Name Index

Abd-el-Kader (c. 1808-1883) —Emir of Algeria, a leader in the 1832-47 national liberation war in Algeria and Morocco against the French; was taken prisoner in 1847.—62, 68, 212, 213, 419

Abd-el-Mumen (Abd-al-Mumin, Abdul-Mumin) (1094-1163)—first caliph of the Moslem Almohad state in Northwest Africa and Southern Spain (1130-63).—189

Abdullah Khan—chieftain of the Afghan tribe of Durani.—389

Abdul Mejid (1823-1861)—Sultan of Turkey (1839-61).—133

Abd-ur-Rahman II (c. 1790-1859)— Emperor of Morocco (1822-59).— 212

Abercromby, Sir Ralph (1734-1801)— British general, fought in wars against the French Republic in the late 18th century.—289, 399

Adams—English military inventor (mid-19th cent.).—449

Aelian (Aelianus Tacticus) (2nd cent.)— Greek military writer.—189

Agesilaus (c. 442-c. 360 B.C.) —King of Sparta (c. 398-c. 360 B.C.) and general.—93

Agrippa (Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa) (c.

63-12 B.C.) — Roman general and statesman.—5

Ahmad (Ahmed) Shah Durani (1724-l773)_Afghan Shah (1747-73), founder of the Afghan state.—41-43

Airey, Richard, Lord Airey (1803-1881) — British general; quartermaster-general of the army in the Crimea (1854-55) and of the whole British army (1855-65).—7-8

Akrum Khan—chieftain of the Afghan tribe of Durani.— 385

Aktur Khan—chieftain of the Afghan tribe of Durani.—384-85

Alexander I (1777-1825)—Emperor of Russia (1801-25).—51, 52, 77-78, 83, 130, 131, 154-57, 178, 186, 396 Alexander II (1818-1881)—Emperor of Russia (1855-81).—299

Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great) (356-323 B.C.)—general and statesman.—23, 35, 88, 94-96, 104, 159, 188, 292-94, 296, 299, 343, 344, 350

Alghisi da Carpi, Galasso (c. 1523-1573)—Italian architect and military engineer.—324

Allen—British army officer.—284 Alompra (1711-1760)—King of Burma (1753-60).—285

Alva or Alba, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of (1507-1582)—Spanish general and statesman, Viceroy of the Netherlands (1567-73).—21, 108, 325

Anderson, Robert (d. 1696)—English mathematician and military engineer.—196

Anderson, William—British army officer, fought in the Afghan campaign (1838-42).—383

Angoulême, Louis Antoine de Bourbon,

duc d' (1775-1844)—eldest son of King Charles X of France, in 1823 commanded the French army which suppressed the revolution in Spain.— 211

Antonius (Marcus Antonius) (c. 83-30 B.C.)—Roman general and politician.—5

Apraxin (Apraksin), Fyodor Matveyevich, Count (1661-1728)—Russian admiral, associate of Peter I.—9

Arismendi, José (Juan) Bautista (b. 1786)—Venezuelan general and politician, took part in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America; Vice-President of Colombia in 1819.—223-26, 228

Armstrong, William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside (from 1887) (1810-1900) — English inventor and indus-trialist.—161

Arnoldi, Wilhelm (1798-1864)—Bishop of Trier (from 1839).—392

Arrian (Flavius Arrianus) (c. 95-c. 180)—Greek writer, historian and geographer.— 159

Aspre, d', Konstantin, Baron (1761-1809) — Austrian general, fought in wars against the French Republic and Napoleonic France.—153

Auckland, George Eden, Earl of (1784-1849)—British statesman, Governor-General of India (1836-42).—44, 379, 383, 384

Augereau, Pierre François Charles, due (1757-1816)—French general, Marshal of France from 1804; fought in wars of the French Republic and Napoleonic France.—183, 216, 217, 398, 401

Augier de la Sauzaye, Philippe (1758-1837)—French politician; was appointed in 1811 to investigate Bourrienne's abuses in Hamburg.— 396

Augustenburg, Christian August, Duke of (1768-1810)—Danish aristocrat, adopted in January 1810 by Charles XIII of Sweden under the name of Charles August.—153

Augustus (1779-1843)—Prince of Prussia, general, fought against Napoleon.—182-83

Augustus (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) (63 B.C.-A.D. 14)—Roman Emperor (27 B.C.-A.D. 14).—5, 102

Aumale, Henri Eugene Philippe Louis d'Orléans, duc d' (1822-1897)—son of King Louis Philippe of France; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1840s, Governor-General of Algeria (1847-48).—69, 213, 427

Aylmer—British army officer, fought in the Peninsular war (1808-14).—273

Azim Khan (died c. 1823)—brother of Emir Dost Mohammed Khan of Afghanistan .—379

Azim Khan—son of Emir Dost Mohammed Khan of Afghanistan.—383

B

Baber (Babar or Babur), Zahir ud-Din Mohammed (1483-1530)—Asian conqueror, founder of the Mogul Empire in India (1526-30); descendant of Tamerlane.—41

Bacon, Roger (c. 1214-c. 1294)—English philosopher and scientist, Franciscan monk.—189

Baggehufvud, Karl Fyodorovich (1761-1812)—Russian general, fought against Napoleon.—252-53 Bagration, Pyotr Ivanovich, Prince (1765-1812)—Russian general, fought against Napoleon.—51, 251, 252-54

Baird, Sir David (1757-1829)—British general, commanded the British expeditionary corps in Egypt in 1800-02.—289

Baraguay d'Hilliers, Achille, comte (1795-1878)—French general, Marshal of France from 1854, Bonapartist; commanded the French expeditionary corps in the Baltic in 1854.—287

Barbarossa Horush (c. 1473-1518)— Turkish corsair, ruler of Algeria (1515-18).—62

Barclay de Tolly, Michel Andreas, Prince (1761-1818)—Russian general of Scottish descent; fought in wars against Napoleon and the war against Sweden; War Minister (1810-12).— 50-52, 78, 175, 251, 252-53

Barras, Paul François Jean Nicolas (1755-1829) — French politician, member of all the Directories (1795-99).—398

Bayinnaung—King of Burma (1550-81).—285

Beauharnais, Eugène de (1781-1824)— French general, stepson of Napoleon I, Viceroy of Italy (1805-14).—27, 152, 253-54, 402

Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant (1818-1893)—American general, commander of the Confederate army in the Civil War.—526

Bedeau, Marie Alphonse (1804-1863)— French general and politician, moderate republican in 1848.—213

Bélidor, Bernard Forest de (1693-1761)— French military engineer.—196

Belisarius (c. 505-565)—Byzantine general, waged wars against the Persians, Vandals, Ostrogoths and Franks.— 348

Belle garde, Heinrich Joseph Johannes, Count of (1756-1845)—Austrian field marshal, fought against Napoleon.—153

Bern, Jozef (1794-1850)—Polish general, participant in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 and in the revolution in Vienna in 1848; a leader of the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49); emigrated to Turkey after the defeat of the revolution.—130-33

Bennigsen, Amalie Luise (née Steinberg)—first wife (from 1768) of Levin A. Th. Bennigsen.—76

Bennigsen, Amalie Oelgarde (née Schwiehelt)—third wife (from 1777) of Levin A. Th. Bennigsen.—76

Bennigsen, Levin August Theophil, Count (1745-1826)—Hanover-born general in the Russian army; fought against Napoleon.—76-79

Bennigsen, Marie Leonarde (née An-drzeykowicz)—fourth wife (from 1805) of Levin A. Th. Éennigsen.— 78 Beresford, George, Marquis of Waterford

(d. 1826)—British aristocrat, father of William Carr Beresford.—289

Beresford, Louisa—wife of William Carr Beresford (from 1832).—290

Beresford, William—English Catholic priest, Archbishop of Tuam (Ireland).—290

Beresford, William Carr, Viscount (1768-1854)—British general and politician, Tory; fought in the Peninsular war (1808-14), commander-in-chief of the Portuguese army (1809-23); Master-General of the Ordnance (1828-30).—10, 289-90

Bermûdez, José Francisco (1782-1831)— Venezuelan general and politician; took part in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America, opponent of Bolivar.— 223

Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste Jules (1764-1844)—Marshal of France, fought in wars of the French Republic and Napoleonic France; became regent of Sweden from 1810; fought against Napoleon I in 1813; King of Sweden and Norway under the name of Charles XIV John (1818-44).—51, 77, 134, 149-58, 173, 174, 176-78, 403

Berner—German army officer and military inventor (mid-19th cent.).— 435

Bernoulli, Jean (1667-1748)—Swiss mathematician.—196

Berry, Marie Caroline de Bourbon, duchesse de (1798-1870) —mother of Count Chambord, Legitimist pretender to the French throne; in 1832 attempted to start an uprising in Vendée to overthrow Louis Philippe.— 211

Berthier, Jean Baptiste (1721-1804)— French military engineer, father of Marshal Berthier.— 56

Berthier, Louis Alexandre, duc de Valen-

gin (1753-1815) —Marshal of France, fought in wars of the French Republic and Napoleonic France.— 56-59, 180, 217, 400-01

Bessières, Jean Baptiste, duc d'lstrie (1768-1813) —Marshal of France, fought in wars of the French Republic and Napoleonic France.— 28, 134-35

Birago, Carlo, Baron of (1792-1845) — Austrian military engineer, a de-signer of pontoon bridges.—160

Biringoccio (Biringuccio), Vannoccio (1480-1539) —Italian chemist and metallurgist.—192

Birkenfeld, Wilhelm, Duke of—German aristocrat of a Bavarian branch, Marshal Berthier's father-in-law.— 59

Blake, Robert (1599-1657) —British admiral, participant in the English Revolution.—63

Blanchard—British army officer, a de-signer of pontoon bridges.—161

Blondel, François (1617-1686) — French architect and military engineer.—196

Blücher, Caroline (née Pottlitz) (1756-1791) — first wife of Gebhard Blücher (from 1773).—172

Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von (1742-1819) — Prussian field marshal-general took part in wars against the French Republic and Napoleonic France.—152, 156, 172-87, 304, 403

Blum, Engelbert (1780-1815)—German theologian, later cooper's apprentice; father of Robert Blum.—80, 391

Blum, Eugenie (née Günther) — second wife of Robert Blum.—393

Blum, Kath (née Brabender) — mother of Robert Blum.—80, 391

Blum, Robert (1807-1848) —German democratic journalist, Left leader in the Frankfurt National Assembly; took part in the defence of insurgent Vienna in October 1848; court-martialled and executed after the fall of the city.—80-82, 391-93

Böckh, August (1785-1867)—German philologist, author of works on ancient literature and history.— 91

Bodisco, Yakov Andreyevich (b. 1794) — Russian army officer, subsequently general; commandant of the Bomarsund fortress at the beginning of the Crimean war (1853-56).—287

Bolivar, Maria Teresa (d. January 1803)—wife of Simon Bolivar.—219

Bolivar y Ponte, Simon (1783-1830) — leader in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America, President of the Republic of Colombia (1819-30).—219-33

Bonaparte—see Napoleon I

Bonaparte, Joseph (1768-1844)—eldest brother of Napoleon I, King of Naples (1806-08) and Spain (1 SOS-IS).—150

Bonaparte, Lucien, Prince of Canino (1775-1840)—brother of Napoleon I.—153

Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul (1822-1891)—cousin of Napoleon III; adopted the name of Jérôme after the death of his elder brother (1847); commanded a division in the Crimea in 1854, nicknamed Plon-Plon and the Red Prince.—17

Borosdin, Nikolai Mikhailovich (1777-1830)—Russian general, fought against Napoleon.— 253

