NOTES AND INDEXES
Residual editorial notes
56 editorial note entries had no resolved in-text occurrence and remain here so no source note definition is discarded.
[18] "Alma" did not figure in the provisional list of articles for The New American Cyclopaedia contained in Engels' letter to Marx of May 28, 1857. But on July 11, 1857 Engels wrote to Marx that in a few days he was going to send him an item on this subject, together with other articles under A. Marx apparently sent it to New York with the first batch of articles on July 24, 1857. Charles Dana acknowledged receipt in a letter of September 2, 1857.
[27] The English civil wars during the bourgeois revolution of the mid-seventeenth century were waged between the Royalists, who strove to restore the absolute power of Charles I, and the Parliamentarians. At the beginning of the first civil war (1642-46) the Parliamentary army, whose leaders favoured compromise with the Royalists, suffered defeats. But after the reorganisation of the armed forces by Oliver Cromwell, and thanks to the activity of the masses, there was a turn in the war and the King was defeated. In the spring of 1648 a second civil war broke out following Royalist revolts and the actions in support of Charles I by the Scottish feudal aristocracy. It ended in August 1648 with new victories by the revolutionary army. In 1649 Charles I was beheaded, and a republic was established in England.
[49] This is one of a number of articles beginning with B for which Marx received a request in the summer of 1857. He forwarded this request to Engels in his letter of August 26, 1857 (see present edition, Vol. 40). The list of articles asked for by Charles Dana has not survived, but later, in connection with an additional request from New York for articles beginning with B, Marx repeated it in his letter to Engels of February 1, 1858, reminding him of the work already done. The list included: "Barbette", "Bastion", "Bayonet", "Barclay de Tolly", "Battery", "Battle", "Bern", "Bennigsen", "Berthier", "Bernadotte", "Bessières", "Bivouac", "Blindage", "Blücher", "Blum", "Bolivar y Ponte", "Bomb", "Bombardier", "Bombardment", "Bomb (-ketch, -proof, -vessel)", "Bonnet", "Bosquet", "Bourrienne", "Bridge (pontoon)", "Brown (Sir George)", "Brune", and "Bugeaud". There is also a list of articles beginning with B (with some of the items crossed out) at the end of Marx's notebook for 1857. In his letter of August 26, 1857 Marx asked Engels to send articles for the Cyclopaedia as soon as possible. By September 15 he had received three articles which, together with the articles "Barclay de Tolly" and "Berthier", he dispatched to New York on that day, as seen from his notebook entry for September 15: "Barclay. Berthier. Bayonet. Barbet. Bastion für die Cyclopaedia". On the same day Marx wrote to Engels that besides these articles he had forwarded to Dana the articles "Blum" and "Bourrienne", but according to his notebook they were dispatched to New York a week later, with other material.
[59] when writing the article "Berthier" Marx used information on his life and military activity contained in Engels' letter of September 11 or 12, 1857.
[95] On August 26, 1857 Marx wrote to Engels telling him, among other things, that in the list of articles beginning with B requested by Dana for The New American Cyclopaedia "there are only two non-military articles" — "Blum" and "Bourrienne"—and on September 15 he informed Engels that he had dispatched them to New York together with other material. However as can be seen from his notebook Marx finished them only a week later and sent them to the United States on September 22, 1857. When writing his article on Blum Marx made excerpts from the detailed biographical article "Blum" in Meyer's Conversations-Lexicon (second Supplement Volume, 1853, pp. 240-46) (see this volume, pp. 391-93), and from Fr. Steger's Ergänzungs-Conversationslexicon (Vol. 1, Leipzig, 1846, pp. 153-60), and other sources.
[97] German Catholicism—a religious movement which arose in a number of German states in 1844. The "German Catholics" did not recognise the supremacy of the Pope, rejected many dogmas and rites of the Roman Catholic Church and sought to adapt Catholicism to the needs of the German bourgeoisie,
[100] T h e Preliminary parliament or Preparliament, which met in Frankfurt am Main from March 31 to April 4, 1848, consisted of representatives of the German states, most of them constitutional monarchists. After the rejection of a proposal to establish a federal republic in Germany and to turn the Preparliament into a constituent organ, a group of republicans headed by Hecker and Struve walked out. A more moderate section of the republican-democratic opposition, headed by Blum, took part in setting up a Committee of Fifty which was proposed by the liberals to secure the convocation of all-German National Assembly by agreement with the Federal Diet (organ of the German Confederation).
