Notes and Indexes

Notes

Residual editorial notes

87 editorial note entries had no resolved in-text occurrence and remain here so no source note definition is discarded.

[23] This article was published in The Eastern Question which gave Marx as its author (see Note' 17).

[47] The South Sea Company was founded in England about 1712 officially for trade with South America and the Pacific islands, but its real purpose was speculation in state bonds. The government granted several privileges and monopoly rights to the Company, including the right to issue state securities. The Company's large-scale speculation brought it to bankruptcy in 1720 and greatly increased Britain's national debt.

[57] The editors of the New-York Daily Tribune published the following note to this article in the same issue of May 6, 1853: "Our readers will find a masterly exposition of Mr. Gladstone's budget, and of its bearing on the present stated parties in England, in the letter of our London Correspondent, Dr. Marx, published in this morning's Tribune. We have seen nowhere an abler criticism on the budget or on its author, and do not expect to see one."

[63] In 1845-47 there was famine in Ireland due to the ruin of farms and the pauperisation of the peasants. Although blight had caused a great shortage of potatoes, the principal diet of the Irish peasants, the English landlords continued to export food from the country, condemning the poorest sections of the population to starvation. About a million people starved to death and the new wave of emigration caused by the famine carried away another million. As a result, large areas of Ireland were depopulated and the abandoned land was turned into pastures by the Irish and English landlords.

[67] A reference to the eighth Kaffir war waged by Britain in 1850-53 against the Xhosa tribes. (The name "Kaffir" is wrongly applied to members of all the tribes inhabiting South-Eastern Africa i In accordance with the peace treaty of 1853 the Xhosa tribes ceded some of their lands to the British.

[73] This article constitutes the main part of Engels' correspondence included by Marx in their common report (see Note 70). The editors of the New-York Daily Tribune published the article under the date-line "May 1", but actually it was written not later than April 26 and sent by Marx to New York on the 29th of that month. The article was printed under the heading "Switzerland" and entitled "Political Position of This Republic". In this edition the title of the article has been changed in accordance with its publication in the German and Russian editions of the Collected Works of Marx and Engels. The article was published in German with slight abridgements, under the title "Switzerland", in the New York newspaper Die Reform of June 1 and 4, 1853. The editorial note to the article gave Marx as its author. Following this Die Reform began to publish translations or renderings of Marx's articles printed in the New-York Daily Tribune. The main part in popularising Marx's articles through Die Reform was played by Joseph Weydemeyer and Adolph Cluss, former members of the Communist League.

[94] In 1853 Austria broke off diplomatic relations with Piedmont (Sardinia) after the Piedmontese authorities had granted asylum to a number of refugees from Lombardy (which was under Habsburg rule), who had participated in the national liberation movement of 1848-49 in Italy and the Milan insurrection of February 6, 1853.

[96] Bujukdere—a holiday resort on the shore of the Bosporus, near Constantinople, where the Russian embassy in Turkey had its summer residence.

[102] Wesleyans or Methodists—a religious sect founded by John Wesley in Britain in the eighteenth century. At the end of the century it split off from the Church of England and also became popular, as a form of Protestantism, in the USA and Canada. Its distinguishing feature was its demand for a strict and methodical adherence to Christian doctrines, concerning which divisions arose between Wesleyan Methodists and "Primitive" Methodists.

[103] For the preparatory materials for Marx's articles on India see Note 84. In writing this article, Marx made use of some of Engels' ideas which the latter set forth in his letter to Marx of June 6, 1853.

[108] The text of the section "The Turkish Question" was published in The Eastern Question under the tide "Brunnow and Clarendon.—Armenian Proclamation".

[111] A reference to the Blackstone-Edge meeting organised by the Chartists on August 2, 1846. The meeting in which Ernest Jones took part was held on June 19, 1853.

[112] The People's Charter, the Chartist programme document, contained a demand for universal suffrage (for men of 21 and over), annual elections to Parliament, secret ballot, equal constituencies, abolition of property qualifications for candidates to Parliament, and salaries for M.P.s.

[117] The Convention of 1841 on the Black Sea Straits was signed by Austria, Britain, France, Prussia, Russia and Turkey in London on July 13, 1841. According to the Convention the Bosporus and the Dardanelles were to be closed in peacetime to all foreig i warships. The Convention said nothing about wartime, leaving Turkey to decide the question at her own discretion.

[120] The Bank of England was founded by private persons in 1694. The founders loaned its fixed capital to the government, which explains the origin of the British national debt. The Bank was actually controlled by the government and 121 122 124 125 nominally a private establishment, however, until the end of the Second World War.

[132] Marx's excerpts from F. W. Newman's Lectures on Political Economy and H.Spencer's Social Statics are contained in his Notebook XXI.

[133] The title under which the article appeared in the New-York Semi-Weekly Tribune. The New-York Daily Tribune entitled it "Russian Policy Against Turkey", and under this title the first section of the article, bearing on the Russo-Turkish conflict, was published in The Eastern Question. 134 136 139 140 141 142 143 international relations, Marx made use of materials and documents usually translated into English and published in The Portfolio; or a Collection of State Papers. His excerpts from this source are contained in Notebook XXII.

[135] See Note 38.

[136] A reference to Nesselrode's Note (a circular letter of June 11, 1853) to Russian diplomats abroad. The Note criticised the Porte's actions and gave grounds for presenting a new ultimatum to Turkey demanding that the Russian Tsar be recognised as the protector of the Christian subjects of the Sultan and threatening to resort to "decisive measures" if these demands were rejected. This ultimatum, which Marx calls below an "ultimatissimum", was presented to the Porte on June 16, 1853.

[139] The first section of this article, entitled "Austria and Russia", was published in The Eastern Question. On the use by Marx of facts and materials published in The Portfolio for his articles on the history of international relations, see Note 133.

[142] The first section of this article was published in The Eastern Question under the title "Layard.— Gladstone.—Aberdeen.— Palmerston".

[147] The Peace Society (the Society for Promoting Permanent and Universal Peace)—a pacifist organisation founded by the Quakers in London in 1816. It was strongly supported by the Free Traders, who believed that, given peace, free trade would enable Britain to make full use of her industrial superiority and thus gain economic and political supremacy.

[148] An allusion to Palmerston's speech during a parliamentary debate on the Anglo-Greek conflict in June 1850. In January 1850 the British Government presented Greece with an ultimatum and sent ships to blockade Piraeus using as a pretext the burning (in Athens in 1847) of the house of the Portuguese merchant Pacifico, who was a British subject. The real object of the move, however, was to make Greece surrender several strategically important islands in the Aegean Sea. In his speech of June 25, 1850 Palmerston justified Britain's action by the need to safeguard the prestige of British subjects, and drew an analogy between them and Roman citizens. The Latin phrase he cited: "civis Romanus sum" ("I am a Roman citizen"), was used to indicate the high status and privileges afforded by British citizenship.

[153] Furcae Caudinae—a gorge near the Roman town of Caudium, where in 321 B.C., during the second Samnite war, the Samnites defeated the Roman legions and made them pass under the "yoke", which was considered a terrible disgrace to a defeated army. Hence the expression "to pass under furcae Caudinae", that is to be subjected to extreme humiliation.

[164] See Note 54.

[165] A reference to Nesselrode's circular letter to Russian diplomats abroad of July 2, 1853. (Below Marx cites the date as June 20, 1853, according to the old style accepted in Russia.) The text of it was published in The Times, No. 21418, July 12, 1853. Written in the spirit of the previous Note of June 11, 1853 (see Note 136), it supported the Tsarist Government's demands on Turkey and criticised the policy of the Western powers. In referring to the French Minister's reply to the Note, Marx made a slight error, which was due to the lack of clarity in the text of the telegram from Paris published in The Morning Post. He quoted from Drouyn de Lhuys' reply to Nesselrode's first Note of June 11, 1853, the text of which together with the text of the French Government's reply of June 25, 1853 was published in the official newspaper Le Moniteur universel, No. 195, on July 14, 1853. Nesselrode's Note of July 2 and Drouyn de Lhuys' reply to it of July 15 were published in Le Moniteur universel, No. 198 for July 17, 1853, after Marx had written his article. In the second Note, the French Government likewise expressed its disapproval of the Tsar's position in the Eastern question and professed to stand for a peaceful solution of the conflict.

[167] Taking advantage of the Turko-Egyptian conflict of 1839 (see Note 6) and increasing tension between Britain and France, the Tsarist Government proposed to Palmerston, in September 1839, the conclusion of an agreement, 168 169 172 division of spheres of influence in the Middle East between the two powers. The British Government, which was striving for complete domination in Turkey, rejected the proposal on the pretext that the Eastern question should be settled by a general agreement of European powers.

[168] The first section of this article was published under the title "Russia and the Western Powers" in The Eastern Question.

[171] A reference to the proclamation issued by Gorchakov, the commander of the Russian army on the Danube, to the inhabitants of Moldavia and Wallachia in the summer of 1853 and published in The Times, No. 21477, July 11, 1853. The proclamation declared that the object of the Russian army's entry into the Danubian Principalities was not to change the political institutions and the order guaranteed for the Principalities by former treaties.

[175] See Note 172.

[177] Brahmins—one of the four ancient Indian castes which originally consisted mainly of privileged priests; like other Indian castes, it subsequently also contained people of different trades and social standing, including im-poverished peasants and artisans.

[180] The final section of this article was published under the title "Traditional Policy of Russia" in The Eastern Question.

[183] Mons Sacer—a sacred mountain where, as the legend goes, plebeians retired in protest against patrician oppression in 494 B.C.

[190] In his "political testament" (1633) Richelieu expounded the principles of the domestic and foreign policy of French absolutism, in an attempt to substantiate its claims for an extension of France's boundaries and French hegemony in Europe. Capitularies—the name given from the time of Charlemagne (768-814) to the collections of ordinances of the Frankish kings of the Carolingian dynasty; some of them dealt with the administration of the conquered lands, p. 230

[194] See Note 129.

[195] On July 24, 1853 a conference of the representative of Austria and the ambassadors of Britain, France and Prussia on mediation between Russia and Turkey was opened in Vienna. It drafted a conciliatory Note (the so-called Vienna Note) which laid down that Turkey observe the Kuchuk Kainarji and Adrianople treaties and respect the rights and privileges of the Greek Orthodox Church. The conference ruled that the Note be sent first to the Tsar and, in the event of his approval, to the Sultan. Nicholas I approved the Note, but Abdul Mejid made his agreement to sign it conditional on the insertion of a number of amendments and reservations, which the Tsarist Government thought unacceptable.

[200] See Note 187.

[209] Marx is summing up his comments (see pp. 209, 228, 234-35 and 240) on the attempts of the Western powers at mediation in the Turkish conflict at the conference of diplomats in Vienna in the last decade of July 1853 and on its conciliatory Note (see Note 195). However, it is highly probable that this refers to an article mailed to the New-York Daily Tribune between August 5 and 12, 1853, which was either lost on the way to New York or was not published due to reasons unknown.

[218] This article was published under the same tide in The Eastern Question.

[224] The first section of this article was published under the same title in The Eastern Question.

[229] On August 23, 1853 The Morning Advertiser published a note under the heading "The Russian Agent Bakunin" signed with the initials F. M. (the author was Francis Marx, an English conservative journalist, and supporter of Urquhart); it accused Bakunin of being connected with the Tsarist Government. On the following day, August 24, the paper published a letter by Golovin (the author of the anonymous article on Bakunin in The Morning Advertiser for August 14 which prompted F. M.'s note), Herzen and the Polish refugee Worcell refuting F. M.'s note. On August 27 the latter replied with a statement in which he said that revolutions in Europe were always fomented by Tsarist agents. On August 29 Golovin and Herzen published another letter entitled "Who Is F. M.?" Herzen abstained from further polemic on the subject, which was carried on by Golovin alone. In the letter of August 24 a "certain German newspaper" was mentioned, in which Bakunin had allegedly been first accused. The authors of the letter hinted at the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. In this connection Marx decided to send his letter to the editor of The Morning Advertiser.

[233] The text of the declaration of the Seamen's United Friendly Association, which may have been quoted by Marx from a leaflet, was published later in The People's Paper, No. 80, November 12, 1853.

[234] Marx's statement to the editor of The People's Paper was written in connection with the anonymous article (by Golovin) "How to Write History", published in The Morning Advertiser on September 3, 1853. This article, which attacked Marx, was a reply to Marx's letter to the editor of The Morning Advertiser of August 30, 1853 (see this volume, pp. 284-86). On August 31 The Morning Advertiser published Arnold Ruge's letter in which Marx and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung were openly accused of slandering Bakunin. In his reply to Golovin Marx also exposed Ruge's false arguments. Details connected with this statement are given by Marx in his letter to Engels of September 3, 1853, in which he also includes the first draft of his reply. On September 7, 1853 Marx wrote to Engels that he had sent his reply to The People's Paper because the editors of The Morning Advertiser had refused to publish it. In October the editors of The Morning Advertiser announced that the matter was closed.

[239] See Note 165.

[240] A reference to the closure of the Capuchin monastery in Locarno in the autumn of 1852 and the expulsion of 22 Italian-born Capuchins from Ticino to Lombardy. The actions of the Swiss authorities against the Capuchin Order, which enjoyed Austrian protection, aggravated Austro-Swiss relations, which were further strained by the fact that participants in the Italian national liberation movement resided on Swiss territory.

[245] In response to Marx's request Engels sent him material on the economic situation in Lancashire and other industrial regions of England which Marx used in this and the following article. Marx wrote about it in his letter to Engels of September 28, 1853 (see present edition, Vol. 39). The first section of this article was published under the title "The English Ministry Outwitted.—Panic" in The Eastern Question.

[250] This article was the first in a series in the New-York Daily Tribune on the preparation and course of the Crimean war. (Turkey declared war on Russia at the beginning of October 1853.) The articles were written by Engels, who gave a systematic account of the campaign drawing on available information, mostly from the West-European press. Many articles were published unsigned by the newspaper editors, as leaders. The beginning of this article was combined with part of the first section of the article "Panic on the London Stock Exchange.—Strikes" and published under the title "The English Ministry Outwitted.— Panic" in The Eastern Question, p. 335

[255] The capture of Warsaw by Russian troops on September 8, 1831 was one of the 256 the Polish national liberation insurrection of 1830-31. The majority of its participants were revolutionary nobles (the szlachcics) and most of its leaders came from the ranks of the aristocracy. In spite of its defeat, it was of major international significance because it diverted the forces of counter-revolution and thwarted their plans regarding the bourgeois revolution of 1830 in France and the 1830-31 revolution in Belgium.

[256] The pamphlet Lord Palmerston was planned by Marx as a series of articles for the New-York Daily Tribune. When he started working on it in early October 1853 Marx gave his consent to its simultaneous publication in the Chartist People's Paper. However, whereas the Chartist paper started publishing Marx's articles as a series entitled "Lord Palmerston" and prefaced each article with the editorial note: "Written for the New-York Tribune by Dr. Marx, and communicated by him to us", the editors of the Tribune published the first article as a leader without mentioning the author's name. This determined the subsequent publication of the work as articles outwardly not connected with each other. Eight articles appeared in The People's Paper between October 22 and December 24, 1853, and the last, like the preceding ones, ended with the words: "To be continued". As can be seen from Marx's letter to Engels of December 14, 1853, Marx intended to write additional articles on Palmerston's policy in 1840-41, when the London Conventions were concluded, and also to analyse Palmerston's stand during the 1848-49 revolutions. However, these plans were not realised. The New-York Daily Tribune did not publish all of Marx's articles and its final publication was at the beginning of 1854, although Marx dispatched the last article to New York as early as December 6, 1853. In all, the newspaper published four articles as leaders and under different titles. On October 19, 1853, the Tribune published the leader "Palmerston" which corresponded to the first and second articles published in The People's Paper; on November 4, 1853, the leader "Palmerston and Russia" corresponding to the third article of the series; on November 21, 1853, the leader "A Chapter of Modern History" corresponding to the fourth and fifth articles; and on January 11, 1854, the leader "England and Russia" corresponding to the seventh article. The first three leaders were also reprinted in the New-York Weekly Tribune on October 22, November 12 and December 3, 1853. The sixth and eighth articles of the series were never published by the Tribune and in its special issues. The texts of the articles in The People's Paper and the New-York Daily Tribune are not identical. When Marx sent his articles to the Tribune and The People's Paper he evidently modified them in accordance with the different form of publication in these newspapers. There are also signs that the Tribune editors altered Marx's text. The pamphlet against Palmerston was widely circulated. On November 26, 1853, the Glasgow Sentinel reprinted from the Tribune the article "Palmerston and Russia" (the third of the People's Paper series). In December 1853 the London publisher Tucker published this article under the same title in pamphlet form. (Marx mentions this edition in his article "Palmerston's Resignation", see this volume, p. 546). At the beginning of February 1854 a second edition of this pamphlet was put out with Marx's participation: Marx made some amendments and additions on the basis of the People's Paper publication. Shortly afterwards Tucker published another pamphlet, Palmerston and the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi (the title-page bearing the title: "Palmerston, What Has He Done?"); with slight amendments the pamphlet reproduced the text of the fourth (excluding the first four paragraphs) and the fifth articles of the People's Paper series published by Tucker, and in the first half of 1855 they were again reprinted together with pamphlets by other authors. Tucker mentioned Marx's name in the preface to that edition as the author of pamphlets Nos. 1 and 2 (in the table of contents pamphlet No. 1 was entitled differently: "Palmerston and Poland"). Marx himself prevented the rest of his articles from being published in Tucker's edition because Urquhart's articles had also been published in the Political Fly-Sheets series. On this score Marx wrote to Lassalle on June 1, 1854: "I have no desire to be numbered among the associates of this gentleman; the estimation of Palmerston is the only point we have in common. In the rest I have a diametrically opposite point of view. This became evident during our first meeting." On November 17, 1855 and January 5, 1856, the Urquhart Sheffield Free Press, which was in opposition to Palmerston, published two of Marx's articles (the third and the sixth from the People's Paper publication). The first of them was also reprinted as No. 4a of The Free Press Serials published in Sheffield. Almost simultaneously all eight articles of the series appeared in the five issues (Nos. 12, 13, 14, 18 and 19 of December 29, 1855, January 5 and 12 and February 9 and 16, 1856) of the London Urquhart Free Press and were published as No. 5 of The Free Press Serials entitled "The Story of the Life of Lord Palmerston". The author's name was mentioned in the editorial introduction to this edition. An abridged translation of the Tribune text into German by Adolph Cluss was printed in New York in Die Reform as early as November 2, 1853. The publishers' note to it stated the following: "The great interest aroused by Palmerston's name at the present time has induced us to print this rendering from the Tribune. The essay reveals a more than average knowledge of British affairs by the author, and though it bears no signature it is easy to tell who the author is." The article "Palmerston", published in instalments in Die Reform on November 2, 3, 4, 8 and 9, corresponds to the first and second articles in the People's Paper series. In February 1855 Marx published two articles entitled "Lord Palmerston" in the Breslau (Wroclaw) Neue Oder-Zeitung which were in the main a summary of the People's Paper and the Tribune publications. Excerpts from Marx's pamphlet (his name was mentioned in the editors' note) were published in Berlin in 1859-60 by the German journalist E. Fischel in Das Neue Portfolio. Eine Sammlung wichtiger Dokumente und Aktenstücke zur Zeitgeschichte, Hefte 1-2, under the title "Der 'wahrhaft' englische Minister und Russland am Bosporus. Lord Palmerston und die polnische Insurrection 1831". In 1893, after Marx's death, the third article of the series appeared in Polish in the seventh issue of the journal Przedswit, published in London by Polish socialists connected with Engels. The seventh article was reprinted from the Tribune under the same title, "England and Russia", in the collection: Karl Marx, The Eastern Question, London, 1897. In 1899 a separate edition of all the articles of the series: Karl Marx, The Story of the Life of Lord Palmerston, was published in London. It was prepared by Eleanor Marx and reproduced the London Free Press series. In his work on the pamphlet Marx used a great deal of material, in particular, the Blue Books, periodical publications of British parliamentary and Foreign Office documents. In addition he drew on parliamentary reports, various collections of international treaties and diplomatic documents, satirical pamphlets and the press. Several notebooks with excerpts made by Marx from various books are extant. These books include: The Russians in Moldavia and Wallachia, London, 1849; Heinrich Brandt, Russlands Politik und Heer in den letzten Jahren, Berlin, 1852; The Greek and Eastern Churches. Their History, Faith, and Worship, London, 1852; J.M. Neale, Introduction to the History of the Holy Eastern Church, London, 257 258 259 260 261 1851; A. Theiner, Die Staatskirche Russlands im Jahre 1839, Schaffhausen, 1844; D. Urquhart, Progress of Russia in the West, North, and South, London, 1853, Reasons for Demanding Investigation into the Charges Against Lord Palmerston, Glasgow, 1840, An Appeal Against Faction, London, 1843, and La Crise, Paris, 1840; G.Francis, Opinions and Policy of Palmerston, London, 1852. Marx used the last book as well as Hansard when citing from Palmerston's speeches. (The sources of quotations are given in the Index of Quoted and Mentioned Literature.) In this volume the text of the pamphlet is reproduced according to The People's Paper. The main differences between the People's Paper text and that of the New-York Daily Tribune are given in footnotes. Misprints which occurred in The People's Paper are corrected on the basis of later authorised editions and factual data.

[260] Marx has in mind the presence of foreign mercenaries in Britain, who were recruited by the/British army during the Napoleonic wars mostly from small German states, in particular Hanover, the ancestral land of the British kings of the Hanover dynasty.

[270] A reference to the London Convention of July 6, 1827 (see Note 38).

[284] 285 286 287 288 Government after the suppression of the Polish national liberation insurrection of 1830-31. The statute abolished the remnants of national autonomy of the Polish lands which were under Tsarist Russia's rule. It also abolished the 1815 Constitution, the Polish Diet and the Polish army; the Russian system of administration was extended to the kingdom.

[289] 290 291 292 293 294 according to Marx's notebook, it was posted by Marx to New York on December 6, 1853. The People's Paper published it on December 24, 1853 as the eighth in the "Lord Palmerston" series.

[299] The first section of this article was published under the title "The Turkish Manifesto" in The Eastern Question.

[306] This article was published under the same title in The Eastern Question, p. 430

[307] The beginning of this article was published under the title "War" in The Eastern Question.

[318] The Anti-Corn Law League was founded in 1838 by the Manchester factory owners Richard Cobden and John Bright. The League demanded unrestricted free trade and fought for abolition of the Corn Laws, which placed high tariffs on imported agricultural produce. In this way, the League sought to weaken the economic and political position of the landed aristocracy, as well as to cut workers' wages. The struggle between the industrial bourgeoisie and the landed aristocracy over the Corn Laws culminated in their repeal in 1846 (see Note 259).

[321] This article by Engels, as can be seen from the entry in Marx's notebook, was dispatched to the New-York Daily Tribune together with Marx's article "The Labor Question" (see this volume, pp. 460-63) as a single report. However, the newspaper editors divided it in two parts and published Engels' text as a leader and the text written by Marx as a separate article under his signature in the issue of November 28. From Engels' article it is evident that he had at his disposal inaccurate information on the balance of forces on the Danube during the battles of Kalafat and Oltenitza and some other facts; the Russian troops at Oltenitza were commanded by Dannenberg, not Pavlov; General Guyon and Ismail Pasha are two different people and not the same person as is stated in the article. Later when he obtained more reliable information Engels reassessed the balance of forces and also the qualities of the Turkish military command and the results of the battles of Kalafat and Oltenitza (see this volume, pp. 471-76 and 516-22).

[323] 325 327 328 The fact that Marx used the material published in The People's Paper for November 12, 1853 in his article datelined November 11, 1853 shows that either this issue of the newspaper appeared earlier than the date which it bears or, which is more likely, Marx had access to this and other material in advance.

[324] Comité du Salut Public (The Committee of Public Safety)—the central body of the revolutionary government in France during the Jacobin dictatorship (June 2, 1793-July 27, 1794).

[326] See Note 186.

[327] This article published by Adolph Cluss in the New York newspaper Die Reform is a reproduction of Marx's comments on Urquhart that he made in the non-extant part of his letter to Cluss written in mid-November. In his letter to Joseph Weydemeyer of December 7, 1853, in which he quotes part of the above-mentioned letter (see present edition, Vol. 39), Cluss wrote: "Marx added some notes on Urquhart because Jones, in a paper I am to receive, characterises him in a tactless way as a Russian ally. Marx writes that he gave Jones a dressing down for this. I have made up a short article out of the 'Urquhartiade'." When the article was being prepared for the press Cluss evidently changed the opening sentence. The rest of Marx's text appears not to be touched by him and is authentic or nearly authentic. For his criticism of Urquhart's views Marx draws from the book: D. Urquhart, Progress of Russia in the West, North, and South, London, 1853. As far back as June 1853 he planned to write a special article for the New-York Daily Tribune devoted to a critical analysis of this book (see this volume, p. 118).

[328] A reference to articles by the Hungarian journalist Aurelius Ferenc Pulszky, who was a supporter of Kossuth. Residing in London as a refugee, he contributed to the New-York Daily Tribune from 1853 to 1860. His reports were published unsigned or under the initials A. P. C. (which evidently stood for 329 330 331 332 333 ing to the New-York Daily Tribune much later. It is still unclear whether Marx knew that reports signed with the initials A. P. C. belonged to Pulszky.

[330] Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne (see present edition, Vol. 11, pp. 395-457), which Marx wrote between late October and early December 1852, was published in pamphlet form in Basle in January 1853. Almost all its copies (2,000) were confiscated by the police in Baden while being transported from Switzerland to Germany. In the USA the work was initially reprinted in March and April in instalments in the Boston Neu-England Zeitung, and at the end of April 1853 it was published by this newspaper as a pamphlet. In The Knight of the Noble Consciousness Marx cites the Revelations from a separate Boston edition.

[351] This article was published in The Eastern Question and attributed to Marx. At the beginning of the article Engels would seem to be referring to his article "Progress of the Turkish War", which appeared as a leader in the New-York Daily Tribune of December 7, 1853 (see this volume, pp. 471-76).

[352] The beginning of the article was published under the title "Diplomacy Again" in The Eastern Question.

[361] The Manifesto issued by Nicholas I on June 26, 1853 in connection with the Tsarist Government's decision to bring troops into the Danubian Principalities, and also a number of Russian diplomatic documents, stated that the aim of occupying the Principalities was to create "material guarantees" to safeguard the rights and privileges of the Greek Orthodox Church in Turkey and ensure that the Sultan fulfilled his obligations to Russia.

[362] Claremont—a house near London, the residence of Louis Philippe after his escape from France.

[365] See Note 309.

[366] This article was published in The Eastern Question.

[369] This article was written by Engels on the basis of material in the British and French official press (The Times, The Morning Herald, Le Moniteur universel) which was biased in its appraisal of the military operations on the eve of the Western powers declaring war on Russia and in its comments on Russian reports during the Crimean war. This accounts for the inaccuracies in Engels' description of the battle of Sinope and his analysis of the balance of forces and the fighting power and actions of the Russian fleet in the Black Sea. Drawing on British newspapers Engels used information which stated incorrectly that the Black Sea fleet was tactically weak and its personnel consisted mainly of "fresh water sailors" and non-Russians. A considerable role in belittling the importance of the battle of Sinope was played by the political bias of this article directed against Russian Tsarism as the bulwark of reaction. The article was published in The Eastern Question.

[371] This article was published in The Eastern Question.

[377] Part of this article was published under the title "More Documents" in The Eastern Question.

[382] See Note 27.

[383] The first Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42 started with the invasion of Afghanistan by British occupation troops in Sind. The invasion was carried out under the pretext of rendering assistance to the pretender, the Emir Dost Mohammed's brother Shu ja. However, a popular uprising in November 1841 against the British invaders and Shuja compelled the British, who sustained a severe defeat, to withdraw. For the bombardment of Copenhagen see Note 261.

[385] This article was written by Marx for the newspaper Zuid Afrikaan published in Capetown simultaneously in English and Dutch. In December 1853 Marx received an invitation to contribute to this paper through the husband of his younger sister Louise, the Dutch businessman J. K. Juta. Only one of the three articles Marx sent to Zuid Afrikaan was published.

[393] See Note 387.

[395] In his description of the campaign against Albert, the Prince Consort, Marx used material published in the Chartist People's Paper on January 21, 1854. This article, excluding the last paragraph, was published under the same tide in The Eastern Question.

[399] See Note 318.

[401] An abridged version of this article was published under the title "War Finance" in The Eastern Question.

[403] As Ambassador Extraordinary to Constantinople and commander-in-chief of the Russian troops sent to assist the Turkish Sultan Mahmud II to defeat Mehemet AH of Egypt, Orlov played a major part in the conclusion of the Unkiar-Skelessi Treaty between Russia and Turkey in 1833 (see Note 152).

[422] An allusion to the fact that the German refugee newspaper Janus, published by Karl Heinzen in New York, ceased publication at the end of 1852. Its issues for 1852 contained articles by Arnold Ruge, which Marx, in his letter to Engels of April 30, 1852, described as follows: "...in the Janus we sent you, Ruge seeks — and how he seeks, mon Dieu!—to appropriate communism as the latest product of his 'humanist thought'" (see present edition, Vol. 39).

[423] See Note 137.

[424] Marx's criticism of the Neu-England Zeitung was evidently prompted by Poesche's article "Die 'Klassenkampfer'", published in that newspaper on September 3, 1853. In connection with the article Marx wrote to Adolph Cluss on September 15, 1853 that Poesche makes "insipid would-be jokes about cranky proponents of the class struggle", etc., and further, "I think it is time you made a fresh start in the polemic and picked a few holes in the jejune arguments of Goepp-Poesche, discoverers of the material view though their materialism is that of the man-in-the-street" (see present edition, Vol. 39).

[427] A reference to the Central Committee of European Democracy set up in London in June 1850 on the initiative of Giuseppe Mazzini. It included bourgeois and petty-bourgeois refugees from various countries. Extremely heterogeneous in composition and ideological principles, the Central Committee of European Democracy had practically disintegrated by March 1852 because of strained relations between the Italian and French democratic refugees. Its inaugural manifesto "Aux peuples!" of July 3, 1850 was criticised by Marx and Engels in their international review (from May to October) published in the autumn of 1850 in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue (see present edition, Vol. 10, pp. 490-532).

[428] See Note 30.

[429] See Note 217.