Subject Index :

A

Abstraction, abstract and concrete—435,

446, 473-77 Algeria—448, 555, 565 Alsace— 216, 252 Ancient Greece—270 Armament, weapons—178, 179-80, 407 Armed uprising

— national, popular — 151, 152-53 See also Indian uprising of 1857-59;

Taiping uprising in China Army—145, 149, 172, 179-80, 217, 218, 225, 232, 317, 371, 386-87, 394, 407, 422, 424, 550-51, 556, 586, 587, 589, 591, 626 See also Army (of different countries);

War, wars Army, Austrian—176-82, 184, 276, 277, 340, 393-94, 397, 399, 402, 407, 430, 435-36, 445, 573-76, 607 Army, French—91, 95, 164, 168, 171-

76, 178, 225, 252, 253, 263, 271, 274-77, 297, 407, 430, 433, 441, 443, 445, 448, 533, 573, 576, 606 Army of German states—179-82, 252, 253, 297-98, 540, 573 See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany Army, Prussian—127, 155, 178-81, 252-53, 298, 390 A rmy, Sardinian (Piedmontese)—151, 152-53, 200, 276-77 Asia— 6, 63, 86 Australia— 30, 488, 491, 494-96, 519-20

Austria

— general characteristic — 448, 607 — in Middle Ages — 225 — and Napoleonic wars — 573, 604 — in 1815-47 — 448, 604 — in 1850-67 — 122, 342, 394, 404, 407, 422, 447-49, 607 — finances — 156, 162, 261-62, 323-26, 448, 607 — political system — 289, 393, 407, 607 — bureaucracy — 394 — home policy — 337, 394 — national question — 337, 604-05, 607 — and Hungary, its oppression— 270, 288, 498, 604, 607 — and Italian states, their oppression — 151, 183-89, 216, 219, 220, 225, 230-31, 233, 419, 483, 484, 498-99, 504-07, 571, 572,601, 604, 607-10, 615 — and Poland — 288, 604, 608 — and the Slavs, their oppression— 217, 269-70, 277, 325, 607 — foreign policy and diplomacy— 128, 448, 604 — and England — 150, 448 — and France — 128, 152, 168, 263, 264, 307, 309, 604 — and Germany — 216, 230, 233, 238-39, 267-70, 308-09, 343, 573 — and Prussia — 71-73, 99, 103, 107, 128, 150, 239, 254-55, 265, 268, 59, 462-63, 540-44, 609 — and Russia — 72, 150, 239, 261, 265, 277, 448, 542, 543, 604, 605, 606-09 — and Switzerland — 588-89 See also Army, Austrian; Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; Austro-Italo-French war of 1859; Dalmatia; Galicia; Revolution of 1848-49 in Austria; Vienna; War of Austrian Succession Austro-Italian war of 1848-49

— general characteristic — 152-53, 179, 216, 238-39, 361, 400, 418 — progress of the war — 183-88, 197, 198, 200-01, 228-31, 276-77, 321, 346, 351, 352, 362, 394, 423 See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Austria; Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states Austro-Italo-French war of 1859 (Italian war of 1859)

— general characteristic — 153, 341, 370-71, 381-82, 407, 416-20, 431, 432, 448, 451, 482, 534, 572, 615-16 — preparations for war, Plombières

Agreement of 1858 — 148-50, 154-56, 165, 166, 199-201, 239, 261-63, 267-68, 274-77, 287, 290, 295-97, 299-302 — forces of belligerents — 150, 166, 171-79, 276-77, 300-02 — course of military operations— 303, 310, 315-19, 321, 322, 327-40, 346-53, 360-71, 384-89, 392-94, 396-98, 400-03, 421-26, 432, 435-38, 455, 532, 573-76 — battle of Magenta, June 4, 1859— 364, 366 67, 368, 370, 384, 393, 396, 397, 424-26, 431, 455, 576, 616 — battle of Solferino, June 24, 1859 — 388-90, 392-94, 396-403, 431, 433, 437, 463, 574, 575, 616, 631-32 — actions by Garibaldi's detachments — 348, 351-55, 360, 417, 533 — Villafranca preliminary peace treaty of 1859 — 407, 412, 413, 416-19, 438, 449, 483-84, 504-06, 532-33, 576, 577, 607, 616, 629

