Name Index
A
Abdul Mejid (1823-1861)—Sultan of Turkey (1839-61).—543, 595
Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of (1784-1860)—British statesman, Tory, leader of the Peelites from 1850; Foreign Secretary (1828-30, 1841-46) and Prime Minister of the coalition cabinet (1852-55).—192, 204, 217-18, 248, 571
Achmet Effendi—Bangya's Turkish secretary.—540
Ackroyd, Eduard—English manufacturer, Liberal M.P.—240
Adair, Sir Robert (1763-1855)—British diplomat, associate of Charles James Fox.—187
Addington—see Sidmouth, Henry Addington, Viscount
Aga Khan, Mirza—Persian statesman, War Minister, from 1852 head of government (Sadir Azim) under Shah Nasr-ed-Din.—296
Aguesseau, Henry Cardin Jean Baptiste, cornu d' (1746-1826)—French diplomat, envoy to Copenhagen (1803-05).—498
Ahmad (Ahmed) (d. 1481)—Khan of the Golden Horde (1459-81).—81
Ahmad Shah Durrani ( or Duranee) (1724-1773)—Afghan Shah (1747-
73), founder of the state of Afghanistan and of the Durrani dynasty.— 177
Ahmed III (1673-173G)—Sultan of Turkey (1703-30).—96
Aiguillon, Emmanuel Armand de Vig-
nerot du Plessis de Richelieu, due d' (1720-1788)—French military figure and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1770-74).—32, 33, 35
Akbar II—Mogul ruler of India (1806-37).—299
Alba, Jacobo Luis, duque de (1821-1881)—Spanish aristocrat, married a sister of Eugénie de Montijo, Napoleon Ill's wife.—98
Albert (Albrecht) III (c. 1350-1395)— Archduke of Austria (1365-95).— 164
Albert (Albrecht) III Achilles (1414-1486)—Elector of Brandenburg (1470-86).—154
Albert (Albrecht) of Austria—see Albert (Albrecht) III
Albert Frederick (Albrecht-Friedrich) (1553-1618)—Duke of Prussia (1568-1618).—156
Alcoy, conde d'—see Roncali, Federico Alexander I (1777-1825)—Emperor of Russia (1801-25).—157, 178
Alexander II (1818-1881)—Emperor of Russia (1855-81).—263, 540, 544, 568
Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia or Borja) (c. 1431-1503) —Pope (1492-1503).—36
Alexander Jagiello (1460 or 1461-1506)—Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1492, King of Poland (1501-06).—85-86
Alexander Mikhailovich (1301-1339)— Grand Duke of Tver from 1326; killed with his son Fyodor in the Golden Horde, 1339.—79
Alexei (Alexis) Mikhailovich (1629-1676)—Tsar of Russia (1645-76).— 60
Algarotti, Francesco, conte (1712-1764) — Italian scholar and writer.—90
Alonso Martinez, Manuel (1827-1891)—Spanish politician, deputy to the Cortes (from 1854).—103
Amarillas, marqués de las—War Minister of Spain (1820, 1835).—625, 626
Amar Singh—Kower Singh's brother, after his death (April 1858) headed the insurgents in Oudh during the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—608
Anderson, Adam (c. 1692-1765) — Scottish economist, author of a treatise on the history of commerce.—59
Andrée, Erneste—a director of the French joint-stock bank Crédit Mobilier.—359
Andréossi (Andréossy), Antoine François, comte d' (1761-1828)—French general and diplomat; took part in the Napoleonic campaigns, ambassador to London (1802), Vienna (1806-09) and Constantinople (1812-14); Italian by birth.—491, 495
Andrei Bogolubski (c. 1111-1174)— Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal from 1157; fought for the unification of Rus under his domination.— 77
Anna (d. 1011)—daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Romanus II; in 987 was married by her brothers, Emperors Basil II and Constan-tine IX, to Vladimir, Grand Duke of Kiev.—75
Anne (1576-1625)—daughter of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia; wife (from 1594) of Johann Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg.— 156
Anne (1665-1714)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1702-14).—53, 93
Anne (Anna Ivanovna) (1693-1740) — Empress of Russia (1730-40).—27, 38, 40, 60 Anson, George (1797-1857)—British general, commander-in-chief of the British expeditionary corps in India (1856-57).—305
Appa Sahib—Rajah of the Indian principality of Sattara (1839-48).— 311
Argout, Antoine Maurice Apollinaire, comte d' (1782-1858)—French statesman and financier, Director-General of the Bank of France (1834-57).—119, 289-90
Arguelles, Agustin de (1776-1844) — Spanish liberal statesman, prominent figure in the revolutions of 1808-14 and 1820-23, Minister of the Interior (1820-21).—622-23, 625
Argyll, George John Douglas Campbell, Duke of (1823-1900)—British statesman, Peelite; Lord Privy Seal (1853-55, 1859-66, 1880-81), Postmaster-General (1855-58, 1860), Secretary for India (1868-74).—389
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.—310 Armitage, Sir Elkanah—candidate M.P. lor Salford (1857), a representative of the Manchester School.— 238
Ashburnham, Thomas (1807-1872)— British general, in 1857 headed a military expedition to China; was recalled to India at the outbreak of the national liberation uprising there.—300
Ashraf (d. 1730)—Shah of Persia (1725-30).—177
As(s)ensio, Pedro Galvo—Spanish politician, deputy to the Cortes; took part in the bourgeois revolution of 1854-56.—101
Auckland, George Eden, Earl of (1784-1849) — British statesman, Whig, held several ministerial posts, Governor-General of India (1835-42).— 179, 536, 538
Auerbach, Berthold (1812-1882) — German writer; liberal, later an apologist for Bismarck.—589
August(us) II (the Strong) (1670-1733)—King of Poland (1697-1706, 1709-33) and Elector of Saxony as Frederick Augustus I (1694-1733).—41, 48, 49, 51
B
Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans (1561-1626) — English philosopher, naturalist and historian.— 56
Bahadur Shah II (1767-1862) —the last Great Mogul ruler in India (1837-58); from 1849 was pen-sioned off by the English and had no real power; in 1857, during the national liberation uprising in India, was again proclaimed Emperor by the insurgents; after the capture of Delhi in September 1857 was arrested by the 'English and exiled to Burma (1858).—299, 305, 365, 375
Baillie, Henry James (b. 1804)— British government official, Secretary of the Board of Control for India, Tory M.P.—536
Baird, Sir David (1757-1829) —British general, commanded the British expeditionary force in Egypt in 1800-02.—593
Baltaji Mohammed—Turkish statesman, Grand Vizier (1710-11).—49
Bandiera brothers, Attilio (1810-1844) and Emilio (1819-1844)—Austrian naval officers, participants in the Italian national liberation movement; members of the Young Italy society; executed for an attempt to raise an insurrection in Calabria (1844).—216
Bangya, Janos (1817-1868)—Hungarian journalist and arniy officer; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; later Kossuth's emissary abroad and at the same time a secret police agent; under the name of Mehemed Bey served in the Turkish army and was a Turkish agent in the Caucasus (1855-58).—236, 540-45
Baraguay d'Hilliers, Achille, comte (1795-1878) —Marshal of France, took part in the Napoleonic campaigns, later sided with the Bourbons; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Bonapartist after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—465
Bardaji, Eusebio—Spanish diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1808, 1810, 1821, 1837).—627
Barnard, Sir Henry William (1799-1857) —British general, in 1854-55 took part in the Crimean war; in 1857 commanded British troops besieging Delhi during the national liberation uprising in India.— 314, 318-21, 327-29, 342-44, 370
Baroche, Pierre Jules (1802-1870) — French lawyer and politician; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Bonapartist; member of several cabinets before and after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.— 457
Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odilon (1791-1873)—French lawyer and politician, leader of the liberal dynastic opposition until February 1848; headed the monarchist coalition ministry (December 1848-October 1849).—302
Barrot, Théodore Adolphe (1803-1870)—French diplomat; Consul-General in Egypt (1845).—296
Bartrum, R. H.—British army officer in India.— 355
Bates, Robert Makin (born c. 1791)— English banker, partner of a firm which went bankrupt in June 1855; was sentenced to penal servitude for financial machinations.—110
Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882)—German philosopher and writer, Young Hegelian.—181-93
Baugh—British lieutenant in India.— 298
Bayezid II (1447-1512)—Sultan of Turkey (1481-1512).—80
Beauhamais, Eugénie Hortense de (1783-1837)—Napoleon Ill's mother, wife of King Louis Bonaparte of Holland.—490
Beautemps-Beaupré, Charles François (1766-1854)—French hydrograph-er.—148
Bedeau, Marie Alphonse (1804-1863) — French general and moderate republican politician; Vice-President of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; expelled from France after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; after the amnesty of 1859 returned to France.—476
Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832)— English sociologist, proponent of utilitarianism.—209
Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish (1774-1839)—British general and statesman; fought in the wars against Napoleonic France; Governor-General of India (1827-35).— 536
Bernai Osborne, Ralph (1808-1882)— British liberal politician, M.P., Secretary of the Admiralty (1852-58).—218
Bernard, Simon François (Bernard le
Clubiste) (1817-1862)—French republican; emigrated to Britain after the defeat of the 1848 revolution; in 1858 was accused by the French Government of being an accomplice in Orsini's attempt on the life of Napoleon III; acquitted by the British Court.—515, 516
Berryer, Arthur—agent of the French Government in the joint-stock company, Docks Napoléon; son of lawyer »Pierre Antoine Berryer; in March 1857 was sentenced to two-year confinement for participating in the financial machinations of the company's governors.—474
Berryer, Pierre Antoine (1790-1868)— French lawyer and politician, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Legitimist.—474
Berthier, Louis Alexandre, prince de Neuchâtel, duc de Valengin, prince de Wagram (1753-1815) —Marshal of France, chief-of-staff in Napoleon's army (1799, 1805-07, 1812-14); after the fall of the Napoleonic Empire (1814) sided with the Bourbons.—465
Bertrân de Lys (Lis), Manuel—Spanish statesman, deputy to the Cortes, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1851, 1852) and Minister of the Interior (1851).—630 Bestuzhev (Bestoucheff)-Ryumin, Alexei Petrovich, Count (1693-1766)— Russian statesman and diplomat, Chancellor of State from 1744; up to 1758 virtually directed Russia's foreign policy.—29
Bethell, Richard, Lord Westbury (1800-1873) — British lawyer and statesman, Liberal; Solicitor General (1852-56), Attorney-General (1856-58, 1860-61) and Lord Chancellor (1861-65).—215-16
Billault, Adolphe Augustin Marie ( 1805-1863)—French politician, Minister of the Interior (1854-58).—414, 455
Biron, Ernst Johann, Duke of Courland (from 1737) (1690-1772)—a Courland nobleman, favourite of the Russian Empress Anna Ivanovna, grand chamberlain at the Russian Court.—27
Blackstone, Sir William (1723-1780) — English lawyer, advocate of constitutional monarchy.— 356
Boitelle, Symphorien Casimir Joseph (1813-1897)—colonel of the French army, prefect of the Paris police (1858-66).—480, 482
Bonaparte—imperial dynasty in France (1804-14, 1815, 1852-70).— 124, 134, 323, 623
Bonaparte—see Napoleon I
Bonaparte—see Napoleon III
Bonaparte, Jérôme (1784-1860)— younger brother of Napoleon I; ' King of Westphalia (1807-13), Marshal of France from 1850.— 457, 466, 479 Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul (1822-1891) —son of Jérôme Bonaparte, cousin of Napoleon III; adopted the name of Jérôme after the death of his elder brother (1847).—98, 474
Bonham, Sir Samuel George (1803-1863) — British colonial official, Governor of Hong Kong and
Superintendent of Trade in China (1847-52).—161, 162, 234
Bosquet, Pierre Joseph François (1810-1861)—French general, marshal from 1856; senator, participated in the Crimean war of 1853-56.—465, 483
Bourbons—royal dynasty in France (1589-1792, 1814-15, 1815-30), in Spain (1700-1808, 1814-68, 1874-1931 and since 1975) and in a number of Italian states.— 29, 31
Bourchier, George (1821-1898)— British army officer, took part in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.— 370
Bowring, Sir John (1792-1872)— British politician, linguist and writer, follower of Jeremy Bentham, Free Trader; colonial official, consul at Canton (1847-52); in 1854-57 governor, commander-in-chief and vice-admiral in Hong Kong, performed various diplomatic functions and supervised trade with China.—160, 208-12. 216-18, 222, 233, 355 Bravo Murillo, Juan (1803-1873)— Spanish statesman, belonged to the Moderado Party, head of government (1850-52).—285, 286
Brereton—an English official in India, Commissioner of the Loodhiana District in the Punjab (1855).—339-40
Briggs, John (1785-1875)—British general; served in the East India Company in 1801-35, member of its Court of Proprietors (1853); Free Trader, wrote and translated a number of works on India and Persia.—578
Bright, John (1811-1889) —English manufacturer and politician; a leader of the Free Traders and a founder of the Anti-Corn Law League; member of the House of Commons (from 1843).—229-30, 238-42, 567, 575-77, 579 Brofferio, Angelo (1802-1866)—Italian politician, poet and journalist, member of the Piedmont Chamber of Deputies from 1848, leader of the democratic opposition; follower of Garibaldi.— 6
Brougham and Vaux, Henry Peter, Baron (1778-1868)—British Whig statesman, lawyer and writer; Lord Chancellor (1830-34).—469, 572
Brown, Humphrey—British business-man, M.P., a director of the Royal British Bank (1853-56), sentenced for machinations.— 111, 266-69