Bosquet, Pierre Jean François Marie Joseph (1810-1861)—Marshal of France; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s- 1850s, commanded a division and then a corps in the Crimea (1854-55).—17, 139-40

Bourbons—royal dynasty in France (1589-1792, 1814-15 and 1815-30).— 157, 211

Bourmont, Louis Auguste Victor de (1773-1846) —French general, Marshal of France from 1830, commanded the French expeditionary corps in Algeria in 1830.—64, 67

Bourrienne—wife of Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne.—395

Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de

(1769-1834) —French diplomat and politician, personal secretary of Napoleon Bonaparte (1797-1802), chargé d'affaires in Hamburg (1804-13), went over to the side of the Bourbons.—83, 84, 157, 217, 394-96, 400

Bousmard, Henri Jean Baptiste de (1749-1807) — French military engineer; emigrated in 1792, served in the Prussian army, in charge of the defence of Danzig against Napoleonic troops (1807).—331

Boves, José Tomas (c. 1770-1814)— Spanish army officer; leader of llan-ero detachments which fought against the Creole landowners and were used (up to 1814) by Spain to suppress the national liberation movement in South America.— 222

Broncos, Countess—Belgian aristocrat.— 84, 396

Brion, Louis (1782-1821) — participant in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America,

supporter of Bolivar, admiral of the Colombian navy; Dutch by birth.— 224-26

Broussier, Jean Baptiste, comte (1766-1814)—French general, fought in Napoleonic wars.—253

Brown, Sir George (1790-1865) —British lieutenant-general, commanded a division on the Danube and in the Crimea (1854-55).—17, 164-65

Brune, Etienne—French lawyer, father of Marshal Brune.—397

Brune, Guillaume Marie Anne (1763-1815) — Marshal of France, fought in wars of the French Republic and Napoleonic France.—215-18, 397-401

Brydon, William (1811-1873) —English army doctor, took part in the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.—47

Bubna Littic, Ferdinand, Count of (1768-1825) — Austrian general and later field marshal, Czech by birth; fought against Napoleon.—183

Buell, Don Carlos (1818-1898) — American general, fought in the Civil War on the side of the Union.— 533

Bugeaud, Jean Ambroise—father of Marshal Bugeaud.— 211

Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert, due d'Isly (1784-1849)—Marshal of France, Orleanist; an organiser of the wars of conquest in Algeria and Morocco; Governor-General of Algeria in 1841-47.—211-14, 469, 470, 472, 514

Buggenhagen (18th cent.)—German military engineer, colonel in Mecklenburg.—333

Bülow, Friedrich Wilhelm, Baron von, Count of Dennewitz (1755-1816)— Prussian general, fought against Napoleon.—156, 176, 179, 183, 184, 288, 402-03

Bureau, Gaspard (d. 1469)—French military engineer.—191 Bureau, Jean (d. 1463)—French military engineer, brother of Gaspard Bureau.—191

Burleigh—see Cecil, William, Lord Burleigh (Burghley)

Burnes, Sir Alexander (1805-1841) — British lieutenant-colonel, an organiser of the colonial expansion in Central Asia; adviser at the British headquarters during the Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42.—44, 46, 379, 380, 386, 387

Bury, William Coutts Keppel, Viscount (1832-1894) —British politician, M.P., helped establish the Volunteer Force.—484, 485, 488

Busca, Gabrio (c. 1540-c. 1601) —Italian military engineer.— 324

Buxhövden, Fyodor Fyodorovich, Count of (1750-1811)—Russian general, fought against Napoleon.— 77

Byron, Lord—commander of a British naval force against the Spanish Armada in 1588.—168

C

Cabot, John (Caboto, Giovanni) (c. 1450-1498) — Italian navigator in the service of England; discovered the mainland of North America in 1497.— 365

Caesar (Gains Julius Caesar) (c. 100-44 B.C.) — Roman general and statesman.—35, 100, 101, 159, 266, 295, 297, 347

Cajigal, Juan Manuel (1757-1823)— Spanish general, commanded troops fighting against the national liberation movement of the Spanish colonies in South America (1813-15).— 221

Cambridge, George William Frederick Charles, Duke of (1819-1904) —British general; commanded a division in the Crimea (1854), commander-in-chief of the British army (1856-95).—17, 18, 500, 504

Canrobert, François Certain (1809-1895) — French general, Marshal of France from 1856, Bonapartist; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s; divisional commander (1854) and then commander-in-chief of the French army in the Crimea (1854-55).—17, 69

Canterac, José (c. 1779-1835) — Spanish general, took part in the war against the national liberation movement of the Spanish colonies in South America.— 170

Carmagnola, Francesco Bussone da (c. 1380-1432)—Italian condottiere, commanded the allied forces of Venice and Florence against Milan (1426-32).—278

Castillo, Manuel (d. 1816)—Colombian general, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America.—220-21, 223

Castriotto, Giacomo (d. 1562) — Italian military engineer.— 324, 330

Cathcart, Sir George (1794-1854)— British general, divisional commander in the Crimea (1854).—17

Catherine II (1729-1796)—Empress of Russia (1762-96).—76, 77

Cavaignac, Louis Eugène (1802-1857) — French general and politician, moderate republican; took part in the conquest of Algeria, Governor of Algeria (from March 1848); War Minister (from May 1848); directed the suppression of the June uprising, head of the executive (from June to December 1848).—69

Cecil, William, Lord Burleigh (Burghley) (1520-1598)—British statesman, principal minister (1572-98).—166

Chabrias (died c. 357 B.C.) — Athenian military leader.—93

Chambers—British army officer, fought in the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.-385

Charles II (1630-1685) —King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1660-85^.-268

Charles V (1500-1558) —Holy Roman Emperor (1519-56) and King of Spain under the name of Charles I (1516-56).—62, 192, 325

Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (1643-1690) — Austrian field marshal, in 1683-88 fought in the Austro Turkish war of 1683-99.-259

Charles VII (1403-1461) —King of France (1422-61).—106, 191

Charles VIII (1470-1498)—King of France (1483-98).—107, 191

Charles X (Gustavus) (1622-1660) — King of Sweden (1654-60).—50

Charles X (1757-1836) —King of France (1824-30).—64

Charles XII (1682-1718) —King of Sweden (1697-1718).—Ill, 301

Charles XIII (1748-1818)—King of Sweden (from 1809) and of Sweden and Norway (1814-18).—153, 154, 157

Charles XIV—see Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste Jules

Charles Emmanuel II (1751-1819)— King of Sardinia (1796-1802).—216, 398

Charles Louis (Karl Ludwig) (1771-1847)—Archduke of Austria, field marshal, fought in wars against the French Republic and Napoleonic France, War Minister (1805-09).—27, 28, 32, 58, 149

Charles Martel (c. 688-741) —Frankish mayor of the palace, in 715 became the virtual ruler of the Frankish state.—297

Charlotte, princesse (1796-1865)—daughter of Lucien Bonaparte.— 153

Chased—Indian poet of the early 13th cent.—189 Christian Frederick (1786-1848) —Danish prince, Viceroy (1813-14) and

King of Norway (1814), King of Denmark under the name of Christian VIII (1839-48).—157

Clary, Eugenie Bernardine Désirée (1777-1860)—wife of Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte.—150

Clausel, Bertrand, comte (1772-1842)— French general, Marshal of France from 1831, fought in the Peninsular war (1809-14), Governor of Algeria (1830-31 and 1835-37).—67, 68, 269, 270, 273

Clausewitz, Karl von (1780-1831) — Prussian general and military theorist.— 234

Cleombrotus I—King of Sparta (380-371 B.C.).—93

Cleomenes III (255-219 B.C.) —King of Sparta (235-221 B.C.).—92

Cleopatra VII (69-30 B.C.)—last Queen of Egypt of the Ptolemy dynasty.— 5

Clerfayt, Karl, Count (1733-1798)— Austrian field marshal, fought in the Austro-Turkish war (1788-89) a n c[ the war against the French Republic (1792-97).—36, 149

Coburg-Saalfeld, Friedrich Josias, Prince (1737-1815) — Austrian field marshal, fought in the Seven Years' War (1756-63) and in the war against the French Republic (1792-97).—12

Coehorn (Cohorn or Coehoorn), Magdale-na van Scheltinga—wife of Menno Coehorn.— 267

Coehorn (Cohorn or Coehoorn), Menno

van, Baron (1641-1704)—Dutch general and military engineer.— 54, 267-68, 332

Collado, Luis (16th cent.) — Spanish military engineer.—192

Colt, Samuel (1814-1862)—American manufacturer and military inventor.—449

Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506)— Genoese-born navigator, discoverer of America.— 365 Colvin, John Russell (1807-1857)— British colonial official in India, an organiser of the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.—380

Conde, José Antonio (1765-1820)— Spanish historian, Arabist.—189

Congreve, William (1772-1828)—British army officer and military inventor.— 130

Conolly, Arthur (1807-1842)—British army officer, envoy to Khiva in 1840, arrested and killed in Bukhara.— 383

Constantine (Konstantin) Pavlovich (1779-1831)—Russian Grand Duke, commander of the Polish army, virtual Viceroy of Poland (1814-31).—131 Cook, James (1728-1779)—English navigator.— 317 Cordova—see Fernandez, de Cordova Gonsalvo Cordova (Cordoba), José Maria (1799-1829)—Colombian general, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America.— 170 Cormontaigne, Louis de (c. 1696-1752) — French general, military engineer, author of works on fortification.— 54, 325-26, 330-32, 334, 338

Cortes, Hernan (1485-1547) — Spanish conqueror of Mexico (1519-21).—317

Cotton, Sir Willoughby (1783-1860) — British general, fought in the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.—380, 385

Coulon—French business firm in the late 18th and early 19th cent.— 83, 395

Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658) — leader in the English Revolution, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1653.—300 Ctesias (mid-5th to early 4th cent. B.C.)—Greek historian and physi-cian.—189

Cuesta—see Carcia de la Cuesta, Gregorio

Custine, Adam Philippe, comte de (1740-1793) — French general, fought in

the war of the French Republic against the first European coalition.—56, 149

Czernicheff (Chernyshov), Alexander Iva-novich, Prince (1786-1857)—Russian army officer, general from 1812, fought against Napoleon; Russian military and diplomatic representative at Napoleon's headquarters in 1809-12.—155

D

Daendels, Hermann Willem (1762-1818)—Dutch general, fought in wars of the French Republic and its allies against European coalitions.— 399

Dahlgren, John Adolf (1809-1870)— American naval officer and military inventor, admiral from 1863.— 205

Danton, Georges Jacques (1759-1794)— leader of the Right-wing Jacobins in the French Revolution.— 215, 397, 398

Darius I Hystaspes (550-486 B.C.) — King of Persia (522-486 B.C.).—23, 87, 159, 317

DAspre—see Aspre, d', Konstantin, Baron Davout, Louis Nicolas, due d'Auerstädt, prince d'Eckmiihl (1770-1823)— Marshal of France, fought in Napoleonic wars.—27, 31, 58, 78, 130, 151, 173, 252, 254 Deane—English military inventor (mid-19th cent.).—449

Decatur, Stephen (1779-1820)—American naval officer, commanded a squadron against Algeria, Tunisia and Tripoli (1815).—63

Delvigne, Henri Gustavus (1799-1876)— French army officer and military inventor.—116, 362, 419, 436-40, 456

Dennie, William (1785-1842)—British army officer, fought in the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.—381, 384

21-2315 Deval—French consul in Algeria (1815-27).—64

Dieskau, Julius—deputy to the Saxon Diet, member of the opposition.—81, 392

Dilich (real name Schäffer), Wilhelm (c.