[103] On Marx's work on the article "Bourrienne" see Note 95 and pp. 394-96 of this volume.
[163] When working on biographical essays on military leaders, Bessières in particular, Marx wrote to Engels on September 17, 1857 inquiring about their military records and their role in individual battles. Marx took into account the description of Bessières as a brave cavalry general contained in Engels' letter to him of September 21. Marx's excerpts on Bessières from the following reference books are extant: C. Mullié, Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850 (Vol. 1, Paris), The English Cyclopaedia (Vol. V, London, 1856), Meyer's Conversations-Lexicon (Vol. 4D, 1845), and Biographie universelle (Michaud) ancienne et moderne (Vol. 4, Paris, 1854). It seems that Marx also used extracts from A. H. Jomini's book Vie politique et militaire de Napoléon (vols. 1-4, Paris, 1827) enclosed by Engels in his letter of September 11 or 12, 1857.
[165] The guides—special sub-units in a number of European armies used for guiding troops. In the French army during the Napoleonic wars they protected Napoleon's headquarters and served as his bodyguard.
[166] The battles mentioned were fought during the wars of France against the first, second, third and fourth European coalitions. O n September 4, 1796, during the campaign in the north of Italy, the French army under Bonaparte defeated the Austrians at Roveredo. O n the battle of Rivoli in the same campaign see Note 65. On the siege of the fortress of St. Jean d'Acre (Acca) during the French expedition to Egypt see Note 5. At the battle of Aboukir on July 25, 1799, during the same expedition, the French destroyed a Turkish force landed by the Anglo-Turkish fleet on the Egyptian coast. O n the battle of Marengo see Note 69. T h e battle of Austerlitz (Moravia) on December 2, 1805 between the Russo-Austrian and French armies was won by Napoleon I. After this defeat Austria withdrew from the third anti-French coalition and concluded a peace treaty with Napoleon. Russia and Britain formed a new, fourth, coalition in 1806 and continued the war. At the battle of Jena (Thuringia) on October 14, 1806, the French troops under Napoleon routed the Prussians. The same day Marshal Davout's troops defeated the main Prussian forces at Auerstädt. The defeat of Prussia — a member of the fourth anti-French coalition — in these two battles (often united in one as the battle of Jena) led to the occupation of most of Prussia by the French. On the battle of Preussisch-Eylau see Note 51. The battle of Friedland between the French and the Russians on June 14, 1807 is described in this volume, pp. 78 and 199.
[173] See Note 149.
[177] Valenciennes composition—an incendiary mixture of saltpetre, sulphur and powder first used in 1793, during the siege of the French-held town of Valenciennes by Austro-British forces (an episode in the French Republic's war against the first European coalition).
[182] Engels helped Marx considerably in his work on this article. In his letters to Marx of September 11 or 12, and particularly of September 21 and 23, 1857, he adduced many facts on Bernadotte's military record, especially during Napoleon's campaigns against the third, fourth and fifth European coalitions (1805, 1806-07 and 1809). Engels' account of Bernadotte's role in these campaigns was founded mainly on A. H. Jomini's Vie politique et militaire de Napoléon (vols. 1-4, Paris, 1827). It was reproduced by Marx almost word for word. Marx sought to give a complete picture of Bernadotte, above all as a politician and diplomat. He collected a vast amount of biographical data, as can be seen from his letter to Engels of September 17, 1857 (in which he wrote about the different appraisals of Bernadotte by various historians) and from the extant excerpts from the Biographie universelle (Michaud) ancienne et moderne, The English Cyclopaedia, Meyer's Conversations-Lexicon and Fr. Chr. Schlosser's Zur Beurtheilung Napoleon's und seiner neusten Tadler und Lobredner. On October 15, 1857, Marx made the following entry in his notebook: "Cyclopaedia. Military Bridges. Brown. Bernadotte", which shows that he sent off these articles to New York on that day. On Dana's request for articles beginning with B see Note 49.