Buckingham, Henry Stafford, Duke of (c. 1454-1483)—English feudal lord, helped Richard III to ascend the throne, later betrayed him and was executed.— 219
Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle (Baron Dalling and Bulwer) (1801-1872)—British diplomat, Whig M.P. (1830-37); chargé d'affaires in the Danubian Principalities (1856-58); ambassador to Constantinople (1858-65).—325
Bulwer-Lytton—see Lytton, Edward George Earle Lytton, Bulwer-Lytton
Bunyan, John (1628-1688)—English writer.—457
Burat, Jules François (1807-1885) — French journalist.—115
Burke, Edmund (1729-1797)—British statesman and political writer, Whig M.P.; supported the Tories from 1791; at the beginning of his career advocated liberal principles, subsequently an opponent of the French Revolution.—30, 36
Butenew, Appollinary Petrovich (1787-1866) — Russian diplomat; envoy to Turkey (1856-58).—545
C
Cadoudal, Georges (1771-1804) — French politician, royalist; took part in the counter-revolutionary upris-
ing in Vendée (1793); made several attempts to organise a royalist uprising in France; executed in 1804 for an attempted royalist coup in Paris.—494, 495
Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar) (c. 100-44 B.C.)-—Roman general and statesman.—146, 164, 356
Cairns, Huge McCalmont (1819-1885)—British lawyer and statesman, Tory and later a Conservative; Lord Justice of Appeal (from 1858).—586 Calatrava, José Maria (1781-1847) — Spanish statesman and lawyer; took part in the Spanish revolutions of 1808-14,1820-23 and 1834-43; deputy to the Cortes; Minister of Justice (1823), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1836).—628
Calkoen, Cornelis (1695-1764)—Dutch diplomat, ambassador to Turkey (1725-44).—27
Calonge y Fenollet, Eusebio de (1814-1874)—Spanish general; took part in the Carlist wars on the side of Isabella II; Captain-General of Pamplona (1854).—284, 285
Cameron, Hugh Innes—manager of the Royal British Bank (1849-55), sentenced for machinations.—112, 267-69
Campbell—British general, took part in suppressing the Indian national liberation uprising of 1857-59.— 508
Campbell, Alexander, Earl of Marchmont (1675-1740)—British politician and diplomat, ambassador extraordinary to Denmark (1715-21).—45, 66
Campbell, Sir Colin, Baron Clyde (from 1858) (1792-1863)—British general, field marshal from 1862; in 1854-55 fought in the Crimean war; commander-in-chief of the British army which suppressed the Indian national liberation uprising of 1857-59.-373, 419-20, 423-24, 435-37, r.; 441-42, 447-48, 450-52, 504-09, 527, 529-31, 548, 557-59, 580-83, 607
Campbell, Sir George (1824-1892)— British official in India (1843-74 with intervals); Liberal; author of works on India.— 579
Canning, Charles John, Earl (from 1859) (1812-1862)—British statesman, Tory, then Peelite; Governor-General of India (1856-62), organised the suppression t>f the Indian national liberation uprising of 1857-59.-363, 437, 531, 533-34, 547-49, 594
Canning, George (1770-1827)—British statesman and diplomat, Tory, Foreign Secretary (1807-09, 1822-27), Prime Minister (1827).—188, 469 Canrobert, François Certain (1809-1895)—Marshal of France, Bonapartist; an active participant in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; commander-in-chief of the French army (September 1854-May 1855) during the Crimean war.— 466, 483 Cantemir, Demetrius (Demeter), Prince (1673-1723)—Moldavian ency-clopaedist and politician; Hospodar of Moldavia (1710-11); in 1711 concluded an agreement with Peter I placing Moldavia under Russian suzerainty.—89
Cardwell, Eduard Cardwell, Viscount (1813-1886)—British statesman, a leader of the Peelites and then a Liberal; President of the Board of Trade (1852-55), Chief Secretary for Ireland (1859-61).—'61, 249
Carl Ludvig Eugene (1826-1872)— Crown Prince of Sweden, Regent (1857-59); King of Sweden and Norway under the name of Charles XV (1859-72); son of Oscar I.—334
Carlos Maria Isidro de Borbon (Don Carlos) (1788-1855)—brother of Ferdinand VII; pretender to the Spanish throne under the name of Charles V; head of the feudal cleri-
cal party (Carlists) which fomented a civil war in Spain (1833-40).— 104, 106
Carmarthen, Marquis of—see Osborne, Sir Thomas
Carvajal—Spanish general, nominated by Ferdinand VII Captain-General of New Castile in 1820.— 626
Casa-Irujo, Carlos Maria Martinez (1765-1824) — Spanish statesman, ambassador to Paris (1821), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1823).—624
Casimir IV Jagiello (1427-1492)— Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1440; King of Poland (1447-92).— 85, 86
Cass, Lewis (1782-1866)—American statesman, general and diplomat, member of the Democratic Party; Secretary of State (1857-60).—570-71
Cassagnac—see Granier de Cassagnac,
Bernard Adolphe
Castellane, Esprit Victor Elisabeth Boniface, comte de (1788-1862)— Marshal of France, Bonapartist; commanded the garrison of Lyons from 1850.—466, 475
Castello, Mary Anne—English actress, George Canning's mother.—469
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Marquis of Londonderry, Viscount (1769-1822) — British statesman, Tory; Secretary for War and for the Colonies (1805-06, 1807-09); Foreign Secretary (1812-22); committed suicide.—114, 222, 471, 491
Catherine I Alexeyevna (1684-1727)— second wife of Peter the Great (from 1712); Empress of Russia (1725-27).—59, 60
Catherine II (1729-1796)—Empress of Russia (1762-96).—28-29, 31-32, 34-37, 39-40, 60, 157, 187, 224
Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina) (c. 108-62 B.C.)—Roman politician, organiser of a conspiracy against the aristocratic republic.— 36
Cavaignac, Louis Eugène (1802-1857)—French general, moderate republican; in May-June 1848 War Minister; directed the suppression of the June 1848 uprising of the Paris workers? head of the executive (June-December 1848); after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851, opposed the government of Napoleon III.—302, 353, 465 Cavendish, Lord John (1732-1796) — British politician, Whig, Chancellor of the Exchequer (March-July 1782, April-December 1783), M.P.—34
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547-1616)—Spanish writer.—513
Châlons-Orange, House of—a family of French counts going back to the 14th century.—152 Chamberlain, Sir Neville Bowles (1820-1902)—British general, then field marshal; commanded the irregular forces in the Punjab (1854-58); took part in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—343, 370, 506, 509 Chambord, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de (1820-1883)— last representative of the elder line of the Bourbons; grandson of Charles X; pretender to the French throne under the name of Henry V.—466 Changarnier, Nicolas Anne Théodule (1793-1877)—French general and politician, monarchist; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (1848-51); banished from France after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—476, 480
Charles II (1630-1685)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1660-85).—70, 71
Charles (Carlos) III (1716-1788)— King of Spain (1759-88), King of
Naples as Charles VII and Sicily as Charles IV (1735-59).—32
Charles V (1500-1558)—Holy Roman Emperor (1519-56) and King of Spain as Charles (Carlos) I (1516-56); Prince of the Netherlands (1516-55); King of Sicily (1516-56).—156, 356
Charles VI (1685-1740) —Holy Roman Emperor (1711-40).—27, 51, 52
Charles X (1757-1836)—King of France (1824-30); Count of Artois before he acceded to the throne.— 334, 624 Charles X (Gustavus) (1622-1660)— King of Sweden (1654-60).—95
Charles XI (1655-1697)—King of Sweden ( 1660-97).—70-71
Charles XII (1682-1718)—King of Sweden (1697-1718).—29, 41-42, 44, 48-55, 57, 59, 63, 65-67, 69-72, 92
Charles Albert (Carlo Alberto) (1798-1849) — King of Sardinia and Piedmont (1831-49).—6
Charles Louis (Karl Ludwig) (1771-1847)—Archduke of Austria, field marshal and military author; commander-in-chief during the wars with France (1796, 1799, 1805 and 1809), War Minister (1805-09).— 170
Charles the Great (Charlemagne) (742-814)—King of the Franks (768-800), Holy Roman Emperor (800-814).—75
Charles ("the Bold") (1433-1477)— Duke of Burgundy (1467-77).—152
Chatham—see Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham ("the Senior")
Chateaubriand, François René, vicomte de ( 1768-1848)—French writer, statesman and diplomat; Minister of Foreign Affairs (1822-24).—15
The Chernyshevs (Chernicheffs)—a Russian aristocratic family close to the Court in the 18th-19th centuries.— 31
Chevalier, Michel (1806-1879)— French engineer, economist and journalist, Saint-Simon's follower; supported Napoleon Ill's economic policy, wrote for the Journal des Débats.— 15
Ch'ing (The Manchu)—dynasty of Manchu emperors, ruled in China from 1644 to 1911.—225, 282
Christian V (1646-1699)—King of Denmark and Norway (1670-99).— 70
Christina—see Maria Cristina
Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (106-43 B.C.)—Roman orator, statesman and philosopher.—95, 154, 282
Clanricarde, Ulick John de Burgh, Earl and Marquis of (1802-1874)— English diplomat and politician, Whig; ambassador to St. Petersburg (1838-41), Lord Privy Seal (1857-58).—469, 596
Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, Earl of, Baron Hyde (1800-1870)—British statesman, Whig, then Liberal; Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (1847-52), Foreign Secretary (1853-58, 1865-66, 1868-70).— 5, 217-18, 232, 250, 324, 547
Clark or Clerk, Sir George (1787-1867) — British statesman, Tory, then Peelite; Secretary to the Treasury (1834-35, 1841-45), Vice-President of the Board of Trade and Master of the Mint (1845-46).—249
Claudius (10 B.C.-A.D. 54) —Roman Emperor (41-51).—164
Clay, Sir William (1791-1869)— British politician and journalist, Whig, M.P. (1832-57).—200
Cobbett, William (1763-1835)—British politician and radical writer; published Cobbett's Weekly Political Register from 1802.—356, 493
Cobden, Richard (1804-1865)—English manufacturer and politician; a leader of the Free Traders and a founder of the Anti-Corn Law League, M.P.—207, 211, 215, 220, 227-29, 238-40, 249, 469
Cockburn, Sir George (1772-1853)— British admiral (from 1837), First Lord of the Admiralty (1841-46), Admiral of the Fleet (1851).—571
Codrington, Sir William John (1804-1884)—British general, commander-in-chief of the British army in the Crimea (November 1855-July 1856), Governor of Gibraltar (1859-65), M.P.—447
Collado, José Manuel—Spanish politician, banker, member of the Progresista Party, Minister of Finance in the Espartero Ministry (August 1854-January 1855).—288
Colquhoun, Robert Guilmour—British consul in Bucharest in the 1840s and 1850s.—62
Concha, Manuel Gutierrez de le, marqués
del Duero (1808-1874)—Spanish general, belonged to the Moderado Party; conspired against Espartero in 1843; helped organise the suppression of revolution of 1854-56.— 98, 105
Constantine XI Palaeologus (1405-1453)—last Byzantine Emperor (1449-53).—80
Contador, Riego—Spanish War Minister (1821).—624
Corberon, Marie Daniel Bourrée, baron
de (1748-1810) —French diplomat, chargé d'affaires in Russia (1777-80).—31
Cornwallis, Charles Cornwallis, Marquis and Earl (1738-1805) —British statesman, Governor-General of India (1786-93, 1805); as the Viceroy of Ireland (1798-1801) suppressed the Irish rebellion of 1798.—547 Courtais, Aimable Gaspard Henri, vicomte de (1790-1877)—French general, began his service in Napoleon I's army; commanded the National Guard of Paris in 1848-49; abandoned politics after the revolution.—481
Cousin, Victor (1792-1867)—French philosopher.—488
Coxe, William (1747-1828)—English historian and traveller, archdeacon in Wiltshire from 1804; collected and published historical documents.— 36
Cramail, Adrien de Montluc, comte de,
prince de Chabanais (1588-1642) — French writer.—326
Cranworth, Robert Monsey Rolfe, Baron (1790-1868)—British statesman and lawyer, Whig, Lord Chancellor (1852-58, 1865-66).—207
Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)—leader of the English Revolution, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1653.—69
Cunibert, Bartélemy Sylvestre— physician of Prince Milos Obrenovic of Serbia (up to 1839); author of a history of Serbia.—62
D
Dalhousie, James Andrew Broun Ramsay, Earl and Marquis of (1812-1860)— British statesman, Peelite, Governor-General of India (1847-56), pursued a policy of colonial conquests.—312, 337, 340, 534, 537, 538, 579, 608
Dallas, George Mifflin (1792-1864) — US politician, lawyer and diplomat, Vice-President of the United States (1845-49), minister to London (1856-61).—570
Danner, Luise Christine, Countess von (1815-1874) — morganatic wife of King Frederick VII of Denmark.— 334
David dAngers, Pierre Jean (1788-1856)—French sculptor, republican; banished from France after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.— 135
Delangle, Claude Alphonse (1797-1869)—French lawyer and politician; Attorney-General from 1847 till the February revolution of 1848; First President of the Imperial Court (1852-58); Minister of the Interior (1858-59).—473
Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of (1799-1869) —British statesman, Tory leader; Prime Minister (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68).—204, 207, 210-11, 214, 217, 222, 248, 425-26, 468-70, 511, 516, 548, 585-87, 597
Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881)—British statesman and writer, a Tory leader; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68); Prime Minister (1868, 1874-80).—200-01, 205-06, 214-16, 227, 247, 250, 309-13, 332-33, 469-70, 510-12, 514, 566
Disraeli, Isaac (1766-1848)—British writer, Benjamin Disraeli's father.— 469