1575-1655)—German military writer.—328 Dionysius (the Elder) (c. 432-367 B.C.)— tyrant of Syracuse (405-367 B.C.).— 266 Doineau, Auguste Edouard (b. 1824)— French official in Algeria; was given the death sentence, commuted to life imprisonment for killing an Algerian (1856), pardoned in 1859.—69

Dokhturoff, Dmitri Sergeyevich (1756-1816)—Russian general, fought against Napoleon.—253

Dost Mohammed Khan (1793-1863)— Emir of Afghanistan (1826-39 and 1842-63).—44-45, 48, 379, 381-84, 389 Drake, Sir Francis (c. 1540-1596) — English admiral, took part in the destruction of the Spanish Armada (1588).—168

Dreyse, Johann Nikolaus von (1787-1867) — Prussian military inventor and manufacturer.—362, 450, 451

Drouet d'Erlon, Jean Baptiste, comte (1765-1844)—French general, later Marshal of France, fought in Napoleonic wars.—269, 270, 273, 313 Ducos, Roger (1747-1816)—leading figure in the French Revolution, member of the Directory (1797-99); took part in the Bonapartist coup (1799).—151

Ducoudray Holstein—French army officer, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America, author of a tendentious book on Bolivar.—222, 225, 226, 232-33 Dudley, Robert (1574-1649)—British naval officer and inventor.— 366

Duguay-Trouin, René (1673-1736)— French corsair, fought in France's wars against England and Holland, later general of the French army.— 471

Dulong, François Charles (1792-1834)— French lawyer and liberal politician, member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1831.—212

Dumonceau, Jean Baptiste (1760-1821)— French general, held commanding posts in the Dutch army allied with France; Marshal of France from 1806.—399

Dumouriez, Charles François du Périer

(1739-1823)—French general and politician, commanded the Northern army in 1792-93, betrayed the French Republic in March 1793.— 12, 215, 397

Duncker, Franz (1822-1888)—Berlin publisher and politician.—407

Dupas, Pierre Louis (1761-1823)— French general, fought in Napoleonic wars.—153

Duplay, Maurice (1738-1820)—owner of a joiner's shop; took part in the French Revolution, Jacobin, supporter of Robespierre.— 398

Dupont de l'Étang, Pierre Antoine, comte

(1765-1840)—French general, fought in Napoleonic wars.—216, 400

Dupuy de Lome, Stanislas Charles Henri Laurent (1816-1885)—French military shipbuilder.— 370

Duquesne, Abraham, marquis (1610-1688)—French admiral, commanded operations against Algeria and Tripoli in 1680-83.—63

Dürer, Albrecht or Albert (1471-1528) — German painter and engraver; expert in fortification.—319, 325, 332

E

Edward, Prince of Wales (called "the Black Prince") (1330-1376)—son of Edward III of England; a leader in the Hundred Years' War between England and France.—349

Elizabeth I (1533-1603)—Queen of "England and Ireland (1558-1603).—25, 104, 167

Elizabeth Maria of Bavaria-Birkenfeld, Princess (1784-1849)—daughter of Bavarian Prince Wilhelm von Birkenfeld, wife of Marshal Berthier.—58

Ellenborough, Edward Law, Earl of (1790-1871)—British Tory statesman, Governor-General of India (1842-44).—47

Elphinstone, George William Keith (1782-1842) — British general, fought in the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.—46, 385, 387-88

Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1779-1859)— British diplomat, East India Company official; ambassador to Kabul (1808-09), Governor of Bombay (1819-26).—43

Engelhardt, Anton Yevstafyevich (1795-1872) — Russian general, fought against revolutionary Hungary in 1848-49.—132

Engels, Frederick (1820-1895).—407-08, 476, 489, 494, 499, 503, 507, 517, 520, 524, 529, 541

England, Sir Richard (1793-1883) — British general, divisional commander in the Crimea in 1854-55.—17, 18

Epaminondas (c. 420-362 B.C.)—military leader and statesman of ancient Thebes.—35, 36, 92-93, 342-43, 358

d'Erlon—see Drouet d'Erlon, Jean Baptiste, comte

Ernest HI (Ernest Anton Karl Ludwig)

(1784-1844)—Duke of Saxe-Coburg (1806-26) and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha under the name of Ernest I (1826-44); fought against Napoleon.—179

Errard (Érard), Jean (1554-1610) — French military engineer and mathematician.— 328

Espartero, Baldomero, Duke (1793-1879)—Spanish general and politician, leader of the Progresista Party, Regent of Spain (1841-43), head of government (1854-56).—171

Eudes (Eudon, Odo) (665-735)—Duke of Aquitaine, took part in the Franks' struggle against the Arab invasion.— 297 Eugène, Prince—see Beauharnais, Eugène de

Eugène, Prince of Savoy (François Eugène

de Savoie-Carignan) (1663-1736)— Austrian general and statesman.—13, 249, 250

Euler, Leonhard (1707-1783)—mathematician, expert in mechanic and physicist of Swiss descent, worked at the St. Petersburg (1727-41 and 1766-83) and Berlin (1741-66) Academies of Sciences.—196 Evans, Sir George de Lacy (1787-1870)— British general and liberal politician, divisional commander in the Crimea in 1854.—17, 18

Exmouth, Edward Pellew, Viscount (1757-1833) —British admiral, fought against Algeria, Tunisia and Tripoli in 1816.—64

F

Farnese, Alexander, Prince and Duke of Parma (1545-1592)—Spanish general and statesman, Viceroy of the Netherlands (1578-92).—21, 167, 168

Fath Ali (Feth Ali, Futteh Ali) (1762-1834)—Shah of Persia (1797-1834).— 43

Ferdinand IV (1285-1312) —King of Castile and Leon (1295-1312).—190

Ferdinand V (the Catholic) (1452-1516) — King of Aragon under the name of Ferdinand II (1479-1516); his marriage in 1469 to Isabella, future Queen of Castile, completed the unification of Spain.— 62

Ferdinand VII (1784-1833) —King of

21* Spain (1808 and 1814-33).—171

Ferdinand, Karl Josef von Este, Archduke (1781-1850)—Austrian field marshal, fought against Napoleon.—151

Ferdinand Philippe Louis Charles Henri,

duc d'Orléans (1810-1842)—eldest son of Louis Philippe of France; took part in the conquest of Algeria in 1835-40.—419

Fernandez de Cordova, Gonsalvo (1453-1515) — Spanish general, fought in the war against the Kingdom of Granada (1481-92).—351

Fierro, Manuel—Spanish general, fought against the national liberation movement of the Spanish colonies in South America, Governor of Caracas in July-August 1813.—221

Fitzwilliam, Sir William (1526-1599)— Viceroy of Ireland (1572-75 and 1588-94).—169

Flamininus, Titus Quinctius (c. 228-174 B.C.) — Roman general and statesman, Consul (198 B.C.), led the Roman army in the second Macedonian war (200-197 B.C.).—100

Fierez, José Segundo (b. 1789) — Spanish historian and publicist.—171

Floriani, Pierre Paolo (1584-1638) — Italian military engineer.— 324, 329

Floyd, John Buchanan (1807-1863)— American general and statesman, War Minister (1857-60), fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War.— 126, 533

Foix, Gaston, due (1489-1512) — French general, fought in the wars in Italy.— 278, 279

Folard, Jean Charles (1669-1752) — French army officer, military author.—160 Forey, Elie Frédéric (1804-1872)— French general, later Marshal of France, Bonapartist, took part in the conquest of Algeria (1830s and 1840s) and in the Crimean campaign (1854-55).—17

Fouché, Joseph, due d'Otranto (1759-1820)—prominent figure in the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire; Minister of Police (1799-1810); notorious for his unscrupulousness.—153

Foy, Maximilien Sébastien (1775-1825)— French general, fought in the Peninsular war (1808-14).—269, 270, 273

Francis I (1494-1547) —King of France (1515-1547).—107, 191, 352

Franz (16th cent.)—German military engineer.— 325

Frederick II (the Great) (1712-1786)— King of Prussia (1740-1786).—36, 73, 111-14, 116, 172, 196, 197, 294, 301, 303, 304, 309, 314, 338, 357-59, 452, 514 Frederick VI (1768-1839)—Prince Regent of Denmark and Norway (1784-1808), King of Denmark and Norway (1808-14), then King of Denmark (1814-39).—153, 157

Frederick Charles {Friedrich Karl Nikolaus), Prince (1828-1885)— Prussian general, later field marshal-general.—452

Frederick Christian (1765-1814)—Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, elder brother of the Duke of Augustenburg.—153

Frederick William I (1688-1740)—King of Prussia (1713-40).—112, 301, 302 Frederick William III (1770-1840) — King of Prussia (1797-1840).—59, 156, 173, 174, 186, 403

Freire, Manuel (1765-1834) — Spanish general, fought in the liberation war against Napoleonic France (1808-14).—269, 273 Freitag, Adam (17th cent.)—Dutch military engineer.—328

Freites, Pedro Maria (d. 1817)— Venezuelan officer, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America.— 226

Fremosa, Emanuel—participant in the expedition of the Spanish Armada in 1588; taken prisoner by the British.—168

Fréron, Louis Marie Stanislas (1754-1802)—prominent figure in the French Revolution, later a leader of the Thermidor coup (July 1794).— 216, 398

Friant, Louis (1758-1829)—French general, fought in Napoleonic wars.— 253, 254

Fröbel, Julius (1805-1893)—German radical journalist and publisher of progressive literature; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848.—393

Frundsberg, Georg von (1473-1528)— commander of German mercenaries, fought in the Italian wars (in the service of the German Emperor) and against the peasant insurrection in Germany in 1525-26.—107

Fulton, Robert (1765-1815) — American engineer and inventor; designed and built early steamboats.—369

Futteh Jung—son of Afghan Shah Soojah, ruled Afghanistan for several months in 1842.—48

Futteh Khan (d. 1818)—Vizier of Shah

Mahmud of Afghanistan.—43

G

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)—Italian physicist and astronomer, elaborated the principles of mechanics.— 196

Garcia de la Cuesta, Gregorio (1741-1811) — Spanish general, fought in the war against Napoleonic France (1808-14).—134

Gardane, Mathieu Claude, comte (1766-1817) — French general and diplomat, fought in Napoleonic wars; sent to Teheran on a special mission in 1807-08.—43

Gauthier, Jean Louis—French journalist, royalist.—215, 397

Genghis Khan (c. 1155-1227)—Mongol military leader and conqueror, founder of the Mongol Empire.—42 George II (1683-1760)—King of Great Britain and Ireland, Elector of Hanover (1727-60).—76, 77 George IV (1762-1830)—Prince Regent (1811-20), King of Great Britain and Ireland (1820-30).—186

Gérard, Etienne Maurice, comte (1773-1852)—French general, later Marshal of France, Orleanist; took part in Napoleonic wars and the campaign against Holland in 1832.—21, 253 Girôn, Pedro Agustin, marqués de las Amarillas (1778-1842)—Spanish general, fought in the war against Napoleonic France (1808-14).—273

Gneisenau, August Wilhelm Anton, Count Neithardt von (1760-1831)—Prussian field marshal-general, an organiser of the liberation struggle against Napoleon's rule; helped draw up and carry out Prussian army reforms.— 174, 183, 187 Goltz, Karl Heinrich Friedrich (1772-1822) — Prussian general and diplomat, fought in wars against the French Republic and Napoleonic France.—173 Gonsalvo de Cordova—see Fernandez de

