Name Index

A

Abbas I (1813-1854)—Pasha of Egypt (1849-54).—571 Abd-el-Kader (1808-1883)—Emir of Algeria, a leader in the national liberation war of 1832-47 in Morocco and Algeria against the French invaders; was taken prisoner in 1847; with Napoleon Ill's permission emigrated to Turkey in 1852.—423 Abdi Pasha (b. 1801)—Turkish general, commander of the Turkish army in the Caucasus in 1853.—432, 433, 550, 572, 584 Abdul Aziz (1830-1876)—Sultan of Turkey (1861-76), brother of Abdul Mejid.—211 Abdul Mejid (1823-1861)—Sultan of Turkey (1839-61).—18, 105, 110, 138, 163, 165, 194, 209-12, 228, 235, 245, 254, 257, 261, 263, 267-69, 272, 277-79, 309-13, 318, 321-23, 340, 407-08, 416-17, 423, 458, 523, 528-30, 532, 537, 561, 574-76, 586, 617-18 Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of (1784-1860)—British statesman, Tory, leader of the Peelites from 1850; Foreign Secretary (1828-30 and 1841-46) and Prime Minister of the Coalition Ministry (1852-55).—3, 4, 20, 32, 33, 80, 103, 118, 120, 138, 142-46, 167, 175, 177, 186, 192, 196,

202, 230, 235, 252, 254-55, 263, 268-69, 272, 301-02, 309-10, 311-12, 321, 325, 354-55, 366, 381, 386, 392-93, 398, 400, 419, 523, 527, 537, 543, 553, 556, 560, 594, 632 A'Court, William, Baron Heytesbury (1779-1860)—British diplomat, ambassador to Russia (1828-32).—393 Adam—French worker, Blanquist; after the June 1848 uprising in Paris emigrated to Belgium and later to London; member of the Société des proscrits démocrates et socialistes in London in 1850.—508 Adelaide (1777-1847)—Princess of Orleans, sister of Louis Philippe, King of the French.—203, 206 Aesop (6th century B.C.)—semi-legendary Greek fabulist.—53 Agha Mohammed (1742-1797)—Shah of Persia (1794-97), founder of the Qajar dynasty.—113 Ahmed (d. 1855)—Bey of Tunisia (1837-55).—408 Ahmed Pasha—Turkish general, commander of the Turkish army in the Caucasus at the end of 1853.—572, 584 Ahmet Pasha—Turkish general, commander of the Turkish troops on the Danube in 1853-54.—294 Albano—English architect.—256 Albemarle, George Thomas Keppel, 6th Earl of (1799-1891)—British politi-

1820s held high posts in the British army in India.—215 Albert, Prince Consort of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1819-1861).—254-55, 538, 544, 577, 589-92, 601 Alcock, Sir Rutherford (1809-1897)— British diplomat, consul in Shanghai (1846-58).—96 Alexander I (1777-1825)—Emperor of Russia (1801-25).—5, 324, 362, 368, 604 Alexander Karageorgevic (1806-1885)— Prince of Serbia (1842-58).—228, 278-79, 458, 523, 544 Alexandra Fyodorovna (Charlotte Louise) (1798-1860)—daughter of Frederick William III and wife of Tsar Nicholas I.—404 Ali Asmi Pasha—commander of the Turkish troops in Aleppo in 1853.— 279 Ali Pasha (1741-1822)—founder and ruler of a state in the south-west of the Balkans whose capital was Janina (1788-1822); fought against the Turkish Sultan (1820-22), was assassi-nated after his capitulation.—33 Amherst, William Pitt Amherst, Earl (1773-1857)—British diplomat and statesman, Governor-General of India (1823-28).—201 Anderson—manager of the Bank of Scotland.—300 Anderton, William—Yorkshire manufacturer.—413 Andronnikoff (Andronnikov), Ivan Mal-khazovich, Prince (1798-1868) — Russian general of Georgian descent; took part in military operations in the Caucasus during the Crimean war.—551 Anne (1665-1714)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1702-14).—44, 45 Annesley, William Richard, 4th Earl of (1830-1874)—Irish peer, Tory M.P.—597 Anrep-Elmpt, losif Romanovich, Count (1798-1860)—Russian general; commanded Russian troops on the Danube in 1853 and early 1854.— 585

English lawyer and politician; radical M.P. (1847-52).—361, 380-81, 385, 387-90, 398, 400 Antoine, Gustav—French refugee in London in the early 1850s; son-in-law of Auguste Blanqui.—506 Apponyi, Antal, Count (1782-1852)— Austrian diplomat of Hungarian descent; ambassador to Paris (1826-. 49).—389 Aquinas, Thomas (Thomas of Aquino) ( 1225-1274)—scholastic theologian and philosopher; was canonised by the Catholic Church.—49, 55 Ardant, Paul Joseph (1800-1858)— French colonel, general from 1855, military engineer; in 1854 was sent on a military mission to Turkey.— 610 Argyll, George John Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of (1823-1900)—British statesman, Peelite; Lord Privy Seal (1853-55, 1859-66, 1880-81); Secretary for India (1868-74).—192 Arif Hikmet Bey (b. 1786)—Turkish statesman, Sheikh-ul-Islam (1846-54).—423 Ariosto, Lodovico (1474-1533)—Italian Renaissance poet, author of L'Orlando furioso.—345 Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.— 178 Arnim, Heinrich Friedrich, Count of (1791-1859)—Prussian diplomat; Minister of Foreign Affairs (1849), ambassador to Vienna (1845-48, 1851-58).—234 Assurbanipal—King of Assyria (668-c. 626 B.C.).—268 Attwood, Thomas (1783-1856)—English banker, economist and radical politician, until 1839 adhered to the Right wing of the Chartist movement.— 383, 385, 389, 405 Augier, J.— French journalist.—109 Aurangzeb, Mohi ud-din Mohammed (1658-1707)—ruler of the Grand Mogul Empire in India.—126 Austin—deputy governor of the Birmingham borough gaol (1853).—303 B

Backhouse, John (1772-1845)—British official, Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs (1827-42).—387, 396 Baillie, Henry James (b. 1804)—British M.P., Tory.—606 Bahadur Shah II (1767-1862)—last nominal ruler of the Grand Mogul Empire in India.—199 Bakunin, Mikhail (1814-1876) — Russian democrat, journalist; participant in the 1848-49 revolutions in Germany; subsequently an ideologist of Narod-ism and anarchism.— 284-86, 290, 291 Balcarres—see Crawford, James Bandiera brothers, Attilio (1810-1844) and Emilio (1819-1844) — Austrian naval officers, leaders of the national liberation movement in Italy, members of the Young Italy society; executed for their attempt to stir up an insurrection in Calabria (1844).— 533 Bangya, Janos (1817-1868)—Hungarian journalist and officer, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; Kossuth's emissary abroad and at the same time an agent-provocateur; later served in the Turkish army under the name of Mehemed bey.— 40, 42 Baraguay d'Hilliers, Achille, comte (1795-1878)—French general, since 1854 marshal, Bonapartist; ambassador to Constantinople (1853-54); commander of the French expeditionary corps in the Baltic in 1854.—531, 560, 575, 588, 619 Baring Alexander, 1st Baron Ashburton (1774-1848) —head of a banking house in London, Tory M.P.—300 Barrington, William Keppel, Viscount (b. 1793)—Irish peer, M.P.—597 Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odilon (1791-1873) — French politician and lawyer; leader of the liberal dynastic opposition until February 1848; from December 1848 to October 1849 headed the monarchist coalition ministry.— 615

Barthélémy, Emmanuel (c. 1820-1855)— French worker, Blanquist, member of secret revolutionary societies during the July monarchy and participant in the June 1848 uprising in Paris; a leader of the Société des proscrits démocrates et socialistes in London; executed in 1855 on a criminal charge.—494, 496, 506-07

Basilius Haivalian—Patriarch of the Armenian Church in Aleppo (1853-54).—279 Bastiat, Frederic (1801-1850)—French economist; preached harmony of class interests in bourgeois society.— 625, 627, 630

Batthyâny, Kâzmér, Count of (1807-1854)—Hungarian statesman, liberal aristocrat; Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Hungarian revolutionary Government of Szemere (1849); after the suppression of the revolution emigrated to Turkey and then to France.— 559 Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882)-—German philosopher, Young Hegelian.— 42, 487, 624 Beaumont, Miles Thomas Stapleton, Baron (1805-1854) —English landowner, member of the House of Lords, Liberal.—211, 263 Beaumont-Vassy, Edouard Ferdinand de la Bonninière, vicomte de (1816-1876)— French writer and historian; monarchist.—117 Becker, Hermann Heinrich (1820-1885)—German lawyer and journalist, member of the Communist League (from 1850); sentenced to five years' imprisonment at the Cologne Communist trial in 1852; subsequently a national-liberal.—482, 485, 487, 502-04 Becker, Nicolaus (1809-1845)—German poet.—67 Bell—chief engineer on the Egyptian frigate Pervaz Bahri, an Englishman.—571 Bell, George—British merchant, brother and partner of James Bell.—398, 402-06 merchant; a spy in the Caucasus in the 1830s.—395, 405 Bern, Josef ( 1795-1850)—Polish general, participant in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 and in the revolutionary struggle in Vienna in 1848; a leader of the Hungarian revolutionary army in 1848-49; emigrated to Turkey after the defeat of the revolution.— 257, 564 Bennoch Francis—British merchant, London City Councillor (1853).—512 Béranger, Pierre Jean de (1780-1857)— French poet and song writer, author of political satires, democrat.—6 Berends, Julius (b. 1817)—owner of a printshop in Berlin, Left-wing deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (1848).—28, 30 Berg—Russian diplomat, First Secretary of the Russian embassy in London (c. 1842-54).—608 Berkeley, Francis Henry Fitzhardinge (1794-1870)—English politician, Liberal M.P.—137 Bertin, Louis Marie Armand (1801-1854)—French journalist, Orleanist; publisher of the Journal des Débats in 1841-54.—117 Bethmann-Hollweg, Moritz August von (1795-1877)—Prussian lawyer and politician; a conservative leader, deputy to the First (1849-52) and the Second (1852-55) Chamber of the Prussian Diet.—29, 37

Bethune, John Elliot Drinkwater (1801-1851)—British lawyer; from 1848 to 1851 legislative member of the Supreme Council of India.—122 Bineau, Jean Martial (1805-1855)— French engineer and politician, Bonapartist; Minister of Public Works (1849-51) and Minister of Finance (1852-55).—316, 604 Bird, T.—Vienna correspondent of The Times (1848-66).—561 Blackett, John Fenwick Burgoyne (1821-1856)—British M.P.—125, 273, 275 Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis (1811-1882) — French petty-bourgeois socialist, his-

Government in 1848; pursued a policy of conciliation with the bourgeoisie; from August 1848 a leader of petty-bourgeois émigrés in London.—505-06, 612 Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881)— French revolutionary, Utopian communist; organiser of secret societies and plots; during the 1848 revolution adhered to the extreme Left of the democratic and proletarian movement in France.—505, 507 Blind, Karl (1826-1907)—German journalist, democrat; took part in the revolutionary movement in Baden in 1848-49; in the 1850s was a leader of German petty-bourgeois émigrés in London, subsequently a national-liberal.—630, 631 Bluhme, Christian Albrecht (1794-1866)—Danish statesman, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1851-54) and Prime Minister (1852-53).—574 Blum, Hans—German democrat, member of the Communist League; from 1850 adhered to the Willich-Schapper sectarian group; subsequently emigrated to the USA and took part in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners. —482 Bodkin, Sir William Henry (1791-1874) —British lawyer, Tory M.P. (1841-47); in 1853 government solicitor.—83 Boiardo, Matteo Maria (1434-1494) — Italian Renaissance poet, author of L'Orlando innamorato.—488 Bonaparte—imperial dynasty in France (1804-14, 1815 and 1852-70).—540 Bonaparte—see Napoleon I Bonaparte, Louis—see Napoleon HI Boniface, Louis (b. 1796)—French journalist, Bonapartist.— 111, 294

Bourbons—royal dynasty in France (1589-1792, 1814-15 and 1815-30).— 538-40, 557, 577, 590 Bourqueney, François Adolphe, comte de

(1799-1869)—French diplomat, envoy (1841-44) and the ambassador to Constantinople (1844-48), envoy (1853-56) and ambassador to Vienna (1856-59).—234 Boustrapa—see Napoleon HI Boylin, James—a clerk employed at Hale's rocket factory in a London suburb.—82 Brady, John (b. 1812)—British physician, M.P.—598 Briggs, John (1785-1875)—British general; served in the East India Company in 1801-35; member of its Court of Proprietors (1853).—198 Bright, John (1811-1889)—English manufacturer and politician, a Free Trade leader and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League.—58, 123, 137, 175-77, 182, 192, 197, 202, 419, 447, 448, 590, 625 Broc, Pyotr Fyodorovich (1805-1875)— Russian statesman, Minister of Finance (1852-58).—241 Brougham and Vaux, Henry Peter, 1st Baron (1778-1868)—English Whig statesman, lawyer and writer.—186, 577 Brougthon—see Hobhouse, John Cam Brown, John P.—American chargé d'affaires in Turkey (1853).—211 Bruat, Armand Joseph (1796-1855)— French admiral, commander of a squadron (1854), then of the French navy in the Black Sea (1855).—614 Brück, Karl Ludwig, Baron von (1798-1860)—Austrian manufacturer and statesman; Minister of Trade, Industry and Public Works (1848-51), envoy to Constantinople (1853-55), Minister of Finance (1855-60).—193, 278, 407, 417 Brüggemann, Karl Heinrich (1810-1887)—German journalist, moderate liberal, editor-in-chief of the Kölnische Zeitung (1845-55).—632 Bruhn, Karl von (b. 1803)—German Journalist, member of the Communist League; expelled in 1850; subsequently editor of the Lassallean paper