Dodd, George (1808-1881)—English author, wrote a number of articles, mostly on industrial questions, for various reference books.—266
Dolgor(o)uki, Vasily Lukich, Prince (c. 1670-1739)—Russian diplomat, ambassador to Denmark (1707-20), member of the Supreme Privy Council (1728-30); exiled to Sol-ovetsky Monastery in 1730 and executed in 1739.—44 Dost Mohammed Khan (1793-1863)— Afghan Emir (1826-39, 1842-63).— 180
Dowbiggin—British army officer, fought in the Crimean war, Lord Panmure's nephew.—469
Dulce y Garay, Domingo, marqués de
Castellflorite ( 1808-1869)—Spanish general, close to the Moderado Party; headed an uprising in Madrid in 1854 which sparked off the revolution of 1854-56; in 1856 suppressed revolutionary struggle of the masses.—103, 105
Dundas, Sir James Whitley Deans (1785-1862)—British admiral, commander-in-chief of the British fleet in the Mediterranean from 1852 to January 1855.— 34 ^zy
Dundas, Richard Saunders (1802-1861)—British vice-admiral, commander-in-chief of the British fleet in the Baltic (1855).—94
Dupont, Emile (b. 1821)—French public figure; editor of a number of journals, including La Voix du Proscrit.—467
Dureau de la Malle, Adolphe Jules César Auguste (1777-1857)—^French phi-lologist and archaeologist.—485
E
Elena Ivanovna (1476-1513)— daughter of Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow; in 1495 was married to Alexander Jagiello, Grand Duke of Lithuania.—86
Eleonore—daughter of Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia; wife (from 1603) of Joachim-Friedrich, Elector of Brandenburg.—156
Elgin, James Bruce^ Earl of Elgin and Kinkardine (1811-1863)—British statesman and diplomat, plenipotentiary extraordinary to China (1857-58, 1860-61), Viceroy and Governor-General of India (1862-63).—300
Elio, Francisco Javier (1767-1822) — Spanish general, fought in the war of independence (1808-14); helped to establish the absolute power of Ferdinand VII in 1814; was executed during the revolution of 1820-23 for organising a counter-revolutionary coup.—630
Ellenborough, Edward Law, Baron (1750-1818)—British statesman and lawyer, Whig, later Tory; member of the House of Lords; Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench (1802-18).—497
Ellenborough, Edward Law, Earl of (1790-1871)—British statesman, Tory, member of the House of Lords; Governor-General of India (1842-44), First Lord of the Admiralty (1846), President of the Board of Control for India (1858); son of Baron Ellenborough.—321, 469, 531, 534, 549, 587, 588
Elliot, William—British politician, M. P. (1802).—491
Ellis, Sir Henry (1777-1855)—British diplomat, envoy (1814-15), then ambassador to Teheran (1835-36).—179
Elphinstone, John, Baron (1807-1860)—English official in India, Governor of Madras (1837-42) and Bombay (1853-59).—376
Emeriau, Maurice Julien, comte (1762-1845)—French vice-admiral, commanded the Mediterranean squadron (1811-14).—147
Enfantin, Barthélémy Prosper (nicknamed Père Enfantin) (1796-1864)—French Utopian socialist, a disciple of Saint-Simon, after his death headed the Saint-Simonian school.—15 Eric XIV (1533-1577)—King of Sweden (1560-68).—63
Escosura y Morrogh, Patricio de la
(1807-1878)—Spanish writer and statesman, Minister of the Interior in the Espartero Cabinet (1856).— 100
Espartero, Baldomero, duque de la Vittoria (1793-1879)—Spanish general and politician, leader of the Progresista Party, Regent of Spain (1841-43), head of government (1854-56).—98-104, 108, 284, 285, 287-88, 622 Espiga, Don José—Archbishop of Seville (1820).—623, 628
Espinasse, Charles Marie Esprit (1815-1859) — French general, Bonapartist, look an active part in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; headed an expeditionary force in Dobrudja (1854); participated in the Crimean war in 1855; Minister of the Interior and Public Safety (1858).— 464, 476, 480, 482, 488', 500, 550
Espoz y Mina, Francisco (1781-1836) — Spanish general, a guerrilla leader during the war of independence (1808-14); active participant in the revolution of 1820-23, fought against the Carlists in 1833-36.— 626 Esseid-Mohammed Salihdar—Turkish statesman, Grand Vizier in 1736.— 27, 39
Este, Maximilian Joseph Johann Ambros Karl (1782-1863)—Archduke of Austria, Master of the Ordnance, inventor of a defence tower named after him.—149
Etheridge (d. 1857) — British admiral, commanded the British fleet in the Anglo-Persian war of 1856-57; committed suicide.— 294
Eugène, Prince of Savoy (François Eugene de Savoie-Carignan) (1663-1736) — Austrian general and statesman.—167
Eugenie Marie Ignace Augustine de Montijo de Guzman, comtesse de Teba (1826-1920)—French Empress, wife of Napoleon III.—455, 457
Evans, Sir George de Lacy (1787-1870) — British general, Liberal politician, M.P.; commanded a division in the Crimea in 1854.— 327, 331, 332, 483, 590
F
Falcon, Antonio—Spanish general, took part in the Spanish revolution of 1854-56.—98, 103
Fallmerayer, Jakob Philipp (1790-1861)—German historian and traveller.—75
Fath Ali (Feth Ali; Futtch Ali) (1762-1834)—Shah of Persia (1797-1834).—178
Favre, Jules Gabriel Claude (1809-1880)—French lawyer and politician; a leader of the republican bourgeois opposition from the late 1850s; Orsini's counsel for the defence (1858).—473-74, 477
Fawkener, Sir Everard (1684-1758) — English merchant and diplomat, ambassador to Turkey (1735-42).— 27
Feliu, Ramon—Spanish statesman, Minister of the Interior (1821).— 627
Ferdinand II (1578-1637)—Holy Roman Emperor (1619-37).—94
Ferdinand II (1810-1859) —King of the Two Sicilies (1830-59), nicknamed King Bomba for the bombardment of Messina in 1848.—5
Ferdinand VII (1784-1833)—King of Spain (1808 and 1814-33).—99, 106, 622-24, 626-27
Ferdinand—see Frederick Ferdinand .
Feroukh (Ferrukh) Khan—Persian diplomat who signed the Anglo-Persian treaty of 1857; envoy to Paris (1857).—293, 295, 296, 331
Finnis, Thomas Quested—Lord Mayor of London in 1856-57.—232
Fitzroy, Henry (1807-1859)—British politician, Peelite, Under-Secretary for Home Affairs (1852-55).—600
Floridablanca (Florida Bianca), José Monino, conde de (172&1808)— Spanish statesman and diplomat, champion of enlightened absolutism; Prime Minister (1777-92); President of the Central Junta (1808); tried to prevent the development of revolution in Spain in 1808.—32 Fotiades—chargé d'affaires of the Moldavian Government in Constantinople in 1857.—324
Fould, Achille (1800-1867)—French banker and politician, Orleanist, later Bonapartist; several times held the post of Minister of Finance and other governmental posts (1849-67).—272, 457, 466
Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837) — French Utopian socialist.— 21
Fox, Charles James (1749-1806) — English politician, Whig leader, Foreign Secretary (1782, 1783, 1806).—30, 34, 35
Fox, William Johnson (1786-1864)— British politician, journalist, Free Trader, M.P.—238
Franchini, Viktor Antonovich (1820-1892)—Russian army officer, later general, fought in the Crimean war of 1853-56 and later served in the Caucasus.—542-43
Francis I (1768-1835)—Emperor of Austria (1804-35), last Holy Roman Emperor under the name of Francis II (1792-1806).—75
Francis II—see Francis I
Francis Joseph I (1830-1916)— Emperor of Austria (1848-1916).— 182, 323
Franks, Sir Thomas Harte (1808-1862)—British general, took part in the second Anglo-Sikh war (1848-49) and in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—505-07, 509
Frederick I (1657-1713)—Elector of Brandenburg as Frederick III (from 1688), King of Prussia (1701-13).—152, 156
Frederick II (1413-1471)—Elector of Brandenburg (1440-70).—155
Frederick II (the Great) (1712-1786)— King of Prussia (1740-86).—28-29, 31-32, 35, 154, 167
Frederick III (1609-1670)—King of Denmark (1648-70).—70
Frederick IV (1671-1730)—King of Denmark and Norway (1699-1730).—42, 44-45, 48-50, 54, 66, 71
Frederick VII (1808-1863)—King of Denmark (1848-63).—334
Frederick Augustus I—see August (us) II (the Strong)
Frederick Ferdinand (1792-1863) — Prince of Denmark.— 334-35
Frederick William I (1688-1740)— King of Prussia (1713-40).—50, 53
Frederick William IV (1795-1861) — King of Prussia (1840-61).—151, 152, 174, 182, 568
G
Gabel, Christian Carl (1679-1748)— Danish vice-admiral, took part in the Northern War.—44
Garnett, Jeremiah (1793-1870)— English journalist, one of the founders of The Manchester Guardian and its editor from 1844 to 1861.—240, 589
Garnier-Pagès, Etienne Joseph Louis (1801-1841)—French politician, headed the republican opposition after the 1830 revolution; member of the Chamber of Deputies (1831-34, 1835-41).—310
Garnier-Pagès, Louis Antoine (1803-1878)—French politician, moderate republican, in 1848 member of the Provisional Government and Mayor of Paris; brother of the above.— 310
Genghis Khan—see Jenghiz Khan
George I (1660-1727)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1714-27), Elector of Hanover (1698-1727).—41, 45, 53, 93, 187, 188
George II (1683-1760)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1727-60), Elector of Hanover.—27, 39 George III (1738-1820)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820), Elector and from 1815 King of Hanover.—30, 33, 492-94
Georg Ludwig—see George I
George William (Georg Wilhelm) (1595-1640)—Elector of Brandenburg (1619-40).—156
Gibbon, Edward (1737-1794)—British historian.— 310
Gibson, Thomas Milner (1806-1884) — British statesman, Free Trader and later Liberal, President of the Board of Trade (1859-65, 1865-66).—229, 238-40, 470
Girardin, Emile de (1806-1881)— French journalist and politician; editor of La Presse in the 1830s-1860s (with intervals); during the 1848-49 revolution moderate republican, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1850-51); later Bonapartist; notorious for his lack of principles in politics.—131
Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898)—British statesman, Tory, later Peelite, leader of the Liberal Party in the latter half of the 19th century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55, 1859-66) and Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94).—61, 200-01, 204-07, 216-17, 227, 249-50, 511, 575, 588
Glyn, George Grenfell, Baron Wolverton (from 1869) (1824-1887)—English banker, Liberal M.P.—512
Goedel Lannoy, Oscar, baron de— Austrian consul in Moldavia.— 325-26
Golitsin, Alexander Mikhailovich, Prince (1718-1783)—Russian diplomat, ambassador to London (1755-62), Vice-Chancellor (1762-75).—28
Gorchakoff (Gorchakov), Mikhail Dmit-rievich, Prince (1793-1861) — Russian general, commanded the Russian troops on the Danube (1853-54), commander-in-chief of
the Southern army (September 1854-February 1855) and of the army in the Crimea (February-December 1855); Governor-General of the Kingdom of Poland (1856-61).—263
Görtz, Georg Heinrich, Baron von Schlitz ( 1668-1719)—Swedish -statesman, Minister of Finance and Minister of State Affairs from 1715. — 43, 61
Graham, Sir James Robert George (1792-1861)—British statesman, Whig, later Peelite; Home Secretary (1841-46), First Lord of the Admiralty (1830-34, 1852-55).—216-17, 227-29, 249
Granier de Cassagnac, Bernard Adolphe
(1806-1880)—French journalist; Orleanist prior to the 1848 revolution, later Bonapartist; deputy to the Corps législatif (1852-70); contributed to Le Constitutionnel.—467, 488 Grant, Sir James Hope (1808-1875)— British general, fought in the First Opium War with China in 1840-42 and in the Anglo-Sikh wars (1845-46, 1848-49); took part in suppressing the Indian national liberation uprising of 1857-59.—452, 505, 507-08, 581, 607
Grantham, Thomas Robinson, Baron (1738-1786)—British statesman and diplomat, Whig; Foreign Secretary (1782-83).—31, 34-35, 39
Granville, George Leveson-Gower, Earl of (1815-1891)—British statesman, Whig, later Liberal; Foreign Secretary (1851-52, 1870-74, 1880-85), President of the Council (1852-54, 1855-58, 1859-65).—217, 308
The Great Mogul—see Bahadur Shah II
Great Moguls—dynasty of Indian rulers (1526-1858).—176, 305, 328, 346, 362, 365
Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron (1759-1834)—British statesman, Tory, later Whig, Foreign Secretary (1791-1801), Prime Minister (1806-07).—491, 495
Grey, Charles, Earl of, Viscount Howick, Baron Grey (1764-1845)—British statesman, a Whig leader, Prime Minister (1830-34).—468, 566
Grey, Sir Henry George, Viscount How-ick, Earl of (1802-1894)—British statesman, Whig; Secretary at War (1835-39) and Secretary of State for the Colonies (1846-52); son of Charles Grey.—211, 217, 566, 571, 573
Gross, Henrich (d. 1765) — Russian diplomat, Minister Plenipotentiary in France (1744-48) and in Prussia (1749-50), envoy to Poland (1752-59) and England (1763-65).—28, 30, 39
Grotius, Hugo (Huig de Groot) (1583-1645)—Dutch scientist, jurist, a founder of the natural law theory.—295
Guise, Duke—see Henry II of Lorraine
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874)—French historian and statesman; virtually directed France's foreign and home policy from 1840 to the February 1848 revolution.—15, 467, 478, 488
Gurrea, Ignacio—Spanish general, member of the Progresista Party.— 101
Gustavus II Adolphus (1594-1632)— King of Sweden (1611-32) and general.—95, 156
Gyllenborg, Carl, Count (1679-1746) — Swedish statesman and diplomat, envoy to London (1715-17), Secretary of State (from 1718) and Prime Minister (1739-46).—43, 50, 54, 61
H
Hammond, Edmund, Baron (1802-1890)—British diplomat, Under-
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (1854-73).—218
Hammond, George (1763-1853)— British diplomat, chargé d'affaires in Vienna (1788-90), ambassador to Washington (1791-95), Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (1795-1806, 1807-09).—492 .