[186] On the 18th Fructidor (September 4, 1797), by order of the Directory supported by General Bonaparte, government troops occupied the premises of the Corps législatif and arrested royalist deputies who were preparing a monarchist coup d'état. The Directory itself was renewed. The events of the 18th Fructidor revealed the instability of the Directory's bourgeois regime and its vacillations P- 151 p- 151 p- 151 p- 151 either to the left, in face of royalist danger, or to the right, for fear of the democratic movement.
[205] See Note 156.
[207] Engels began to work on this article in the first half of September 1857, but he could not obtain all the necessary source material in Manchester. He therefore wrote to Marx on September 11 or 12 asking him to collect the information he needed in London, including data on pontoons in different armies contained in the third edition of H. Douglas' An Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges, and the Passage of Rivers in Military Operations (London, 1853). Marx made extracts from various reference books in the library of the British Museum, in particular from Burn's A Naval and Military Technical Dictionary of the French Language (London, 1852), and sent them to Engels. "Many thanks for the thing on bridges. Wholly adequate," Engels wrote to Marx on September 18, 1857. He did not finish the article until the middle of October, as can be seen from the entry in Marx's notebook on its dispatch to New York.
[225] The Tugendbund ("Union of Virtue")—one of the patriotic societies founded in Prussia after the defeat by Napoleonic France in 1806-07. It united representatives of the liberal nobility and the bourgeois intelligentsia and aimed at spreading the idea of an anti-Napoleonic liberation war and supporting moderate liberal reforms. The Tugendbund was banned on Napoleon's demand on December 31, 1809 by Frederick William III, who also feared its activities. However, it continued to exist secretly until the end of the Napoleonic wars. On the peace of Tilsit see Note 193.
[226] On these two battles see notes 168 and 56 respectively.
[227] 22? See Note 203.
[230] T ^ Confederation of the Rhine (Rheinbund)—a union of sixteen states in Southern and Western Germany (Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and others) established in July 1806 under the protection of Napoleon I, after he had defeated Austria in 1805. Later on twenty other states in Western, Central and Northern Germany joined the Confederation. It fell apart in 1813 after the defeat of Napoleon's army.
[244] See Note 142.
[252] Having undertaken to write about some military leaders and politicians in accordance with Dana's request for articles beginning with B (see Note 49), Marx asked Engels' opinion of them, including Bugeaud (see his letters to Engels of September 17 and 21, 1857). In his letter of September 22, 1857 Engels described Bugeaud's military activities in Algeria. Marx took this into account when working on the article later, probably in November. The article was finished by the end of that month and sent off to New York on the 27th, together with Engels' "Artillery", as is seen from the entry in Marx's notebook. Extant excerpts show that Marx used the following sources: M. Wagner, The Tricolor on the Atlas; or, Algeria and the French Conquest (London, Edinburgh and New York, 1854) and D. Stern, Histoire de la révolution de 1848 (Vol. I, Paris, 1850). Marx possibly also used the data on Bugeaud's activities in Algeria contained in Engels' first version of the article "Algeria" and left out by the Cyclopaedia editors (see Note 74).
[260] The differences between Bugeaud and Guizot were caused by the former's intention to use the suppression of the Algerian revolt of 1845-47 for further conquests in North Africa (his expedition of May 1847 to Kabylia also served this purpose), and for a new invasion of Morocco. Though a supporter of an active colonial policy in general, on this occasion Guizot feared that Bugeaud's actions would aggravate the already sharp Anglo-French contradictions.
[272] See Note 187.
[280] Marx wrote the article on Bolivar at a time when the history of the Latin American countries' war .for independence (1810-26) had not yet been adequately studied. Books and memoirs by European adventurers who had taken part in the war out of mercenary motives were widely read at the time. Many of these authors, having failed to achieve their aims in Latin America, gave a distorted idea of the war of independence. Examples of such books are Memoirs of Simon Bolivar by Ducoudray Holstein, a Frenchman who was at one time Bolivar's chief of staff and had become his personal enemy, A Narrative of the Expedition to the Rivers Orinoco and Apuré by G. Hippisley, an English deserter from Bolivar's army, and Memoirs of General Miller by John Miller, which dealt unscrupulously with the notes of William Miller (John Miller's brother) who fought for the independence of Peru. Marx's excerpts from the first two books are extant. The third is mentioned in Marx's preparatory materials for the article and in the article itself. The authors of these books attributed numerous imaginary vices to Bolivar (perfidy, arrogance, cowardice) and greatly exaggerated his actual shortcomings (love of the spectacular and ambition). Bolivar's struggle against federalist and separatist elements and for the unification of Latin American republics was presented as a striving for dictatorship. There were also downright factual inaccuracies, such as Ducoudray Holstein's statement that in 1810 Bolivar refused to take part in the struggle for the independence of Venezuela, or the allegation that his participation in Miranda's arrest was motivated by personal considerations (in fact he was convinced of the latter's presumed betrayal). In reality, as later objective researches confirmed, Simon Bolivar played an outstanding role in Latin America's struggle for independence, rallying for a time the patriotic elements among the landowning créoles (Latin Americans of Spanish descent), the bourgeoisie and the masses, including Indians and Negroes. His activity, contradictory though it was, helped to liberate several Latin American countries from the Spanish yoke, to establish republican forms of government, and to carry out progressive bourgeois reforms. Marx had only the above-mentioned sources at his disposal. Hence his one-sided view of Bolivar's personality in this article, in his letter to Engels of February 14, 1858, and in Herr Vogt written later (see present edition, Vol. 17, pp. 219, 328). His attitude to Bolivar was to a certain extent determined by the fact that the sources he used exaggerated Bolivar's striving for personal power, and over-emphasised the Bonapartist features of his policy, against which Marx and Engels waged a relentless struggle. Nevertheless, Marx pointed out the progressive aspects of Bolivar's activity, such as his liberation of Negro slaves, and on the whole appreciated the revolutionary anti-colonial struggle for national liberation in Latin America. There is an entry in Marx's notebook on the dispatch of "Bolivar" to New York on January 8, 1858, together with some articles beginning with C by Engels. In his letter to Marx of January 25, Charles Dana acknowledged receipt of the article. At Dana's request Marx had also enclosed a list of sources used.
[289] The "Bolivian Code"—a reference to the Constitution of the Republic of Bolivia adopted by the Bolivian inaugural congress on November 6, 1826. The Code Napoléon—the code of French civil law promulgated in 1804 — exerted a great influence on legislation in many European and a number of Latin American countries. p. 230.
[300] p o r this item Engels made excerpts from the article "Höchstädt" in Brockhaus' Allgemeine Encydopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste edited by I. S. Ersch and I. G. Gruber. These excerpts are extant.
[322] This sketch was drawn by Engels on the basis of the description and the plans of the battles of the Bidassoa of August 31 and October 7, 1813 given in Napier's History of the War in the Peninsula and in the South of France (Vol. VI, London, 1840, "Explanatory Sketch No. 5"). The following names are written on it: "Urogne, Rhune, Sans Cullotes, Puerto, Bayonnette, Hogsback, Comissari, Croix de Bouquets, Biriatu, Bildox, Mandale, Vera, Salinas, Irun, San Marcial, Lesaca, Peiïa de Haya." In the bottom right-hand corner is the inscription: "Battle-field on the Bidassoa."
[327] Burma became a victim of Britain's colonial policy in the first decades of the nineteenth century. In the first Anglo-Burmese war (1824-26) troops of the East India Company seized the Province of Assam bordering on Bengal, and the coastal districts of Aracan and Tenasserim which were ceded by Burma under the Yandabo peace treaty of February 24, 1826 imposed upon it by the British. Besides, Burma was forced to pay an indemnity of £1,000,000. The second Anglo-Burmese war (1852) resulted in the British capture of the Province of Pegu, where the guerrilla movement against the invaders lasted until 1860. In the 1860s Britain imposed a number of unequal treaties on Burma and in 1885, at the end of the third Anglo-Burmese war, it annexed the whole of the country.
[356] See Note 30.
[367] After Engels had written his articles beginning with C, his work for The New American Cyclopaedia was interrupted. But on March 15, 1859, Charles Dana asked Marx to write articles "Fortification" and "Infantry". They were in fact written by Engels. On June 10, 1859 Marx acknowledged receipt of Engels' "Fortification", which he described as "splendid". He wrote: "I must say I feel some twinges of conscience about having made such demands on the little spare time you have." Dana acknowledged receipt of the article in a letter to Marx of July 30. Engels' excerpts from the article "Fortification" in the Encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. IX, Edinburgh, 1855) survive. This was however far from Engels' only source for his article (some of them are mentioned in the text). "Fortification" was published in 1859 in Vol. VII of the Cyclopaedia. The editors added, with an explanatory note, a table of US fortifications, p. 317
[370] On the military operations at Danzig in 1807 see Note 93.
[372] See Note 180.
[375] In late 1848 and early 1849, during an Austrian offensive, the entrenched camp and fortress of Komorn (Komârom), Northwestern Hungary, remained in the hands of the Hungarians in the rear of the Austrians. From January to April 1849 the fortress withstood a siege by the Austrians. After the siege was lifted on April 19, as a result of a successful Hungarian offensive and the restoration of the entrenched camp at Komorn, the Hungarians twice resisted superior Austrian forces — on July 2 and 11, 1849. Though in the end the Austrian enemy managed to take only part of the Komorn fieldworks, the general war situation prompted the Hungarian army to retreat from the fortress, whose defence was entrusted to General Klapka's corps. The garrison held out until September 27, 1849.
[378] See Note 118.
[383] Condottieri—leaders of mercenary troops in the service of various sovereigns and Popes in Italy in the fourteenth-sixteenth centuries.
[408] A whole group of preparatory materials by Marx and Engels for their articles in The New American Cyclopaedia survives. These manuscripts are either summaries of or extracts from various sources, or preliminary rough drafts of articles which contain details omitted in the final version. This volume includes a selection of different types of such material showing, the various stages in the work of Marx and Engels on their articles. By comparing them with the final text, the reader can obtain an idea of how Marx and Engels used the sources and prepared for writing the articles.
[409] The summary of John W. Kaye's History of the War in Afghanistan (vols. I-II, London, 1851) was made by Engels as a basis for his article "Afghanistan" (see this volume, pp. 40-48 and Note 40). Engels managed to summarise the contents of a two-volume work abounding in quotations from various sources and with the documents appended totalling 1,346 pages. As a rule, he presented a selection of the facts in very concise German, generally following the chronological order of the book. Only on rare occasions did he reproduce passages, phrases or words from Kaye's book in English, French or other languages. (In the present edition the use of the English expressions is mentioned in footnotes while the French and other foreign words are given as in the original.) Since on the whole the text of the original summary is neither a translation into German nor a version of passages from Kaye's book, but is largely an original work, it is given in ordinary and not small type, as is usually the case. Words abridged by Engels are printed in full; explanations by the editors are given in square brackets.
[420] The rough draft of the article "Brune" is written in English, with some French and German words inserted here and there and a few French quotations at the end. Some aspects of Brune's activity are given in more detail than in the final version. In the manuscript there is hardly any division into paragraphs, and in the present publication this has been done mostly by the editors.
[431] This article was written for the Allgemeine Militär-Zeitung and was first published there under the heading "Eine Musterung englischer freiwilliger Jäger (Correspondenz aus Manchester)". Engels translated it into English and it was published with some changes in The Volunteer Journal, for Lancashire and Cheshire as "A German Account of the Newton Review" and with an introductory note by the author himself. In the spring of 1861 it was included in the collection of Engels' articles Essays Addressed to Volunteers under the title given in this volume. An editorial note to it said: "Translated for The Volunteer Journal by the author of the original article, which appeared in the Allgemeine Militär-Zeitung, September, 8th, 1860." Besides The Volunteer Journal Engels sent the translated article, with the introductory note, to other periodicals, many of which published it in abridged versions. On September 21, 1860 it appeared in The Morning Herald, The Standard, The Sun and The Manchester Guardian, and the next day in The Morning Advertiser. Extracts from the article were published in The Times, which described it as of "very high standing" and "very accurate" (September 24, 1860). Other newspapers also printed excerpts from it. In his letter to Ferdinand Lassalle of October 2, 1860 Marx wrote that the "entire London press" had reprinted and discussed the article (see present edition, Vol. 41). Its popularity made a strong impression on Marx's and Engels' friends and acquaintances. Sigismund Borkheim wrote to Marx on September 27, 1860: "Let's promote Engels to 'General'! Moreover, no longer ago than last week I read a lengthy note about this, either in the Observer or the London Review, not knowing, of course, that Engels was the author of the article in the Militär-Zei tung. ' ' With the printing of the article in The Volunteer Journal (No. 2, September 14, 1860) Engels became a constant contributor to this progressive Manchester periodical. He had been invited to write for the journal already in August 1860, when it was being prepared for publication. On August 11, 1860, Nodal, one of the editors, addressed the following request to Engels: "My dear Sir. If you see the volunteer parade today, I should be glad of a few words from your pen on their military appearance, possible efficiency, etc." A few days later Engels received a letter from another editor, Isaac Hall: "Dear Engels, Sam Moore tells me that you don't intend to write in the review because if you do you will have to pitch into them.—Never mind that — all the better — it will do us all good to be severely criticized. Yours truly Isaac Hall." Engels regularly published in it articles and essays on various military subjects. He also revised for it some articles written for the New-York Daily Tribune. In all, 18 works by Engels, including several series of articles, were printed in the journal during the time of its existence (August 1860-March 1862). Engels' first article published in The Volunteer Journal was unsigned, but beginning with the second article ("The French Light Infantry") his articles were usually preceded by the editorial remarks: "By the Author of 'A German Account of the Newton Review' ", and later: "By the Author of 'The History of the Rifle'" or "By the Author of 'Essays Addressed to Volunteers'." Some of the articles were published anonymously. From the beginning of April 1862 ("Brighton and Wimbledon") they were signed "F.E.", except for the article "The War in America", which was again preceded by the editorial: "By the Author of 'Essays Addressed to Volunteers'."
[432] In The Volunteer Journal this article, with the introductory note, was published under the general title "A German Account of the Newton Review".
[435] In The Volunteer Journal the words "By the Author of 'A German Account of the Newton Review' " were added to the headings of sections II and III published in Nos. 5 and 7 for 1860. In 1861 the article was included with some changes in the collection of Engels' works Essays Addressed to Volunteers. In this volume the changes are mentioned in footnotes. The sections, merely numbered in Roman figures in The Volunteer Journal, were called chapters in the Essays. The editors and many readers of the journal valued the essay highly. In September 1860, after the publication of the first section, Isaac Hall wrote to Engels: "My dear Engels, I have never had an opportunity of thanking you for your very good and very instructive article on French Light Infantry. It is highly appreciated by the proprietors and has been most favourably spoken of by many people. As we are all here this week will you kindly send the next contribution to Mr. Nodal at Jackson 62 Corporation Street. Won't you come and have a look at us. Yours faithfully (in haste). Isaac Hall."
[443] Engels conceived the idea of a work on the history of the rifle in the summer of 1860. Originally, he intended to publish it in the New-York Daily Tribune (see his letter to Marx of August 1, 1860, present edition, Vol. 41). When he began contributing to The Volunteer Journal he carried out his intention by printing his "History of the Rifle" in a series of eight articles. Each article was marked: "By the Author of 'A German Account of the Newton Review'." In the spring of 1861 the series was reproduced in the collection Essays Addressed to Volunteers. Engels made slight changes in the text. On December 20, 1860 Nodal, one of the editors of The Volunteer Journal, wrote to Engels telling him of the impression his articles had produced on Major Preston, a large manufacturer of rifles. Nodal wrote: "I have seen Major Preston today. He is an immense admirer of your 'History of the Rifle' ". Part of the seventh article was published in The Army and Navy Gazette, No. LVI, January 26, 1861, under the title "The Whitworth Rifle, from the Volunteer Journal". (Nodal sent this issue to Engels together with his letter of January 28, 1861.)
[449] This article was written at the request of Nodal who wrote to Engels on November 19, 1860: "I should feel much obliged, at some future time, if you could let us have a paper on Volunteer Engineers, a subject which is just now attracting much attention. Yours very faithfully. J. H. Nodal." The article was published in The Volunteer Journal under the title "Volunteer Engineers", with no indication of Engels' authorship. In the Essays Addressed to Volunteers the words: "Their Value and Sphere of Action" were added to the title. The title in this volume is the same as in the Essays.
[450] The Horse Guards—the headquarters of the Royal Horse Guards, thus called ever since it began to be used to accommodate commanders of a number of cavalry regiments of the Guards.
[455] See Note 166.