Nordstern in Hamburg (1861-66).— 486 Brunnow, Filipp Ivanovich, Baron (1797-1875) — Russian diplomat, envoy

(1840-54 and 1858-60) and ambassador (1860-74) to London.—19, 137, 138, 142, 143, 175, 205-08, 255, 259, 266, 574, 589, 608 Brutus, Marcus Junius (c. 85-42 B.C.)— Roman republican statesman, an initiator of a conspiracy against Julius Caesar.—30, 592 Buchanan, Sir Andrew (1807-1882)— English diplomat, envoy to Copenhagen (1853-58).—594

Bucher, Lothar (1817-1892)—Prussian official and journalist; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848 and then a refugee in London; subsequently a national-liberal and supporter of Bismarck.— 488 Budberg, Alexander Ivanovich, Baron (1798-1876)—Russian general; Com-missioner Plenipotentiary in the Danubian Principalities (1853-54).— 538 Bulwer-Lytton—see Lytton, Edward George Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle, Baron Dalling and Bulwer (1801-1872)—English diplomat, Whig M.P. (1830-37); chargé d'affaires in Paris, 1839 and 1840, then envoy to Ma-drid (1843-48), to Washington (1849-52) and Florence (1852-55); in 1858-65 ambassador to Constantinople.— 373, 389, 530

Buol-Schauenstein, Karl Ferdinand, Count of (1797-1865)—Austrian statesman and diplomat; envoy to St. Petersburg (1848-50) and to London (1851-52), Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1852-59).—193, 234, 258, 267, 321, 537, 577

Bürgers, Heinrich (1820-1878)—German journalist, contributor to the

Rheinische Zeitung (1842 and 1843); member of the Cologne community of the Communist League (1848); an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; from 1850 member of the Communist League Central Authority; sentenced to six years' imprisonment at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); subsequently a liberal.—498 Burgoyne, Sir John Fox, Baronet (1782-1871)—English general, military engineer; inspector general of fortifications (1845-68); the principal engineer adviser to the English commander during the first part of the siege of Sevastopol, field marshal from 1868.—610 Burke, Edmund (1729-1797)—English journalist and statesman, Whig M.P., opponent of the French Revolution.—183, 184 Butenev, Appolinary Petrovich (1787-1866)—Russian diplomat, ambassador to Constantinople (1830-40).— 379 Butt, Isaac (1813-1879)—Irish lawyer and politician, Liberal M.P.; in the 1870s one of the initiators of the Home Rule movement.—58, 611

C

Campbell, Sir George (1824-1892)— British official in India, author of works on India; subsequently Liberal M.P. (1875-92).—181-82, 184, 199, 214, 215, 216, 220 . Canning, George (1770-1827)—English Tory statesman and diplomat; Foreign Secretary (1807-09, 1822-27) and Prime Minister (1827).—110, 347-48, 351, 363-64, 386 Capo d'Istria, Giovanni Antonio (Joannes), Count (1776-1831)—Greek statesman; from 1809 to 1822 was in the Russian service, Second Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in Russia (1815-22); President of Greece (1827-31).—357 Cardwell, Edward Cardwell, Viscount (1813-1886)—English statesman, a leader of the Peelites and then a Liberal; President of the Board of Trade (1852-55), Secretary for Ireland (1859-61), Secretary for the Colonies (1864-66) and Secretary for War (1868-74).—192 Carey, Henry Charles (1793-1879)— American economist, advocated har-

mony of class interests in capitalist society.—623, 625-28, 630 Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881)—British writer, historian and philosopher, supported the Tories; preached views bordering on feudal socialism up to 1848; later a relentless opponent of the working-class movement.—303, 347 Carmarthen—see Osborne, Sir Thomas Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte (1801-1888)— French journalist and politician; member of the Provisional Government (1848); after 1851 a leader of the republican opposition to the Bonapartist regime.—539 Carrard, Nicolas (d. 1853)—a leader of the clerical opposition to the Swiss government; organised putsches in Fribourg in 1850, 1851 and 1853.— 85 Cassola, Carlo (b. 1814)—Italian revolutionary, follower of Mazzini.— 302 Castelbajac, Barthélémy Dominique Jacques

Armand, marquis de (1787-1864)— French general, Legitimist; from 1850 to 1854 envoy to St. Petersburg.—589-90, 608 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount (1769-1822)—British Tory statesman; Secretary for War and for the Colonies (1805-06, 1807-09) and Foreign Secretary (1812-22).—369

Catherine II (1729-1796)—Empress of Russia (1762-96).—33, 112, 113, 404, 603, 632 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547-1616)—Spanish writer.—77, 348, 631 Chambord, Henri Charles, duc de Bor-deaux, comte de (1820-1883)—last representative of the elder Bourbon line, pretender to the French throne as Henry V.—538, 577 Chapman, John (1801-1854)—English radical writer, advocate of reforms in India.—220 Charles I (1600-1649)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1625-49); executed during the English Revolution.—148 Charles II (1630-1685)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1660-85).—273 Charles V (1500-1558)—Holy Roman Emperor (1519-56) and King of Spain under the name of Charles I (1516-56).—59 Charles X (1757-1836)—King of France (1824-30).—165, 230 Charles Albert (Carlo Alberto) (1798-1849) —King of Sardinia (1831-49).— 511 Charles Frederick Alexander (1823-1891)—Prince of Württemberg and subsequently King Charles I of Württemberg (1864-91).—255 Charles the Great (Charlemagne) (c. 742-814)—King of the Franks (768-800) and Holy Roman Emperor (800-814).—230 Charles, Jacques Hubert (1793-1882)— Swiss conservative politician and writer, participant in the Fribourg putsch of 1853.—85 Chekib Effendi—Turkish statesman, member of the State Council (Divan); in July 1853 was empowered to investigate the Smyrna incident.— 211 Chenu, Adolphe (born c. 1817)— member of secret revolutionary societies in France during the July monarchy, agent-provocateur of the secret police.—40 Chesney, Francis Rawdon (1789-1872)— English colonel, general after 1855; author of Russo-Turkish Campaigns of 1828 and 1829.—563, 564 Child, Sir Josiah (1630-1699)—English economist, banker and merchant; mercantilist; President of the Court of Directors of the East India Company (1681-83 and 1686-88).—152 Childs, Thomas—captain of the British ship Vixen.—398 Chollet, Joseph—participant in the Fribourg putsch of 1853.—85 Christian IX (1818-1906)—Prince of Glücksburg, later King of Denmark (1863-1906).—238 Clanricarde, Ulick John de Burgh, 1st Marquis and 14th Earl of (1802-1874) — British Whig diplomat and

24-2346

politician, ambassador to St. Petersburg (1838-41).—186, 251, 263, 561, 607, 608 Clarendon, George William Frederick Vil-liers, 4th Earl of, 4th Baron Hyde (1800-1870) — British statesman, Whig, later Liberal; Viceroy of Ireland (1847-52), Foreign Secretary (1853-58, 1865-66 and 1868-70).— 20, 33, 137, 138, 142, 143, 146, 186, 187, 192, 211, 235, 237, 239, 240, 258, 261-63, 301, 309, 312, 321, 324, 325, 607, 608 Clédat, Jean—member of the Société des proscrits démocrates et socialistes in London (1850).—508 Clementi, Luigi—Italian revolutionary, follower of Mazzini.—302 Clive, Robert, Baron Clive of Plassey (1725-1774)—governor of Bengal (1757-60 and 1765-67).—151, 221 Cloots, Jean Baptiste (Anacharsis) (1755-1794) — a leader of the French Revolution, Danish by birth; was close to the Left Jacobins; prior to the Revolution Prussian baron.—291 Cluss, Adolph (1825-1905)—German engineer, member of the Communist League; secretary of the Workers' Educational Society in Mainz (1848); in 1848 emigrated to the USA, where he took part in the work of German-American workers' organisations in the 1850s; one of the first propagan-dists of scientific communism in America.—623, 625, 626, 629, 632 Cobbett, John Morgan (1800-1877)— English lawyer and politician, M.P., son of William Cobbett.—187, 188, 189, 226 Cobbett, William (c. 1762-1835)—English politician and radical writer.—44, 149, 187-89 Cobden, Richard (1804-1865)—English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League.—58, 137, 175-77, 234, 274-76, 280, 419, 436, 447, 448, 462, 590, 594-96 Coburgs—representatives of the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty; ruled in Belgium, Portugal, Britain and several 370, 371, 544, 577 Coburg—see Albert Codrington, Sir Edward (1770-1851)— British admiral, commander of the combined Russian, British and French fleet in the battle of Navarino (1827).—354, 376 Cola, M.—Russian consul in Galatz (1853).—116 Colbert, Jean Baptiste (1619-1683)— French statesman, Controller-General of Finance (1665-83); virtually directed France's home and foreign policy.—70 Collier, Robert Porrett, 1st Baron Monk-swell (1817-1886)—English lawyer and radical politician, M.P.—50 Confucius (550 or 551-479 B.C.)— Chinese philosopher and statesman. —624 Constantine (Konstantin) Pavlovich (1779-1831)—Russian Grand Duke, commander of the Polish army from 1814; virtual Viceroy of Poland (1814-31).—113, 386 Cooper, James Fenimore (1789-1851)— American novelist.—40 Coppock, James (1798-1857)—English lawyer, electoral agent.—304 Corry, Armar Lawry (1792-1855)— British admiral.—112 Cowell, George—English worker, Chartist; one of the leaders of the Preston strike in 1853-54.—446, 462 Cowley, Henry Wellesley, 1st Earl of (1804-1884) —British diplomat, ambassador to Paris (1852-67).—4 Craufurd, Edward Henry John (b. 1816) —English judge; M.P. (1852-53).— 176, 177 Crawford, James Lindsay Balcarres, Earl of (1783-1869) —English landlord and mine-owner.—331, 436, 447 Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)—leader of the English revolution; from 1653 Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.—148, 273 Crossley, Sir Francis (1817-1872)— English manufacturer, radical M.P.—196

lawyer and politician, Attorney-General (1853-57).—625 Czartoryski, Adam Jerry, Prince (1770-1861) — Polish magnate, friend of Alexander I; Russian Foreign Minister (1804-06); head of the Provisional Government during the Polish insurrection of 1830-31, later leader of Polish conservative-monarchist émigrés in Paris.—280, 386

D

Dalhousie, James Andrew Broun Ramsay, Marquess and Earl of (1812-1860)— British statesman, Peelite; Governor-General of India (1848-56); pursued a policy of colonial conquests.—121, 122, 199, 282 Danilo I Petrovic Njegos (1826-1860)— Prince of Montenegro (1852-60).— 446, 617 Dannenberg, Pyotr Andreyevich (1792-1872)—Russian general, commander of Russian forces on the Danube and in the Crimea during the Crimean war.—458, 472 Danton, Georges Jacques (1759-1794)— prominent figure in the French Revolution, leader of the Right-wing Jacobins.—291 Decker, Karl von (1784-1844)—German general and military writer.—481 Delacour (De la Cour), Edmond (1805-1873)—French diplomat, ambassador to Constantinople (1853).—21, 109, 110, 194, 259, 278 Delahodde (de la Hodde), Lucien (1808-1865)—French journalist, member of secret revolutionary societies during the Restoration and the July monarchy, police agent-provocateur.—40 Delasusse, Aaron Louis Frédéric Regnault, Baron de (1788-1860)—French admiral.—109 Delescluze, Louis Charles (1809-1871)— French revolutionary, participant in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848 and member of the Paris Commune of 1871.—421 Delius—Prussian official, deputy to the Second Chamber of the Prussian Diet (1852-53), brother of Karl Delius.— 30 Delius, Karl—Magdeburg merchant.— 30 Demetrius Antachi—Patriarch of the Greek Church in Aleppo (1853-54).—279 Democritus (c. 460-c. 370 B.C.)—Greek philosopher, a founder of the atomis-tic theory.—630 Demosthenes (384-322 B.C.)—Greek orator and politician; Athens leader of the Anti-Macedonian Party; champion of democracy in slave-owning society.— 20 Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of (1799-1869) —British statesman, Tory leader, Prime Minister (1852, 1858-59 and 1866-68).—3, 186, 252, 280, 281, 377, 401, 406, 413, 570, 611, 617 Desmoulins, Lucie Simplice Camille Be-noist (1760-1794)—French journalist; leader in the French Revolution; Right-wing Jacobin.— 291 Dickens, Charles John Huff am (1812-1870)—English novelist.—79, 360 Dickinson—owner of iron works in Blackburn, Lancashire.— 331 Dickinson, John (1815-1876)—English writer, Free Trader, author of several books on India, a founder of India Reform Society.—155, 180, 183, 184, 219 Diebich-Zabalkansky, Ivan Ivanovich, Count (Diebitsch, Hans Karl Friedrich Anton) (1785-1831)—Russian field marshal, commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the Russo-Turkish war of 1828-29 and of the troops which crushed the Polish uprising of 1830-31.—7, 33, 457 Dietz, Oswald (c. 1824-1864)—German architect; participated in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated to London; member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; after the split of the League in 1850 joined the sectarian Willich-Schapper group, member of its Central Committee;