Harcourt, Francis Vernon—British politician, Peelite, M.P.—249
Hardinge, Sir Henry, Viscount Hardinge of Lahore (1785-1856)—British general, field marshal from 1855 and statesman, Tory; Governor-General of India (1844-January 1848); commander-in-chief of the British army (1852-56).—538
Harris, James—see Malmesbury, James Harris, Earl of and Viscount Fitz-harris
Hauff, Wilhelm (1802-1827)— German poet and novelist.—589
Haus(s)mann, Georges Eugene, baron (1809-1891)—French politician, Bonapartist; took part in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Prefect of the Seine (1853-70).—502
Havelock, Sir Henry (1795-1857)— British general; took part in several colonial wars; in 1857 took part in suppressing the national liberation uprising in India.—347, 361-62, 365, 367, 372, 393, 420, 423, 558, 583
Hawkesbury, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool (1770-1828)— British statesman, Tory, Foreign Secretary (1801-03, 1809), Home Secretary (1804-06, 1807-09) and Prime Minister (1812-27).—492-93, 495
Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856) — German revolutionary poet.—101
Henry II of Lorraine, Duke of Guise (1614-1664)—one of the Fronde leaders.—14 Henry V—see Chambord, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de
Herbert, Sidney, Baron of Lea (1810-1861)—British statesman, at first Tory and later Peelite, Secretary at War (1845-46, 1852-55), Secretary for War (1859-60); nephew of Prince Vorontsov.—216, 249
Hervey, Alfred—British politician, Peelite, M.P.—249
Hesiod (c. 8th cent. B.C.)—Greek poet.—209
Hewitt—British general; commanded the garrison in Meerut in 1857, during the national liberation uprising in India.—300, 366
Hien Fung (Hsien Fung) (c. 1831-1861)—Emperor of China (1850-61).—163, 283
Hodges, George Lloyd (1792-1862)— British colonel and diplomat, Consul-General in Serbia (1837-39), then in Egypt (1839-40); Palmerston's protégé.—62
Hogg, Sir James Weir (1790-1876)— British politician, Peelite, M.P.; President of the Court of Directors of the East India Company (1846-47, 1852-53); member of the Indian Council (1858-72).—232, 249
Hohenzollerns—dynasty of Brandenburg electors (1415-1701), Prussian kings (1701-1918) and German emperors (1871-1918).—151, 152, 154-57
Holkar, Tukaji (born c. 1836) — Mahratta Duke of the Indore Principality; sided with the English during the 1857-59 national liberation uprising in India.— 364
Holmes, John (1808-1878)—British colonel, then general, took part in the first Anglo-Afghan war (1838-42) and in the suppression of the 1857-59 national liberation uprising in India.—355, 608
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65-8 B.C.)—Roman poet.—55
Horner, Leonard (1785-1864)— English geologist and public figure; commissioner to inquire into employment of children in factories and chief inspector under Factories Act (1833-56), took the side of the workers.— 253
Hotze, Friedrich, Baron von (1739-1799)—Austrian field marshal.— 168
Hudson, George (1800-1871)—British capitalist, big railway owner, Tory M.P. (1845-59).—266
Hughes, Thomas Smart (1786-1847)— English writer and historian, author of works on religion and English history.— 33
Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885)— French writer, republican; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies; opposed Louis Bonaparte in 1848-51; emigrated after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—490
Hung Hsiu-ch'iian (1814-1864)— leader and ideologist of the Taiping rebellion in China (1851-64), head of the Taiping State.—283
Husayn Khan—Persian ambassador to England in 1838-39.—180
Hyenne—French army officer who wounded at a duel a journalist Henri de Pêne (1858).—552
I
Ibrahim Karabatir, Prince—son of the Circassian prince Sepher Pasha, participant in the wars of the Caucasian mountaineers against Tsarist Russia.— 542
Igor (Ingvar) (d. 945)—Grand Duke of Kiev (912-45).—75
Infante, Facundo (1786-1873)— Spanish general, member of the Progresista Party, President of the Cortes (1854-56).—100
Inglis, Sir John Eardley Wilmot (1814-1862)—British general, took part in suppressing the 1857-59 national liberation uprising in India.—436-39, 441
Isabella II (1830-1904)—Queen of Spain (1833-68); daughter of Ferdinand VII.—98, 100, 103, 106-07, 286-87, 629
Ismail I (Ismael, Ismail Shah) (1487-1524)—Shah of Persia (1502-24); founder of the Safavid dynasty (1502-1736).—177
Ismail Pasha (1805-1861)—Turkish general; Circassian by birth; fought in Circassia against Russia.—542, 545
Ivan I Danilovich Kalita (Ivan Moneybag) (d. 1340)—Prince of Moscow from 1325; Grand Duke of Vladimir (1328-40).—78-81, 86-87
Ivan III (1440-1505)—Grand Duke of Moscow (1462-1505).—78, 80-87, 92
J
Jacob, Sir George Le Grand (1805-1881)—British colonel, later general; in 1857 took part in the Anglo-Persian war and in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—331
James I (1566-1625)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1603-25).—94
James II (1633-1701) —King of Great Britain and Ireland (1685-88).— 492
James, Edwin John (1812-1882)— English lawyer, M.P.; counsel for the defence at Simon Bernard's trial in April 1858.—516
Jenghiz Khan (1162-1227) —Mongol Khan and general, founder of the Mongol Empire.— 77, 87, 557
Jérôme—see Bonaparte, Jérôme
Jérôme-Napoléon — see Bonaparte, Jérôme
Joachim I Nestor (1484-1535)—Elector of Brandenburg (1499-1535).—154, 155
Joachim II Hector (1505-1571)— Elector of Brandenburg (1535-71).—154, 156
Joachim-Friedrich (1546-1608) — Elector of Brandenburg (1598-1608).—156
Johann ("Hans") Sigismund (1572-1619) — Elector of Brandenburg (1608-19).—156
John I Tzimisces (c. 925-976) — Byzantine Emperor (969-976).—76
John III (1537-1592)—King of Sweden (1568-92).—63
John (Johann) Cicero (1455-1499) — Elector of Brandenburg (1486-99).—154
Jones, Sir John (1811-1878) —British general, took part in suppressing the 1857-59 national liberation uprising in India.—581
Joseph II (1741-1790)—co-regent of his mother Maria Theresa (1765-80), ruler of the Austrian monarchy (1780-90), Holy Roman Emperor (1765-90).—34
Jung Bahadur (1816-1877)—ruler of the Nepal from 1846; sided with the English during the 1857-59 national liberation uprising in India and took part in its suppression.— 307, 362, 506
K
Kaunitz-Rietburg, Wenzel Anton, Prince von (1711-1794)—Austrian statesman and diplomat, supporter of an "enlightened" form of absolutism; bitter enemy of the French Revolution; Chancellor of State (1753-92).—35
27 — 844 Kern, Johann Conrad (1808-1888)— Swiss liberal politician, lawyer and diplomat; envoy to Paris (1857-83).—480
King, Peter John Locke (1811-1885) — British politician, Radical, M.P.— 567
Kinkel, Johann Gottfried (1815-1882) — German poet and democratic journalist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising, sentenced to life imprisonment by Prussian court; in 1850 he escaped and emigrated to England; a leader of the petty-bourgeois refugees in London; an editor of the Hermann (1859); opposed Marx and Engels.—589
Kiselev (Kisseleff), Pavel Dmitrievich, Count (1788-1872) —Russian statesman and diplomat, general; fought in the patriotic war against Napoleon in 1812; head of Russian administration in Moldavia and Wallachia (1829-34); Minister of the Imperial Domains (1837-56); ambassador to Paris (1856-62).—191
Kmety, György (Ismail Pasha) (1810-1865)—Turkish general of Magyar descent; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; during the Crimean war commander of the Turkish forces on the Danube (1853-54) and in the Caucasus (1854-55).—447
Koch, Christophe Guillaume de (1737-1813) — French politician and lawyer; professor at Strasbourg University; wrote works on the history of Europe.— 29
Korsakov—see Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Mikhailovich
Kossuth, Laps (1802-1894) —leader of the Hungarian national liberation movement; head of the revolutionary government (1848-49); after the defeat of the revolution emigrated first to Turkey, later to England and the USA; sought for
support in the Bonapartist circles'in the 1850s.—236, 541, 543
Kower (Kooer) Singh (d. 1858) — a leader of the insurgents in Oudh during the 1857-59 national liberation uprising in India.— 376
L
Labouchere, Henry, Baron Taunton (1798-1869)—British statesman, Whig; President of the Board of Trade (1839-41, 1847-52); Secretary of State for the Colonies (1855-58).—221
Lacy, Evans—see Evans, Sir George de
Lacy
Lacy, Francisco Antonio, conde de (1731-1792) —Spanish general and diplomat; envoy to Sweden and Russia (1780s).—31
Lagarde, Augustin Marie Balthazar Charles Pelletier, comte de (b. 1780) — French general and diplomat, ambassador to Madrid (1820-23).—629
La Guéronnière, Louis Etienne Arthur Dubreuil Hélion, vicomte de (1816-1875) — French writer and politician, Bonapartist in the 1850s.— 472
Lapinski, Teofil (1827-1886)—Polish colonel; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary, served in the Turkish army under the name of Tewfik Bey; fought against Russia in Circassia (1857-58).—540-41, 543-44
Laurence, French (1757-1809) — English lawyer, M.P. from 1796.— 494
Law, John (1671-1729)—Scottish economist and financier, Minister of Finance in France (1719-20).— 15, 20, 24, 358
Lawrence, John Laird Mair, Baron Lawrence (1811-1879) —high official of the British colonial administration, Chief Commissioner of the Punjab (1853-57); Viceroy of India (1864-69).—354, 370, 372, 506, 609
Lawrence, Sir George Saint Patrick (1804-1884) —British general; took part in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India; resident in Rajputana (1857-64).—377
Lawrence, Sir Henry Montgomery ( 1806-1857) — British general, resident in the Nepal (1843-46); head of the British administration in the Punjab (1849-53); Chief Commissioner of Oudh (1857); commanded British troops in Lucknow during the suppression of the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.— 299, 316, 347, 367, 437-38
Lecourbe, Claude Joseph, comte (1759-1815) — French general; took part in the wars of the French Republic against European coalitions and in Napoleon I's campaigns.—169
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874) — French writer and politician, a leader of the petty-bourgeois democrats; editor of La Réforme; Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government (February-May 1848); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (headed the Montagne party); emigrated to England after the demonstration of June 13, 1849. — 17
Leeds—see Osborne, Sir Thomas, Earl of Danby
Lelewel, Joachim (1786-1861) — Polish historian and revolutionary; took part in the 1830-31 Polish insurrection; a leader of the democratic wing of Polish emigrants.—486
Leopold I (1640-1705) —Holy Roman Emperor (1658-1705).—157
Lersundi y Ormaechea, Francisco de (1817-1874) —Spanish general and statesman, member of the Moderado Party; War Minister (1851),'
Minister-President and War Minister (1853).—286
Lewis, Sir George Cornewall (1806-1863) — British statesman, Whig; Secretary to the Treasury (1850-52); editor and publisher of the journal Edinburgh Review (1852-55); Chancellor of the Exchequer (1855-58); Home Secretary (1859-61).— 61, 200-01, 203-05, 469, 510-12
Liebig, Justus, Baron von (1803-1873) —German chemist.—281
Lieven, Khristofor Andreyevich, Prince (1774-1839) —Russian diplomat, envoy to Berlin (1810-12), ambassador to London (1812-34).—192, 193
Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, Baron Masham (1815-1906) —English manufacturer and inventor.— 260
Locke King—see King, Peter John Locke
Longuevilles—the family of French dukes (1505-1672).—152
Longueville, Charles Paris d'Orléans, duc de (1649-1672) — last representative of the Longuevilles.— 152
Longworth—British consul in Anapa in the 1850s.—542
Louis XIV (1638-1715) —King of France (1643-1715).—116, 488, 492
Louis XV (1710-1774)—King of France (1715-1774).—33, 186
Louis XVIII (Louis de Désiré) (1755-1824) —King of France (1814-15 and 1815-24).—99, 463, 629
Louis Bonaparte—see Napoleon III
Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon III
Louis Philippe I (1773-1850) —Duke of Orleans, King of France (1830-48).—17, 24, 98^ 99, 184, 187, 289, 291, 302, 310, 413, 465, 472, 488, 500, 533
Louisa Ulrica (Lovisa Ulrika) (1720-1782)—wife of Adolphus Frederick, King of Sweden (1751-71);
27* sister of Frederick II of Prussia.— 29
Lowe, Robert, Viscount Sherbrooke (1811-1892)—British statesman and journalist, contributed to The Times, Whig, and later Liberal; Vice-President of the Board of Trade (1855-58).—221, 238-39
Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) (A.D. 39-65) —Roman poet.—146
Lucena, Count of—see O'Donnell y Jorris, Leopoldo
Lugard, Sir Edward (1810-1898)— English general, chief-of-staff during the Anglo-Persian war of 1856-57; took part in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-.59 in India.—508, 581-82
Lushington, Charles Manners—British politician, Peelite, M.P. (1854-57).— 249, 571
Luxembourgs—dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors (1308-1437, with intervals), also ruled in Bohemia (1310-1437) and Hungary (1387-1437).— 154-55
Lyndhurst, John Singleton Copley, Baron of (1772-1863)—British statesman and lawyer, Tory; Lord Chancellor (1827-30, 1834-35, 1841-46).—207, 210-11
Lytton, Edward George Earle Lytton, Bulwer-Lytton ( 1803-1873)—British writer and politician, Whig, from 1852 Tory, M.P., Secretary for the Colonies (1858-59).—207, 216, 567, 596-600
Lytton, Edward Robert Bulwer, Earl of Lytton (Bulwer-Lytton) (1831-1891) — British diplomat and poet; Viceroy of India (1876-80); ambassador to Paris (1887-91); son of the above.— 596-600
Lytton, Rosina Bulwer-Lytton (1802-1882)—English novelist; wife of Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton.—596-600, 604.