484, 532-34 — and Austria — 150, 151, 154, 156, 165-66, 189, 261, 262, 264, 265, 276, 277, 287, 288, 290-95, 297, 299, 303, 306, 311-13, 315, 320, 323, 337, 341, 343, 344, 371, 394, 407, 408, 412, 413, 418, 421, 432, 448, 450, 451, 454-55, 456, 458, 459, 483, 573-74, 605 — and Italy — 148, 149, 151-54, 165-66, 238-39, 289, 306, 310-11, 337, 408-14, 416-20, 482, 483, 486, 499, 533-35, 576, 577 — and Piedmont — 151-52, 153, 156, 157, 165, 166, 288, 291-93, 296, 297, 307-08, 336, 352, 354, 407, 413, 417-20, 484, 485, 533, 534, 576, 577 — Mazzini's attitude — 170, 354-59, 420, 499, 533 — and France (Second Empire)— 149, 153, 155-66, 169, 170, 188, 215, 253-54, 256, 261-63, 273, 274, 276, 287, 288, 290-97, 303-09, 312, 315, 320, 336, 341, 343, 344, 354, 381, 390, 407, 408, 413-22, 438, 442, 443, 448, 456, 460, 482-86, 532, 533, 546, 571, 576-78, 637-38 — and Britain — 150, 156, 157, 263, 276, 287-90, 292, 293, 295-97, 303-07, 421, 422, 448, 451, 455, 464, 482, 484, 637 — and Germany — 181, 188, 215, 216, 217, 239, 267-70, 276, 277, 287-89, 297, 298, 308, 309, 312, 313, 320, 341-45, 381, 382, 389-91, 394, 405, 406, 433, 438, 451, 452, 455, 571, 573, 576, 602, 607-08 — and Prussia — 150, 154-57, 265, 267-69, 287, 289, 296, 298, 304, 307, 308, 312-14, 320, 343, 344, 381-82, 389-91, 394, 405, 406, 438, 448, 464, 484, 573, 576, 631 — and Russia — 149, 150, 156, 157, 163, 164, 263, 269, 277, 287-93, 296, 297, 303, 304, 307, 320-21, 344, 354, 391, 448, 451, 455, 456-57, 484, 571, 576, 602, 603, 605, 606-09, 637 — and diplomacy of European states — 148, 199, 290-94, 296, 297, 303, 307, 312, 320, 321, 354, 391, 416, 421, 449, 451-64, 482, 484, 571, 602-03, 607-09, 637-38 — and European Stock Exchange— 154-63, 268, 303-05, 325, 326 — and revolutionary movement in Europe — 341, 381, 413, 419 — and European democracy — 387, 413, 499, 500, 573

B

Bank of England— 3-12, 33, 34-35, 156,

303 Belgium

— its neutrality — 247 — strategic position — 241-42, 243, 246-47, 251, 252, 599 — and France — 242, 243, 246-47, 251, 253, 579, 581 — and Germany — 251 — and Holland — 130, 251, 252 Berlin—158, 160, 342 B onapart ism

— general characteristic, its es-sence — 91, 271-72, 309, 404, 443, 546 — manoeuvring between contending classes — 114, 164 — and army — 91, 95, 164, 168, 271, 443, 606 — and bourgeoisie — 94-95, 114 — and working class— 114 — and lumpenproletariat — 596 — foreign policy — 164, 215, 263, 271-72, 309, 443-44, 546-47 — and national liberation movements — 167-70, 253-54, 309, 404, 497-503, 573 — critique of Bonapartist principle of nationalities — 381, 417 See also France. Second Empire Bosnia— 82, 289 Bourgeoisie

— general characteristic — 94-95, 114, 123, 160, 191, 637 — English — 190-91, 502, 536 — French — 92, 94-95, 114, 122, 272 — German — 102, 345, 466 — Hungarian — 325 — Prussian — 80, 116, 159-61 Brandenburg—109

Bulgaria— 289 Bureaucracy, bureaucratism—76-77, 80, 102, 123, 161, 394, 466

C

California

— California gold — 488, 495-96 Cameralistics— 466 Canada—491 Carbonari—163, 167, 168, 265 Carthage— 32 Child labour—193-95, 206-08 China