subsequently took part in the American Civil War on the side of the North.—499, 500 Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881)—British statesman and author, a Tory leader; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59 and 1866-68) and Prime Minister (1868 and 1874-80).—3, 46, 48, 53, 54, 55, 58-60, 63, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 80, 81, 137, 177, 178, 186, 202, 240, 253, 265, 295, 589, 597 Dolgorukoff (Dolgorukov), Vasily Andreyevich, Prince (1803-1868)— Russian statesman; War Minister (1853-56); Chief of the gendarmes (1856-66).—240, 241 Dornbush.—409 Dost Mohammed Khan (1793-1863)— Afghan Emir (1826-39 and 1842-63).—566 Dotézac, Adolphe (1808-1889)—French diplomat, envoy to Copenhagen (1848-69).—594 Dronke, Ernst (1822-1891)—German writer, at first a "true socialist", later member of the Communist League and an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; after the 1848-49 revolution emigrated to England; supported Marx and Engels.—41, 42, 485, 486 Drouyn de Lhuys, Edouard (1805-1881) — French diplomat and politician, in the 1840s Orleanist and after 1851 Bonapartist; Minister of Foreign Affairs (1848-49, 1851, 1852-55, 1862-66).—203, 209, 211, 258, 267, 301, 321, 556, 560, 562, 575 Druey, Henri (1799-1855)—Swiss radical statesman; member of the Federal Council (1848-54), and President of the Swiss Confederation in 1850.—91 Dundas, Sir James Whitley Deans (1785-1862)—British admiral, commander-in-chief of the British navy in the Mediterranean from 1852 to January 1855.—5, 112, 118, 553 Duplat, Gustavus Charles—British diplomat, consul at Warsaw (1841-54).— 365 Durham, John George Lambton, 1st Earl of (1792-1840) —British politician,

24* Whig; ambassador to St. Petersburg (1835-37).—389, 394, 403

E

Eccarius, Johann Friedrich—German tailor, member of the Communist League; emigrated to London in 1851; supported Marx and Engels during the split in the Communist League.—500 Eccarius Johann Georg (1818-1889)— German tailor, brother of Johann Friedrich Eccarius; prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; member of the League of the Just and later of the Communist League; member of the General Council of the First International; subsequently took part in the British trade union movement.—500 Edward IV (1442-1483)—King of England (1461-83).—251 Elizabeth I (1533-1603)—Queen of England (1558-1603).—148, 152 Ellenborough, Edward Law, 1st Earl of (1790-1871) —British Tory statesman; Governor-General of India (1842-44); First Lord of the Admiralty (1846); President of the Board of Control for India (1858).—181, 186, 198, 263 Ellice, Edward (1781-1863) —British politician, M.P. (1818, 1820, 1830 and 1831-63).—48, 55 Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1779-1859) — governor of Bombay (1819-27), author of a History of India.— 199 Emmanuel, Georgy Arsenyevich (1775-1837)—Russian general of Magyar descent, Russian commander in the Caucasus (1826-31).—392 Engelhardt— Russian general, commander of Russian troops on the Danube in 1853.—472 Engels, Frederick (1820-1895).—41, 42, 82, 87, 232, 285, 450-52, 457, 474, 486, 496, 497, 507, 516

Ersch, Johann Samuel (1766-1828)— German bibliographer, professor of geography and statistics in Halle.— 59 Esterhazy of Galântha, Paul Anton (Pâl

Antdl), Prince (1786-1866)—Hungarian magnate, diplomat in the service of Austria, Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Hungarian government (March-September 1848). —205-06 Evans, Sir George de Lacy (1787-1870)— English general; participant in the Crimean war; M.P.—357, 362, 382 Ewerbeck, August Hermann (1816-1860)—German physician and man of letters; member of the Communist League until 1850.—284, 291

F

Falloux, Frédéric Alfred Pierre, comte de

(1811-1886)—French politician and writer, Legitimist and clerical; in 1848 inspired the suppression of the June uprising in Paris; Minister of Education (1848-49).—615 Ferdinand II (1810-1859)—King of Naples (1830-59).—243 Ferdinand VII (1784-1833)—King of Spain (1808 and 1814-33).—353 Ferdinand August Franz Anton (1816-1885)—Prince Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld-Kohary, husband of Queen Maria II da Gloria of Portugal, King of Portugal under the name of Ferdinand II (1837-53) and regent from 1853 to 1855.—370 Ferdinando Alberto Amedeo (1822-1855)—Duke of Genoa, brother of Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia.—108 Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas von (1804-1872)—German materialist philosopher.—624 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814)— German philosopher.—624 Fickler, Joseph (1808-1865)—German journalist, democrat; a leader of the 1848-49 democratic movement in Baden; after the revolution emigrated to Switzerland and then to Britain and America.—488 Filmore, L.—Berlin correspondent of The Times (1853-54).—609 Fischbach—Russian general, commander of Russian troops on the Danube in 1853.—473 Fitzroy, Henry (1807-1859)—English politician, Peelite, Under-Secretary for Home Affairs from 1852 to 1855.—224, 225 Fitzwilliam, Charles William Wentworth, 3rd Earl of (1786-1857)—English politician, Whig M.P.—186, 295, 598 Fletcher Ann.—469 Fletcher Margaret.—469 Fleury, Charles (real name: Carl Friedrich

August Krause) (b. 1824)—London businessman, Prussian spy and police agent.—40, 82 Forbes, Charles—Scottish landowner.— 415 Fox, Charles James (1749-1806)—British statesman, Whig leader; in 1783 Foreign Secretary in Portland's Coalition Ministry (the Fox-North Ministry).—120, 150 Fox, William Johnson (1786-1864)— English politician and author, Free Trader, M.P.—597 Francis I (1494-1547) — King of France (1515-47).—59 Francis Joseph I (1830-1916) — Emperor of Austria (1848-1916).—108, 174, 418, 618 Frederick I (1826-1907)—virtual ruler of Baden from 1852, Grand Duke of Baden from 1856.—510

Frederick I ("Barbarossa" or "Redbeard") (c. 1123-1190) —King of Germany from 1152, Holy Roman Emperor (1155-90).—105, 359 Frederick III ( 1609-1670) — King of Denmark (1648-70).—238 Frederick VII (1808-1863) —King of Denmark (1848-63).—168, 227, 238, 241, 445 Frederick William IV (1795-1861)— King of Prussia (1840-61).—29, 30, 108, 209, 314, 509, 511, 602 Fuad Pasha, Mehemmed (1814-1869) — Turkish statesman; in the 1850s and

1860s repeatedly held the posts of Grand Vizier and Minister of Foreign Affairs.—5, 18, 106

G

Galway, George Edward Arundell (Monckton-Arundell), Viscount (1805-1876)— Irish peer, Tory M.P.— 597 Gommage, Robert George (1815-1888)— shoemaker, a Chartist leader, author of The History of the Chartist Movement (1854).—170, 171 Garasanin, Iliya (1812-1874)—Serbian liberal statesman; Minister of the Interior (1843-52 and 1858-59), Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1852-53 and 1861-67).—11, 228, 269 Gebert, August—Mecklenburg joiner, member of the Communist League first in Switzerland and then in London; after the split in the League in 1850 joined the separatist Willich-Schapper group, member of its Central Committee.—500 George I (1660-1727)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1714-27).—44, 45, 153 George II (1683-1760)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1727-1760).— 44, 45, 153 George III (1738-1820)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820).— 44, 45, 150, 153 Gerbex, Charles Leopold Dominique (1816-1879)—Swiss army officer, chief of the National Guard in the canton of Fribourg from 1852 onwards; directed the suppression of the putsch in Fribourg in 1853.— 85 Gerlach, Wilhelm—German refugee in London, a worker at Hale's rocket factory in a London suburb.—84 Germanos—Patriarch of the Greek Church in Constantinople (1852-53).—163 Géxa (Gaysa) (c. 949-997) —ruler of Hungary (972-997); spread Christianity.— 56 Ghica, Grigore Alexandru, Prince (1807-1857)—hospodar of Moldavia (1849-

313, 538 Gibson, Thomas Milner (1806-1884)— British politician and statesman, Free Trader and later Liberal; Secretary of the Board of Trade (1859-65 and 1865-66).—58, 62, 69, 175 Girardin, Emile de (1806-1881)—French journalist and politician, editor of the newspaper La Presse; lacked principles in politics; during the 1848-49 revolution a republican and subsequently a Bonapartist.—109

Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898) — British statesman, Tory and later Peelite, leader of the Liberal Party in the latter half of the nineteenth century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55 and 1859-66), Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94).—44-49, 52-55, 58-66, 68-73, 75-81, 102, 115, 118, 119, 120, 146, 175, 177, 185, 186, 223, 281, 305, 330, 419, 597 Goderich—see Robinson, Frederick John Godfrey of Bouillon (Godefroy de Bouillon) (c. 1060-1100)—Duke of Lower Lor-raine (1089-1100), a leader of the first crusade (1096-99).—488 Godwin, Sir Henry Thomas (1784-1853)—British general, commander-in-chief of the British army during the second Burmese war (1852).— 201 Goepp, Charles—American writer of German descent; in the 1850s was close to the German petty-bourgeois democratic émigrés in the United States; co-author, with Theodor Poesche, of The New Rome. The United States of the World, published in 1852.—625 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet.—132, 133 Goldheim—Prussian police officer, secret agent of the Prussian police in London in the early 1850s.— 82 Golovine (Golovin), Ivan Gavrilovich (1816-1886)—Russian liberal landowner, journalist; emigrated to England; close to Herzen and Bakunin in the 1840s and 1850s.—284, 290, 291

rievich, Prince (1793-1861)—Russian general, commander of the Russian troops on the Danube (1853-54) and commander-in-chief in the Crimea (February to December of 1855); governor of the Kingdom of Poland (1856-61).—174, 211, 235, 240, 310, 323, 336, 416, 417, 435, 445, 453, 458, 471, 474, 475, 538, 580, 589 Graham, Sir James Robert George (1792-1861) — British statesman, a Whig at the, beginning of his career, later a Peelite; Home Secretary (1841-46), First Lord of the Admiralty (1830-34, 1852-55).—260, 533, 534, 611 Granier de Cassagnac, Bernard Adolphe

(1806-1880) —French journalist, un-principled politician; Orleanist until the 1848 revolution, subsequently Bonapartist; deputy to the Legislative Corps during the Second Empire, contributed to Le Constitutionnel.—20 Granville, George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl of (1815-1891)—British statesman, Whig, subsequently one of Liberal Party leaders; Foreign Secretary (1851-52, 1870-74 and 1880-85); Secretary of State for the Colonies (1868-70, 1886); President of the Council (1852-54).—192

Greeley, Horace (1811-1872)—American journalist and politician; founder and editor of the New-York Daily Tribune; subsequently abandoned radical views.—176 Greif—Prussian police officer; one of the chiefs of the Prussian secret service in London in the early 1850s.—40 Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl (1764-1845) — British statesman, a Whig leader, Prime Minister (1830-34).—375, 393

Grey, Sir George (1799-1882)—British Whig statesman; Home Secretary (1846-52, 1855-58 and 1861-66) and Secretary of State for the Colonies (1854-55).—188 Grey, Sir Henry George, 3rd Earl of (1802-1894)—British Whig statesman; Secretary-at-War (1835-39) and (1846-52); son of Charles Grey.—186 Grillenzoni, Giovanni (1796-1868) — Italian revolutionary; follower of Mazzini.—302 Grosvenor, Lord Robert, 1st Baron Ebury (1801-1893)—British politician, Whig, later Liberal.— 62 Gruber, Johann Gottfried (1774-1851) — German scientist, historian of literature.— 59 Grundtvig, Nikolai Frederik Severin (1783-1872) —Danish theologian and poet; deputy to the Folketing.—101 Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874) — French historian and statesman; virtually directed France's foreign and home policy from 1840 to the February revolution of 1848.— 20, 32, 87, 89, 203 Gurieff (Guriev), Dmitry Alexandrovich, Count (1751-1825) — Russian statesman, Minister of Finance (1810-23).—603 Guyon—see Khourschid Pasha Gümpel—German democrat; refugee in London in the early 1850s.— 500 Gyulay, Ferenc, Count (1798-1868) — Austrian general, War Minister (1849-50).—174

