 Veauchamps, battle of (1814)—182, 183 Venezuela — 219-22, 224-28, 230, 232 Venue— 279 Verceüae, battle of (101 B.C.)—265 Vienna, defence of (1683)—332 Vienna mobile guard—131 Vittoria, battle of (1813)—269, 290 Volunteers, British—409-12, 479-83, 539-41 — strength — 409-10, 416, 535 — commanders — 410-12, 414-16, 480-83, 484-86, 522-24, 540

— system of military education— 411-16, 417, 424, 432, 459, 462-64, 480-83, 488-94, 500-03, 519, 520, 536-40 — artillery — 410, 429-32 — engineers — 460-64 — review at Newton in 1860 — 412-15, 416, 518, 535 — manoeuvres at Heaton Park— 535-40 — manoeuvres at Brighton and Wimbledon — 484-89 — significance of regular army for formation of volunteer troops— 415-16, 463, 483, 485-86, 491, 501-03, 522-23, 527-29, 537, 540

W '

Wagram, battle of (1809)—58, 152-53,

162, 199, 210, 313 Wahlstatt, battle of (1241)—298 Weicheren expedition (1809)—134, 153 War-chariots-85, 86, 87, 88-89, 291, 292 War-engines—93 War of Austrian Succession (1740-48)—

37, 111-12, 268, 301-02 See also Hohenfriedberg, battle of (1745); Kesselsdorf, battle of (1745);

Mollwitz, battle of (1741); Silesian war, first (1740-42) War of Independence of Spanish colonies in

South America (1810-26)—219-31 See also Ayacucho, battle of (1824); Junin, battle of (1824) "War of the Roses" (1455-85)—24 War of Spanish Succession (1701-14)—

55, 195, 249-50, 268, 330, 339, 356-57 See also Blenheim, battle of (1704);

Malplaquet, battle of (1709); Speyerbach, battU of (1703) Warship— 365, 366, 372, 373, 374-75

— of the line — 369-72, 373, 374 — bomb — 366 — sailing — 364-68, 370, 371 — paddle-steamer — 369-71 — screw — 370-71 — shot-proof — 371-72 See also Battery, floating; Bomb ketch; Bomb vessel; Corvette; Frigate; Gunboat War, wars

— in slave-owning society — 136 — in feudal society — 103-05, 136 — methods of warfare — 104, 114, 525-26 — offensive and defensive — 85 — colonial — see Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42; Anglo-Burmese war of 1852; Franco-Moroccan war of 1844; War of Independence of Spanish colonies in South America (1810-26) — revolutionary — 107, 113-14, 302, 359, 434 — national-liberation — see Algeria; American War of Independence (1775-83); National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary; Patriotic war of 1812 (Russia); War of Independence of Spanish colonies in South America (1810-26) — partisan — 132, 359 — insurrectionary — 187 — forms and character of military operations in land warfare — 132, 187, 191, 335, 427 — naval — 372-73 — mountain — 132

See also American Civil War (1861-65); American War of Independence (1775-83); Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42; Anglo-American war of 1812-14; Anglo-Burmese war of 1852; Army; Art of war; Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; Austro-Italo-French war of 1859; Belgian-Dutch war of 1831-33; Crimean war of 1853-56; Danish-Swedish war of 1657-58; France's war against Augsburg League (1688-97); France's war against first European coalition (1792-97); France's war against second European coalition (1798-1801); Franco-Austro-Spanish-Dutch war of 1672-79; Franco-Moroccan war of 1844; Greco-Persian wars (500-449 B.C.); Hundred Years' War (1337-1453); Italian wars of 1494-1559; Jugurthine war (111-105 B.C.); Military science; Napoleonic wars; National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary; Navy; Northern War (1700-21); Patriotic war of 1812 (Rus-

sia); Peloponnesian war (431-404 B.C.); Peninsular war (1808-14); Punic wars; Russo-Swedish war of 1808-09; Russo-Turkish war of 1787-91; Seven Years' War (1756-63); Silesian war, first (1740-42); Thirty Years' War (1618-48); Turco-Egyptian war of 1831-33; US-Mexican war of 1846-48; War of Austrian Succession (1740-48); War of Independence of Spanish colonies in South America (1810-26); "War of the Roses" (1455-85); War of Spanish Succession (1701-14) Waterloo, battle of (1815)—31, 33, 34, 35, 52, 147, 186, 217, 288, 304, 312, 313, 315, 401 Works (fortifications)

— stockade — 317 — masonry walls — 318, 319 — earth — 318-19, 332 — Italian system — 322-24, 325 — D. Speckle — 325-27 — Vauban — 319-21, 325-26, 328-30, 338 — German system — 325-26, 332, 333 — Dutch system —327-28, 331-32 — Coehorn — 267-68, 331-32 — Cormontaigne — 54, 330-32, 334, 338 — Mézières school of engineers— 331 — Montalembert — 13, 54, 333-35 — fortresses — 332-36 — field — 338-39 — outworks — 320, 335 — polygonal — 332, 334 — detached forts — 335, 336

See also Barbette; Bastion; Berme; Blindage; Bonnet; Bridge-head; Camp; Casemate; Cavalier; Counter-guard; Counterscarp; Coupures; Crown work; Curtain; Enceinte; Gorge; Lunette; Maximilian towers; Parapet; Ravelin; Réduit; Scarp; Tenaille; Travers

Z

Zorndorf, battle of (1758) —302, 315 Zouaves—118, 419-20, 426-28, 438, 465, 516