— general characteristic — 16, 83, 86 — economy, finances — 31-32, 536, 538-39 — foreign trade — 13-16, 18, 28-32, 47-49, 83-84, 519, 520, 536-38 — silver as means of circulation — 18 — social and political system — 16, 17, 83 — as object of colonial expansion by capitalist states and their market — 28-32, 523-24, 536 — opium trade — 13-20, 30-31, 32, 46-47, 286, 519, 524, 536, 537 See also Opium wars; Taiping uprising

in China Chinese revolution, Chinese war—see Taiping uprising in China Civilisation—19, 147, 153, 439, 517, 577 Civil war (general characteristic)—465,

544 See also Revolution Class, classes— 52, 125, 160, 191, 391,

476, 531, 581 See also Bourgeoisie Colombia—30 Colonial wars (general features)—13,

488, 565 See also Indian uprising of 1857-59;

Opium wars; Spanish-Moroccan war of

1859-60; Taiping uprising in China Commerce, trade— 218, 477, 488-89

See also Foreign trade; Opium trade Commodity—476-77 Communist League—469, 470 Community—140, 141, 146, 147, 476, 539 Confederation of the Rhine—233, 390, 577 Constitution— 76, 77, 80, 526, 541-42 Corruption— 526, 531. 637 Courts, judiciary system—193, 489, 541 Cracow, Cracow Republic—131, 261, 288, 448 Crete — 82 Crime— 487-91, 530 Crimean war of 1853-56 — 53, 54, 62, 73, 75, 82, 83, 121, 155-56, 163, 239, 248-49, 256, 277, 288, 315, 346, 391, 443-44, 447, 534, 546, 547, 604, 607 Customs Union (Germany, 1834-71)— 269, 466

D

Dalmatia— 270 Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50 — 104, 320 Danubian Principalities—256, 268, 447

See also Moldavia; Wallachia Democracy, vulgar—470, 573 Denmark— 608

See also Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50; Schleswig-Holstein question Despotism, tyranny

— as reactionary political power of exploiting minority — 262-63, 288, 406, 409, 485, 571, 580 See also Bonapartism; Tsarism, autocracy in Russia Dialect, dialects

— French — 557, 558, 594, 595 — Italian — 558, 593-95 — Limousin — 557 — Lombard — 558, 594 — Norman — 579 — Piedmontese — 558, 593-95 — Walloon — 579 See also Language Dialectics—472-77 Diplomacy—152, 262, 292-93, 295, 297,

343, 604 Disarmament— 288-89, 293, 296 Division of labour—617-18

E

East India Company (British)—15-18 Economic crises — 34, 209, 263, 272, 342,

479, 493 Economic relations—32, 476, 536

Egypt — 606 Emigration

— as social phenomenon — 488, 490-91 — political — 21, 37, 470 — from different countries — 21-27, 37, 145, 354-59, 488, 490-91, 497-503, 573 England (Great Britain)

— general characteristic — 19, 254, 487-89, 493 — in the 1850s (from 1849)—120-21, 134, 511, 512, 520, 545, 546 — political parties — 87-89 — suffrage — 87-89 — press, the — 89 — foreign policy — 19, 59, 129, 156, 262-64, 265, 271-72, 276, 287-93, 295-96, 305-06, 448, 488, 502, 511, 513, 514-16, 519, 525, 546, 547, 605-06 — and Italian question in 1859-60— 150-51, 276, 287-93, 295-96, 303, 305-06, 421, 422, 462-64, 637-38 See also Bank of England; Bourgeoisie (English); East India Company; Liberal Party; Parliament, British Europe

— economic and political characteristic in 19th cent.—52, 120-24, 128 — prospects of revolution in the 1850s — 120, 124, 127-28, 341-42, 381 — prospects of revolution and threat of war — 127-28, 152-53, 341, 391, 413, 448 See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe Export of capital— 493-94

F Famine—489 Fenians, Fenianism—136 Feuerbach, Feuerbachianism—472-73 Foreign trade

— and colonies — 478-81, 519-20, 539 — foreign trade balances — 478-81, 492-96, 519-20, 536-39 — export and import of precious metals — 494-96 Fortification

— permanent — 243, 251, 346 — strategic significance of fortresses — 13, 183-84, 186-87, 223, 227, 230, 247, 248-49, 252, 346-47, 586 — Italian quadrilateral of fortresses in Lombardy — 183-88, 346, 534 — entrenched camp — 230, 247-48, 252, 586, 600 — siege and defence of fortresses— 248, 343, 356, 556 France