Cordova, Gonsalvo

Gonzales—Spanish officer, fought against the national liberation movement of the Spanish colonies in South America.—222

Görgey (Görgei), Arthur (1818-1916)— military leader of the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; commander-in-chief of the Hungarian army (April-June 1849), War Minister from May 1849; advocated agreement with the Habsburgs and, later, capitulation.—259-61

Grant, Ulysses Simpson (1822-1885) — American general and statesman, fought in the Civil War on the side of the Union, commander-in-chief from March 1864; War Minister (1867-68), President of the United States (1869-77).—532, 533

Grey and Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, Count of (1827-1909)— British liberal statesman, Under-Secretary for War (1859-January 1861 and July 1861-63), Secretary for War (1863-66).—505

Grey de Wilton, Charles William, Earl (1804-1870)—British general, participant in the Volunteer movement.—536

Gribeauval, Jean Baptiste Vaquette de (1715-1789)—French general, inspector of the French artillery from 1764 to 1789 (with an interval).— 116, 194, 198-99, 200

Griffiths, Frederick Augustus (d. 1869)— British army officer and military writer.—432

Gritti, Andrea (c. 1455-1538)— Venetian military leader and statesman, Doge of Venice (1523-38).—278 Grosvenor, Hugh Lupus, Count (1825-1899)—British liberal politician, took part in the Volunteer movement.— 488

Grouchy, Emmanuel, marquis de (1766-1847)—French general, Marshal of France from 1815, fought in Napoleonic wars.—253

Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874)—French historian and statesman; virtually directed France's home and foreign policy from 1840 to the February 1848 revolution.— 213

Gustavus II Adolphus (1594-1632) — King of Sweden (1611-32), general and military reformer.—109-11, 194, 195, 300, 354, 355, 358, 400

Gustavus IV Adolphus (1778-1837)— King of Sweden (1792-1809), deposed in 1809 by a military coup.— 50, 152, 155, 217 Gyulay, Ferenc, Count (1798-1868)— Austrian general, War Minister (1849-50), commander-in-chief of the

Austrian army in the war against France and Piedmont (1859).—180

Gyulay, Ignatius, Count (1763-1831)— Austrian general, fought against Napoleon.—514

H

Hall, or Halle, Edward (c. 1498-1547)— English chronicler and lawyer.—24

Halleck, Henry Wager (1815-1872)— American general, fought in the Civil War on the side of the Union, commander-in-chief (July 1862-March 1864).—532, 533

Hamilcar Barca (Barcas) (c. 270-c. 228 B.C.)—Carthaginian general and statesman, father of Hannibal.—294

Hamilton, James (d. 1580)—Scottish nobleman, supporter of Mary Stuart.—25

Hannibal (c. 247-183 B.C.)—Carthaginian general.—35, 96, 294-96

Hardinge, Sir Henry, Viscount (1785-1856)—British general, field marshal from 1855; fought in the Peninsular war (1808-14), Secretary at War (1828-30 and 1841-44), commander-in-chief of the British army (1852-56).—10, 290

Hartmann, Georg (1489-1564)—German physicist and expert in mechanics.—192

Hartmann, Moritz (1821-1872)— Austrian writer; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49.—393

Hasdrubal (Asdrubat)—Carthaginian general, fought in the second Punic war (218-201 B.C.).—296

Haynau, Julius Jakob, Baron von (1786-1853)—Austrian field marshal, brutally suppressed the 1848-49 revolutionary movement in Italy and Hungary.—279, 304 Heer, Christoph (d. 1701)—German mathematician and military engineer.—328

Heidemann, Christoph (17th cent.)— German military engineer, worked in Holland.—328

Henry IV (1553-1610)—King of France (1589-1610).—25, 108, 109

Henry VII (1457-1509)—King of England (1485-1509).—366

Henry VIII (1491-1547)—King of England (1509-47) and Ireland (from 1541).—24, 366

Hentzi, Heinrich (1785-1849)—Austrian general, commanded the Austrian garrison of the Buda fortress besieged by the Hungarian revolutionary army in 1849.—260-61

Herbillion, Emile (1794-1866)—French general, took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1840s.— 69

Herbort, Johann Anton (18th cent.)— military engineer in Württemberg.— 333

Herlossohn, Karl Georg Reginald (1804-1849)—German writer.—392

Herodotus (c. 484-c. 425 B.C.)—Greek historian.— 88, 159

Hesse, Elector of—see William I

Hippisley, Gustavus—British army officer, one of the expedition of British volunteers to South America (1817-18) to help the national liberation movement there; wrote A Narrative of the Expedition.— 233

Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Friedrich Franz, Count (1757-1844) — Austrian general, later field marshal, took part in wars against Napoleonic France.— 31, 32, 134

Homer—semi-legendary Greek epic poet.—89, 104

Hope, Thomas (c. 1770-1831)—English banker, antiquarian and author.— 290

Howard, Charles, Baron, Earl of Nottin-gham (1536-1624)—British admiral, commander-in-chief of the British fleet which defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588.—167-68

Hoyer, Johann Gottfried (1767-1848)— Prussian general, military author and historian.—197

Hurtado de Mendoza—Venezuelan politician, took part in the national liberation movement in South America, supporter of Bolivar.—222

Hussein (c 1773-1838)—last Dey of Algiers (1818-30).—64

I

Ibrahim—Dey of Algiers who refused, early in the 18th century, to submit to the Sultan of Turkey.—63-64

Ibrahim Pasha (1789-1848)—foster-son of the Viceroy of Egypt Mehemet Ali; Egyptian commander-in-chief during the wars against Turkey (1831-33 and 1839-41); virtual ruler of Egypt from 1847.—4

Inglis, Sir William (1764-1835)— British general, took part in the Peninsular war in 1809-14.—270

Iphicrates (c. 419-c. 353 B.C.)— Athenian, general.—90, 93, 342, 343

J

Jägersfeld—Prussian army officer (second half of 18th cent.).—172

James—British army officer under Elizabeth I.—25

James, George Payne Rainsford (1799-1860) — English author of historical novels.— 25

Jellachich (Jellacic) de Buzim, Franz (1746-1810)—Austrian general, lieutenant field marshal, Croat by birth, fought in wars against the French Republic and Napoleonic France.— 27 Johann (John)—German engineer, helped fortify Jülich in the mid-16th cent.—325

Johann Nepomuk Maria Joseph (1801-1873) — Prince of Saxony, King of Saxony (1854-73).—392

John (Johann) (1782-1859) —Archduke of Austria, field marshal, fought against Napoleon; Imperial Regent from June 1848 to December 1849.— 28, 33

Joinville, François Ferdinand Philippe Louis Marie, duc d'Orléans, prince de (1818-1900)—son of Louis Philippe; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1840s.—69, 370

Jomini, Antoine Henri, Baron (1779-1869) — Swiss-born general in the French and later in the Russian army; writer on strategy and military history.—150, 218

Joseph II (1741-1790)—Holy Roman Emperor (1765-90).—394

Josephus Flavius (c. 37-c. 95)—Jewish historian and general.— 263, 266

Jourdan, Jean Baptiste (1762-1833)— French general, Marshal of France from 1804; fought in the war of the French Republic against the first European coalition.—149

Jourgniac Saint-Méard, François de (1745-1827) —French army officer and journalist, royalist.—215, 397

Juba I (d. 46 B.C.)—King of Numidia, fought with Pompey and his followers against Caesar (49-46 B.C.).— 62

Jubbar Khan—relative of Emir Dost Mohammed Khan of Afghanistan.— 383

Jugurtha (c. 160-104 B.C.)—King of Numidia, waged war against Rome in 111-106 B.C.—98

Justinian I (483-565) — Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire (527-65).— 297

K

Kamenski, Mikhail Fedotovich, Count (1738-1809) —Russian field marshal-general; in 1806 commander-in-chief in the war against Napoleonic France.—77

Kamran—son of Shah Mahmud of Afghanistan, ruler of Herat from 1829.—44, 382

Kapzewich, Pyotr Mikhailovich (1772-1840)—Russian general, fought in Napoleonic wars.—182

Kaye, Sir John William (1814-1876) — British colonial official and historian.—379, 385, 386, 387

Keane, John (1781-1844)—British general, fought in the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.—45, 380, 381

Kellermann, François Christophe (1735-1820) — French general, Marshal of France from 1804, fought in wars of the French Republic against European coalitions.—56, 236

Khair-ed-Deen (Cheireddin Barbarossa) (c. 1467-1546)—Turkish corsair, ruler of Algeria (1518-46).—62

Klapka, György (Georg) (1820-1892)— general of the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49); commandant of the Komorn fortress (June-September 1849).—259

Kleber, Jean Baptiste (1753-1800)— French general, fought in the war of the French Republic against the first European coalition.—149 Kleist (Kleist von Nollendorf), Friedrich Heinrich Ferdinand Emil, Count (1762-1823) — Prussian general, subsequently field marshal-general, fought against Napoleon.—179, 181-83

Kmety, György (George) (1810-1865) — general of the Hungarian revolutionary army in 1848-49, later served in the Turkish army, fought in the Crimean war (1853-56) under the name of Ismail Pasha.—260, 261 Knezich, Kâroly (c. 1808-1849)—general of the Hungarian revolutionary army in 1848-49.—261

Kohun-Dil-Khan—chief of an Afghan tribe.—381

Kolodjecki, Xawer (b. 1829) — participant in the Polish national liberation movement and the Hungarian revolution of 1848-49; made an attempt on the life of Jôzef Bern.—132

Kolowrat-Krakowsky, Johann Nepomuk, Count (1748-1816)—Austrian general, field marshal from 1809, fought in wars against the French Republic and Napoleonic France.— 28

Korff, Fyodor Karlovich, Baron (1774-1826)—Russian general, fought against Napoleon.— 253

Kossuth, Lajos (1802-1894)—leader of the Hungarian national liberation movement; head of the revolutionary government (1848-49).—259

Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von (1761-1819) —German writer and journalist, extreme monarchist.— 394

Kray von Krajova, Paul, Baron (1735-1804) — Austrian general of Hungarian descent, fought in wars against the French Republic and Napoleonic France.—149

Kreutz, Kiprian Antonovich, Count (1777-1850)—Russian general, fought against Napoleon.— 254

Kutusoff (Kutuzov), Mikhail II-larionovich, Prince of Smolensk (1745-1813)—Russian military leader, field marshal, fought in wars against Turkey and Napoleonic France, commander-in-chief of the Russian army in 1812.—51, 251, 252, 255

L

Lafayette (La Fayette), Marie Joseph Paul, marquis de (1757-1834) — French general; in 1775-79 fought in the American War of Independence; promi-

nent figure in the French Revolution, a leader of the moderate con-stitutionalists (Feuillants).— 56, 215

Laffitte, Jacques (1767-1844)—French banker and liberal politician, headed the government in the early period of the July monarchy (1830-31).— 158

Lagerbjelke, Gustaf, Count (1777-1837)— Swedish diplomat, plenipotentiary in Paris in 1810-13.—154

Lallerstedt, Sven Gustaf (1816-1864)— Swedish writer and historian.—154-56, 158

Lamar (Lamar y Cortezar), José (1778-1830) — Peruvian general; fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America; an opponent of Bolivar; President of Peru (1827-29).—170, 231

Lamballe, Maria Thérèse Louise de Savoie-

Carignan, princesse de (1749-1792)— French noblewoman in attendance on Queen Marie Antoinette, killed during . the popular unrest in Paris in September 1792.—401

Lamoricière, Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de (1806-1865)—French general and moderate republican politician; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s and in the suppression of the June 1848 uprising in Paris.— 213