H

Habsburgs (or Hapsburgs) — imperial dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire from 1273 to 1806 (with intervals), of Austria (from 1804) and of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).—16 Hackelberg, Otto, Baron von—Austrian naval officer, killed in Smyrna in 1853.—211 Hale, Robert—son and partner of William Hale.—82, 83, 84, 107 Hale, William—owner of a rocket factory in a London suburb.— 82-84, 107 Halil Pasha (d. 1856) — Turkish military figure and statesman; kapudan Pasha (Naval Minister) (1854-55).—576 Halliday, Sir Frederick James (1806-1901) — East India Company official, Governor of Bengal (1854-59).—177

Hamelin, François 1864)—French admiral, commander-in-chief of the French fleet in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (1853-54); Minister of the Navy (1855-60).—553 Hamilton—see Seymour, George Hamilton Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Baron von (1774-1856) — Austrian orientalist, author of works on the history of Turkey.—22, 229 Hampden, John (1595-1643) — prominent figure in the English revolution, a leader of the Parliamentary opposition to the absolutist regime.— 224 Hardinge, Sir Henry, Viscount (1785-1856)—British general, field marshal from 1855, Tory; Secretary for War (1828-30 and 1841-44); Governor-General of India (1844-47); commander-in-chief of the British army (1852-56).—559 Hardwicke, Charles Philip Yorke, 4th Earl 0/(1799-1873) —British naval officer and politician, Tory; admiral from 1854.—263 Hasenclever, Johann Peter (1810-1853)— German artist.— 232 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.—93, 481, 487, 624 Heimen, Karl (1809-1880) —German radical journalist, participant in the 1849 uprising in Baden and the Palatinate; refugee in Switzerland and later in England; emigrated to the USA in autumn 1850.—626, 630

Heise, Hermann (d. 1860) — German democratic journalist, participant in the revolution of 1848-49, later a refugee in England.— 502

Henry V (of France)—see Chambord Henry, Sir Thomas (1807-1876) —British

judge.—82, 84 Hentze, A.—German army officer, member of the Communist League; after the split in the League in 1850 joined the sectarian Willich-Schapper group; witness for the prosecution (1852).—501, 502, 503 Heraclitus (c. 540-c. 480 B.C.)—Greek philosopher, a founder of dialectics.— 630 Herbert, Sidney, Baron of Lea (1810-1861)—British statesman, Tory at the beginning of his career and later a Peelite; Secretary-at-War (1845-46 and 1852-55) and Secretary for War (1859-60).—58, 192 Herries, John Charles (1778-1855)— British statesman, Tory.—177, 368 Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870)—Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher and writer.— 284 Heytesbury—see A'Court, William Hinckeldey, Karl Ludwig Friedrich von

(1805-1856)—Prussian official, Police President of Berlin from 1848: President of the Police Department in the Ministry of the Interior from 1853.—28-30

Hirsch, Wilhelm—commercial clerk from Hamburg, Prussian police agent in London in the early 1850s.—40, 41, 43, 82, 481, 498, 500 Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679)—English philosopher.— 597 Hobhouse, John Cam, Baron Broughton de

Gyfford (1786-1869)—British Whig statesman, President of the Board of Control for India (1835-41 and 1846-52).—139, 183 Hogg, Sir James Weir (1790-1876)— British politician, Peelite; President of the Court of Directors of the East India Company (1846-47 and 1852-53).—123, 125, 223 Holland, Henry Richard Fox Vassall, Baron (1773-1840) —British Whig politician, member of the Ministries of Granville (1806-07), Grey (1830-34) and Melbourne (1834, 1835-40).—206, 207 Homer—semi-legendary Greek epic poet.—140, 488 Hooson, Edward—British worker, prominent Chartist.—170, 172 Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65-8 B.C.) — Roman poet.— 86

British mine-owner and politician, Tory M.P.—413 Hotham, Beaumont, Baron (1794-1870) — British general; Tory M.P.— 597 Hsien Fêng(c. 1831-1861)—Emperor of China (1850-61).—95, 98 Hume, Joseph (1777-1855)—British politician, radical leader, M.P.— 51, 69, 76, 125, 196, 358, 367, 369, 401, 405, 447 Hunt, Henry (1773-1835)—British politician, radical M.P.— 358 Hunt, Thornton Leigh (1810-1873) — English radical journalist, participant in the Chartist movement in the 1840s and 1850s; co-founder with G.H.Lewes of the newspaper The Leader (1850).—525, 624

I

Ibrahim Pasha (1789-1848)—foster-son of the Viceroy of Egypt Mehemet Ali; Egyptian commander-in-chief during the war against Turkey (1831-33 and 1839-41); virtual ruler of Egypt from 1847.—360, 375, 376, 377, 379 Inglis, Sir Robert Harry (1786-1855)— British politician, Tory M.P.—177, 379 Ingraham, Duncan Nathaniel (1802-1891)—American naval officer, captain of the warship St. Louis which was anchored at Smyrna in 1853.— 212, 293 Ioanidis—official of the Wallachian Ministry of Home Affairs in 1853.— 277 Iskander-bey (1810-1861)—Turkish colonel of Polish descent; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; emigrated to Turkey after the defeat of the revolution; commanded Turkish troops on the Danube (1853-54), in the Crimea (1855), and in the Caucasus (1855-56).—294 Ismail Pasha (1805-1861)—Turkish general of Circassian descent.—458 Ismail Pasha (Gyorgy Kmety) (1810-1865)—Turkish general of Magyar revolution in Hungary; Turkish commander on the Danube (1853-54) and in the Caucasus (1854-55).—602 Ivan IV (Ivan Vasilyevich, Ivan the Terrible) (1530-1584) —the first tsar of Russia (1547-84).—631-32 Izylmetieff (Izylmetyev) Ivan Nikolayevich (1813-1870)—Russian rear admiral, commander of the frigate Aurora in 1853-54.—533, 534 Izzet Pasha—Turkish general.— 295

J

James, J.—British consul in Odessa in 1853-54.—571 Jean Paul (pen-name of Richter, Johann

Paul Friedrich) (1763-1825)—German satirist.—623 Jocelyn, Robert, Viscount (1816-1854)— British officer, M.P.; secretary of the Board of Control for India (1845-46).—196, 197 John (Lackland) (c. 1167-1216)—King of England (1199-1216).—24 Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-1869) — prominent figure in the English working-class movement; proletarian poet and journalist, Left-wing Chartist leader; friend of Marx and Engels.—57, 58, 135, 136, 170-72, 196, 226, 414, 448, 462, 463, 470, 513, 514, 525, 612, 625

K

Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)—German philosopher.—624 Kara George (Karageorge) (1752-1817) — leader of the Serbs in the struggle against Turkish oppression in 1804-13, ruler of independent Serbia (1811-13); in 1813 was forced to leave Serbia and returned incognito in 1817; assassinated by order of Milosh Obrenovich.— 36, 458 Karnicki, Wladislaw, Count—Austrian diplomat, chargé d'affaires in Berne in 1853.—107, 108

Kellner von Köllenstein, Friedrich, Baron (b. 1802)—Austrian general, aide-de-camp of Emperor Francis Joseph I from 1849.—618 Keogh, William Nicholas (1817-1878)— Irish lawyer and politician, a leader of the Irish group in Parliament; repeatedly held high judicial posts in Ireland.—120 Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630) — German astronomer.— 93 Khalchinsky, Ivan Dmitrievich (1810-1856)—Russian diplomat, consul-general in Moldavia and Wallachia in 1853.—235 Khourschid Pasha (Gyuon, Richard De-baufre) (1803-1856)—Turkish general of British descent, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; Turkish commander in the Caucasus in 1853.—458 Khuli-Khan—see Nadir Shah Kinkel, Johann Gottfried (1815-1882) — German poet and journalist, democrat; participant in the 1849 uprising in Baden and the Palatinate; sentenced to life imprisonment by Prussian court; escaped from prison and emigrated to England; a leader of petty-bourgeois émigrés in London; opposed Marx and Engels.—43, 485, 488, 489, 500, 502 Kinkel, Johanna (née Mockel) (1810-1858) — German writer, wife of Gottfried

Kinkel.—485 Kisseleff (Kiselev), Nikolai Dmitrievich (1800-1869) —Russian diplomat, ambassador to Paris (1851-54).—115, 574, 608 Knight, Henry Gaily (1786-1846) — English traveller and writer, M.P.— 362 Korniloff (Kornilov), Vladimir Alexeyevich (1806-1854) —Russian admiral, Chief of Staff of the Black Sea Fleet (1849-53); organised the defence of Sevastopol.—5, 549, 571 Kosciebki, Wladyslaw (b. 1820)—Polish democrat; emigrant; later a general in the Turkish army.—285 Kossuth, Lajos (1802-1894)—leader of the Hungarian national liberation cratic elements during the 1848-49 revolution; head of the Hungarian revolutionary government; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated first to Turkey and then to England and the USA.—42, 57, 68, 83, 84, 390, 494, 559 Koszta, Martin (d. 1858)—participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Turkey and then to the USA, where he became a US citizen; the attempt of the Austrian authorities to arrest him in Smyrna in 1853 led to a clash with Hungarian refugees.—193, 211, 243, 258, 293 Kraemer, Georgi—Russian consul-general in London (1853).—82 Kupffer, Adolf Yakovlevich (1799-1865) — Russian physicist and mineralogist; headed a scientific expedition to the Elbrus in 1829.—392

L

Labensky, Ksavery Ksaveryevich (1800-1855)—Russian diplomat, Councillor of the Department of Foreign Affairs (1841-55).—631 Labouchere, Henry, 1st Baron Taunton (1798-1869) — British statesman, Whig; President of the Board of Trade (1839-41 and 1847-52); Secretary of State for the Colonies (1855-58).—188, 207 La Fayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch

Gilbert du Motier, marquis de (1757-1834)—prominent figure in the French Revolution, a leader of the moderate constitutionalists (Feuil-lants); took part in the July revolution of 1830.—58 Lagrené, Théodose Marie Melchior Joseph

de (1800-1862) —French diplomat; official of the French legation in St. Petersburg in 1831-34; for some time performed the functions of the chargé d'affaires.—383 La Guéronnière, Louis Etienne Arthur Dubreuil Hélion, vicomte de (1816-

partist in the 1850s.—209 Lamarche, Hippolyte Dumas de (b. 1789) — French journalist; contributed to

Le Siècle.— 110 Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de (1790-1869)—French poet, historian and politician; a moderate republican leader in the 1840s; Minister of Foreign Affairs and virtually head of the Provisional Government in 1848.—58 Landolphe—French petty-bourgeois socialist, refugee in London; after the split in the Communist League in 1850 joined the sectarian Willich-Schapper group.—506

Lansdowne, Sir Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marquis of (1780-1863)—British statesman, Whig; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1806-07); President of the Council (1830-41, 1846-52); Minister without portfolio (1852-63).—252, 598

Larochejaquelein (La Rochejaquelein), Henri Auguste Georges Du Ver gier, marquis de (1805-1867) — French politician, a Legitimist leader; deputy to the Constituent Assembly during the Second Republic, senator during the Second Empire.— 589

Lavalette (La Valette), Charles Jean Marie

Félix, marquis de (1806-1881) — French statesman, Bonapartist; ambassador to Constantinople (1851-53); Minister of the Interior (1865-67); Minister of Foreign Affairs (1868-69).—269 Layard, Sir Austen Henry (1817-1894) — British archaeologist and politician; Radical, subsequently Liberal; M.P.— 185, 186, 192, 202, 266, 268-71, 597 Lazareff (Lazarev), Mikhail Petrovich (1788-1851)—Russian admiral, Ant-arctic explorer; commander-in-chief of the Black Sea Fleet from 1833.— 398 Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874) — French journalist and politician, a petty-bourgeois democrat leader; editor of La Réforme; Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government (1848); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assem-blies (leader of the Montagnards); emigrated to England after the demonstration of June 13, 1849.—421, 495, 505, 540 Leeds—see Osborne, Sir Thomas Leiningen-Westerburg, Christian Franz Seraphin Vincenz, Count (1812-1856)—Austrian general; sent on a diplomatic mission to Constantinople in 1853.—18, 262, 616, 618, 619 Leonidas (c. 508-480 B.C.) —King of Sparta (c. 488-480 B.C.), hero of the battle of Thermopylae during the Greco-Persian war.— 624, 630

Leopold I (1790-1865)—King of the Belgians (1831-65).—108, 204, 254, 538 Leopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor (1835-1909)—eldest son of Leopold I, King of Belgium under the name of Leopold II (1865-1909).—254

Letellier, A.—French journalist.—210 Libeny (Libényi), Jànos (c. 1832-1853)— Hungarian tailor; attempted to assassinate the Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria in 1853.—30

Liddell, Henry George, 2nd Earl of Ravensworth (1821-1903)—British politician, M.P.—187 Lieven, Darya (Dorothea) Khristoforovna, Princess (1785-1857)—wife of Russian diplomat Khristofor Lieven, hostess of political salons in London and Paris.—21