— general characteristic— 112, 169, 248, 263, 416, 465 — before French Revolution (18th cent.)—71, 165 — during Consulate and First Empire — 29, 532, 580 — July 1830 revolution and July monarchy — 80, 91, 94, 168, 170, 259, 579 — foreign policy and diplomacy, colonial policy (general characteristic)—130, 152, 264, 446, 532-33 See also Alsace; Army, French; Bourgeoisie (French); French Revolution; Napoleonic wars; Paris France. Second Empire

— general characteristic — 91-92, 94-95, 120, 124, 130, 262, 309, 404, 446, 546 — coup d'état of December 2, 1851 — 91-95, 168, 170, 257, 263, 271, 309, 440, 445 — industry, railways, agriculture— 169, 245, 271, 347, 583-84 — finances — 156, 162, 164, 169, 268, 271, 305, 546 — Crédit Mobilier—102, 114, 123, 155, 164, 271, 313 — Stock Exchange, stock-exchange speculation — 123, 155, 162, 169, 257, 273, 443 — government's economic and financial policy — 110-14, 164, 268 — domestic situation, home policy— 133, 152-53, 442-43, 446, 448, 533, 546-47, 613-14, 638 — corruption of ruling circles — 93, 162, 164, 297, 347 — character of political power — 91-92, 120, 123-24, 309 — army as bulwark and ruling force of Bonapartist regime — 91, 95,

164, 168, 271, 443, 445, 546, 606 — counter-revolutionary terrorism— 288, 309, 448, 547 — manoeuvring between contending classes — 114, 164 — the press, literature — 41-44, 93, 116, 162, 294, 305, 309, 547, 578 — Corps législatif— 91, 92, 305 — courts, judiciary system — 44-45, 613 — monarchical groups, the clergy, bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie— 92, 94-95, 114, 122, 123, 156-64, 263, 264, 546-47 — working masses, peasantry — 95, 114, 164, 264, 444 — growth of opposition — 94, 95, 122, 123, 156, 215, 263-65, 267-68, 380-81, 416 — growth of opposition in army— 92, 263, 448 — republican movement — 92, 120, 287, 448 — Bonapartist regime and wars— 128, 152, 156, 164, 166, 215,416, 442, 443, 446, 546-47 — impending revolution — 95, 128, 166 — foreign policy — 130, 151-52, 156, 162, 170, 262-64, 272-73, 276, 287, 290-94, 296-97, 307, 308, 407-08, 412, 419, 442-43, 446, 532-33, 546, 565, 571, 604 — and Austria — 264, 604 — and Belgium — 218, 242, 247, 251, 253, 447, 599 — and Denmark — 303 — and England — 259, 260, 263, 264 — and Germany — 251, 540, 603 — and Greece — 447 — and Holland — 251 — and Hungary — 502 — and Italy — 218, 253-54, 504-07, 597-98 — and Portugal — 262, 447, 621-22 — and Prussia — 264, 603 — and Russia — 263, 272, 603, 604 — and Spain — 272 — and Switzerland — 447, 484, 560, 591-92 — and USA — 416, 447 — its colonial expansion — 150-51, 169, 170, 264, 447, 448, 603 See also Bonapartism; Society of December 10 French Revolution (18th cent.)—141, 142, 147, 225, 502, 545, 580, 596-97, 604 See also Jacobin dictatorship, Jacobins Frontiers, borders (state)

— general characteristic — 225, 254, 572 — critique of "natural frontiers" theory — 188, 225, 238, 243-51, 571-72, 578, 582, 583, 600, 602

G

Galicia— 246, 250, 270, 337 Geographical environment—239-40, 588 Geography— 590 German Confederation (1815-66)

— general characteristic — 165, 251, 268, 287, 312, 320, 394, 404, 418-19, 456, 462, 542, 608, 638 — Federal Diet — 161, 268, 419, 542-44, 608, 638 German philosophy—158-61, 473 See also Feuerbach, Feuerbachianism;

Hegel, Hegelianism Germany

— Germans — 159, 465 — in Middle Ages — 224-25, 465 — and French Revolution (18th cent.) and Napoleonic wars — 181, 225, 239, 245-46, 268, 269, 602, 603, 608 — survivals of feudalism and process of their liquidation — 465-66 — in 19th century — 103, 104, 122, 473, 540 — fragmentation of country and task of its unification — 103-04, 150, 216-17, 239-40, 254-55, 288-89, 312, 344, 394-95, 404-06, 452-53, 465, 573, 600, 638 — economy — 3 1 , 103, 325, 342, 465-66 — bourgeois liberalism in 1840s— 106, 159, 160 — bourgeois liberalism in 1850s— 74, 78, 81, 95, 103, 106-08, 115, 116, 121-22, 125-26, 454, 573 — democrats, democratic movement — 313, 454, 470, 573, 638 — science — 77, 104, 465-66

— prospects of revolution in 1850s— 119, 128, 181-82, 341-43, 381, 382, 394-95, 544 — foreign policy — 240, 251, 607-08 — and Belgium —218, 247, 251, 253 — and Britain — 72, 540 — and France — 104, 188, 215, 218, 239, 240, 241, 243-44, 246-51, 253, 264, 265, 267-70, 276, 289, 297, 308, 406, 571, 580, 602-04 — and Hungary — 254 — and Italy — 188-89, 215, 216, 217-19, 224-26, 233, 235, 236-40, 246, 247, 248, 250, 252-55, 269, 270, 572, 599-600, 601 — and Netherlands — 465 — and Russia — 104, 239, 246, 391, 406, 419, 455, 543, 603, 605, 607-08 — and the Slavs, their oppression — 216-17, 254 — and Switzerland — 588-89 — and USA — 540 See also Army of German states; Berlin; Bourgeoisie (German); Brandenburg; Confederation of the Rhine; Customs Union; German Confederation; German philosophy; Gotha party; Hesse-Cassel; Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; Pan-Germanism; Pomerania; Prussia; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany; Rhine Province; Saxony; Silesia Gotha party (Germany, 1849)—103, 312, 313, 405, 572, 573, 638 Greece— 82, 132 See also Ancient Greece

H

Hegel, Hegelianism—159, 472-75 Hesse-Cassel— 540-44 Historical materialism, materialist conception of history—466-70 History, historicism—72-73, 163, 474, 475, 477 See also Historical materialism, materialist conception of history Holy Alliance— 253, 291, 296 Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation— 216, 225, 465 Hong Kong—46 Humanism — pseudo-humanism of bourgeoisie, private owners — 52, 131-32 Hungary—178, 254, 270, 288, 289, 390, 413, 497-503, 603-05, 607, 608 See also Bourgeoisie (Hungarian); National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary; Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary

I

Idealism

— as aspiration for ideal goals — 159 — its opposition to materialism— 469-70, 473-75 — and religion — 159 — idealist method — 473-75 — idealist conception of history— 469, 470, 474 See also German philosophy; Plato (Plato's philosophy) India

— general characteristic — 86, 488 — industry, social system — 539 — colonial subjugation by Britain, its conversion into market — 133, 479-81, 519, 539 — trade — 519-20, 537 — money system, finances, accumulation of treasures under British rule — 279-86 See also Indian uprising of 1857-59 Indian uprising of 1857-59 — 88, 254, 279, 281, 284-85, 481 Industry, large-scale—208, 536-39 Ionian Islands—129-33, 254 Iran—514 Ireland—133, 134-37, 209, 489-90 See also Fenians, Fenianism; Orangism Italian war of 1859—see Austro-Italo-French war of 1859 Italian wars of 1494-1559 — 183 Italy

— general characteristic — 218 — geographical position — 183-84, 218-20, 226, 228, 559, 560, 584 — Italian nation, national character — 217, 238, 240, 417 — economy, social and political system — 162, 218, 559, 583 — towns — 337

— history — 183-84, 218, 236, 253 — Austrian domination — 122, 148-53, 156, 166, 199-200, 201, 219, 220, 225, 238-40, 252, 253, 264, 269, 270, 291, 407-08, 412-14, 418, 571, 572, 601 — question of Italy's unification — 148-53, 238-40, 409, 601 — national movement — 95, 238, 354, 418, 498, 559, 580, 601 — revolutionary upsurge of 1859 — 122, 148-49, 152-53, 154, 165-66, 289, 306, 336-37, 351-54, 380, 381, 404, 413, 416-18, 420, 482, 524, 526, 533-35, 576, 577 — Savoy and Nice — 557-60, 577, 578, 595, 598-602 — duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena — 122, 154, 165-66, 273, 291, 408, 533 — foreign policy — 296, 297 — and Vienna Congress of 1815— 291, 417 — Italian question in 1859, Zurich Congress — 274, 276, 277-78, 287, 288, 291-93, 296, 297, 354, 380, 407, 416-20, 482-86, 532-35, 602, 603 — and Austria — 148-51, 165-66, 184, 185, 187-89, 197-201, 230, 233, 272, 276-77, 291-94, 296, 297, 407, 412, 419, 504-07 — and Britain — 150, 484 — and France — 122-23, 149-53, 156, 163, 164, 166-70, 199-201, 215, 216, 218, 223-24, 226, 228, 234, 237, 354, 380-82, 404, 407-09, 412-14, 416, 418-20, 483-84, 532-33, 576-92, 596, 600, 601 — and Germany — 215, 216, 217, 218, 224-28, 233-37, 246, 247, 248-49, 250, 253, 254, 269, 270, 599 — and Russia — 149, 150, 154, 156, 221 — and Switzerland — 148 See also Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; Austro-Italo-French war of 1859; Carbonari; Italian wars of 1494-1559; Kingdom of Sardinia; Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; Lombardy; Mazzini, Mazzinists; Papal States; Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states; Venice J

Jacobin dictatorship, Jacobins—142, 147,

181 Junkers, Prussian—108, 159-60

K

Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont)—37, 122, 151, 153, 155-57, 162, 197-200, 223, 224, 227, 234, 240, 308, 337, 408, 418, 419, 433, 484-86, 533-34, 558-60, 571, 577, 580, 581, 595-96, 598-99, 600 See also Army, Sardinian; Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; Austro-Italo-French war of 1859; Crimean war of 1853-56; Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples) — 122, 148, 154, 218, 289, 601

L

Language — 222, 254, 557, 558, 579, 593-95 See also Dialect, dialects Liberal Party (England)—530, 637 Liberty— 66, 77, 133, 160 Lombardy—122, 149, 151, 165-66, 216, 225-27, 238-40, 288, 337, 408, 418, 534, 558 Lorraine— 216, 252

M

Manchuria (Mantchooria)—83, 86 Marxism

— as a new scientific world outlook — 466-70 Marxist political economy—465-77 Materialism— 469-70, 473-75 Mazzini, Mazzinists—37, 170, 354, 420, 498-99 Method— 472-75 Militarism—439 Military art

— methods of conducting wars— 222-23, 231, 365, 369, 422-24, 445

— and development of military technique and armament — 346-47 — during decay of feudalism — 225, 327, 445 — in first half of 19th cent.— 225, 248, 346 — in second half of 19th cent.— 223, 225, 346, 347, 365, 369, 586-87 — strategy — 184, 188, 198-99, 200-01, 216, 225, 226, 229-30, 231-32, 236-37, 244, 245, 346, 370, 384, 397, 426, 427, 435-36, 445, 555, 584, 588, 600 — tactics — 184, 186-87, 231-32, 393, 426, 445, 550, 555 — military art in mountain warfare — 220-23, 224, 231-32, 583-85, 587, 588 — miscellaneav-252-53, 333, 346-47, 550, 556 See also Fortification Military science— 216, 231-32, 319, 435

See also Military art Military training—351-52, 407, 551 Mode of production—469 Moldavia— 289, 603 Monarchy— 79-80, 119, 286 Money circulation—155, 156, 494-96 Montenegro—82, 265 Moorish war—see Spanish-Moroccan war

of 1859-60 Moors—548-56 Moravia—270 Morocco—551, 555, 565

See also Spanish-Moroccan war of 1859-60

N

Napoleonic wars

— general characteristic — 200-01, 217, 222-23, 225, 232, 253, 327, 346, 426 — war with third European coalition (1805)—154, 181, 236, 269, 387, 389, 448, 573 — Pressburg Peace Treaty of 1805 between France and Austria — 233 — war with fourth European coalition (1806-07)—128, 181, 238, 243. 573 — Tilsit peace treaties of 1807 — 603, 605, 606 — war with fifth European coalition (1809) —181, 201, 220, 223, 426 — war with sixth European coalition (1813-14)—225, 227, 242, 244-48, 252-53, 269, 365, 369, 587, 599-600, 606 — war with seventh European coalition — 150, 241-44, 245, 248, 606 — war on Iberian Peninsula (1808-14)—232, 272 — and Austria — 604 — and Britain — 502, 545 — and Germany — 225, 245-46, 269, 297, 532 — and Italy — 253 — and Prussia — 103, 128, 268, 269, 533, 573, 603 — and Russia — 246 See also Patriotic war of 1812 in Russia; Vienna Congress of 1814-15 and Vienna treaties of 1815; Wars of First French Republic Nation— 238, 254, 595

See also Nationality; National question Nationality—152-53, 238 National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary— 322, 346, 608 National movement—152-53, 238, 572 See also National question National question—152-53, 238-39, 240,

380, 417 See also National movement Neutrality (in international relations)

— general features — 247, 287, 560 — Belgian — 247 — Swiss — 200, 223, 224, 247, 558, 560, 588 New Zealand—491 Nice— 557-60, 577-78, 593-600, 602

O

Opium trade—13-20, 32, 46-47, 283 Opium wars

— their colonial, predatory character — 13, 30-32, 49, 87 — Anglo-Chinese war of 1840-42 — 13, 19, 28, 46, 48, 49, 50, 514, 524 — Nanking treaties of 1842 and 1843 — 13, 19, 28, 29-32, 46-49, 83, 537

— Anglo-Franco-Chinese war of 1856-60 — 13, 19, 28, 31-32, 46-49, 50, 83, 84, 447, 508-14, 516-20, 521-24, 546 — Tientsin treaties of 1858 — 13, 46-

50, 508-11, 513, 517, 518 Orangism (in Ireland)—134-37 Ottoman Empire—see Turkey

P

Pan-Germanism— 216-17 Pan-Slavism—156, 277 Papacy— 267, 271, 273, 419, 483, 601 Papal States (Roman State)—122, 148-

49, 151, 153, 166, 218, 273, 293, 408, 419, 482-84, 534, 601, 615 See also Papacy Paris— 241, 248, 249 Parliament, British— 80, 134, 526, 637 Patriotic War of 1812 in Russia—145, 448, 603 Pauperism—488, 490 Peasantry, Russian, peasant movements in

Russia

— serf — 52, 121, 139-41, 142-43, 145-47 — peasant uprisings on eve of abolition of serfdom in 1861 — 52-53, 147, 607, 609-10 Piedmont—see Kingdom of Sardinia Pietism, pietists—160 Plato (Plato's philosophy)—167-68 Poland— 73, 109, 131, 246, 250, 603-05, 608 See also Cracow, Cracow Republic; Posen Political economy (as science, its method)—465-66, 469-77 Politics— 95, 469, 470 Pomerania—73, 109 Portugal— 621-22 Posen— 99, 109 Power, legislative and executive—541-42 See also Bureaucracy, bureaucratism Press, the— 95, 160, 453 Productive forces, production relations, production—469 Prussia

— general characteristic — 78, 96, 103, 107-09, 160 — feudalism, its survivals — 52, 77, 160 — and French Revolution (18th cent.) and Napoleonic wars — 52, 103, 128, 243, 268, 269, 573, 603 — in 1815-early 1848 — 77, 102, 159 — in 1848-49 — see Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany — in 1850-early 1860 — 54-58, 65-81, 96-100, 106-09, 115-19, 122, 125-28, 155, 158-61 — economy — 67, 103, 160, 161, 208 — social and political system — 67, 77, 80-81, 96, 99-104, 108, 125, 128, 147, 159-61, 289, 449, 452-53 — prospects of revolution — 128, 381 — foreign policy and diplomacy (general features)—71-73, 103, 128, 156, 157, 268-69, 298, 445, 450, 456-64 — and Austria — 72-73, 99, 103, 107, 128, 150, 239, 254, 265, 268, 269, 311-13, 320, 382, 419, 420, 448, 452-59, 462-63, 540-44, 609 — and Britain — 452, 462, 464 — and France — 102, 107, 604 — and Germany — 73, 103, 312, 394, 404, 405, 452-56, 459-62, 638 — and Poland —73 — and Russia — 72-73, 107, 269, 344, 415, 452, 462, 608, 609 See also Army, Prussian; Bourgeoisie (Prussian), Confederation of the Rhine; Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50; Germany; Junkers, Prussian Public opinion