Lancaster, Charles William (1820-1878)—English gunsmith, modern-ised the rifle.—435, 495, 497-99

Landsberg, Hermann (1670-1746) — German military engineer.—333

Lane—American army officer, military bridge builder.—161

Langeron, Louis Alexandre Andrault, de

(Alexander Fyodorovich), Count (1763-1831)—general of French descent in the service of Russia; fought against Napoleon.—175, 179, 181, 183

Lannes, Jean, duc de Montebello (1769-1809) — Marshal of France, fought in Napoleonic wars.—31, 32, 33, 77, 78, 151

Lapie, Pierre (1779-1850)—French military engineer and topographer.— 154 Lara, Juan Jacinto (1778-1859)— Venezuelan general, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America.—170 Larabit, Marie Denis (1792-1876)— French liberal, member of the Chamber of Deputies under the July monarchy; later a Bonapartist.— 211

La Roche-Aymon, Antoine Charles Etienne

Paul, comte de (1772-1849)—French general and military author.—306

Las Casas, Manuel Maria—Venezuelan army officer, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America, supporter of Bolivar.—220 Las Cases, Emmanuel Augustin Dieudon-né {Marie Joseph), comte de (1766-1842) — French historian, accompanied Napoleon to St. Helena (1815-16); published Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène (1822-23).—217, 401

Latour-Maubourg, Marie Victor Nicolas

(1768-1850) — French general, fought in Napoleonic wars.—254

Lauriston, Jacques Alexandre Bernard Law, marquis de (1768-1828) — French general, later Marshal of France, fought in Napoleonic wars.— 51 Lecourbe, Claude (1759-1815)—French general, fought in the wars of the French Republic against European coalitions.—217 Leicester, Earl of (title of Dudley, Robert) (c. 1532-1588) —favourite of Queen Elizabeth of England, commanded the forces mustered for the defence of England against Spanish invasion (1588).—167 Leif, Ericsson (c. 975-c. 1020) — Norwegian navigator, reached the shores of North America at the beginning of the 11th cent.— 365

Leopold I (1640-1705)—Holy Roman Emperor (1658-1705).—332

Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1676-1747)—Prussian field marshal, reor-ganised Prussian infantry.—357

Lepidus (Marcus Aemilius Lepidus) (89-12 B.C.)—Roman statesman, member of the second triumvirate (43-36 B.C.), played a secondary role to Octavian and Antonius; was stripped of his powers in 36 B.C.—155

L'Estocq (Lestocq), Anton Wilhelm von (1738-1815)—Prussian general, fought against Napoleon in 1806-07.—77, 402 Liechtenstein, Johann Joseph, Prince of (1760-1836)—Austrian general, field marshal from 1809, fought against Napoleon.—32

Liechtenstein, Wenzel, Prince of (1767-1842)—Austrian army officer, subsequently general, fought against Napoleon.—183

Longa, Francisco—Spanish army officer, subsequently general, took part in the war against Napoleonic France (1808-14).—270, 273

Lorenz, Josef (1814-1879)—Austrian army officer and military inventor.— 362, 444, 446

Lottum, Friedrich Albrecht Charles, Count (1720-1797)—Prussian army officer, subsequently general, took part in the Seven Years' War.—402

Louis XII (1462-1515)—King of France (1498-1515).—191 Louis XIV (1638-1715)—King of France (1643-1715).—63, 195, 250, 330 Louis XV (1710-1774) —King of France (1715-74).—116 Louis XVI (1754-1793)—King of France (1774-92), executed during the French Revolution.—56, 134, 394

Louis XVIII (1755-1824)—King of France (1814-15 and 1815-24).—59, 84, 217, 396, 401 Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon HI

Louis Philippe (1773-1850)—Duke of Orleans, King of France (1830-48).— 67, 68, 211-13, 419, 466

Lourmel, Frederic Henri Lenormand de

(1811-1854)—French general, fought in the Crimean war (1853-56).—423

L/lwendal, Ulrich Frederic Valdemar, comte de (1700-1755)—Danish-born general, Marshal from 1747; served in the Russian (1735-43) and the French (1743-55) army; fought in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48).—268

Luckner, Nikolas, comte (1722-1794)— Marshal of France, took part in the war of the French Republic against the first European coalition.—56

Lüders, Alexander Nikolayevich, Count (1790-1874)—Russian general, commanded a corps in the war against revolutionary Hungary; fought in the Crimean war (1853-56).—133

Ludwig Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia (1772-1806).—402

M

McClellan, George Brinton (1826-1885)—American general, commander-in-chief of the Union army (November 1861-March 1862); advocated a compromise with the Confederacy.—526

Macdonald, Etienne Jacques Joseph Alexandre, due de Tarente (1765-1840)—Marshal of France from 1809, fought in Napoleonic wars.— 27, 130, 175, 181-84, 210

Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527)— Italian politician, historian, military theorist and writer.—107, 191

Mack, Charles (1752-1828)—Austrian general, in 1805 fought against Napoleon.—58

McMurdo, Sir William Montagu Scott (1819-1894)—British army officer,

later general; Inspector-General of the Volunteers (1860-65).—488, 490, 505, 535, 536, 538-39

Macnaghten, Sir William Hay (1793-1841)—British colonial officer and diplomat; one of the principal or-ganisers of the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.—44, 45, 46, 379, 380-90

Maggi, Girolamo (c. 1523-1572)— Italian military engineer and writer.—324

Mago (d. 203 B.C.)—Carthaginian general, brother of Hannibal; fought in the second Punic war (218-201 B.C.).—296

Mahmood Shah—head of the Gujarat state (1458-1511).—142

Mahmud II (1785-1839)—Sultan of Turkey (1808-39).—64, 155

Mahmud (d. 1829)—Shah of Afghanistan (1800-03 and 1809-18), later ruler of Herat.—43, 44

Mahmud (Mahmoud) of Ghazni (971-1030)—head of the Ghazni empire, which included Khorasan, Seis-tan and Afghanistan (998-1030).— 41, 42

Mahomed Akbar Khan—son of Emir Dost Mohammed Khan of Afghanistan.—389, 390

Maison, Nicolas Joseph, marquis de (1771-1840)—French general, later Marshal of France, fought in Napoleonic wars.—174

Malatesta, Sigismondo Pandolfo di Rimini ( 1417-1468)—Italian condottiere.— 192

Malcolm, Sir John (1769-1833)—British colonial official and diplomat, later Governor of Bombay (1826-30).—43

Manton, Joseph (c. 1766-1835) —English gunsmith and inventor.—25

Marchi, Francesco da (1504-1577)— Italian military engineer.—324

Marcus Gracchus—Byzantine medieval alchemist.—189 Marggraff, Hermann (1809-1864)— German author and journalist.—392

Marino, Santiago (1788-1854)— Venezuelan general, a leader in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America.—221-22, 224, 226, 227

Marius (Gains Marins) (c. 156-86 B.C.)—Roman general and statesman.—98, 344, 346, 347

Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of (1650-1722)—British general, in 1702-11 commander-in-chief of the British forces in the War of the Spanish Succession.—249, 250, 268

Marmont, Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse,

duc de (1774-1852)—Marshal of France, fought in Napoleonic wars.— 178, 179, 181-85

Marolois, Samuel—French mathematician in the Netherlands in the first half of the 17th cent.—328

Mar sin (Marchin), Ferdinand, comte de

(1656-1706)—Marshal of France and diplomat, fought in the War of the Spanish Succession.—249

Martens, Georg Friedrich (1756-1821)— German lawyer and diplomat; from 1776 published collections of international treaties.—217, 400

Martinez de Ricalde, Juan (d. 1588) — Spanish admiral, second in command of the Spanish Armada in 1588.— 167, 168

Masséna, André, duc de Rivoli, prince de Essling (1756-1817)—Marshal of France, fought in wars of the French Republic and Napoleonic France.— 19, 28, 57, 58, 153, 216, 217, 398, 399, 401, 473

Matthias Corvinus (Matthias I) (1443-1490) —King of Hungary (1458-90).—259

Maudin (17th cent.)—French military engineer.— 323

Maurice (Moritz) of Nassau, Prince of Orange and Count of Nassau (1567-

1625)—Stadtholder of the Netherlands (1585-1625); military leader in the war of independence.—108, 195, 299

Maximilian, Josef von Osterreich-Este (1782-1863)—Archduke of Austria, general, invented a special type of fortification.—334

Maximilian I Joseph (1756-1825)— Elector (from 1799) and King of Bavaria (1806-25); fought in Napoleonic wars, joined the anti-French coalition in 1813.—58

Maximilian II (Maximilian II Maria Emanuel) (1662-1726)—Elector of Bavaria (1679-1726), fought in the War of the Spanish Succession.— 249

Mayne, Sir Richard (1796-1868)—Chief Police Commissioner in London (from 1850).—505

Mecklenburg, Friedrich Ludwig, Duke of (1778-1819)—German prince, married to the sister of Alexander I of Russia.—83, 396

Medina Sidonia, Alonso Pérez de Guzman, Duke of (1550-1615)—Spanish aristocrat, commanded the Spanish Armada in 1588.—167

Meer Musjedee—chief of an Afghan tribe.—389

Mehemet Ali (or Mohammed Ali) (1769-1849)—Egyptian ruler (1805-49), waged wars against the Sultan of Turkey (1831-33 and 1839-40).—4, 64

Mehrab Khan—chief of a tribe in South Afghanistan (Baluchistan).—381, 382

Melas, Michael, Baron von (1729-1806)—Austrian general, fought in wars against the French Republic, commander-in-chief of the Austrian troops in Italy.—57

Melder, Gerard (b. 1693)—Dutch military engineer.—328

Melville, Robert (1723-1809) —British general and military inventor.— 367 Memnon of Rhodes (d. 333 B.C.)— leader of the Greek mercenaries in the army of Darius III, King of Persia.—89

Mentchikoff (Menshikov), Alexander Sergeyevich, Prince (1787-1869) — Russian general and statesman, commander-in-chief of the army and navy in the Crimea (1853-55).—14, 17

Metellus (Quintus Coecilius Metellus) Numidicus (2nd-1st cent. B.C.)— Roman military leader, in 109-107 B.C. commanded Roman troops in the Jugurthine war of 111-105 B.C.—98

Meyer, Joseph (1796-1856) —German publisher; in 1826 founded the biblio-graphic institute which published several editions of the Meyer encyclopaedia.—172, 174, 391, 392, 402 Miguel, Maria Evarist (Don or Dom Miguel) (1802-1866)—head of the clerical-absolutist party and pretender to the Portuguese throne; King of Portugal (1828-34).—290

Miller, John—brother of the British general William Miller; published William Miller's memoirs.— 220, 233

Miller, William (1795-1861)—British general, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America.—220, 233 Miltiades (c. 550 or 540-489 B.C.)— Athenian general and statesman.— 89

Mindon— King of Burma (1853-78).— 285

Minié, Claude Etienne (1804-1879) — French army officer, inventor of a new type of rifle.—18, 116-17, 208, 244, 362, 439-43, 454

Miranda, Francisco Antonio Gabriel (1750-1816)—Venezuelan general and politician, a leader in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America.—219-20

Moerner (Mörner), Karl Otto, Baron (1781-1868) —Swedish army officer,

contributed to the election of Bernadotte as heir to the Swedish throne.—153

Mohamed (Mohammed) Shah (1810-1848)—Shah of Persia (1834-48).— 383

Mohammed (or Muhammad, Mahomet) (c. 570-632)—founder of Islam.— 189

Mohammed Khan—member of the Afghan dynasty of the Barukzyes, ruler of Peshawar (1818-34).—44, 379 Mohun Lai (Mohan Lai)—Afghan in-terpreter for the British.— 387