Lieven, Khristofor Andreyevich, Prince (1774-1839) —Russian diplomat, envoy to Berlin (1810-12); ambassador to London (1812-34).—165, 167, 230, 355, 374, 379, 381 Lieven, Wilhelm Karlovich, Baron (1800-1880) — Russian general, sent on diplomatic missions abroad.— 314 Liprandi, Pavel Petrovich (1796-1864)— Russian general, commander of Russian troops on the Danube and in the Crimea during the Crimean war.— 472

Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of (1770-1828)—British statesman, a Tory leader; Home Secretary (1804-09); Secretary for War and the Colonies (1809-12); Prime Minister (1812-27).—348 Lizius—book-publisher in Frankfurt am Main.—43 Lochner, Georg (born c. 1824) — prominent figure in the German working-class movement, joiner by trade; member of the Communist League and of the General Council of the First International, friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—499 Louis XIV (1638-1715) —King of France (1643-1715).—70 Louis Bonaparte—see Napoleon HI Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon HI Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)—Duke of Orleans, King of the French (1830-48).—4, 148, 149, 166, 203, 254 Louise (1817-1898)—Princess of Hesse, wife of Prince Christian of Glücksburg, later King of Denmark.— 238 Loustallot, Elisée (1762-1790)—French democratic journalist, a Jacobin leader in the French Revolution.— 108 Lowe, Robert, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke

(1811-1892)—British statesman and journalist, contributor to The Times; Whig and later Liberal; M.P., Chancellor of the Exchequer (1868-73); Home Secretary 1873-74).—223 Lucas, Frederick (1812-1855)—Irish journalist and politician, a leader of the Irish Tenant-Right movement; M.P. (1852-55).—119 Lüders, Alexander Nikolayevich, Count (1790-1874)—Russian general, commander of a corps on the Danube (1853-54) and of the Southern army (1855); in December 1855 commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the Crimea.—455, 473 Lund—Yorkshire manufacturer.—413 Lusignan, Levon—Armenian prince, political adventurer; in 1853 a refugee in England.—138 Lytton, Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron (1803-

1873)—British writer and politician; at the beginning of his career a Whig and from 1852 a Tory; M.P.—597

M

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron (1800-1859)—English historian and politician, Whig M.P.; as member of the Supreme Council of India (1834-38) took part in drafting a penal code for India, which was adopted in I860.—122, 181, 597 MacDonnell, Mrs.—Scottish landowner.—414 MacGregor, James — M.P. (1852-53).— 58 MacGregor, John (1797-1857)—Scottish statistician and historian, Free Trader, M.P.; promoter of the Royal British Bank (1849-56).—597 Mackinnon, William Alexander (1789-1870)—British politician; at the beginning of his career a Tory and later a Liberal; M.P.—597 McNeill, Sir John (1795-1883)—British diplomat, envoy to Teheran (1836-42).—357, 364 Maddock, Sir Thomas Herbert (1792-1870)—British politician, M.P.—223 Madier—French mechanic; democrat; a refugee in Britain in the early 1850s.—507 Mahmud II (1785-1839)—Sultan of Turkey (1808-39).—163, 165, 166, 204, 355, 356, 372-77, 388, 530 Mahon, Philip Henry Stanhope, Viscount (1805-1875)—British politician and historian, Peelite, M.P.; Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs (1834-35).—376, 377, 392, 393 Malcolm, Sir John (1769-1833)—British diplomat and official, sent on missions to Teheran (1799-1801, 1808-09 and 1810); governor of Bombay (1826-30); author of several works on India.—198 Malet, Claude François de (1754-1812)— French general and politician; Republican, headed the anti-Bonapartist conspiracy of 1812, for which he was executed.—540

Malmesbury, James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl of (1807-1889)—British statesman, Tory, later Conservative; Foreign Secretary (1852, 1858-59), Lord Privy Seal (1866-68, 1874-76).— 186, 211, 252, 258-62, 617, 618, 636 Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)— English clergyman, economist, founder of a misanthropic population theory.—247, 326, 448, 460, 461 Manchus (the Ch'ing dynasty)—dynasty of Chinese emperors ruling from 1644 to 1912.—94, 98 Mandeville, John H.—secretary of the British Embassy in Constantinople in 1853.—406 Mano, Janku—Wallachian Minister of Foreign Affairs (1850-54).—277 Manteuffel, Karl Otto, Baron von (1806-1879)—Prussian statesman; Deputy Minister of the Interior (1851-53); Minister of Agriculture (1854-58); brother of Otto Theodor Manteuffel.—29, 30 Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron von (1805-1882)—Prussian statesman; Minister of the Interior (1848-50), Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1850-58).—29, 30, 37, 509 Maria Cristina, eldest (1806-1878)—wife of the Spanish King Ferdinand VII; Regent of Spain (1833-40).—370 Maria II da Gloria (1819-1853)—Queen of Portugal (1826-28 and 1834-53).— 370 Maria Luisa Fernanda (1832-1897) — Infanta, sister of Queen Isabella II of Spain, wife of the Duke of Montpensier.— 367 Maria Nikolayevna (1819-1876) — daughter of Nicholas I, wife of the Duke of Leuchtenberg.—255 Marie Antoinette (1755-1793)—Queen of France (1774-93), wife of Louis XVI; executed during the French Revolution.—465 Marie Henriette (1836-1902)—Archduchess of Austria, wife of the King of the Belgians Leopold II.—254, 308 Martens, Georg Friedrich von (1756-1821)—German lawyer, diplomat and writer; author of Recueil de traités...—372 Martin, Sir William Fanshawe (1801-1895)—British admiral, Superintend-ent of the Portsmouth Dockyard in 1853.—533 Marx, Francis Joseph Peter (1816-1876) — English landowner, conservative journalist; friend and associate of David Urquhart.—284 Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881)—wife of Karl Marx.—41 Marx, Karl (1818-1883).—3, 28, 37, 39-43, 82, 84, 109, 115-18, 141, 142, 157, 169, 175, 181, 187, 203, 227, 231, 237, 239, 240, 250, 257, 284-86, 287, 290, 292, 302, 306, 309, 314, 316, 412, 419, 421, 436, 438, 447, 448, 481-90, 492, 495, 496-508, 524, 525, 533, 546, 562, 595, 601, 606, 607, 615, 623-24, 629 Masséna, André, Duke of Rivoli, Prince of Essling (1756-1817) —French marshal, participant in the Napoleonic wars.—426, 455 Matthews, John—English worker, Chartist.—462 Maupas, Charlemagne Emile de (1818-1888)—French lawyer, Bonapartist, Prefect of the Paris police (1851); one of the organisers of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Minister of Police (1852-53).—28, 30 Maurogeni—Turkish diplomat, chargé d'affaires in Vienna in the early 1830s.—374 Mayer, P.—French journalist.—507 Mayne, Sir Richard (1796-1868)—London Chief of Police from 1850.—288 Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—Italian revolutionary, bourgeois democrat, head of the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic (1849); an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London in 1850; in the early 1850s sought support of the Bonapartists but later opposed them.—3, 4, 37, 38, 57, 91, 107, 509, 511, 512 Mehemed Mutergim Pasha—Turkish statesman, War Minister in early 1853.—110

Mehemet Ali (or Mohammed Ali) (1769-1849)—Viceroy of Egypt (1805-49); carried out several progressive reforms; waged wars against the Sultan of Turkey (1831-33 and 1839-40).— 195, 203-05, 207, 360, 373, 375, 376, 377, 529 Mehemet Ali Pasha (1807-1868)— Turkish statesman, Grand Vizier (1852-53); War Minister (1853-54).— 104, 203-05, 325, 360, 373, 375, 376, 377, 529 Melanchthon, Philipp (1497-1560)— German theologian, close associate of Luther; together with him adapted Lutheranism to the princes' interests.—488 Melbourne, William Lamb, Viscount (1779-1848)—British statesman, Whig; Home Secretary (1830-34), Prime Minister (1834 and 1835-41).—207, 306, 611

Menchikoff (Menshikov), Alexander Sergeyevich, Prince (1787-1869)— Russian general and statesman; Ambassador Extraordinary in Constantinople (1853); commander-in-chief of the Russian army and navy in the Crimea (1853-55).—4, 5, 18, 39, 105, 109, 110, 112, 137, 138, 142, 143, 145, 193, 228, 261, 262, 263, 266, 267, 269, 270, 313, 322, 323, 416, 523, 529, 571, 589, 616, 619, 631 Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens Wenzel Lothar, Prince von (1773-1859)— Austrian diplomat and statesman; Foreign Minister (1809-21), Chancellor (1821-48); one of the founders of the Holy Alliance.—32, 87, 89, 166, 207, 354, 386, 533, 586 Meyen, Eduard (1812-1870)—German writer, Young Hegelian; after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution emigrated to England; subsequenüy a national-liberal.—488 Meyendorff, Pyotr Kazimirovich, Baron (1796-1863)—Russian diplomat, envoy to Vienna (1850-54).—193, 246, 267, 314, 323, 577 Miall, Edward (1809-1881)—English author, preacher of non-conformism, M.P.; flirted with the Chartists in the 1840s.—597 Michell, William—English physician, M.P.—598 Miguel, Maria Evarist (1802-1866)— King of Portugal (1828-34).— 355 Mill, James (1773-1836)—British economist and philosopher.—150 Miller, Joseph or Josias (commonly called Joe Miller) (1684-1738)—English comic actor.—68 Milner Gibson—see Gibson, Thomas Milner Milnes, Richard Monckton, 1st Baron Haughton (1809-1885)—English author and politician, M.P.; at the beginning of his career a Tory, in the latter half of the 19th century a Liberal.—272, 280, 366, 597

Mindon—Burmese King (1853-78).— 282, 283

Minié, Claude Etienne (1804-1879) — French army officer and military inventor.—475

Minto, Gilbert Elliot, 2nd Earl of (1782-1859)—British diplomat and statesman, Whig; First Lord of the Admiralty (1835-41); Lord Privy Seal (1846-52).—207 Miskowsky, Henryk Ludvic (d. 1854)— Polish army officer, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; emigrated to Turkey after the revolution and later to London.—494, 495 Mitchell, John (1815-1875) —Irish revolutionary democrat, Left-wing leader of Young Ireland; deported to a penal colony in 1848; escaped in 1853 and emigrated to the USA.— 302 Molesworth, Sir William (1810-1855)— British statesman, Liberal; First Com-missioner of the Board of Works (1853); Secretary of State for the Colonies (1855).—50, 192, 256, 597 Monck, Sir Charles Stanley, Fourth Viscount Monck in Irish peerage, First Baron Monck in peerage of the United Kingdom (1819-1894) —British states-

man, Liberal; Lord of the Treasury (1855-58).—597 Monrad, Ditlev Gothard (1811-1887) — Danish bishop, Minister of Worship (1848 and 1859-63), Prime Minister and Minister of Finance (1863-64); leader of the National-Liberal Party in the 1850s.—445 Monsell, William, Baron Emly (1812-1894)—Irish Liberal, a leader of the Irish faction in Parliament; clerk of ordnance (1852-57).—120 Montalembert, Charles Forbes René de

Tryon, comte de (1810-1870)—French politician and writer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assem-blies during the Second Republic; Orleanist.—615 Montpensier, Antoine Marie Philippe Louis d'Orléans, duc de (1824-1890) — son of King Louis Philippe of the French, and husband of the Spanish Infanta Maria Luisa Fernanda; pretender to the Spanish throne in 1868-69.—367 Morison, James (1770-1840)—English quack who made a fortune selling "Morison's pills".—482 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791)—Austrian composer.—372 Müllner, Amadeus Gottfried Adolf (1774-1829)—German poet, playwright and literary critic.—43 Mun, Thomas (1571-1641)—English merchant and economist, mercantil-ist; a Director of the East India Company from 1615.—152 Munro, Sir Thomas (1761-1827) — British general, governor of Madras (1819-27).—197-98 Muntz, George Frederick (1794-1857)— English radical, M.P.; organised a number of mass meetings in support of the campaign for the Reform Bill of 1832.—273 Murat, Joachim (1767-1815)—Marshal of France (1804); King of Naples (1808-15).—554 Murat, Napoleon Lucien Charles, Prince ( 1803-1878)—French politician,Bonapartist, cousin of Napoleon III.— 554 Mure, philologist and historian, Tory M.P.—597 Mussurus Bey—Turkish ambassador to Britain (1851-56).—601 Mustafa Pasha (born c. 1796)—Turkish

statesman, Grand Vizier (1853-54).—

313, 325

N

Nachimoff (Nakhimov), Pavel Stepanovich (1802-1855) —Russian admiral, commander of the Russian squadron at the battle of Sinope; an organiser and leader of the defence of Sevastopol (1854-55).—548, 549 Nadir Shah (Khuli-Khan) (1688-1747) — Shah of Persia (1736-47); invaded India in 1738-39.—122, 126 Naeff, Wilhelm (1802-1881)—Swiss statesman; President of the Swiss Confederation in 1853.—107-08 Namick Pasha—Turkish politician; sent on a diplomatic mission to London in October 1832.—374 Napier, Sir Charles (1786-1860)—British admiral; fought in the wars against Portugal (1810 and 1834) and Syria (1840); commander of the British fleet in the Baltic in 1854.—609 Napier, Sir Joseph (1804-1882)—British politician, Tory M.P., Attorney-General for Ireland (1852); Lord Chancellor for Ireland (1858-59).— 252 Napoleon I {Bonaparte) (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—5, 6, 353, 362, 368, 452, 474, 538, 541 Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon) (1808-1873)—nephew of Napoleon I, President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—4, 18, 20, 21, 28, 29, 58, 87, 108, 143, 145, 166, 197, 209, 211, 227, 234, 245, 254, 255, 259, 260, 261, 263, 302, 308, 423, 525, 530, 538, 539, 540, 544, 568, 587, 590, 591, 604, 615, 617, 632

sia (1848-96).—245, 408, 560 Naut, Stephan Adolf—Cologne merchant, one of the responsible editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung.—501 Nefftzer, Auguste (1820-1876) —French journalist, contributor to La Presse