— and state policy and legislation — 164, 256-57, 291, 440 ' Punishment—489 See also Crime

R

Radicalism, radicals—116, 125 Railways— 123, 161, 476

Religion—469 Revolution (general characteristic)—52, 381, 469 See also French Revolution; Revolution of 1848-49 (in different countries); Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe; Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Revolution, social

Revolution of 1848-49 in Austria—52, 107, 178, 288, 604 Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe (general characteristic)—37, 120, 123, 146, 268, 404, 488 Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany

— prerequisites and causes of the revolution, its development and character — 55, 57, 66, 68, 101, 404, 542 — classes, estates, parties, social groups — 52-53, 66, 99-103, 106-07, 160 — state apparatus, government institutions, representative assemblies — 55, 67-68, 75-76, 97, 100-03, 104, 270, 406, 542, 608 — ways of Germany's unification — 404, 542-43 — national question and foreign policy — 98, 107, 181, 270, 604, 608 — results and assessment of — 78, 101, 160, 181, 343, 394, 404, 406, 470 Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary—52, 288, 501, 604, 608 Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states—

37, 95, 106, 149, 150, 153, 165,

178-79, 183-84, 238, 273, 277, 351, 352, 361, 418, 482, 604 See also Austro-Italian war of 1848-49 Revolution, proletarian, socialist—469, 637 Revolution, social—469, 637 Rhine Province— 99, 109, 160 Right, law— 76, 130, 140, 418, 469, 489 Roman State—see Papal States Russia (Russian Empire)

— before 19th century — 139-40 — in first half of 19th century — 52, 121, 139, 144-47, 607, 609 — economic situation before 1861 Reform —52, 53, 145, 609-10 — industry, agriculture, foreign trade — 31, 52, 83-84, 609 — finances — 53, 156, 288, 303, 304 — social and political system — 52, 121 — serfdom —51-52, 139-40, 142-43, 146 — question of abolition of serfdom (position of ruling circles, preparation of Reform)—51-53, 121, 139-47, 307-08 — revolutionary movement in 19th cent.—53-54, 147, 607, 609-10 — foreign policy (general characteristic)—83, 86, 157, 406, 609-10 — foreign policy before mid-19th cent.—60, 603, 605, 608 — foreign policy and diplomacy in 1850s and 1860s — 86, 150, 156-57, 263-65, 269, 277, 287, 289-92, 293, 296, 304, 307, 320-21, 391, 447, 543, 571, 604-07, 609-10 — and Central Asia — 59-63, 86, 156 — and Far East — 50, 83-86 — tsarist policy in Poland in 19th cent.—131, 246, 250, 605, 608 — and Afghanistan — 515-16 — and Austria — 150, 261, 265, 277, 288, 293, 297, 448, 542-43, 604, 607-09 — and Britain — 59, 515-16, 525, 545, 605-06 — and China — 19, 31, 83, 84-86, 512-14 — and Denmark — 128, 303, 608 — and France — 82, 163, 165, 263, 269, 273, 303-04, 320, 408, 571, 602-09 — and Germany — 104, 246, 391, 406, 419, 455, 608-09 — and Italy — 149, 154, 28«, 571 — and Prussia — 72, 269, 344, 415, 452, 457, 462, 609 — and Turkey — 82 See also Patriotic War of 1812 in Russia; Peasantry, Russian; Tsarism, autocracy in Russia

S

Saxony—109 Schleswig-Holstein question, the—72, 128, 250, 268, 543, 604, 608, 638 See also Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50 Scotland—103, 195-96, 210 Serbia, Serbs— 82, 265, 277 Seven Years' War (1756-63)— 225, 253 Silesia— 73, 99, 109, 325 Slavs— 82, 277, 607

Society— 469, 476-77 Society, bourgeois—36, 191, 469, 488-89 Society of December 10 (France, from

1849)—445, 596 Spanish-Moroccan war of 1859-60—548-49, 550-56, 561-66 Speculation (money, Stock Exchange)—

123, 155, 161, 162, 443 State, the— 51-52, 160, 217, 254-55, 476