Money—British army officer, took part in the Volunteer movement.— 522

Montalembert, Marc René, marquis de

(1714-1800) —French general and military engineer, fortification specialist.—13, 54, 333-35

Montalvo, Francisco (1754-1822)— Spanish general, Viceroy of New Granada in 1812-16.—223

Montbrun, Louis Pierre, comte (1770-1812) — French general, fought in Napoleonic wars.—254

Monteith—British army officer, fought in the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.-386

Monteverde, Juan Domingo (1772-1832) — Spanish naval officer, fought against the national liberation movement of the Spanish colonies in South America.—220-22

Moore, Sir John (1761-1809) —British general, commanded the British troops in Portugal in 1808-09.— 289

Morales, Tomas (1781-1844)—Spanish general, fought against the national liberation movement of the Spanish colonies in South America.— 225

Morand, Charles Antoine Louis Alexis,

comte (1771-1835)—French general, fought in Napoleonic wars.— 253 Morillo, Pablo, conde de Cartagena y marqués de la Puerta (1778-1837)— Spanish general, took part in the liberation war against Napoleonic France (1808-14), commanded troops fighting against the national liberation movement of the Spanish colonies in South America (1815-20).—224, 227-29

Moria, Tomas de (1752-1820)—Spanish general, went over to the French occupation army, author of a work on artillery.—197

Mortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph, duc de Trêvise (1768-1835)—Marshal of France, fought in Napoleonic wars.—78, 181-84

Mosquera, Joachim (1787-1877)— Colombian politician, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America, President of Colombia (1830).—232

Muffling, Friedrich Ferdinand Karl, Baron (1775-1851) — Prussian general, later field marshal-general, military writer; fought against Napoleon.—174, 183, 186

Murat, Joachim (1767-1815)—Marshal of France, fought in Napoleonic wars; King of Naples (1808-15).—152, 173, 254, 304, 312-13

Murray (Moray), James Stuart, Earl of (c. 1531-1570)—brother of Mary Stuart of Scotland; Regent of Scotland from 1567, fought against Mary and her allies.—25

N

Nadir Shah (Kuli Khan) (1688-1747)— Shah of Persia (1736-47).—42

Nansouty, Etienne Marie Antoine Cham-pion, comte de (1768-1815) — French general, fought in Napoleonic wars.— 254

Nao Nehal Singh—son and heir of Runjeet Singh, ruler of Punjab.— 382-83

Napier, Sir Charles (1786-1860)— British admiral, commanded the British Baltic fleet (1854).—287

Napier, Sir Charles James (1782-1853)— British general, commanded the troops that conquered the Sind in

1842-43; ruler of the Sind (1843-47).—536

Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick (1785-1860)—British general and military historian, fought in the Peninsular war (1808-14).—304, 526

Napoleon, Prince—see Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul

Napoleon I (Bonaparte) (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—3, 4, 13, 21, 27-28, 31-36, 43, 46-47, 50, 52, 56-59, 63, 73, 77-78, 83, 84, 114, 115-16, 117, 121, 126, 130, 134, 147, 149-57, 162, 173-87, 198-200, 207, 209-11, 216-19, 226, 251-56, 262, 279, 302-04, 311, 313, 314, 335, 361-62, 368, 387, 394-96, 398, 400, 401, 417, 468, 510, 513, 526 Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—nephew of Napoleon I, President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—117, 139, 201, 202, 213, 418, 423, 467-68, 509, 516

Narses (c. 472-568)—Byzantine general, Armenian by birth.—297

Neindorff—Prussian army officer «and military inventor (mid-19th cent.).— 442 Nemours, Louis Charles Philippe Raphaël, d'Orléans, duc de (1814-1896) — second son of Louis Philippe of France; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s.—213

Nessler—French army officer and military inventor (mid-19th cent.).—443

Neubauer (17th cent.)—German military engineer.—328 Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)—English physicist, astronomer and mathematician, founder of classical mechanics.—196

Ney, Michel, due d'Elchingen, prince de la

Moskova (1769-1815)—Marshal of France, fought in Napoleonic wars.— 181, 183, 184, 199, 252, 254, 315, 403, 473

Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—109, 158, 299

Nicolls, Sir Jasper—British colonial official, commanded the British troops in India during the Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42.—383, 385

Niebuhr, Carsten (1733-1815)—German traveller, Orientalist.—23

Noailles, Emmanuel Marie Louis, marquis

de (1743-1822)—French diplomat, ambassador to Vienna (1783-92).— 394

Nordmann, Joseph Armand( 1759-1809)— Austrian general, fought against Napoleon.— 28

Nott, Sir William (1782-1845)—British general, fought in the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.—45, 47-48, 382, 384

O

Octavianus—see Augustus (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus)

O'Donnell, Enrique Jose (1769-1834)— Spanish general, fought in the liberation war against Napoleonic France (1808-14); commander of the expeditionary corps in Cadiz (1819) intended for suppressing the national liberation movement in South America.—228, 229

Oldenburg, Georg Peter Friedrich (Georgy

Petrovich), Prince (1784-1812) — brother-in-law of Alexander I of Russia; held important military and administrative posts (1809-12).—153

Olsuvieff, Zahar Dmitrievich (1773-1835)—Russian general, fought against Napoleon.—181, 182

Orange, Prince of—see William HI

Orléans, duc d'—see Ferdinand Philippe Louis Charles Henri

Osten-Sacken, Fabian Wilhelm (Fabian Vilgelmovich) von, Prince (1752-1837)—Russian general, subsequently field marshal-general, fought against Napoleon.—175, 179, 181-83

Ostermann-Tolstoy, Alexander Ivanovich, Count (1770-1857)—Russian general, fought against Napoleon.—253, 254

Otho (Otto) I (Otho the Great) (912-973) —King of Germany (936-73) and Holy Roman Emperor (962-73).—278

Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, due de Reggio

(1767-1847)—French general, Marshal of France from 1809, fought in Napoleonic wars.—32, 181, 183, 184, 403

P

Paciotto, Francesco (1521-1591)—Italian military engineer.— 324

Padilla, Jose (1778-1828)—Colombian general, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America.—229, 231

Pâez, Jose Antonio (1790-1873)— Venezuelan general, a leader in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America; opposed Bolivar in 1826-30; led the struggle for Venezuela's separation from Colombia; President of Venezuela from 1831 to 1863 (with intervals).— 222, 227, 229, 230, 232

Pagan, Blaise François, comte de (1604-1665)—French military engineer.— 326, 328-29

Pahlen, Pyotr Alexeyevich, Baron (1745-1826)—Russian general, military Governor of St. Petersburg (1798-

1801), an organiser of the plot against Emperor Paul I.—77

Paixhans, Henri Joseph (1783-1854)— French general, military engineer and inventor.—205, 368

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount (1784-1865)—British statesman; at first Tory and from 1830 Whig; Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41 and 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55), and Prime Minister (1855-58 and 1859-65).—158

Papacino dAntoni, Alessandro Vittorio (1714-1786)—Sardinian military engineer.—196

Paravey, Charles Hippolyte de (1787-1871)—French engineer and orientalist.—188

Parma, Prince of—see Farnese, Alexander

Parseval-Deschênes, Alexandre Ferdinand (1790-1860) —French admiral, a squadron commander in the Baltic in

1854.—287

Partouneau—French general, fought in the war waged by France and Piedmont against Austria.— 512

Paskiewitch (Paskevich), Ivan Fyodorovich, Prince (1782-1856) — Russian general, later field marshal-general; fought against Napoleon; took part in suppressing the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 and the Hungarian revolution (1849).—253

Paul I (1754-1801) —Emperor of Russia (1796-1801).—77

Pax (Paz) Salas, Pedro de (16th cent.) — author of a report on the Spanish Armada.—166

Pedro I (1798-1834) —Emperor of Brazil (1822-31), King of Portugal under the name of Pedro IV (1826); abdicated in favour of his daughter, Maria II da Gloria.—131

Pélissier, Aimable Jean Jacques, duc de

Malakoff (1794-1864) —French general, Marshal of France from 1855; took part in the conquest of Algeria

in the 1830s-1850s; commander-in-chief in the Crimea (May 1855-July 1856).—69

Pelletier, Jean Baptiste (1777-1862)— French general, head of a number of artillery schools in France.—130

Pena, Miguel (1781-1833)—Venezuelan lawyer, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America.—220

Pericles (c. 490-429 B.C.)—Athenian statesman and military leader.— 90, 93

Pétion, Alexandre Sabès (1770-1818)— West-Indian politician and general; President of the Republic of Haiti (1807-18).—224, 225

Philip II (1527-1598)—King of Spain (1556-98).—166

Philip II of Macedon (c. 382-336 B.C.) — King of Macedon (359-336 B. C); father of Alexander the Great.—94, 95, 292

Philip V (c. 237-179 B.C.)—King of Macedon (221-179 B.C.).—100

Philostratus (c. 170-245)—Greek rheto-rician, sophist philosopher and writer.—189

Phull, Karl Ludwig August, Baron (1757-1826)—Prussian general, chief of the general staff of the Prussian army in 1806; served in the Russian army in 1806-12.—51

Piar, Manuel Carlos (1782-1817) — Venezuelan and Colombian general, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America.—225-26

Piccinino, Niccolo (1386-1444)—Italian

condottiere, commanded the Milan forces in wars between Italian city-states in 1426-43.—278

Pichon, Louis André, baron (1771-1850) — French politician, civilian commissary in Algiers in the early 1830s.—68 Pius VI (Giovanni Angelo Braschi) (1717-1799)—Pope (1775-99).—57

Plönnies, Wilhelm von (1828-1871)— Hessian army officer and military inventor.—443

Podewils, Philipp, Baron (1809-1885)— Bavarian army officer and military inventor.—443

Pollock, Sir George (1786-1872)—British general, subsequently field marshal, fought in the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.—47, 48

Polybius (c. 201-c. 120 B.C.)—Greek historian.— 345

Poncharra, Charles Louis César du Port, marquis de (1787-1860) —French army officer and military inventor.— 362, 419 Poniatowski, Joseph Anthony, Prince (1763-1813)—Polish politician and general, fought in Napoleonic wars in 1809-13.—252

Poniatowski, Stanislaus Augustus II (1732-1798)—King of Poland under the name of Stanislaus II Augustus (1764-95).—83, 394 Potemkin, Grigory Alexandrovich, Prince (1739-1791)—Russian statesman, field marshal-general, commander-in-chief in the Russo-Turkish war of 1787-91.—76

Pottinger, Eldred — British army officer, fought in the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.—388, 390

Prélat, Joseph (b. 1819) — Swiss gunsmith, modernised the Minié rifle in 1854.—441

Principe y Vidaud, Miguel Agustin (1811-1866) — Spanish liberal writer and historian.—171

Psammetichus I—Egyptian Pharaoh (663-610 B.C.), military leader.—86

Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus) (2nd cent.) — Greek mathematician, astronomer and geographer.—60

Ptolemy Lagi (Ptolemy I) (c. 360-283 B.C.) — general under Alexander of

Macedon, ruler (from 323) and then King of Hellenistic Egypt (305-285 B.C.).—88, 293

Puchner, Anton, Baron (1779-1852)— Austrian general, fought against revolutionary Hungary in 1848-49.— 132

Pugatcheff (Pugachov), Yemelian Iva-novich (c. 1742-1775)—leader of an anti-feudal peasant and Cossack uprising in Russia in 1773-75.—76