(1844-57 and 1859-61).—243 Nemours, Louis Charles Philippe Raphaël, duc de (1814-1896) — second son of King Louis Philippe of France.— 538, 577 Nepokoichitsky, Artur Adamovich (1813-1881) — Russian general; fought in the Crimean war.— 5 Nesselrode, Dmitry Karlovich, Count— Russian diplomat, son of Karl Vasilyevich Nesselrode.— 5 Nesselrode, Karl Vasilyevich, Count ( 1780-1862)—Russian diplomat and statesman; Foreign Minister (1816-56); State Chancellor from 1845 onwards.—18, 164-65, 175, 192, 194, 196, 203, 205, 206, 209, 210, 227, 237, 242, 246, 258, 262, 301, 314, 322, 323, 324, 383, 394, 397, 404, 406, 409, 416, 594, 631

Neumann, Philipp, Baron von (b. 1778) —Austrian diplomat and statesman. —207 Newcastle, Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham Clinton, 5th Duke of (1811-1864)— British statesman, Peelite; Chief Secretary for Ireland (1846), Secretary for War and the Colonies (1852-54), Colonial Secretary (1859-64).—252, 325 Newman, Francis William (1805-1897)— English professor of philology and writer, radical.—161 Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)—English physicist, astronomer and mathemati-cian.—93 Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—5, 17, 19, 20, 36, 105, 106, 108, 111-13, 116-18, 137, 145, 163, 165, 174, 175, 189, 194-96, 209, 211, 212, 227, 230, 234, 235, 239-42, 245, 254, 258-62, 264, 266-68, 273, 280, 285, 292, 293, 295, 301, 302, 309-10, 313, 322-25, 340, 347, 355, 356, 359, 360, 372, 378, 379, 416, 417, 419, 422, 424, 428, 432, 444, 446, 475, 527, 530, 531, 532, 538, 539, 544, 553, 554, 555, 560-62, 568, 571, 575, 585, 586, 590, 594, 596, 597, 601, 602, 604, 607, 610, 613-15, 631, 632 Nirod—Russian general; commander on the Danube in 1853.—473 Norfolk, Henry Charles Howard, 13th Duke of (1791-1856)—Whig MP. (1829-41), Lord Steward (1853-54).— 559-60, 598 Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, 1st Marquess of (1797-1863) —British statesman, Whig; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1835-39); Secretary for War and the Colonies (1839), Home Secretary (1839-41); in 1846-52, ambassador to Paris.—367 Norner—Prussian law officer in the early 1850s.—82 North, Frederick, 2nd Earl of Guilford (1732-1792)—British statesman, Tory; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1767), Prime Minister (1770-82); Home Secretary in Portland's Coalition Cabinet (Fox-North Cabinet).— 120, 150

O

Obrenovic—dynasty of princes (1817-42 and 1858-82) and kings (1882-1903) of Serbia.—574, 586 Obrenovic, Mihailo (1823-1868) —Prince of Serbia (1839-42 and 1860-68).— 228,269,574, 586 Obrenovic, Milos (1780-1860)—Prince of Serbia (1817-39 and 1858-60).— 36, 574, 586 O'Brien, William Smith (1803-1864)— prominent figure in the Irish national liberation movement, Right-wing leader of Young Ireland; sentenced to death, commuted to life deportation; amnestied in 1856.— 302, 367 Obrucheff (Obruchev), Alexander Afanas-yevich—Russian general.— 572, 584 O'Connell, Daniel (1775-1847)—Irish lawyer and politician, leader of the

tion movement.—57, 402, 611 O'Connor, Feargus Edward (1794-1855)—Left-wing Chartist leader, editor-in-chief of The Northern Star; reformist after 1848.—57, 58, 525 O'Donnell—British general.— 295 Oersted, Anders Sandöe (1778-1860)— Danish lawyer and statesman; Prime Minister (1853-54).—445, 594 Offley, E.S.— American consul in Smyrna (1853).—211-12 Olga Nikolayevna (1822-1892)— daughter of Nicholas I and wife of Karl Friedrich Alexander, Prince of Württemberg and subsequently King Charles I of Württemberg.—255 Oliveira, Benjamin (b. 1806)—British M.P.—597 Omer Pasha (Michael Lattas) (1806-1871)—Turkish general of Croatian descent; Turkish commander-in-chief on the Danube during the Crimean war (1853-54).—294, 295, 309, 310, 313, 336, 417, 425-27, 428, 430, 450, 451, 452, 453, 457, 458, 459, 471, 473, 474, 475, 517-19, 520, 521, 552, 553, 580, 585, 602, 610, 616 Orleans—royal dynasty in France (1830-48).—544, 577 Orléans, Hélène Louise Elizabeth de Meck-lenbourg-Schwerin, duchesse d'Orléans (1814-1858)—widow of Ferdinand, eldest son of Louis Philippe, and mother of the Count of Paris, pretender to the French throne.—254 Orloff (Orlov), Alexei Fyodorovich, Count, after 1856— Prince (1786-1861)— Russian general and statesman; signed the treaties of Àdrianople (1829) and Unkiar-Skelessi (1833) with Turkey; headed the Russian delegation to the Paris Congress (1856).—372, 383, 390, 601, 606, 609, 613, 614 Orsini, Felice (1819-1858) —Italian democrat, republican; executed for his attempt to assassinate Napoleon III.—511 Osborne, Sir Thomas, successively 1st Earl of Danby, Marquis of Carmarthen, Duke of Leeds (1631-1712) —British (1674-79 and 1690-95); charged with bribery by Parliament in 1695.—149, 390 Osman Pasha (c. 1785-c. I860)— Turkish admiral; commander of the Turkish squadron at the battle of Sinope.—550 Osman Pasha—governor of Aleppo in 1853.—279 Osten-Sacken, Dmitry Yerofeyevich, Count (1789-1881)—Russian general; commander in the South of Russia during the Crimean war (1853-54) and of the Sevastopol garrison (late 1854 and 1855).—473, 564, 580 Otto I (1815-1867)—Prince of Bavaria, King of Greece (1832-62).—371 Owen, Robert (1771-1858) —British Utopian socialist.—612 Ozeroff (Ozerov)—Russian diplomat, acting chargé d'affaires in Constantinople in 1853.—18, 618

P

Paixhans, Henri Joseph (1783-1854)— French general, military engineer and inventor.—556 Pakington, Sir John Somerset (1799-1880) — British statesman, Tory, later Conservative; Secretary for War and the Colonies (1852); First Lord of the Admiralty (1858-59 and 1866-67) and Secretary for War (1867-68).—3, 58, 74, 223, 265, 271 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount (1784-1865) — British statesman; at the beginning of his career a Tory, from 1830 onwards a Whig leader; Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41 and 1848-51); Home Secretary (1852-55), and Prime Minister (1855-58 and 1859-65).—3, 20, 26, 32, 33, 58, 59, 68, 144-46, 188, 189, 192, 205-08, 226, 234, 246, 255, 256, 276, 277, 280, 295, 303, 304, 309, 310, 311, 312, 325, 345-87, 388, 389, 390, 393, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 419, 470, 477, 525, 527, 529, 531, 533, 534,

597, 606, 607, 608 Paradis, Jean Baptiste (b. 1827)—French journalist, contributed to La Presse in 1853.—228 Paskiewich (Paskevich), Ivan Fyodorovich, Prince (1782-1856) —Russian field marshal-general; from June 1831, commander-in-chief of the Tsarist army suppressing the Polish insurrection; governor of the Kingdom of Poland from 1832; commander-in-chief of the army suppressing the revolution in Hungary (1849), and of the Russian forces on the Danube (1854).—424, 429, 602 Pawloff (Pavlov), Prokofy Yakovlevich (1796-1868)—Russian general; Russian commander on the Danube and in the Crimea during the Crimean war.—458, 472 Peace—employee of the Earl of Crawford, a mine-owner.—447 Peaeock, Sir Barnes (1810-1890) — English lawyer; held high posts in the Indian colonial administration and justice department in the 1850s and 1860s.—122-23 Pedro I (1798-1834)—Emperor of Brazil (1822-31); King of Portugal under the name of Pedru IV (1826); abdicated in favour of his daughter, Maria II da Gloria.—370 Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850)—British statesman; moderate Tory; Prime Minister (1834-35 and 1841-46); repealed the Corn Laws in 1846.— 60, 71, 181, 254, 292, 296-97, 298, 299, 300, 314, 358, 365, 369, 371, 375, 376, 382, 384, 404, 405, 406, 409, 436, 611 Peel, Sir Robert (1822-1895) —British politician and diplomat, son of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel; in the early 1850s a Peelite; M.P.—137

Pélissier, Aimable Jean Jacques (1794-1864) —French general, marshal from 1855; participated in the conquest of Algeria in 1830-50; commander-in-chief of the French army in the Crimea (May 1855-July 1856). — 610

25-2346 Pellatt, manufacturer, radical M.P.—170 Pellier, Am.—French journalist.— 318 Perceval, Spencer (1762-1812)—British statesman, Tory; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1807-09); Prime Minister (1809-12).—348 Perczel, Moritz (Mor) (1811-1899) — Hungarian general; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary, after its defeat emigrated to Turkey and in 1851 to Britain.—42 Pericles (c. 490-429 B.C.)—Athenian statesman.— 371 Perowski (Perovsky), Vasily Alexeyevich (1795-1857) — Russian general; military governor of Orenburg (1833-42); Governor-General of the Orenburg and Samara gubernias (1851-57); headed a military expedition to Khiva in 1839-40.—444 Perrier, Charles Nicolas Ferdinand (1812-1882) — Swiss officer and conservative writer; a leader of the Fribourg putsch (1853).—85 Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, comte

(1808-1872) —French statesman, Bonapartist; one of the organisers of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Minister of the Interior (1852-54 and 1860-63).—587 Peter I (the Great) (1672-1725) —Russian Tsar (1682-1721); Emperor of Russia from 1721.—25, 130, 229, 390, 632 Peter the Hermit (c. 1050-1115)—French monk and preacher, a peasant leader in the First Crusade (1096-99).—481, 488 Phillimore, John George (1808-1865) — English lawyer and politician, Liberal M.P.—137 Pieper, Wilhelm (born c. 1826) — German philologist and journalist; member of the Communist League; refugee in London; was close to Marx and Engels and contributed to The People's Paper in 1850-53.—500, 503 Pierce, Franklin (1804-1869)—14th President of the USA (1853-57).— 625 Pierse.—598

Piétri, Pierre French politician, Bonapartist, Prefect of Paris police (1852-58).—28 Pindar (c. 518-c. 442 B.C.) —Greek lyric poet, famous for his odes.— 348, 500 Pirentz—Austrian consul in Sinope (1854).—571 Pitt, William (1759-1806) —British Tory statesman; Prime Minister (1783-1801 and 1804-06).—72, 73, 150, 151, 179 Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) (1792-1878)—Pope (1846-78).—119, 302, 554, 615 Poesche, Theodor (1826-1899)—German statistician, democrat, participant in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated to the USA after the defeat of the revolution; co-author, with Ch. Goepp, of The New Rome.The United States of the World.—625 Pollexfen, John (born c. 1638) — English merchant and economist; advocated abolition of the East India Company's monopoly.—153 Ponsonby, Sir John, Viscount (c. 1770-1855) — British diplomat; envoy to Naples (1832); ambassador to Constantinople (1832-41) and Vienna (1846-50).—377, 381, 388, 405 Portland, William Henry Cavendish Ben-tinck, 3rd Duke of (1738-1809) — British statesman, Whig; Home Secretary (1794-1801); Prime Minister (1783 and 1807-09).—348 Potemkin, Grigory Alexandrovich, Prince (1739-1791) Russian statesman, field marshal-general from 1784; directed the colonisation of the Southern territories incorporated into Russia.—404 Pozzo di Borgo, Karl Osipovich, Count (1764-1842) —Russian diplomat of Corsican descent; envoy to Paris (1814-21), ambassador to Paris (1821-35) and to London (1835-39)._ 164-67, 203, 227, 230, 354 Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865) — French writer, economist and socio-logist, founder of anarchism.—625 Pulszky, Ferenc (1814-1897) — Hungarian politician, writer and archaeologist, a Pole by birth; took part in the emigrated after its suppression; contributed to the New-York Daily Tribune in the 1850s; returned to Hungary in 1867 after an amnesty, deputy to the Diet (1867-76 and 1884-97).—478