[456] The initiative of publishing Engels' articles from The Volunteer Journal as a separate book belongs to the editors of that periodical. On December 20, 1860 Nodal wrote to Engels: "Has Mr. Hall informed you of our intention of republishing 4 of your essays, contributed to V. Journal? I send you the proofs of all but the German Zeitung article, which I will forward hereafter. If there is any alteration you would wish making, please mark, and return proofs at convenience. I propose altering the title page to Essays Addressed to Volunteers, etc. Would you like your name attached or any nom de plume, or will you give the credit entirely to the Journal, and publish anonymously? The Essays will be sold throughout England. Of course we will append an advertisement of the V. Journal, so as to make our little paper more widely known." Engels accepted the proposal and included five of his articles in the Essays Addressed to Volunteers. But he did not arrange them in chronological order. The collection contained "The History of the Rifle", "The French Light Infantry", "Volunteer Artillery", "Volunteer Engineers: Their Value and Sphere of Action" and "A Review of English Volunteer Riflemen". Some editorial alterations were made in the text. The short preface was signed "F. E." The collection was published in March 1861. On March 23, 1861, the London United Service Gazette carried a review of the Essays. Having examined the contents of some of the articles and emphasised in particular the merits of such works as "The History of the Rifle" and "Volunteer Artillery", the reviewer concluded: "We may say of the whole brochure that it is modestly and carefully written, with evident zeal and interest in the subject matter, and will be a most acceptable offering to every intelligent and thinking Volunteer."
[457] In The Volunteer Journal this article was marked: "By the Author of 'Essays Addressed to Volunteers'."
[459] The Volunteer Journal gives the following editorial footnote to the heading: "By the Author of 'Essays Addressed to Volunteers', whose contributions to the Journal in future will be distinguished by the initials placed at the end of the present article."
[461] A reference to the Indian national liberation uprising of 1857-59 (the Sepoy mutiny) brutally suppressed by British troops (see Note 359).
[464] This work was published in instalments in four issues of The Volunteer Journal for 1861 (Nos. 42, 44, 46 and 62). The final instalment appeared with the following editorial footnote: "The conclusion of this paper has been unavoidably delayed." The delays in publication were presumably due to Engels' delay in supplying the translations of passages from Waldersee's book, and his comments on them, and because he was busy writing another article for The Volunteer Journal, "A Military Criticism of the Newton Review".
[467] The Newton review described by Engels took place on August 3, 1861. Though the article was signed "F. E.", the editors of The Volunteer Journal inserted "By the Author of 'A German Account of the Newton Review', 1860" after the heading.
[474] This is a n abridged version of the series of articles about the American Civil War (see Note 468) which Engels wrote in the first half of March 1862 for the New-York Daily Tribune. For an idea of Engels' work on the series, see his letter to Marx of March 8, 1862 and Marx's reply of March 15 (present edition, Vol. 41). Engels, however, did not manage to publish the articles in the Tribune (by that time a break had occurred between Marx and its editors, among whom supporters of a compromise with the Southern plantation owners increased influence). Marx translated Engels' work into German, supplemented it with his own text, and sent it to the Vienna newspaper Die Presse where it was printed on March 26 and 27, 1862 under the heading "The Civil War in America" (see present edition, Vol. 19). The text of The Volunteer Journal version in this volume and that of Die Presse therefore largely coincide, though the latter is naturally more complete and informative, in particular as regards details of the capture of Nashville by the Northerners, news of which was received after the article for The Volunteer Journal had been written. In The Volunteer Journal the article was published unsigned, but with the editorial remark: "By the Author of 'Essays Addressed to Volunteers'."
[475] On the Secessionists and Federals (the latter term is used later in the text) see Note 471.
[478] This article was most probably written by Engels immediately after the military review of Lancashire volunteers at Heaton Park on August 2, 1862. Judging by the text, Engels must have been present. It was presumably in this content that he informed Marx on August 8 of his resumed contact with the Allgemeine Militär-Zeitung editorial board after a two-year interval (see present edition, Vol. 41). The article was printed in two issues, with the comment "Correspondenz aus Manchester". Engels' initials were placed at the beginning of the text in square brackets, as was the practice of the newspaper. A letter survives dated November 14, 1862, from the editorial board of the Allgemeine Militär-Zeitung to Engels, informing him of the dispatch of the issues containing his article and requesting him to send more contributions.