Puisaye, Joseph Geneviève, comte de (1755-1827)—French general, royalist, a leader of the counter-revolutionary Chouan revolt (1793-97).— 215, 397

Pyrrhus (319-272 B.C.)—King of Epi-rus (307-302 and 296-272 B.C.), military leader.—99

Q

Quirini, Angelo Maria (1680-1755)— Italian cardinal and writer.— 278

R

Raglan, Lord Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, Baron (1788-1855) —British field marshal, commander-in-chief of the British army in the Crimea (1854-55).—7, 17

Ramses II (Sesostris) — Egyptian Pha-raoh (1317-1251 B.C.), military leader.—85

Randon, Jacques Louis César Alexandre,

comte de (1795-1871) — French general, Marshal of France from 1856; Governor-General of Algeria (1851-58).—69

Ranelagh, Thomas Heron John, Viscount (b. 1812) — British army officer, took part in the Volunteer movement.— 484-87, 505

Raphael Sanzio (Raffaello Santi) (1483-1520) —Italian painter.—278 Rawlinson—British army officer.—386

Rayevski, Nikolai Nikolayevich (1771-1829)—Russian general, fought against Napoleon.—251-54

Reichstadt, Napoleon François-Joseph Charles, duc de (1811-1832)—son of Napoleon I and Marie Louise, a claimant to the French throne.—154

Reille, Honoré Charles Michel Joseph, comte (1775-1860)—French general, subsequently Marshal of France, fought in the Peninsular war (1808-14).—269, 270, 273

Reuss-Plauen, Heinrich, Prince of (1751-1825)—Austrian general, fought against Napoleon.—32

Ribas, Joseph Felix (1775-1814)— Venezuelan general, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America.—219-22, 224

Ricalde—see Martinez de Ricalde, Juan

Richard I (Coeur de Lion) (1157-1199)—King of England (1189-99).— 4

Rimpler, George (1636-1683)—German military engineer.—332, 333

Ringelhardt—manager of a theatre in Cologne and, from 1832, in Leipzig.—80-81, 391-92

Robertson—385

Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de (1758-1794)—Jacobin leader in the French Revolution, head of the revolutionary government (1793-94).—398

Robins, Benjamin (1707-1751)—English mathematician and military engineer.—196

Rodriguez Torrices, Manuel (1788-1815) — Colombian politician, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America.— 220

Romana, Pedro Caro y Sureda, marqués de la (1761-1811) — Spanish general,

commanded a Spanish corps on the shores of the North and Baltic seas (1807-08), fought Napoleon in the war of liberation (1808-14).—152

Romanzoff—see Rumyantsev, Pyotr Alexandrovich

Ronge, Johannes (1813-1887)—German clergyman, founder of the "German Catholics" movement; took part in the 1848-49 revolution.—392

Roscio, Juan German (1769-1821)— Venezuelan lawyer, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America, Vice President of Venezuela (1819-20) and the United States of Colombia (1820-21).—227-28

Rosenberg-Orsini, Franz Seraph, Prince (1761-1832)—Austrian general, fought against Napoleon.—32

Ross, Robert (1766-1814)—British general, took part in wars against France and the USA.—164

Rossetti, Domenico (17th cent.) — Italian military engineer.— 324

Rouvroy, Friedrich Gustav (1771-1839) — Saxon officer, author of works on artillery.—197

Rulhières, Joseph Marcelin (1787-1862)— French general and politician, took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s.—213

Rumyantsev, Pyotr Alexandrovich, Count (Rioomantsof-Zadoonaiski, Rumiancov ) (1725-1796)—Russian field marshal-general, commander in the Russo-Turkish war of 1768-74.—76

Runjeet Singh (1780-1839)—ruler of Punjab (1797-1839).—43, 44, 379, 380, 382

Rupert, Prince (1619-1682) —English general and admiral, royalist, cavalry commander during the English Revolution.— 300 S

Sacken—see Osten-Sacken, Fabian Wilhelm von, Prince

Saint-Arnaud, Armand Jacques Leroy de Achille (1801-1854)—French general, Marshal of France from 1852, Bonapartist; took part in the conquest of Algeria in 1836-51; commander-in-chief of the French army in the Crimea in 1854.—17, 69, 213

Saint-Hilaire, Louis Vincent Joseph le Blond, comte de (1766-1809)—French general, fought in Napoleonic wars.— 33

Saint-Priest, Guillaume Emmanuel Guig-nard, comte de (1776-1814)— French-born general in the service of Russia, fought against Napoleon.— 183, 185

Saint Remy, Pierre Surirey de (c. 1650-1716)—French general, second in command of the French artillery from 1703.—195

Saladin (full name Salah-al-Din Yusuf ibn-Ayyub) (1138-1193)—Sultan of Egypt (1171-93), founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.—4

Sale, Sir Robert Henry (1782-1845)— British colonel, fought in the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.—47, 381, 384, 386, 388

Salles, Charles Marie, comte de (c. 1804-1858) — French general, took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s-1850s.—213

Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus) (86-c. 35 B.C.) — Roman historian.— 98

Sands—British colonel, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America.— 230

San Michèle (Sanmicheli), Michèle (1484-1559) — Italian architect and military engineer.—322, 324

Santa Cruz, Don Alvarez de Bassano,

Marquis de (1526-1588)—Spanish admiral, commanded the Spanish navy in 1576-88.—167

Santander, Francisco de Paula (1792-1840)—Colombian general, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America, Vice-President of the United States of Colombia (1821-28), participant in the conspiracy against Bolivar.—227, 228, 229, 231

Savary, Anne Jean Marie René, duc de

Rovigo (1774-1833)—French general and politician, Minister of Police (1810-14), Governor-General of Algeria (1831-33).—68

Saxe, Hermann Maurice, comte de (1696-1750) — Marshal of France and military writer.—20

Saxe-Coburg, Duke of—see Ernest HI (Ernest Anton Karl Ludwig)

Scarlett, Sir James Yorke (1799-1871)— British general, took part in the Crimean war, adjutant-general in I860.—486

Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von (1755-1813)—Prussian general, War Minister (1807-10) and Chief of Staff (1807-13); reorganised the Prussian army; an organiser of the liberation struggle against Napoleonic rule.— 174, 197

Scheither, Johann Bernhard (17th cent.) — German military engineer.— 328

Schilder, Kaspar Gd.—lighterman, Robert Blum's stepfather.—391

Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von

(1759-1805)—German poet, dramat-ist, historian and philosopher.— 81

Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph (1776-1861)—German historian, demo-crat.—394, 398 Schmerling, Anton von (1805-1893) — Austrian politician, in 1848 deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre), Imperial Minister and, from September to December 1848, Prime Minister.— 393

Schmitz— owner of a lantern factory in Cologne.—80, 391

Schwarzenberg, Karl Philipp, Prince (1771-1820)—Austrian field marshal, fought against Napoleon, commander-in-chief of the allied armies of the European coalition in 1813-14.— 180-81, 183, 184, 185

Schwedt, Heinrich Friedrich (1709-1788)—last margrave of Branden-burg-Schwedt (1771-88).—172

Schwiehelt—see Bennigsen, Amalie Oelgarde

Scipio (Publius Cornelius Scipio) (d. 211 B.C.) — Roman general, consul (218 B.C.) and proconsul in Spain (217-11 B.C.).—295

Sébastiani, Horace François Bastien, comte

(1772-1851) —French general, later Marshal of France and diplomat; took part in Napoleonic wars.—181, 182

Seigneul — Swedish consul-general in Paris (early 19th cent.).—154

Seleucidae — royal dynasty of the Hel-lenistic state formed in Asia Minor after the collapse of Alexander of Macedon's empire; ruled from 312 to 64 B.C.—343

Selim I (1467-1520) —Sultan of Turkey (1512-20).—62

Selim Cutemi (d. 1515) — Emir of Metija (Algeria).—62

Serna y Hinojosa, José de la (1769-1833) — Spanish general, fought against the national liberation movement of the Spanish colonies in South America.—170, 171

Severus (Lucius Septimius Severus) (146-211)—Roman Emperor (193-211) and general.—102 Seydlitz, Friedrich Wilhelm von (1721-1773)—Prussian general, cavalry commander in the Seven Years' War (1756-63.)—112, 301, 302, 304, 316

Seymour—British admiral, commanded the squadron sent to pursue the Spanish Armada in 1588.—168

Sheir Afros Khan (d. 1800)—leader of the conspiracy against Zaman Shah of Afghanistan.—43

Shelton, John (d. 1845) — British general, fought in the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.—386, 388

Shrapnel, Henry (1761-1842)—British general and military inventor.—-246

Sibley, Henry Hopkins (1816-1886) — American army officer, designed an army tent.— 262

Sievers, Karl Karlovich, Count (1772-1856) — Russian general, fought against Napoleon.— 254

Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph, comte de (1748-1836) — French priest, participant in the French Revolution, moderate constitutionalist, member of the Directory (1799), helped organise the Bonapartist coup of 1799.—151

Siman Shah—Shah of Afghanistan (1793-1800).—43

Simpson, Sir James (1792-1868) — British general, served in the Bengal army during the Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42; commander-in-chief of the British army in the Crimea (June-November 1855).—380

Smith, Sir William Sidney (1764-1840) — British admiral.—4

Solyman (or Soliman) I ("the Magnificent") (c. 1496-1566)—Sultan of Turkey (1520-66).—62, 259

Somerset, Fitzroy Molyneux Henry — British army officer, served in the engineers in the 1850s.—498

Soojah Shah (d. 1842)—Shah of Afghanistan (1803-09 and 1838-41); henchman of the British.—43-45, 46, 48, 380-84, 385-87, 389-90

Sorbier, Jean Barthélémy (1762-1827)— French general, commander of the guards artillery in 1810-12.—254

Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, duc de Dalmatie (1769-1851)—Marshal of France and statesman; commanded the French forces in Spain in 1808-14; War Minister (1830-34 and 1840-45), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1839-40) and Prime Minister (1832-34, 1839-40 and 1840-47).—10-11, 151, 152, 173, 211, 269, 270, 273

Spearman—British army officer, reor-ganised British field artillery in the early 19th cent.—199, 201

Speckle {Specklin), Daniel (1536-1589)— German military engineer, a founder of bastion fortification.— 318, 325-28, 329-32, 333

Steger, Friedrich (1811-1874)—German writer, historian and publisher.—391, 392

Steinberg—see Bennigsen, Amalie Luise

Steinberg, Baron — Hanoverian ambassador to Vienna, father of Bennigsen's first wife.—76

Stewart, Charles William, Marquis (1778-1854) — British general and diplomat.—156

Stoddart, Charles (1806-1842)—British army officer and diplomat; in 1838 was appointed envoy to Bukhara where he was killed.— 382

Stone, Charles Pomeroy (1824-1887)— American general, commanded the Union troops in Virginia in 1861, convicted of high treason after their defeat at Bols Bluff in October 1861; released at the end of 1862.—531

Struensee, Karl August von (1735-1804)—Prussian mathematician, economist and statesman.—197

Suchet, Louis Gabriel, due d'Albufera da Valencia (1770-1826)—Marshal of France, fought in the Peninsular war (1808-14).—470

Suchtelen, Pyotr Kornilovich (1751-1836)—Russian general and diplomat, Dutch by birth; commanded the siege of the Sveaborg fortress in 1808; ambassador to Stockholm from 1809.—155

Sucre, Antonio Jose de (1795-1830)— leader in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America, supporter of Bolivar, President of Bolivia (1826-28).—170, 230

Suwaroff (Suvorov), Alexander Vasilyevich, Count Suvorov Rimniksky, Prince Italiisky (1729 or 1730-1800)— Russian field marshal and military theorist.—76