R

Radetzky, Josef, Count of Radetz (1766-1858)—Austrian field marshal; commander of the Austrian forces in North Italy from 1831; suppressed the Italian national liberation movement in 1848-49; Governor-General of the Kingdom of Lombardy and Venice (1850-56).—37, 39, 459 Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford (1781-1826) — British colonial official; governor of Java from 1811 to 1816; author of The History of Java.—126, 131 Ramorino, Gerolamo (1792-1849)—Italian general, commander of the Piedmontese army during the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; his tactics contributed to the victory of the Austrian counter-revolutionary army. —459 Raymond, Louis Anne Xavier (b. 1812)— French journalist; contributed to the Journal des Débats.—105 Redcliffe—see Stratford de Redcliffe Reeve, Henry (1813-1895)—English journalist and official; in 1853 Regis-trar in the Privy Council.—310, 318, 321 Reichenbach, Oskar, Count of (b. 1815)— Silesian landowner, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848-49; emigrated to England in 1850, then to America.—489 Reid, Thomas Mayne (1818-1883)— English writer.—84 Rempel, Rudolph (1815-1868)—German manufacturer, a "true socialist" in the mid-1840s.—501 Reshid Pasha (1802-1858)—Turkish statesman; repeatedly held the posts of Grand Vizier and Foreign Minis-

246, 257, 261, 267, 268, 278, 279, 292, 313, 325, 407, 417, 523, 528, 575, 576 Reuter, Max—Prussian police agent in London in the early 1850s.—482 Reventlow-Criminil, Heinrich Anna, Count (1798-1869)—Danish statesman and diplomat; Foreign Minister (1842-48); Minister for Holstein (1852-54).—574 Ricardo, David (1772-1823)—English economist.—161, 162, 448, 627 Richard I (Coeur de Lion) (1157-1199) — King of England (1189-99).—105 Richard III (1452-1485)—King of England (1483-85).—103 Richards, Alfred Bate (signed himself 'An Englishman') (1820-1876)—English playwright and journalist; opposed Cobden and the Manchester School. —68, 146, 212, 240, 536, 594 Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, duc de

(1585-1642)—French cardinal and statesman during the period of absolutism.—230 Richmond, Charles Gordon-Lennox, 15th Duke of (1791-1860)—British politician; Tory, protectionist.—598 Rifaat Pasha, Sadik (1798-1855)— Turkish statesman and diplomat; Foreign Minister (March to May 1853).—18, 110 Riza Pasha (1809-1859)—Turkish general and statesman; repeatedly held the post of War Minister in the 1840s and 1850s.—576 Robinson, Frederick John, Viscount Goderich, afterwards 1st Earl of Ripon (1782-1859)—British statesman, Tory; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1823-27); Prime Minister (1827-28).—348, 525 Roden, Robert Jocelyn, 3rd Earl o/(1788-1870)—English aristocrat, Conservative.—252 Roebuck, John Arthur (1801-1879) — British politician and journalist, radical M.P.—390, 401, 577 Ronalds, Charles—English lawyer.— 533 Ronge, Johannes (1813-1887) — German clergyman, petty-bourgeois democrat,

25* movement; participated in the revolution of 1848-49; after its defeat emigrated to Britain.—488 Rose, Hugh Henry, Baron Strathnairn (1801-1885) —British officer, later field marshal; chargé d'affaires in Constantinople (1852-53); took part in the Crimean war; organised the suppression of the national liberation movement in India (1857-59).— 5, 145, 261, 266 Rolkacker, Wilhelm—German democrat, member of the Communist League; emigrated to the USA after the defeat of the revolution of 1848-49._486, 487 Roussin, Albin Reine, baron (1781-1854) — French admiral, Minister of the Navy (1840, 1843); ambassador to Constantinople (1832-34).—372 Ruge, Arnold (1802-1880)—German radical journalist, Young Hegelian; Left-wing deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848; a leader of German petty-bourgeois émigrés in Britain in the 1850s; national-liberal after 1866.—488, 624 Ruriks—dynasty of Russian princes and subsequently tsars (912-1598), de-scended from Rurik, a semi-legendary Varangian leader.— 230 Russell, Sir Henry (1751-1836) — English lawyer, judge in India (1798-1813).— 198 Russell, John Russell, 1st Earl (1792-1878) — British statesman, Whig leader; Prime Minister (1846-52 and 1865-66); Foreign Secretary (1852-53 and 1859-65).—50-52, 56, 58, 78, 103, 119-20, 137, 138, 139, 143, 175, 177, 186, 188, 193, 202, 206, 207, 211, 235, 240, 265, 266, 267, 268, 271, 272, 309, 312, 325, 350, 509, 512, 543, 589, 608, 619 Ruston, Benjamin (d. 1853)—English worker, Chartist.—172, 173

S

Sadleir, John (1814-1856) — Irish banker and politician, a leader of the Irish

Treasury (1853).—120, 560 Saint-Marc, Girardin (1801-1873)— French journalist and literary critic, Orleanist.—117 Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825) — French Utopian socialist.— 628 Salt, Sir Titus (1803-1876)—English manufacturer.— 327, 414 Sand, George (pen-name of Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin, baronne Dudev-

ant) (1804-1876)—French novelist, representative of the democratic trend in romanticism.—284, 285 Sardanapalus—see Assurbanipal Saunders, John—London police-sergeant.— 83 Schapper, Karl (c. 1812-1870)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; a leader of the League of the Just; member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; participant in the revolution of 1848-49; a leader of the sectarian group during the split in the Communist League in 1850; again became a close associate of Marx in 1856; member of the General Council of the First International.—482, 485, 493, 497, 505 Schärttner, August—a Hanau cooper, participant in the 1848 revolution and the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to London; member of the Communist League; after its split in 1850 joined the Willich-Schapper sectarian group, and became a member of its Central Committee.—489 Schiller, Charles—French journalist.— 109, 236, 240, 407 Schily, Viktor (1810-1875)—German lawyer, democrat; participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, then a refugee in France; member of the First International.—486, 502 Schimmelpfennig, Alexander (1824-1865) — Prussian army officer, democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849 and later the Willich-Schapper sectarian group; fought in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—501, 505

Schläger, Eduard—German journalist, petty-bourgeois democrat; a refugee in the USA in the 1850s-1870s; editor of the Neu-England-Zeitung.— 623, 630

Schlick, Franz Heinrich, Count (1789-1862)—Austrian general; took part in suppressing the revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary; commanded the Austrian forces in Galicia and Bukovina (1854-59).—587

Schneider II, Karl—German lawyer, democrat, participant in the 1848-49 revolution; defence counsel at the Cologne Communist trial (1852).— 485, 502 Schramm, Konrad (c. 1822-1858)— prominent figure in the German working-class movement, member of the Communist League; a refugee in London from 1849; responsible editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 492, 493, 494, 496, 503 Schwarzenberg, Friedrich, Prince (1800-1870)—Austrian army officer and later general; took part in suppressing the peasant riots in Galicia (1846) and the revolution in Hungary (1849).—366 Scully, Francis (b. 1820)—Irish politician; Liberal M.P. (1847-57).—253 Sébastiani, Horace François Bastien, comte

(1772-1851)—French marshal and diplomat, Orleanist; Foreign Minister (1830-32), ambassador to London (1835-40).—203-08 Selim Pasha (Zedlinsky)—Turkish general of Polish descent; commanded Turkish forces on the Danube in 1853-54.—585, 602 Seymour, George Hamilton (1797-1880)— British diplomat, envoy to St. Petersburg in 1851-54.—239, 263, 266, 301, 571, 607, 608

to London in 1853.—444 Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)— English poet and dramatist.—103, 272, 276, 327, 345, 373, 385, 508 Shamyl (c. 1798-1871)—leader of the

Daghestan and Chechen mountaineers' struggle against the Tsarist colonisers from the 1830s to the 1850s.—146, 422, 446, 455, 456, 584 Sheil, Richard Lalor (1791-1851)—Irish playwright and politician; Whig M.P.—381, 382, 390 Sidmouth, Henry Addington, 1st Viscount (1757-1844)—B ritish statesman, Tory ; Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1801-04); Home Secretary (1812-21).—348 Sidney—see Herbert, Sidney Sidney, Sir Philip (1554-1586)—English poet and diplomat.—276 Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph, comte de (1748-1836)—French abbot, took an active part in the French Revolution; moderate constitutionalist (Feuillant). —70 Sigel, Franz (1824-1902)—Baden army officer; democrat, one of the military leaders of the Baden-Palatinate uprising in 1849; then a refugee in Switzerland, Britain, and from 1852 in the USA; took part in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—486, 491 Simpson, Leonard Francis—English man of letters.—616, 619 Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de (1773-1842)—Swiss economist, representative of economic romanti-cism.—627, 628 Slade, Sir Adolphus (1804-1877)— British naval officer, subsequently admiral; was in the Turkish service from 1849 to 1866.—428

Slaney, Robert Aglionby (1792-1862)— British politician, M.P. (1826-35 1837-41, 1847-62); advocate of reforms to improve the living conditions of the poor.—171

Soltykoff (Soltykov), Alexei Dmitrievich, Prince (1806-1859)—Russian travel-in India (1841-43 and 1845-46).— 221 Somerville, Alexander (1811-1885)— English radical journalist; signed his works "One who has whistled at the Plough".—595, 596 Songeon—French democrat, member of secret revolutionary societies of Paris workers; a refugee in London in the 1850s; subsequently Chairman of the Paris Municipal Council.—496 Sophocles (c. 497-406 B.C.) —Greek dramatist.— 371 Soulouque, Faustin (c. 1782-1867) — President of the Republic of Haiti (1849-59); proclaimed himself Emperor Faustin I in 1849.— 261 Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, Duke of Dalmatia (1769-1851) —French marshal and statesman; commanded the French troops in Spain in 1808-14; War Minister (1830-34 and 1840-45); Minister of Foreign Affairs (1839-40) and Prime Minister (1832-34, 1839-40, 1840-47).—205 Soymonoff (Soymonov), Fyodor Ivanovich (1800-1854)—Russian general; commanded Russian forces on the Danube and in the Crimea during the Crimean war; killed at the battle of Inkerman.—472 Spencer, Frederick, 4th Earl of (1798-1857)—British admiral; Lord Steward of the Household from January 1854.—560 Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903)—English

positivist philosopher and sociolo-gist.—161, 162 Stanley—see Derby, Edward George Geof-frey Smith Stanley, Edward Henry, 15th Earl of Derby (1826-1893)—British statesman, son of Edward Derby; at the beginning of his career Tory, in the 1860s-1870s Conservative, and subsequently Liberal; Secretary of State for India (1858-59); Foreign Secretary (1866-68 and 1874-78); Secretary of State for the Colonies (1882-85).—138, 140, 141, 148, 157, 173

1814)—Hanover joiner, member of the Communist League; belonged to the Willich-Schapper sectarian group after the split in the Communist League in 1850; rejoined the supporters of Marx and Engels in December 1851.—499 Steffen, Wilhelm—former Prussian army officer, witness for the defence at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); emigrated to Britain in 1853 and afterwards to the USA; closely associated with Marx and Engels in the 1850s.—504, 505 Steiger—Swiss chargé d'affaires in Vienna (1853).—108 Stephen I (Istvan) (c. 975-1038)— Hungarian Prince (from 997), and King of Hungary (1001-1038).—496 Stephens, Joseph Rayner (1805-1879)— English clergyman; active in the Chartist movement in Lancashire (1837-39).—632 Stephenson, Robert (1803-1859)—English engineer and politician; Tory M.P.—597 Stewart, Patrick—British politician, radical M.P. (1835-36).—363, 394, 395, 398 Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882)—Prussian police officer, one of the organisers of the Cologne Communist trial (1852) and principal witness for the prosecution; jointly with Wermuth wrote Die Communisten-Verschwörun-gen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (Communist Conspiracies of the 19th Century).— 28-30, 37, 82, 490 Stirbei, Barbu Demetrius Bibesco, Prince (1801-1869)—hospodar of Wallachia (1849-53 and 1854-56).—235, 240, 277, 313, 538 Stirling—see Stirling-Maxwell Stirling-Maxwell, Sir William (1818-1878)—English historian and art critic; moderate Tory, M. P.— 597 St. Leonards—see Sugden, Edward Bur-tenshaw Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth Beecher (1811-1896)—American novelist, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin.—80, 181 Strassoldo-Grafenberg, Michael, Count (1800-1873)—Austrian official; governor of Milan in 1850-53.—308 Stratford de Redcliffe, Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount (1786-1880)—British diplomat; envov to Constantinople (1810-12, 1825-28, 1841-58).—21, 109, 110, 194, 228, 266, 310, 318, 321, 356, 363, 377, 390, 405, 532, 537, 560, 563, 575, 588, 609, 610, 615, 619 Strauss, David Friedrich (1808-1874)— German philosopher and writer; Young Hegelian.—624 Streckfuss, Adolf (1823-1895)—German democratic writer and politician; charged with high treason for his book Die grosse Französische Revolution.—28 Stuart, Lord Dudley Coutts (1803-1854)— British politician, Whig M.P.; connected with conservative-monarchist Polish emigrants.—84, 240, 272, 274, 280, 358, 364, 390, 392, 403, 610, 619 Stuart-Wortley, James Archibald (1805-1881)—British politician, M.P. (1835-37, 1842-59); Solicitor-General (1856-57).—363 Sturge, Charles (1802-1888)—brother and partner of Joseph Sturge.—249 Sturge, Joseph (1793-1859)—English farmer and politician, Free Trader; headed an agricultural company with his brother Charles.—249 Sugden, Edward Burtenshaw, Baron St. 'Leonards (1781-1875)—British lawyer and statesman, Tory; Lord Chancellor (1852).—252, 369 Sutherland, Elizabeth Leveson-Gower, Mar-chioness of Stafford, Countess of (1765-1839)—big Scottish landowner, wife of Marquis of Stafford.—188, 414 Sutherland, George Granville William Leveson-Gower, Duke of (1828-1892).— 598 Sutzo, John (Soutzo, Johann)—228 Suwaroff (Suvorov), Alexander Vasilyevich, Count Suvorov Rimniksky, Prince Italiisky (1729 or 1730-1800)— Russian general.—339, 455

Svyatoslav Igorevich (d. 972 or 973)— Grand Prince of Kiev (c. 945-972).— 230, 631 Swift, Jonathan (1667-1745)—Irish satir-ist; wrote in English.—226 Szemere, Bertalan (1812-1869) —Hungarian politician and writer; Minister of the Interior (1848) and head of the revolutionary government (1849); emigrated after the defeat of the revolution.—42, 496, 559 Szirmay—Hungarian refugee, Kossuth's emissary in Paris in the early 1850s.—42

T

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de,

Prince et Duc de Bénévent (1754-1838)—French diplomat; Foreign Minister (1797-99, 1799-1807, 1814-15); represented France at the Vienna Congress (1814-15); ambassador to London (1830-34).—361, 402 Tatistcheff (Tatishchev), Dmitry Pavlovich (1767-1845)—Russian diplomat, ambassador to Vienna (1826-41).—175, 193 Taylor, Sir Herbert (1775-1839)—British general; private secretary of King William IV (1830-37).—387, 390 Techow, Gustav Adolph (1813-1893)— Prussian army officer, democrat; participant in the revolutionary events of 1848 in Berlin; Chief of General Staff of the Palatinate revolutionary army; emigrated to Switzerland after the defeat of the revolution; one of the leaders of the

émigrés' organisation "Revolutionary Centralisation" in Switzerland; left for Australia in 1852.—486, 487, 494, 496, 505 Thalberg, Sigismund (1812-1871) — Austrian pianist and composer.—632 Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)— French historian and statesman; Prime Minister (1836, 1840); head of the Orleanist monarchist party after President of the Republic (1871-73).—208 Thompson—British diplomat, chargé d'affaires in Persia.—573, 587 Thugut, Johann Amadeus Francis de Paula, Baron (1736-1818)—Austrian diplomat and statesman; envoy to Constantinople (1771-76); Foreign Minister (1794-1800).—229 Timur (Timour, Tamerlane) (1336-1405)—Mongol conqueror; founded a large state in the East.—199, 594 Tippoo Saib (Tipu Sahib) (1750-1799) —Sultan of Mysore (1782-99); waged wars against the British conquerors of India in the 1780s and 1790s.—151 Titoff (Titov), Vladimir Pavlovich (1805-1891)—Russian diplomat, envoy to Constantinople (1843-53).—269 Tooke, Thomas (1774-1858)—English economist of the classical school.— 524 Tscherning, Anton Frederick (1795-1874)—Danish army officer and politician; Liberal; War Minister (1848).—445 Tucker—London publisher.—546 Turner, James Aspinall (1797-1867)— English cotton manufacturer, President of the Manchester Commercial Association.— 592

U

Ungern-Sternberg, Ernst Wilhelm, Baron— Russian diplomat; envoy to Copenhagen in the 1850s.—237, 594 Vre, Andrew (1778-1857) —English chemist and economist, Free Trader. —82 Vrquhart, David (1805-1877)—British diplomat, writer and politician, Tur-kophile; carried out diplomatic missions in Turkey in the 1830s; Tory M.P. (1847-52).—26, 118, 257, 279, 309, 312, 325, 326, 387, 388, 389, 390, 396, 398, 404, 477, 545, 562, 567, 607, 614, 615

British economist and Liberal politician; M.P.—597 Vsener (Vzner), August (b. 1818)— Prussian army officer, participant in the 1848-49 revolutions in Germany and Hungary, subsequently a refugee in London; worked at W. Hale's factory.—83, 84

V

Vicari, Hermann von (1773-1868)—German Catholic prelate; Archbishop of Freiburg (Baden) from 1842.— 510 Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 179, 196, 254, 255, 280, 282, 364, 405, 538, 544, 559, 560, 577, 590-92, 601 Vidil, Jules—French army officer, socialist; member of the Blanquist Société des proscrits démocrates et socialistes in London; adhered to the Willich-Schapper group after the split of the Communist League in 1850.—494, 496, 506 Vidocq, François Eugène (1775-1857)— French secret police agent; presumed author of the Memoirs; his name was used to denote a cunning sleuth and rogue.—40, 349 Villèle, Jean Baptiste Séraphin Joseph,

comte de (1773-1854)—French statesman of the Restoration, Legitimist; Prime Minister (1822-28).—163, 203, 386 Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (70-19 B.C.) — Roman poet.— 567 Voinovich, Marko Ivanovich, Count (d. 1807)—Russian naval officer, of Dal-matian descent; from 1801 admiral — 112

W

Waldeck Benedikt Franz Leo (1802-1870)—German lawyer and radical politician; in 1848 a Left-wing leader and Vice-President of the Prussian Progressist.—28, 30 Walewski, Alexandre Florian Joseph Colon-na, comte (1810-1868)—French diplomat and statesman, son of Napoleon I and Polish Countess Marie Walewska; participant in the insurrection of 1830-31 and later an émigré in France; Foreign Minister (1855-60).—361 Walmsley, Sir Joshua (1794-1871)— British politician, radical M.P.— 211

Walter the Penniless (d. 1097) — French knight, a leader of the French peasants in the First Crusade (1096-1099).—481 Warren, Sir Charles (1798-1866)— English army officer, general from 1858; served in India (1816-19 and 1830-38); took part in the Crimean war.—219 Wayland, Francis (1796-1865)— American clergyman, author of popular textbooks on ethics and political economy.— 626 Week, Louis—participant in the 1853 putsch in Fribourg (Switzerland).— 85 Weckbecker—Austrian consul-general in Smyrna (1853).—193, 211, 278 Weerth, Georg (1822-1856)—German poet and writer; member of the Communist League; founder of proletarian poetry in Germany; editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—42 Weitling, Wilhelm Christian (1808-1871) — German tailor, one of the early leaders of the working-class movement in Germany; theoretician of Utopian egalitarian communism.—623 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of (1769-1852)—British general and statesman, Tory; Prime Minister (1828-30).—166, 198, 348, 351, 369, 376, 381, 386, 392, 398, 400, 426, 433 Westminster, Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquis of (1795-1869)—big English landowner, Whig M. P.—598

1859)—British diplomat; ambassador to Berlin (1841-51) and to Vienna (1851-55).—234, 246 Westphalen, Ferdinand Otto Wilhelm Henning von (1799-1876) — Prussian statesman; Minister of the Interior (1850-58); step-brother of Marx's wife Jenny.—28, 29 Weydemeyer, Joseph (1818-1866)— prominent figure in the German and American working-class movement; came under the influence of "true socialism" in 1846-47; subsequently friend and associate of Marx and Engels; first disseminator of Marxism in America.—505, 624 William I (1772-1843)—King of the Netherlands (1813-40), and of Belgium (1815-30).—368 William I (1797-1888)—Prince of Prussia, King of Prussia (1861-88) and Emperor of Germany (1871-88).—29 William III (1650-1702)—Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the Netherlands (1672-1702), King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1689-1702).— 44, 148, 149, 153, 349, 390 William III (1817-1890)—King of the Netherlands (1849-90).—604 William IV (1765-1837)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1830-37)._361, 380, 387-390, 395, 404, 405, 591, 611 Williams, William—British politician, radical M.P. (1853).—51, 69 Willich, August (1810-1878)—Prussian army officer; retired on account of his political views; member of the Communist League; participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849); a leader of the sectarian group which split from the Communist League in 1850; emigrated to the USA in 1853, took part in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners.— 40, 43, 481-82, 485-508 Wilson, James (1805-1860)—English economist and politician, Free Trader; founder and editor of The Economist; Financial Secretary to the Treasury (1853-58).—161, 597 legendary hero of the Swiss war of liberation against the Habsburgs; according to legend he secured the victory over the Austrian Duke Leopold in the battle of Sempach at the price of his life.—488 Wise, John Ayshford—British M.P. (1853).—256 Wiseman, Nicholas (1802-1865) —English Catholic priest; became first Archbishop of Westminster and Cardinal in 1850.—302 Wood, Sir Charles, 1st Viscount Halifax (1800-1885)—British statesman, Whig; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1846-52), President of the Board of Control for India (1852-55); First Lord of the Admiralty (1855-58); Secretary of State for India (1859-66).— 77, 103; 104, 115, 120-23, 125, 126, 139, 140, 177, 180, 184, 186,223,260, 265 Woronzoff (Vorontsov), Mikhail Semyono-vich, Prince (1782-1856)—Russian

Achilles (Gr. Myth.)—the bravest Greek warrior in the Trojan War, hero of Homer's Iliad, the first song of which describes Achilles' quarrel with Agamemnon, the Greeks' leader, and his withdrawal into his tent.—110 Ahriman—Greek name of the ancient Persian Anra Mainyu, the principle of evil.—487 Aladdin—a character from the Arabian Nights, owner of a magic lamp.— 223 Alcina—a character from Lodovico Ariosto's poem L'Orlando furioso and Matteo Bojardo's Orlando innamorato, a sorceress.— 345, 390

Birch, Harvey—the main character of Fenimore Cooper's novel The Spy, who considered spying as his duty to his country.—40

commander-in-chief of the Transcaucasian Russian army in the Caucasus and governor of the Caucasus.—446, 455, 456, 476, 551 Wuilleret, Louis (1815-1898)—Swiss lawyer and politician, a leader of the Conservative Party in the canton of Fribourg; clericalist.—85

Z

Zamoyski, Wladyslaw, Count—Polish magnate, participant in the insurrection of 1830-31; later a leader of the Polish conservative monarchist refugees in Paris.—386

Zhigmont (Tuinont), Semyon Iosifovich (1812-1886)—Russian general, commander of the Odessa regiment of chasseurs in 1852-53.—585

Cerberus (Gr. Myth.)—a never sleeping dog guarding the entrance of Hades.—72, 631 Christ, Jesus (Bib.).—490, 497

Don Quixote—hero of Cervantes' novel of the same name.—77, 201, 348, 353, 631

Epimenides (Gr. Myth.)—a Cretan prophet who, according to legend, spent more than half a century in sleep.—160

Falstaff, Sir John—a fat, merry ribald and boastful knight in Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor and Henry IV.—373

INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES legend and of Goethe's tragedy.— 370, 624

Gretchen—heroine of Goethe's Faust.— 624

Hercules (Heracles) (Greek and Roman Myth.)—a hero of extraordinary strength and courage.— 72

John Bull—a personification of England, the main character of John Arbuthnot's book The History of John Bull (1712).—189, 258, 624 Juggernaut—-(Hindu Myth.) — Krishna, an incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu.—126, 302

Manu—a legendary law-giver of ancient India; the Laws of Manu were compiled by Brahmins between the 1st and 5th centuries.—104, 177 Mary (Bib.).—370 Minerva (Roman Myth.)—goddess of wisdom.— 557

Oedipus (Gr. Myth.) — King of Thebes, who solved the enigma of the Sphinx's riddle and saved Thebes from the monster; hero of Sophocles' tragedies Oedipus Rex (Tyrannus) and Oedipus at Colonus.—178 Oerindur—one of the main characters in A. Milliner's drama Die Schuld.— 43 Orlando—the hero of Lodovico Ariosto's poem L'Orlando furioso and Mat-

630 Ormuzd—Greek name of the Persian Auramazda, the supreme duty, principle of good.—487

Pecksniff, Mr.—a character of Dickens' novel The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit, a bigot and hypo-crite.—79 Pickwick, Samuel—the hero of Dickens' novel The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club.—360

Ruggiero—a character of Lodovico Ariosto's L'Orlando furioso.—345

Samael (Judaic Myth.) — the prince of devils and also the angel of death.— 495 Sancho Panza—a character of Cervantes' Don Quixote; he was appointed governor of the non-existent island of Barataria.—77 Shahriar—a character of the Arabian Nights; an Eastern despot.—198 Shahzeman—a character of the Arabian Nights; an Eastern despot.—198

Tom—the hero of Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.—80

Wagner—a character of Goethe's Faust, a pedantic and feeble scholar.— 370

Zeus (Gr. Myth.)—the principal god of the Greeks.— 557