M
Macartney, George, Earl Macartney (1737-1806) —British colonial official and diplomat, envoy extraordinary to St. Petersburg (1764-67).— 28-30, 39
Macdonald, Jacques Etienne Joseph Alexandre, due de Tarente (1765-1840)—Marshal of France, participant in Napoleon I's campaigns, in 1799 commander-in-chief of the French troops during the Italian and Swiss campaigns; after Napoleon's abdication entered the service of the Bourbons; from 1816 to 1830 held high posts at the Court.— 169
MacGvegor, John (1797-1857)—British statistician and historian, Free Trader; founder and one of the governors of the Royal British Bank (1849-56); M.P. from 1847.— 110-11
Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527)— Italian politician, philosopher, historian and writer.— 62, 80, 84
Mackenzie, George—British diplomat, ambassador in Russia (1710-15).— 93, 94
MacMahon, Marie Edme Patrice Maurice, comte de, duc de Magenta (1808-1893) —French military figure and politician, Marshal of France, senator, Bonapartist; fought in the wars of the Second Empire; commanded a division in the Crimea (1855); a butcher of the Paris Commune (1871); President of the Third Republic (1873-79).— 476, 483
McNeill, Sir John (1795-1883)— British diplomat, envoy tt> Teheran (1836-39, 1841-42).—179, 180
Madoz, Pascual (1806-1870)—Spanish politician and writer, member of the Progresista Party, President of the Cortes (1854), Minister of Finance (1855); took part in the Spanish revolution of 1854-56.— 100
Magnan, Bernard Pierre (1791-1865) — Marshal of France, Bonapartist, an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—465
Magne, Pierre (1806-1879)—French statesman, Bonapartist, Minister of Finance (1855-60, 1867-69, 1870, 1873-74).—119, 122, 500
Mahmud II (1785-1839)—Sultan of Turkey (1808-39).—39
Mahmud (Mir Mahmoud) (1699-1725)—Shah of Persia (1722-25).— 177
Mahon, Philip Henry Stanhope, Viscount (1805-1875) — British politician and historian, Peelite, M.P.—36, 57, 60
Malakoff, Duke of—see Pélissier, Aimable Jean Jacques
Malmesbury, James Harris, Earl of and Viscount Fitzharris (1746-1820)— British diplomat and statesman, Whig; envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Russia (1777-82) and Holland (1784-89).—31-36, 39
Malmesbury, James Howard Harris, Earl of (1807-1889)—British statesman, Tory, Foreign Secretary (1852, 1858-59).—217, 470, 571-73
Maria Cristina, senior (1806-1878)— wife of King Ferdinand VII of Spain, regent of Spain (1833-40); after Ferdinand VII's death secretly married Agustin Fernando Munoz.— 98-99, 106-07, 171, 284
Marie Antoinette (1755-1793)—Queen of France (1774-93), wife of Louis XVI; executed during the French Revolution.—186
Marie d'Orléans-Longueville, duchesse de
Nemours (1625-1707) — daughter of Henry II of Orléans, Duke of Longueville.—152
Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of (1650-1722)—British general, in 1702-11 commander-in-chief of the
British troops in the War of the Spanish Succession.— 167, 447
Martinez de la Rosa Berdejo Gomez y
Arroyo, Francisco de Paula (1787-1862)—Spanish writer and politician, a leader of the Moderados, head of government (1834-35).— 625, 629
Martinez Rodriguez—Spanish general, took part in the defence of Badajoz during the war of independence (1808-14).—624
Martinez San Martin, Don José— Spanish general.— 628
Mason, George Henry Monck (1825-1857)—English army officer, resident in Jodhpore; killed in the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—377 Masséna, André, duc de Rivoli, prince d'Essling (1756-1817)—Marshal of France; fought in the Napoleonic wars, in 1814 went over to the side of the Bourbons.—168, 177
Mathilde (Bonaparte, Mathilde-Laetitia-Wilhelmine), princess of Bonaparte (1820-1904)—daughter of Jérôme Bonaparte and Napoleon Ill's cousin.— 474
Ma(t)thias Continus (Matthias I, Hunyadi) (1443-1490) —King of Hungary (1458-90).—85
Maun (Man) Singh—big feudal land-owner in the Kingdom of Oudh; an ally of the British during the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—607, 609
Maun (Man) Singh—Indian Rajah, in August 1858 joined the insurgents but at the beginning of 1859 abandoned them by betraying their leader Tantia Topee.— 609
Maximilian I (1459-1519)—Holy Roman Emperor (1493-1519).—85
Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)— Italian revolutionary, leader of the national liberation movement; in 1849 head of the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic; in the early 1850s sought for support among the Bonapartists but later opposed them.— 115, 485, 486, 488
Mehemed Bey—see Bangya, Jânos
Melbourne, William Lamb, Viscount (1779-1848) — British statesman, Whig, Home Secretary (1830-34), Prime Minister (1834, 1835-41).— 468, 597
Menchikoff (Menshikov), Alexander Sergeyevich, Prince (1787-1869) — Russian general and statesman; ambassador extraordinary in Constantinople (February-May 1853); commander-in-chief of the Russian army and navy in the Crimea (1853-February 1855).—322, 483
Mengli-Ghirai (Menghi-Ghirei) (d. 1515) —Crimean Khan (1468-1515).—82, 85, 86
Mercy, de—French army officer; court-martialled and sentenced to death for the sadistic murder of an officer in his regiment in 1858.— 552
Merry, Anthony—British diplomat, envoy to Paris (1802).—491, 492, 495
Miall, Edward (1809-1881) —English writer and politician, radical, M.P. (1852-57, 1869-74).—238
Michelet, Jules (1798-1874) —French historian.— 488
Mieroslawski, Ludwik (1814-1878) — prominent figure in the Polish national liberation movement; took part in the 1830-31 Polish insurrection and in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; later headed the moderate wing of the Polish democratic
émigrés; sought for support among the Bonapartists in the 1850s.— 62
Mikhail Borisovich (1453-c. 1505) — Grand Duke of Tver (1461-85).— 85
Millaud, Moïse (1813-1871) —French banker, founded a number of newspapers and banks.— 502
Milner Gibson—see Gibson, Thomas Milner
Milos (Milosh) Obrenovic I (1780-1860) —Prince of Serbia (1815-39, 1858-60), founder of the Obrenovic dynasty.— 62
Mina—see Espoz y Mina, Francisco
Minié, Claude Etienne (1804-1879) — French officer, inventor of a new type of rifle.— 450
Minto, Sir Gilbert Elliot, Earl of (1751-1814) — British statesman, Whig, envoy to Vienna (1799-1801), Governor-General of India (1807-13).— 495
Mires, Jules Isaac (1809-1871) — French banker, owner of a number of newspapers, Le Constitutionnel among them.— 467
Moguls—see Great Moguls
Mohammed Ali Shah—King of Oudh (1837-42).—536-38
Mohammed-Amin—Naib in the western part of the North Caucasus (the Abadzekh tribe) (1848-59); led the mountaineers' struggle against Tsarist Russia.— 543
Mohammed Shah (1810-1848)—Shah of Persia (1834-48).—178-80
Molière (real name. Jean Baptiste Po-quelin) (1622-1673) — French play-wright.—356
Mon, Alejandro (1801-1882)—Spanish politician, liberal; Minister of Finance (1837, 1844-46, 1849), deputy to the Cortes (1836-75).—286
Moncreiff, James, Baron Moncreiff (from 1874), Baron of Tullibole (from 1883) (1811-1895) — British lawyer, M.P., Lord Advocate for Scotland (1851-52, 1852-58, 1859-66, 1868-69).—216 Montalembert, Charles Forbes René de
Tryon, comte de (1810-1870) — French politician and journalist, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (1849-51), Orleanist, Catholic leader; supported Louis Bonaparte during the coup d'état of December 2, 1851, but later joined the opposition.— 19, 20
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondât,
baron de La Brède et de (1689-1755) — French sociologist, economist and writer of the Enlighten-ment.—310, 485
Montijo—see Eugénie Marie Ignace Au-gustine de Montijo de Guzmân, comtes-se de Teba Montluc—see Cramail, Adrien de Montluc
Montmorency-Laval, Mathieu Félicité, duc de (1767-1826)—French politician and diplomat.— 629
Morillo, Pablo, conde de Cartagena y marqués de la Puerto (1778-1837) — Spanish general, took part in the liberation war against Napoleonic France (1808-14), commanded troops fighting against the national liberation movement of the Spanish colonies in South America (1815-20), opponent of the 1820-23 revolution in Spain.— 627
Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph,
duc de (1811-1865) —French politician, Bonapartist; an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Minister of the Interior (December 1851-January 1852); President of the Corps législatif (1854-56, 1857-65); ambassador to Russia (1856-57); step-brother of Napoleon III.—15, 21, 272, 457, 470, 479
Morris, James—governor of the Bank of England (1847).— 382
Mourant, Ph.—French émigré on the Jersey, printer.— 496
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791) — Austrian composer.— 356
Mulgrave, Sir George Augustus Constan-tine Phipps, Marquis of Normanby, Earl of (1819-1890) —British statesman, Whig M.P., Treasurer of the Household (1853-58), later governor of a number of British colonies.—221
Mungul Pandy—soldier of the 34th Sepoy regiment.— 298
Munoz Benavente, José (Pucheta) (1820-1856) — Spanish toreador; took an active part in the revolution of 1854-56, a leader of Madrid revolutionary people; was killed on the barricades.— 100, 105
Munoz, madame—see Maria Cristina
Murat, Joachim (1767-1815) — Marshal of France, took part in Napoleon I's campaigns; commander of the French troops i^ Spain (1808); King of Naples (1808-15).—106
Murray, Sir Charles Augustus (1806-1895) — British diplomat, consul-general in Egypt (1846-53), envoy to Teheran (1854-59).—296, 331
Musurus Pasha, Kostaki (Constantin) (1807-1891)—Turkish diplomat, envoy and, later, ambassador to London (1851-85); Greek by birth.—324, 325
N
Nadir Shah (Khuli-Khan) (1688-1747) —Shah of Persia (1736-47); invaded India in 1738-39.—177
Nana (Nena) Sahib (born c. 1825) — Indian feudal lord; adopted son of the last peshwa of the Mahrattas, Baji Rao II; a leader of the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—347, 372, 554
Napier, Sir Charles (1786-1860) — British admiral, commanded the British naval forces in the Baltic (1854); M.P.—94
Napier, Sir Charles James (1782-1853) — British general, took part in the Peninsular war (1808-14), in 1842-43 commanded the British troops in India that captured Sind; governor of Sind (1843-47).—198, 315, 328, 420, 447
Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—15-16, 75, 98, 139, 141, 146, 149, 167, 169, 171, 356, 365-66, 413, 441, 454, 465-66, 471, 484, 487, 490-98, 616, 623
Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—nephew of Napoleon I, President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—5-6, 11, 14-16, 18-21, 24, 98-99, 107, 110, 114-16, 118-19, 122, 124, 131-32, 134, 137, 214, 222-23, 226-27, 230, 250, 270, 273-74, 276, 290-92, 296, 302-03, 320, 323-24, 333, 353, 358, 391, 413-15, 453-59, 464-68, 470-74, 476-80, 483-90, 495, 500-03, 515-19, 531, 533, 550-52, 568-69, 573-74, 595
Napoleon, Prince— see Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul
Narvâez, Ramôn Maria, duque de Valencia (1800-1868)—Spanish general and statesman, leader of the Moderado Party; head of government (1844-46, 1847-51, 1856-57, 1864-65, 1866-68).—98-100, 284-88
Nasmyth, James (1808-1890)—British engineer and inventor.— 259
Nasr-ed-Din (1831-1896)—Shah of Persia (1848-96).—177, 197, 295, 296, 307
Nazar—envoy of the Novgorod Republic in 1477.—83
Nazir-ed-Din (d. 1837) —King of Oudh (1827-37).—536
Necker, Jacques (1732-1804)—French banker and politician, several times Director-General of Finance in the 1770s and 1780s; attempted to carry out reforms.— 186
Neill, James George Smith (1810-1857)—British general, fought in the Crimean war; during the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India acted with great severity in Cawnpore.— 372
Nemours, Duchess of—see Marie d'Or-Uans-Longueville
Nesselrode, Karl Vasilyevich, Count (1780-1862)—Russian statesman and diplomat, Minister for Foreign Affairs (1816-56), State Chancellor (from 1845).—193
Newcastle, Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of (1811-1864)— British statesman, Peelite, Secretary for War and the Colonies (1852-54), Secretary for War (1854-55) and Secretary for the Colonies (1859-64).—217
Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—178, 187, 264, 466, 533
Nicholson, John (1821-1857)—British general, in 1842 took part in the first Anglo-Afghan war, fought in the second Anglo-Sikh war (1848-49); in 1857, during the national liberation uprising in India, commanded an English unit in the attack on Delhi.—365, 370, 374
Nocedal, Cândido (1821-1885)— Spanish politician and journalist; member of the Moderado Party; deputy to the Cortes; Minister of the Interior (1856-57).—284
Nolan, Lewis Edward (c. 1820-1854)— British army officer, served in India, took part in the Crimean war, wrote several books on the cavalry.— 279
Norris, Sir John (c. 1660-1749)— British admiral, in 1709-21 commander of the squadron in the Baltic sent to help Sweden against Russia.—45, 50, 54, 66, 70, 93
North, Frederick, Earl of Guilford (1732-1792)—British statesman, Tory; -Chancellor of the Exchequer (1767), Prime Minister (1770-82); Home Secretary (1783).—30, 32-35
Northcote, Sir Stafford Henry, Earl Id-desleigh. Viscount St. Cyres (1818-1887) — British statesman, Peelite, later joined the Conservatives, M.P. (1855-57, 1858-85); held a number of ministerial posts.— 249
Norton, Caroline Elizabeth Sarah (1808-1877)—English poetess.—597
Norton, George Chappie (c. 1800-1875) — English barrister-at-law, husband of Caroline Norton.— 597
O
O'Donnell, Enrique José, conde de la
Bisbal (1769-1834)—Spanish general, took part in the war of independence (1808-14); during the period of reaction (1814-20) maintained contacts with the liberals and betrayed revolutionaries to the government.— 99
O'Donnell y Jorris, Leopoldo, conde de
Lucena y duque de Tetudn (1809-1867)—Spanish general and politician, a leader of the Moderado Party; Captain-General of Cuba (1843-48); in 1854 used the revolutionary crisis in the country to establish military dictatorship; as War Minister directed the suppression of the 1854-56 revolution; head of government (1856, 1858-63, 1865-66); nephew of the above.—97-102, 104-05, 107-08, 284-88, 573
Oleg (d. 912) —Prince of Kievan Rus.—75, 76
Omer Pasha (Michael Lattas) (1806-1871)—Turkish general; Croat by birth; commander-in-chief of the Turkish troops on the Danube (1853-54), in the Crimea (1855) and in the Caucasus (1855-56).—193
Orléans—royal dynasty in France (1830-48).—479, 531, 533, 551
Orleans, Duke of—see Louis Philippe. I
Orléans, Philip II, due d' (1674-1723)—Regent of France (1715-23).—24, 359, 488
Orloff (Orlov), Alexei Fyodorovich, Prince (1786-1861) —Russian military figure and statesman, diplomat; headed Russian delegation at the Paris Congress in 1856; President of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers (from 1856); President of the Secret (from 1856) and of the Chief Peasant Question Committee (from 1858); opposed abolition of serfdom.— 3
Orsini, Felice (1819-1858) —Italian democrat and republican; a prominent figure in the struggle for Italy's national liberation and unification; executed for his attempt on the life of Napoleon III.—468, 472-75, 477-78, 480
Osborne—see Bernai Osborne, Ralph
Osborne, Sir Thomas, Earl of Danby, Marquis of Carmarthen, Duke of Leeds (1631-1712)—British Tory statesman; Prime Minister (1674-79, 1690-95); in 1695 was accused of bribe-taking by Parliament.—187, 585
Oscar I (1799-1859)—King of Sweden and Norway (1844-59).—334
Osten, Adolph Siegfried, Count (1726-1797)—Danish diplomat, ambassador to St. Petersburg (1757-61, 1763-65).—28 Osterman, Andrei Ivanovich, Count (1686-1747) — Russian diplomat and statesman, Vice-Chancellor (1725-41), from 1731 virtually directed Russia's foreign and home policy; exiled after enthronement of Yelizaveta Petrovna in 1741.— 27
Osterman, Ivan Andreyevich, Count (1725-1811) —Russian diplomat, ambassador extraordinary to Sweden (1759-74), Vice-Chancellor (1775-96), Chancellor (1796-97); son of the above.— 29 Otto, Louis-Guillaume, comte de Mosloy
(1754-1817) —French diplomat, envoy to London (1800-02), ambassador to Vienna (1809-13).—491-95
Outram, Sir James (1803-1863) — British general, resident at Lucknow (1854-56), in 1857 commanded British troops in the Anglo-Persian war; Chief Commissioner of Oudh (1857-58); took part in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—372, 437, 442, 504, 505, 507, 508, 549
Overstone, Samuel Jones Loyd, Baron (from 1860) (1796-1883)—English banker, Whig, inspirer of Robert Peel's financial policy and, in particular, of his English Bank Act of 1844.—379, 407
Owen, W. D.—a director of the Royal British Bank (1849-54, 1855-56); condemned for fraud.— 111
P
Pakington, Sir John Somerset (1799-1880) — British statesman, Tory, subsequently Conservative; Secretary for War and the Colonies (1852), First Lord of the Admiralty (1858-59, 1866-67), Secretary for War (1867-68).—216, 470, 590
Palafox y Melci, José de Rebolledo, duque
de Saragossa (1776-1847) — Spanish general, participant in the war of independence (1808-14); directed the defence of Saragossa- (1808-09).—101
Palmer, John Horsley (1779-1858) — British financier, governor of the Bank of England (1830-32); subsequently held various posts in financial institutions.—16
Palmer, Sir Roundell, Earl of Selborne (1812-1895) —British statesman, Peelite, later Liberal; Lord Chancellor (1872-74, 1880-85).—249
Palmerston, Emily Mary (previously Countess Cowper) (c. 1787-1869) — wife of Henry John Temple Palmerston (from 1839).—597, 599
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount (1784-1865) — British statesman; at first Tory, from 1830 Whig; Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51); Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58, 1859-65).—3, 6, 34, 39, 62-63, 179, 186-88, 193, 200, 204, 211-23, 226, 238-40, 242, 247-50, 293-94, 309, 323, 325, 328-33, 382, 458, 468-70, 483, 510-11, 513, 517, 531, 536-37, 566, 571-72, 587, 590, 593, 595-97, 599
Panin, Nikita Ivanovich, Count (1718-1783) — Russian diplomat and statesman, envoy to Denmark (1747) and Sweden (1747-59), head of the Department for Foreign Affairs (1763-81).—28-31, 39
Panmure, Fox Maule, Baron Panmure, Earl of Dalhousie (1801-1874) — British statesman, Whig, Secretary at War (1846-52), Secretary for War (1855-58).—469
Parandur Singh—Rajah of Hindustan.— 376
Parkes, Sir Harry Smith (1828-1885)— British diplomat; as a consul in Canton provoked an Anglo-Chinese conflict which served as a prologue of the Second Opium War with China (1856-60); one of the three European control commissioners in Canton (1858-59, 1860-61), consul in Shanghai (1864-65), envoy to Japan (1865-83).—158-60, 208, 222, 233-34
Paton, John Stafford (1821-1889) — British officer, later general; took part in the first and second Anglo-Sikh wars (1845-46 and 1848-49), and in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—370 Paul I (1754-1801) —Emperor of Russia (1796-1801).—37, 38
Paul, Sir John Dean (1802-1868) — British banker, bankrupted in June 1855; was sentenced to hard labour for financial machinations.—110
Peel, Sir Robert (1750-1830) —English cotton-spinning manufacturer, M.P., father of Sir Robert Peel.— 469
Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850) —British statesman, moderate Tory, Home Secretary (1822-27, 1828-30), Prime Minister (1834-35, 1841-46); repealed the Corn Laws (1846).—200, 201, 202, 216, 248, 379, 381-83, 389, 468-69, 572
Pelegrin, Ramon Lopes— Spanish statesman, Minister of the Interior.— 627
Pélissier, Aimable Jean Jacques, duc de
Malakoff (1794-1864) —Marshal of France, took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s-early 1850s; commander-in-chief of the French army in the Crimea (May 1855-July 1856); for taking Malakhov Mound was awarded the title of duc de Malakoff; ambassador to London (1858-59).—355, 457, 466, 476, 482-84, 515
Peltier, Jean Gabriel (1765-1825) — French royalist writer; after the August 10, 1792 revolution emigrated to London where he published various periodicals; was pros-ecuted for his sharp criticism of Napoleon I.—492-94, 496
Pêne, Henri de (1830-1888) —French journalist, contributor to Le Figaro.— 552
Perceval, Spencer (1762-1812) —British statesman, Tory, Attorney General (1802-06), Chancellor of the Exchequer (1807-09), Prime Minister (1809-12).—468, 491
Péreire, Isaac (1806-1880) —French banker, Bonapartist; deputy to the
Corps législatif; in 1852, together with his brother Emile Péreire, founded the joint-stock bank Crédit Mobilier.—9, 12, 15-16, 20-23, 118, 270-77, 303, 359-60, 500
Péreire, Jacob Emile (1800-1875)— French banker, Bonapartist, deputy to the Corps législatif, in 1852, together with his brother Isaac Péreire, founded the joint-stock bank Crédit Mobilier.—9, 15, 21, 272, 276, 303, 304, 360, 500
Perovsky, Vasily Alexeyevich, Count (1795-1857)—Russian general, military governor of Orenburg (1833-42), Governor-General of Orenburg and Samara gubernias (1851-57); commanded a military expedition to Khiva (1839-40).— 196
Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, comte (1808-1872) —French statesman, Bonapartist; an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Minister of the Interior (1852-54, 1860-63), ambassador to London (1855-58, 1859-60).—17-18, 457, 482
Peter (second half of the 13th cent.-1326) — Metropolitan of Russia (1308-26).—78
Peter I (the Great) (1672-1725)—Tsar of Russia (from 1682), Emperor of Russia (from 1721).—40-60, 64-65, 68-70, 75, 87-96, 157, 178, 324
Petit—substitute of the Paris Attorney General (1856).—137
Petty, Sir William, Marquis of Lansdowne and Earl of Shelburne (1737-1805) —British politician, Home Secretary and First Lord of the Treasury (1782-83).—33, 36
Philipp I (d. 1473)—Metropolitan of Moscow and Russia (1464-73); helped to create a centralised Russian state.— 86
Philipson, Grigory lvanovich (1809-1883) — Russian general, took part in conquering the Caucasus.—539, 540, 544
Phillimore, John George (1808-1865)— British lawyer and politician, Liberal M.P. (1852-57).—249
Phillimore, Sir Robert Joseph (1810-1885)—British lawyer, Whig, then Peelite, M.P. (1852-57); brother of the above.— 249
Pidal, Pedro José, marqués de (1800-1865) — Spanish politician, member of the Moderado Party, President of the Cortes (1843), Minister of the Interior (1844-48), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1848-51).—286, 288, 573
Pieri, Giuseppe Andrea (1808-1858)— Italian revolutionary, executed, as an accomplice of Orsini in an attempt on Napoleon Ill's life.— 478
Piétri, Pierre Marie (1809-1864)— French politician, Bonapartist, prefect of the Paris police (1852-58).— 455, 474
Pilate, Pontius (died c. A.D. 37) — Roman procurator of Judaea (26-36).—115
Pindar (c. 522-c. 442 B.C.)—Greek lyric poet; wrote ceremonial odes.— 219
Pitt, L. K.—cousin of William Pitt "the Younger"; priest at the British merchant trading station in St. Petersburg in the 1790s.—36-38
Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham ("the Senior") (1708-1778)—British statesman, Whig, Foreign Secretary and Secretary for War (\756-61), Prime Minister (1766-68).—29, 35, 188-89
Pitt, William ("the Younger") (1759-1806) — British statesman, Tory, Chancellor of the Exchequer (1782-83), Prime Minister (1783-1801, 1804-06).—30, 36, 468, 470, 491, 513, 586
Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) (1792-1878)—Pope (1846-78).—3, 5
Place, Henri—French financier, a governor of the joint-stock bank Crédit Mobilier.—15, 358
Place, Victor—French consul in Moldavia in the 1850s.—324, 326
Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (106-48 B.C.)—Roman general and statesman.—146
Popoff (Popov)—Russian consul in Moldavia in the 1850s.—324
Potemkin, Grigory Alexandrovich, Prince Tavrichesky (1739-1791) —Russian statesman, field marshal-general (from 1784); directed the colonisation of the Southern territories incorporated into Russia.— 31, 34
Potter, Sir John (d. 1858) — British liberal M.P., was elected Mayor of Manchester three times.— 240
Pottinger, Sir Henry (1789-1856)— British diplomat and military figure, envoy to China (1841-42); in 1842 commanded British troops in the First Opium War with China, Governor of Hong Kong (1843-44), of the Cape of Good Hope (1846-47), and Madras (1847-54).—244, 245 Powlett, William John Frederick, Lord— British statesman, Peelite, M.P. —249 Pozzo di Borgo, Karl Osipovich, Count (1764-1842)—Russian diplomat, Corsican by birth; envoy to Paris (1814-21), ambassador to Paris (1821-35) and to London (1835-39)._38
Praslin, Charles Laure Hugues Theobald,
duc de Choiseul (1805-1847) — French aristocrat; his trial in 1847 for murdering his wife had political repercussions; committed suicide.— 472 Prescott, H. J.—assistant-governor of the Bank of England in 1847.—382 Price, Richard (1723-1791)—British radical publicist, economist and moralist philosopher.—513
Prince of Prussia—see William I
Prokesch-Osten, Anton, Count von (1795-1876) — Austrian general and diplomat, internuncio (1855-67) and ambassador (1867-71) to Constantinople.—322, 324
Prost—French businessman, chief of the Compagnie générale de Caisses d'Escompte (1858).—501
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865) — French writer, economist and sociologist, a forefather of anar-chism.—15, 185
Pucheta—see Munoz Benavente, José
Puffendorf, Samuel, Baron von (1632-1694)—German historian and lawyer, a theoretician of "natural law V — 60
Pulszky, Ferenc (1814-1897) — Hungarian politician, writer and archaeologist; Pole by birth; took part in the Hungarian revolution of 1848-49; émigré; in the 1850s contributed to the New-York Daily Tribune.— 361
Q
Quiroga, Antonio (1784-1841)— Spanish army officer, Liberal, participant in the revolutions of 1808-14 and 1820-23.—625
R
Radetzky, Josef, Count of Radetz (1766-1858)—Austrian field marshal, in 1848-49 suppressed the revolutionary and national liberation movement in Italy; Governor-General of the Kingdom of Lombardy and Venetia (1850-56).—6, 107
Raglan, Lord Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, Baron (1788-1855) —British field marshal; commander-in-chief of the British army in the Crimea (1854-55).—447
Ranbir (Ranbeer) Singh—Indian Rajah from Cashmere; during the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India fought on the British side.— 374
Rapp, Jean, comte (1772-1821)— French general, participant in Napoleon I's campaigns; from January 1813 to January 1814 commanded the garrison of Danzig besieged by Russian and Prussian troops.—441
Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke, Baronet (1810-1895) —English historian, Orientalist, served as an officer in Persia, member of the Council of India (1858-59, 1868-95), envoy to Teheran (1859-60).— 294
Redgrave, Alexander—British factory inspector.—525
Reed, Sir Thomas (1796-1883)— British general, participated in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—343-44, 370-71
Regnault, Elias Georges Soulange Oliva (1801-1868)—French historian and writer, Bonapartist.—62
Reinhard, Charles Frederic, comte (1761-1837) — French diplomat, envoy to Lower Saxony (1802); German by birth.—498
Renaud (d. 1857)—British army officer, took part in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—347
Renée, Lambert Amédée (1808-1859) — French journalist, Bonapartist, responsible publisher of Le Constitutionnel and Le Pays from 1856.—515
Reynaud—French journalist, editor of the Courrier Français de Londres (1802).—493
Reynaud, Jean (1806-1863)—French naturalist and philosopher.—488 economist.— 8
Richard III (1452-1485) —King of England (1483-85).—219
Riego y Nunez, Rafael del (1785-1823) — Spanish army officer, participant in the war of independence (1808-14); prominent figure during the revolution of 1820-23; executed after its defeat.—625, 626, 629
Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Mikhailovich (1753-1840) — Russian general, commander of the Russian army in Switzerland (1799); member of the State Council from 1830.—168
Roberts, Sir Henry Gee (1800-1860) — British general, participated in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—608, 609
Robertson—British consul in Shanghai (1856).—127
Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de (1758-1794)—leader of the Jacobins in the French Revolution, head of the revolutionary government (1793-94).—186, 488
Robinson, Smith P.—honorary secretary of the Anti-Corn Law League.—241
Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth, Marquis of (1730-1782)—British statesman, Whig M.P., Prime Minister (1765-66, 1782).-r-34, 36
Roebuck, John Arthur (1801-1879) — British politician and journalist, radical M.P.—216, 227
Romanovs—dynasty of Russian tsars and emperors (1613-1917).—5
Romanus II (939-963) — Emperor of Byzantium (959-63).—75
Roncali, Federico, conde d'Alcoy (b. 1809)—Spanish politician, head of government and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1852-53).—286
diplomat, consul-general (1730-31) and resident-minister (1731-39) in St. Petersburg.—27, 39
Rooke, Sir George (1650-1709) — British admiral; in 1700 commander-in-chief of the Anglo-Dutch squadron sent to help Charles XII during the Danish-Swedish war.—95
Ros de Olano, Antonio (1808-1886)— Spanish general and politician, member of the Moderado Party, participant in the revolution of 1854-56.—99
Rose, Hugh Henry, Baron Strathnairn (1801-1885)—British general, later field-marshal, fought in the Crimean war, took part in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—506, 508, 558, 582, 583
Rothschild, James, baron de (1792-1868)—head of the Rothschild banking house in Paris.—15
Rothschilds—dynasty of bankers with establishments in various European countries.—123, 291, 417
Rouland, Gustave (1806-1878) — French statesman, Bonapartist, Minister of Public Instruction and Worship (1856-63), President of the State Council (1863-64), general director of the Bank of France (1864-78).—467
Ruriks—dynasty of Russian princes and subsequently tsars (912-1598), founded, according to the chronicle, by Rurik, a semi-legendary Varangian leader.— 75-77
Russell, John, Earl of (1792-1878)— British statesman, Whig leader, Prime Minister (1846-52, 1865-66), Foreign Secretary (1852-53, 1859-65), President of the Council (1854-55); Britain's representative at the Vienna Conference (1855).—186, 204, 206-07, 214-15, 217, 227-29, 249-50, 382, 468-70, 587-88 Russell, Sir William Howard (1820-1907) — British journalist, the Times war correspondent during the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—527, 529, 556-57
Rutland, Charles Cecil John Manners, Duke of (1815-1888) —British aristocrat, Tory.— 567
Ryos y Rosas (Rios y Rosas), Antonio de
los (1812-1873)—Spanish politician, member of the Moderado Party, deputy to the Cortes; Minister of the Interior (1856).—100
S
Sacy, Samuel-Ustazade Silvestre de (1801-1879) —French journalist and writer; worked in the Journal des Débats from 1828.—467
Sadleir, John (1814-1856) —Irish banker and politician, a leader of the Irish Brigade in Parliament; committed suicide when the Tip-perary Bank, of which he was director, went bankrupt.—16, 110
Suez (Saenz), Victor—Ferdinand VII's favourite, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1823).—626
Said Pasha (1822-1863) —ruler of Egypt (1854-63).—595
Saint-Arnaud, Armand Jacques Achille Leroy de (1801-1854) —Marshal of France, Bonapartist; took part in conquering Algeria (1830s-40s); an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Minister of War (1851-54); commander-in-chief of the French army in the Crimea (1854).—483
Saint-Just, Antoine Louis Léonde Richebourg de (1767-1794)—a Jacobin leader in the French Revolution.—15
Saint Leonards—see Sugden, Edward Burtenshaw
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825) — French Utopian socialist.—15
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, duc de
(1675-1755) — French politician, writer, author of the famous memoirs.—20, 38, 110
Salanza—general, War Minister in Espartero's cabinet prior to O'Donnell.—288
San Luis, Luis José Sartorius, conde de
(1820-1871) — Spanish statesman and writer, a leader of the Moderado Party, Minister of the Interior (1847-51), head of government (1853-54).—284-87
San Miguel y Valledor, Evaristo, duque
de (1785-1862) — Spanish general, writer and politician, fought in the war of independence (1808-14) and the 1820-23 revolution; head of the liberal ministry (1822); War Minister (1840-42, 1854); deputy to the Cortes (1854-57).—287
Sandwich, John Montagu, Earl of (1718-1792)—British statesman, First Lord of the Admiralty (1748-51, 1763-65, 1771-82).—28-30, 35, 39
Sartorius—see San Luis, Luis José Sartorius, conde de
Savoy—a royal dynasty ruling in the Sardinian Kingdom (1720-1861) and in the united Italian Kingdom (1861-1946).—3-7
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von
(1759-1805)—German poet, dra-matist, historian and philosopher.—586, 589
Schlbzery August Ludwig von (1735-1809) — German historian and statistician, lived in Russia in 1760-66; a founder of the theory of the Russian state's Norman origin.— 75
Schröder, Christian Matthias (1812-1892)—head of a large banking firm in Hamburg; went bankrupt at the end of 1857.—412 head of a large banking firm in London; brother of Christian Matthias Schröder.—412
Sébastiani, Horace François Bastien, comte (1772-1851) —Marshal of France, diplomat, Orleanist; Foreign Minister (1830-32), ambassador to London (1835-40).—496
Ségur, Philippe Paul, comte de (1780-1873) — French diplomat, military writer and historian; general, took part in the 1812 campaign.— 75, 78, 83, 84, 89, 92
Semyon Ivanovich the Proud (1316-1353) — Grand Duke of Moscow (from 1340) and of Vladimir (from 1341).—79
Sepher Pasha (Sepher Bey) (1795-1859) — Circassian prince in Turkish service; fought in the Russo-Turkish war (1826-28); directed the Circassians' military operations against Russia in 1855-59.— 539-44
Serrano y Dominguez, Francisco, conde
de San Antonio, duque de la Torre (1810-1885) —Spanish general and statesman, War Minister (1843), took part in the coup d'état of 1856; Foreign Minister (1862-63), head of government (1868-69, 1871, 1874), Regent of the Kingdom (1869-71).—98, 287
Sen (Xu Guangjin) (1785-1858)— Chinese statesman, Governor-General of Kwangtung and Kwangsi.—162
Seymour, Sir Michael (1802-1887)— British admiral, rear admiral of the Baltic fleet (1854-56), commander of the naval forces in the Second Opium War with China (1856-58).— 158-62, 218, 222, 234
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of (1801-1885)—British politician; in the 1840s headed a group of philanthropic Tories in Parliament; Whig from 1847; Palmerston's step-son-in-law.—219, 599
English playwright and poet.— 211, 219, 269, 457, 492
Shee, Sir William (1804-1868) —Irish lawyer and Liberal politician, M.P.—216
Shelburne—see Petty, Sir William
Shore, John, Baron Teignmouth (1751-1834) — British Governor-General of India (1793-98).—535
Shuvalovs (Schuwaloffs)—Russian noble family, close to the Court in the 18th-19th centuries.— 31
Sidmouth, Henry Addington, Viscount (1757-1844)—British statesman, Tory; Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1801-04), Home Secretary (1812-21).—222, 494
Sidney—Lord Mayor of London (1857).—231
Sigismund (c. 1361-1437)—German Emperor (1411-37), last of the Luxembourg dynasty.—154-56
Silius Italiens (Titus Catius Silius Italiens) (c. 26-101) — Roman epic poet, author of the poem De Secun-do hello punico.—65
Simolin, Ivan Matveyevich, Baron (1720-1799)—Russian diplomat, ambassador to Sweden (1774-79), to Britain (1779-85), to France (1785-92).—32, 34
Simonich, Ivan Stepanovich, Count (1792-1855) —Russian general; Serb by birth; envoy to Teheran (1832-39).—179
Simpson, Sir James (1792-1868)— British general, chief of staff (February-June 1855), then commander-in-chief of the British army in the Crimea (June-November 1855).—447
Sindhia, Ali Jah Jaiaji (Bagirat Rao) (born c. 1835)—Mahratta Prince of Gwalior from 1853; sided with the British during the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.— 364, 609
Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard Sis-monde de (1773-1842)—Swiss economist, representative of economic romanticism.—147
Sixtus IV (Francesco della Rovere) (1414-1484)—Pope (1471-84).—86
Sleeman, Sir William Henry (1788-1856) — British colonial official, officer, then general, resident at Gwalior (1843-49) and at Lucknow (1849-54).—538
Smith, Sir John Mark Frederick (1790-1874) — British general, military engineer, M.P.—333
Smith, Robert Vernon, Baron Lyveden (1800-1873)—British statesman, Whig, M.P., Secretary at War (1852); President of the Board of Control for India (1855-58).—314, 316, 469
Smythe, John George—British politician, colonel, Peelite, M.P.—249
Solms-Sonnenwalde, Victor Friedrich, Count von (1730-1783)—Prussian diplomat, envoy extraordinary to Sweden (1755-59), envoy to Russia (1762-79).—29
Sophia (Zoë) Palaeologus (c. 1448-1503) — Grand Duchess of Moscow, second wife of Ivan III, niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI Palaeologus.— 80, 86
Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, duc de Dalmatie (1769-1851)—Marshal of France and statesman, fought in the wars of Napoleonic France, Prime Minister (1832-34, 1839-40, 1840-47).—39, 290
Souwaroff—see Suvorov, Alexander Vasilyevich
Stalker, Forster (d. 1857) — British general, commanded British land forces in the Anglo-Persian war of 1856-57; committed suicide.— 294
Stanhope, James, Earl (1673-1721)— British military and political figure, diplomat, Whig; participant in the War of the Spanish Succession, envoy to (1706-07, 1708-10) and commander of the British troops in Spain (1708-10); Secretary of State (1714-17), Chancellor of the Exchequer (1717-21); supported Sweden in her war against Russia.— 56, 60, 93, 187
Stanley, Edward Henry, Earl of Derby (1826-1893) —British statesman, Tory, Conservative in the 1860s-70s, later Liberal; Colonial Secretary (1858, 1882-85), Secretary of State for India (1858-59), Foreign Secretary (1866-68, 1874-78); son of Edward Derby.—469, 470, 590
Stanley, Edward John, Baron Stanley of Alderley and Baron Eddisbury of Win-nington (1802-1869) — British statesman, Whig, M.P.; President of the Board of Trade (1855-58), Postmaster-General (1860-66).—425-26, 428
Stead, Jean—French émigré on Jersey, printer.—496
Stein, Maximilian, Baron (1811-1860)—Austrian army officer; during the revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary was chief of the General Staff of the revolutionary army; then émigré in Turkey under the name of Ferhad Pasha; fought against Russia in the Caucasus (1857-58).—541-43, 545
Stephen III the Great (d. 1504) — Hospodar of Moldavia (1457-1504).—85
Stewart, Sir Donald Martin (1824-1900) — British army officer, later field marshal; took part in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India, and in the second Anglo-Afghan war (1878-80); commander-in-chief of the British troops in India (1881-85); member of the Council of India (1885-1900).—364 banking house Stieglitz & Co.— 359
Stock, Franciszek—Polish émigré, officer in the Turkish army.— 539, 549
Stocken, von—Danish minister (early 18th cent.).—43, 44
Stormont, David Murray, Viscount Stormont, Earl of Mansfield (1727-1796) — British statesman and diplomat, Tory; envoy to Paris (1772-78); Secretary of State for the Southern Department (1779-82).— 32-33, 35
Strabo (63 B.C.-c. A.D. 20) —Greek geographer and historian.—146
Strahan, William (born c. 1808) — British banker, partner of a firm which went bankrupt in June 1855; sentenced to hard labour for financial machinations.—110
Stratford de Redcliffe, Stratford Canning, Viscount (1786-1880) —British diplomat, envoy to Constantinople (1810-12, 1825-28, 1841-58).—293, 322, 595
Stroganovs (Stroganoffs)—the family of Russian merchants, later of nobles; known for their efforts to colonise the Urals and Siberia in the 16th-18th centuries; were close to the Court in the 18th-19th centuries.— 31 Suetonius (Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus) (c. 70-c. 160) — Roman historian and writer, author of The Twelve Caesars.— 164
Sugden, Edward Burtenshaw, Baron St. Leonards (1781-1875) —British lawyer and statesman, Tory; Lord Chancellor (1852).—469
Sugden, Richard—hairdresser, father of the above.—469
Sunderland, Spencer Charles, Earl of (1674-1722) —British diplomat and politician, Whig; Secretary of State for the Northern Department (from
(1718-21).—34
Sutton, John Henry Manners—British politician, Peelite, M.P. (1847-57).— 249
Suvorov, Alexander Vasilyevich, Count Suvorov Rimniksky, Prince Italiisky (c. 1729-1800) —Russian general.— 168
Svyatoslav Igorevich (d. 972 or 973) — Grand Duke of Kiev (c. 945-72).— 75, 76
Sze'mere, Bertalan (Bartholomäus) (1812-1869) — Hungarian politician and journalist; Minister of the Interior (1848) and head of the revolutionary government (1849); emigrated after the defeat of the revolution.— 236
T Tahlman—Austrian resident in Constantinople in 1736.— 27
Tahmasp II (died c. 1736) —Shah of Persia (1730-32).—177
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice, prince de (1754-1838) —French diplomat, Foreign Minister (1797-99, 1799-1807, 1814-15); represented France at the Vienna Congress (1814-15).—29, 227, 488, 491, 492, 498
Tao Kuang (1782-1850) — Emperor of China (1821-50).—244-45
Tasso, Torquato (1544-1595) — Italian poet.—477
Terence (Publius Terentius Afer) (c. 190-159 B.C.) —Roman author of comedies.— 55
Terentianus Maurus (2nd half of the 2nd cent.) — Roman grammarian.— 15
Tewfik Bey—see Lapinski, Teofil
Themistocles (c. 525-c. 460 B.C.)— Greek statesman and general of the time of Greco-Persian wars.— 55 Thesiger, Frederick, Baron Chelmsford (1794-1878)—British statesman, Tory, M.P. from 1840; Attorney-General (1845-46, 1852), Lord Chancellor (1858-59, 1866-68).— 216
Theyls, Willem—Dutch diplomat; at the beginning of the 18th century served at Dutch Embassy in Turkey, carried out diplomatic missions for the Russian Government; in 1711-12 helped to conclude a peace treaty between Russia and Turkey.—65
Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877) — French historian and statesman, Prime Minister (1836, 1840), deputy to the Constituent (1848) and Legislative (1849-51) Assemblies; head of the Orleanists after 1848; organised the suppression of the Paris Commune (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73).—488
Thouvenel, Edouard Antoine (1818-1866) — French diplomat, ambassador to Constantinople (1855-60), Foreign Minister (1860-62).—322-23
Thurneyssen, Auguste—a director of the French joint-stock bank Crédit Mobilier.—358, 359
Thurneyssen, Charles—French banker, nephew of the above.— 358, 359
Timur (Tamerlane) (1336-1405) — Central Asian general and conqueror, founder of a large state in the East with Samarkand as its capital.—81, 557
Tippoo Saib (Tipu Sahib) (1750-1799) —ruler of Mysore (1782-99); waged wars against British expansion in India in the 1780s and 1790s.—340
Tite, Sir William (1798-1873) — British architect and politician; Liberal, M.P. from 1855.—600
Todtleben (Totleben), Eduard Ivanovich, Count (1818-1884) —Rissian mili-
tary engineer, general, an organiser of the defence of Sevastopol (1854-55)._392, 441
Tolstoi, Alexei Petrovich, Count (d. 1864)—Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod (1856-62), cavalry general, senator.—464
Tooke, Thomas (1774-1858) —British economist, adherent of the classical school of political economy.— 382, 402 Toreno, José Maria Queipo de Llano, conde de (1786-1843)—Spanish politician of liberal leanings and historian, participant in the revolutions of 1808-14 and 1820-23; deputy to the Cadiz Cortes, Minister of Finance (1834) and Prime Minister (1835); lived in emigration from 1814 to 1820, 1823 to 1833 and from 1835.—625 Townshend, Charles, Viscount (1674-1738) — British diplomat and politician, at first Tory, later Whig; ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Holland (1709-11), Secretary of State (1714-17, 1721-30).—56, 60, 65, 93
Tseang (Jiang Li'ang)—prefect in Luichow.—161, 162
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, baron de VAulne (1727-1781) —French economist and statesman; Physio-crat; Controller-General of Finance (1774-76).—185 Turgot, Louis Felix Etienne, marquis de
(1796-1866) —French diplomat, Bonapartist, took part in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Foreign Minister (1851-52), ambassador to Spain (1853).—98
Turner, James Aspinall (1797-1867) — British cotton manufacturer and politician, Tory, M.P., President of the Manchester Commercial Association.—240
Tiirr, Istvan (Achmet Kiamil Bey) (1825-1908) —Hungarian army officer, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Italy and Germany, émigré in Turkey; fought in the Crimean war on the side of the Allies and in the Caucasian mountaineers' war against Tsarist Russia.—542-43
U
Ummer Singh—see Amar Singh
Urquhart, David (1805-1877)—British diplomat, writer and politician; Turkophile; carried out diplomatic missions in Turkey in the 1830s; M.P. (1847-52), Tory; opponent of Palmerston's policy; founder and editor of The Free Press (1855-65).— 184
Uzbek Khan (c. 1282-1342)—Khan of the Golden Horde (1312-42).—78
V
Vaillant, Jean Baptiste Philibert, comte
(1790-1872)—Marshal of France, senator, Bonapartist, Minister of War (1854-59).—465
Vaïsse, Claude Marius (1799-1864) — French statesman, Bonapartist, Minister of the Interior (January-April 1851), prefect of Lyons in the mid-1850s.—466
Valbezen, de—French consul in Calcutta (1854-58).—320
Valdez—Spanish general, participant in the revolution of 1854-56.—100, 101
Valdez (Valdés), Jeronimo (1784-1855) — Spanish general, Governor-General of Cuba (1841-42).—573
Van Cortlandt, Henry Charles (1815-1888) — British general; was in the military service of the Sikhs (1832-39); fought in the first and second Anglo-Sikh wars (1845-46, 1848-49) on the side of the British; participated in suppressing the national
liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—329, 345, 361, 372
Vaughan, Sir John Luther (1820-1911)—British general, participated in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.— 307
Velasco y Coello, Manuel (1776-1824)— Spanish general, participant in the first (1808-14) and second (1820-23) revolutions in Spain; Military Governor of Madrid, Captain-General of Extremadura.—626
Veuillot, Louis François (1813-1883)— French journalist, editor-in-chief of clerical newspaper L'Univers (1848-60).—483, 488
Victor Emmanuel (Vittorio Emanuele) II (1820-1878)—King of Piedmont (Sardinia) (1849-61), King of Italy (1861-78).—5, 417
Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).—186, 465, 525 Vigodet, Caspar—Governor of Mon-tevideo (1810), Captain-General of New Castile (1820); in 1823 emigrated to France after the defeat of the revolution.—626
Villemain, Abel François (1790-1870) — French politician and writer, Liberal, Minister of Public Education (1839-40, 1840-44).—467, 488
Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (70-19 B.C.)—Roman poet.—43, 188, 486
Vittoria, Duke of—see Espartero, Bal-domero
Vladimir Svyatoslavich (d. 1015) — Grand Duke of Kiev (980-1015).— 75, 76, 86
Vogorides, Alexandros, Prince (Aleko-pasha) (c. 1823-1910)—Turkish statesman and diplomat; Bulgarian by birth; counsellor of the Embassy in London (1856-61), ambassador to Vienna (1876-78), Governor of the Eastern Rumelia (1879-84).— 324-25 Vogorides, Nikolaos (Konaki-Vogorides) (1821-1863) —Kaimakam of Moldavia (1857-59); Bulgarian by birth; brother of Alexandros Vogorides.— 323, 324, 326
Vogorides, Stefan (Bogorov, Stojko) (c. 1775-c. 1862)—Turkish politician; Bulgarian by birth; Kaimakam of Moldavia (1821-22); father of Alexandros and Nikolaos Vogorides.—324
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet (1694-1778) — French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlighten-ment.—309
Vorontsov, Mikhail Semyonovich, Prince (1782-1856)—Russian statesman, field marshal-general, in 1844-54 commander-in-chief of the troops in Transcaucasia and Governor-General in the Caucasus; after retir-ing lived in Odessa; Sidney Herbert's maternal uncle.—249
Vsevolod III (1154-1212)—Grand Duke of Vladimir (1176-1212).—77
W
Wajid Ali Shah—King of Oudh (1847-56).—316, 529, 535
Walewski, Alexandre Florian Joseph Col-onna, comte (1810-1868) — French diplomat and statesman; son of Napoleon I and Polish Countess Marie Walewska; Foreign Minister (1855-60); was chairman at the Paris Congress (1856).—5, 470
Walker, William (1824-1860)— American adventurer; in the 1850s made several expeditions to Central American states with a view to uniting them in an empire under himself; seized power in Nicaragua in 1856 and declared himself President; was taken prisoner and executed in 1860, during his expedition to Honduras.—162
Walpole, Horatio (Horace), Baron Walpole of Wolterton (1678-1757)—
British diplomat and politician, Whig; envoy plenipotentiary (1715, 1715-16, 1722, 1734) and ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Holland (1734-37, 1739) and to France (1724-30).—27, 30, 39, 56, 65
Walpole, Sir Robert, Earl of Orford (1676-1745)—British statesman, Whig leader, Prime Minister (1721-42); the first to form cabinets independent of the king and relying on the majority in Parliament; widely resorted to bribery; brother of the above.— 56, 57
Walpole, Spencer Horatio (Horace) (1806-1898) —British statesman, Tory, Home Secretary (1852, 1858-59, 1866-67).—600
Wellesley, Richard Colley, Marquis (1760-1842)—British statesman, Governor-General of India (1797-1805), Foreign Secretary (1809-12), Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (1821-28, 1833-34).—535 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852)—British general and statesman, Tory; Prime Minister (1828-30), Foreign Secretary (December 1834-April 1835).— 192, 468 Wheeler, Sir Hugh Massy (1789-1857)—British general; in 1838-39 took part in the first Anglo-Afghan war, and in the Anglo-Sikh wars (1845-46, 1848-49); commander of the Cawnpore garrison (1856-57); took part in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—346-47, 367, 441, 442
Whiteside, James (1804-1876) —Irish lawyer and politician, Tory M.P.; Attorney-General (1858-59, 1866). —216
Whitlock, George (1798-1868)—British general; in 1818 entered the service of the East India Company; took part in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—558, 582 Whitworth, Charles, Earl (1752-1825) — British diplomat, ambassador to Paris (1802-May 1803), Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (1813-17).— 496-98
William I (1797-1888) —Prince of Prussia, Prince Regent (1858-61), King of Prussia (1861-88), Emperor of Germany (1871-88).—568
William III (1650-1702) —Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the Netherlands (1672-1702), King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1689-1702).—49, 53, 57, 64-66, 72, 95, 152, 187
William TV (1765-1837) —King of Great Britain and Ireland (1830-37).—536
William "of Kars"—see Williams, Sir William Fenwick, Baronet "of Kars"
Williams, Sir William Fenwick, Baronet "of Kars" (1800-1883) — British general; headed the defence of Kars in
1855, during the Crimean war; M.P. (1856-59); commanded the garrison in Woolwich (1856-59).— 216, 447-48
Wilson, Sir Archdale (1803-1874) — British general; during the national liberation uprising in India commander of the troops which besieged and stormed Delhi (1857), and of the artillery during the siege of Lucknow (1858).—365, 370, 396, 398, 558
Wilson, George (1808-1870) —British manufacturer and politician, Free Trader, President of the Anti-Corn Law League (1841-46).—241
Wilson, James (1805-1860) —Scottish economist and politician, Free Trader, founder and editor of The Economist, M.P. (1847-59), Financial Secretary to the- Treasury (1853-58).—206, 517, 518
Wilson, N. (d. 1857) —British colonel, took part in suppressing the nation-
al liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—451
Windham, Sir Charles Ash (1810-1870) —British general; in 1854-56 fought in the Crimean war; commanded British troops in Lahore (1857-61); took part in suppressing the national liberation uprising of 1857-59 in India.—442, 447-52, 504
Windham, William (1750-1810) — British statesman, Whig, subsequently Tory, M.P., Secretary for War (1794-1801).—491, 495
Winslow, Forbes Benignus (1810-1874) — British physician and journalist, editor of The Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology.—599
Withworth, M.— British ambassador at the Court of Peter I.— 93
Wodehouse, John, Earl of Kimberley (1826-1902) —British statesman, envoy to St. Petersburg (1856-58), Viceroy of Ireland (1864-66), Lord Privy Seal (1868-70), Secretary for Colonies (1870-74, 1880-82).—572
Wood, Sir Charles, Viscount Halifax (1800-1885) —British statesman, Whig; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1846-52), President of the Board of Control for India (1852-55), First Lord of the Admiralty (1855-58), Secretary of State for India (1859-66).—382
Woodburn—British general, in 1857 took part in suppressing the national liberation uprising in India.— 316
Woronzoff, Prince—see Vorontsov, Mikhail Semyonovich, Prince
Wrangel, Friedrich Heinrich Ernst, Count von (1784-1877) — Prussian general, an active participant in the counter-revolutionary coup d'état in Berlin and in the dispersal of the Prussian National Assembly in November 1848.—107 Y
Yaroslav (c. 978-1054) —Grand Duke of Kiev (1019-54).—76, 77
Y eh Ming-chin (1807-1859) —Chinese statesman, Imperial Commissioner, Governor-General of Kwangtung and Kwangsi (1852-57).—159-61, 211, 218, 233, 468
Yury Danilovich (1281-1325) —Duke of Moscow (1303-25), Grand Duke of Vladimir (1317-25).—78
Z
Zakhar—envoy of the Novgorod Republic in 1477.—83
Achilles (Gr. Myth.) — the bravest of the Greek warriors in the Trojan War, hero of Homer's Iliad.—154, 214, 483
Aeolus (Gr. Myth.) — god of the winds.—188
Agramante—King of Mauritania, a character in Ariosto's poem L'Or-lando furioso.—343
Capulets—a noble Veronese family hostile to the Montagues in Shakespeare's tragedy Romeo and Juliet.— 469
Christ, Jesus (Bib.)—106, 512
Curtius, Marcus Curtius—a legendary hero of Ancient Rome, who, in order to save Rome, threw himself down into a chasm which had opened in the Forum.— 484
Daniel (Bib.)—Old Testament prophet.— 296
Don Quixote—the title character in Cervantes' novel.—104
Zamoyski, Ladislas (Wladyslaw), Count (1803-1868)—Polish magnate; took part in the 1830-31 insurrection; after its defeat, a leader of the Polish conservative monarchist refugees in Paris; made attempts to muster a Polish legion to fight against Russia during the Crimean war.— 543, 545
Zayas y Chacôn, José Pascual de (1772-1827) — Spanish general, took part in the liberation war against Napoleonic France (1808-14) and in the revolution of 1820-23; deputy to the Cortes.— 630
Zimiskes—see John I Tzimisces
Zubov, Platon Alexandrovich, Prince (1767-1822) — Russian statesman, favourite of Catherine II.— 37
Falstaff, Sir John—a character in Shakespeare's tragedy King Henry IV and his comedy The Merry Wives of Windsor; a sly fat braggart and jester.— 240
Hector (Gr. Myth.) — a son of the Trojan King Priam; defender of Troy and one of the main characters in Homer's Iliad; killed by Achilles.—154
Hercules (Heracles) (Gr. and Rom. Myth.) — son of Zeus; possessed enormous strength and courage.— 215, 229
Isàiah (Bib.)—Old Testament prophet.—95
John Bull—the main character in John Arbuthnot's book The History of John Bull (18th cent.); the name is often used to personify England or Englishmen.—205, 228, 242, 301, 316, 327, 332, 356, 443, 445, 458, 476, 482-84, 511, 514, 529, 531, 575
INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES Juggernaut (Hindu Myth.)—Krishna, an incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu.—356
Macbeth—the title character in Shakespeare's tragedy.—486
Matthew (Bib.)—one of the four evangelists.—115, 191, 216 Nestor (Gr. Myth.) — a character in Homer's Iliad, the oldest and wisest of the Greek heroes who took part in the Trojan War.—154
Odysseus— a hero in the Iliad and the Odyssey who took part in the Trojan War; renowned for his courage and resource.—41
Osmin—a character in Mozart's opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail.—356
Polyphemus (Gr. Myth.)—a man-eating cyclop; blinded by Odysseus.—41
Samson (Bib.)—Old Testament hero known for his supernatural strength and courage.—46
Sindbad the Sailor—a hero in the Arabian Thousand and One Nights.— 248
Tartuffe—the title character in Molière's comedy.— 356
Timon—a character in Shakespeare's tragedy Timon of Athens.— 269