T

Tallard, Camille d'Hostun, duc de (1652-1728) — Marshal of France, fought in the war of the Spanish Succession.— 249, 250

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de

(1754-1838)—French diplomat; Foreign Minister (1797-99, 1799-1807 and 1814-15); France's representative at the Vienna Congress (1814-15).—150, 157, 396

Tamerlane (or Timur) (1336-1405) — Central Asian military leader and conqueror, founder of a vast state in Asia with Samarkand as its capital.— 42

Tamisier, François Laurent Alphonse (1809-1880) —French army officer and military inventor.—440

Tartaglia (Tartalea), Nicola (c. 1499-

1557)—Italian mathematician.—192, 323, 324

Tauenzien, Bogislaw Friedrich Emanuel, Count Tauenzien von Wittenberg (1760-1854)—Prussian general, fought against Napoleon.—402

Tempelhof, Georg Friedrich von (1737-1807)—Prussian general and military writer.— 197

Themistius (c. 317-c. 388)—Greek philosopher, commentator of Aristotle.— 189

Thomas, George Henry (1816-1870)— American general, fought in the Civil War on the side of the Union.—533

Thouvenin, Louis Etienne de (1791-1882) — French army officer and military inventor.—116, 438-40, 456

Tilly, Johann Tserclaes, Count von (1559-1632)—commander of the Catholic League's army in the Thirty Years' War, and also of the forces of the German Emperor in 1630-32.—110

Timmerhans, Charles Frederic Théodore (1800-1865)—Belgian army officer and military inventor.—443

Timotheus (d. 354 B.C.)—Athenian general and statesman.—93

Timour (1746-1793)—Shah of Afghanistan (1773-93).—42-43

Timur Khan—eldest son of Soojah Shah of Afghanistan.—380, 381

Tiscar, Antonio (d. 1845)—Spanish naval officer, fought against the national liberation movement of the Spanish colonies in South America.— 221

Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) (1477-1576)— Italian painter.—278

Todd, Elliott D'Arcy (1808-1845)— British army officer and colonial official, formally political agent at Herat from January 1841.— 384

Todt, Karl Gotthold (1803-1852)— deputy to the Saxon Landtag, member of the opposition.—81, 392

Toll, Johan Kristoffer, Count (1743-1817)—Swedish general and politician, marshal from 1800.—400

Toll, Karl Fyodorovich (Karl Friedrich),

Count (1777-1842)—Russian colonel, general from the autumn of 1812, fought against Napoleon.—253, 255

Torre (La Torre), Miguel de la (d. 1838)—Spanish general; in 1820-22 commander-in-chief of the forces fighting against the national liberation movement in the Spanish colonies in South America.—227, 229

Torrens, Henry Whitelock (1806-1852)— British colonial official in India, an organiser of the Afghan campaign (1838-42).—380

Torricelli, Evangelista (1608-1647)— Italian physicist and mathematician.—196

Torstenson (Torstensson), Lennart, Count (1603-1651)—Swedish general in the Thirty Years' War, commander-in-chief of the Swedish troops in 1641-45.—194

Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus) (53-117)—Roman Emperor (98-117) and general.—102, 347

Trampusch, Albert—deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848.—393

Trotha, von (19th cent.) — Prussian army officer and military writer.— 363

Tschitschagoff (Tchitchakoff, Chichagov), Pavel Vasilyevich (1767-1849)— Russian admiral and statesman, commander-in-chief of the Moldavian (Danubian) army and the Black Sea fleet in 1812; in November commanded the forces that attacked the rear of Napoleon I's retreating army.—51, 155

Tshen-byoo-Myayen—see Bayinnaung

Tuam, Archbishop of—see Beresford, William

Tutchkoff (Tuchkov), Nikolai Alexeyevich (1761-1812)—Russian general, fought against Napoleon.—252, 253

U

Ufano, Diego de (16th-early 17th cent.)—Spanish military engineer.— 192

Urban, Karl, Baron von (1802-1877)— Rumanian colonel, later lieutenant field marshal in the service of Austria; Right-wing leader of the national movement in Transylvania; fought against revolutionary Hungary in 1848-49.—132

V

Vallière, Jean Florent de (1667-1759)— French general, artillery commander in 1720-47.—197

Vandamme, Dominique René, comte d'Un-

ebourg (1770-1830)—French general, fought in Napoleonic wars.—51

Vasiltchikoff, Larion Vasilyevich (c. 1777-1847)—Russian general, fought against Napoleon.—253

Vauban, Sébastien Le Prêtre (Prestre) de

(1633-1707)—Marshal of France, military engineer, economist; worked out a method of fortification and siege.—54, 192, 267, 268, 319, 326, 328-31, 335, 337, 338

Vécsey, Kâroly, Count (1807-1849)— Hungarian general, fought in the revolutionary war of 1848-49.—133

Vega, Georg, Baron von (1756-1802)— Austrian army officer and mathematician.—197

Vegetius (Flavius Vegetius Renatus) (late 4th cent.)—Roman military writer.— 103

Victor ( Victor-Perrin), Claude Victor Per tin (1764-1841)—French general, Marshal of France from 1807; fought in Napoleonic wars.—174, 181, 183. 184

Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 523

Villemarest, Charles Maxime de (1785-1852)—French man of letters.—84, 396

Vitkievicz (Vitkevich), Ivan Viktorovich (c. 1810-1839)—Russian army officer, diplomatic representative in Afghanistan (1837-38).—379

Voirol, Théophile, baron (1781-1853)— French general; Governor-General of Algeria (1833-34).—68

Völker (17th cent.)—Dutch military engineer.—328

W

Wade, Sir Claude Martine (1794-1861)— British army officer, served in India, fought in colonial wars.— 381

Waldersee, Friedrich Gustav, Count (1795-1864)—Prussian general and military writer, War Minister (1854-58).—508-10, 513-14, 516

Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von,

Duke (1583-1634) —general in the Thirty Years' War, commanded the forces of the German Emperor in 1618-30 and 1632-34; born in Bohemia.—110

Wallinger — British army officer.—495

Wellesley, Richard, Colley, Marquis (1760-1842)—British statesman, Governor-General of India (1798-1805), Foreign Secretary (1809-12), Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1821-28 and 1833-34).—219 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852)—British general and Tory statesman; fought against Napoleon; commander-in-chief of the British army (1827-28 and 1842-52); Prime Minister (1828-30).—19, 187, 269, 270, 273, 288, 289, 315, 339, 488

Wetherall, Sir George Augustus (1788-1868)—British general, in charge of the British Northern Command in 1860-65.—412, 523

Whitworth, Sir Joseph (1803-1887)— British manufacturer and military inventor.—407, 429, 452-56, 457, 458, 495-99, 535

Wild—Swiss army officer and military inventor (1840s).—435-36

Wilkinson (mid-19th cent.)—English arms manufacturer and inventor.— 362, 444

Wilkinson, Sir John Gardner (1797-1875)—English traveller, Egyptolog-ist, author of works on Ancient Egypt.—86

William I (1743-1821)—Elector of Hesse (1803-21).—179

William I (1781-1864)—heir to the Württemberg crown, general, fought in the war of 1812 on the side of Napoleonic France, and in the campaign of 1814 on the side of the an ti-French coalition; King of Württemberg (1816-64).—180, 183

William I (1797-1888)—Prince of Prussia, King of Prussia (1861-88) and German Emperor (1871-88).—179

William III (1650-1702)—Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the Netherlands (1672-1702), King of Great Britain and Ireland (1689-1702).— 267

Wiltshire, Sir Thomas (1789-1862)— British general, fought in the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.—382

-Wilson, Horace Hayman (1786-1860)— English Orientalist, expert on India; also studied medicine and chemistry.— 189

Wilson, Sir John (1780-1856)—British army officer, subsequently general, took part in the Peninsular war (1808-14).—273 Wilton—see Grey de Wilton, Charles William, Earl Windischgrätz, Alfred Candidus Ferdinand, Prince zu (1787-1862)— Austrian field marshal, helped suppress the uprisings in Prague and Vienna (1848); commanded the Austrian army against the Hungarian revolutionary movement (1848-49).— 82, 132

Wintzingerode, Ferdinand Fyodorovich, Baron (1770-1818)—Russian general, German by birth; fought against Napoleon.—176, 183-85

Wittgenstein, Pyotr Hristianovich (Ludwig

Adolf Peter), Count (1768-1842)— Russian general, later field marshal-general; fought against Napoleon.— 174, 183, 402

Wolff, Christian, Baron von (1679-1754)—German philosopher, natural scientist, economist and lawyer.—196

Woodburn—British army officer, fought in the Afghan campaign of 1838-42.—384 Woronzoff (Vorontsov), Mikhail Semyonovich, Prince (1782-1856)— Russian general and statesman; fought against Napoleon, Vice-Regent of the Caucasus ( 1844-54).— 185

Wrede, Fabian, Count (1760-1824)— Swedish general, field marshal from 1816; contributed to the election of Bernadotte as heir to the Swedish crown.—153-54 Wrede, Karl Philipp, Prince (1767-1838)—Bavarian general, field marshal from 1814; fought on the side of Napoleonic France from 1805 and of the anti-French coalition from 1813.—180, 183 Württemberg, Crown Prince—see William I

Württemberg, Eugene, Duke (1788-1857)—general in the Russian service, fought against Napoleon.—253, 254

X

Xenophon (c. 430-c. 354 B.C.)—Greek historian and philosopher.—92

Xerxes I (c. 519-465 B.C.)—King of Persia (486-65 B.C.).—86, 88, 159

Y

Yar Mohamed (Muhammad)-—Vizier of Herat's ruler Kamran; in British pay during the Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42; at the same time intrigued against the British.— 382-84

Yorck (Yorck von Wartenburg), Hans David Ludwig, Count (1759-1830)— Prussian general, later field marshal-general, fought against Napoleon.— 175, 179-83, 399, 402

Achilles (Gr. myth.)—the bravest Greek warrior in the Trojan War, the central figure in Homer's Iliad.—263

Ajax, son of Telamon (Gr. myth.)—a major figure in Homer's Iliad, fought in the Trojan War.— 263

Apollo—Greek god of the arts.— 5, 102

Ezekiel (Bib.)—prophet.— 87

Jesus Sirach (Bib.)—legendary sage of Jerusalem (3rd-2nd cent. B.C.), pre-sumed author of the Old Testament apocrypha The Book of Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach.—393

York, Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, Earl of Ulster (1763-1827)—second son of George III of Great Britain; field marshal from 1795, commander-in-chief of the British Army (1798-1809 and 1811-27).—216, 398, 399

Yule, Sir Henry (1820-1889)—English Orientalist, geographer and historian, engineer in the service of the East India Company in the 1840s-1850s.— 280, 285, 286

Z

Zach, Anton, Baron (1747-1826) — Austrian general.— 32

Zastrow, Heinrich Adolf (1801-1875)— German general and military writer.—330

Zea, Francisco Antonio (1770-1822)— Colombian politician, fought in the war of independence of the Spanish colonies in South America, supporter of Bolivar.—226, 227-28

Zollicoffer, Felix Kirk (1812-1862)— American journalist, fought in the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy.— 531

Jupiter (Jove) — supreme god of the Romans, identified with the Greek Zeus.—102

Lycurgus -legendary Spartan lawgiver of the 9th-8th cent. B.C.—91

Nat—according to the teaching of a Burman Buddhist sect, the supreme creative spirit.—285

Pharamond—legendary Frankish king said to have lived in the 5th cent.— 217, 400

INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES