Subject Index

A

Absolutism—102, 262, 265, 317, 331, 355

See also Monarchy, absolute Abstraction, abstract and concrete—233,

364 Agriculture

— in feudal society — 335 — in capitalist society — 158, 262, 326, 336 — and industry —229, 326 — its progress with the development of society — 229 Alsace— 376 America—207 American-Mexican war of 1846-48—365 Appearance, semblance

— and reality — 275, 282, 284, 334 — as something external — 264 Appropriation—15 Aristocracy (nobility), Austrian—228-30, 235 Aristocracy (nobility), English—161 Aristocracy (nobility), French—161, 162 Aristocracy (nobility), German—see Nobility, German Aristocracy (nobility), Hungarian—228-29, 399, 411 Armed uprising—25, 302, 351

See also June uprising of the Paris proletariat in 1848; Revolution, proletarian Army

— as a component part of the state apparatus —262, 264, 265, 316, 335-36, 462

— mercenaries — 216-17, 247, 252, 372-73, 439 — people's militia — 41 — guerillas — 224 — revolutionary — 224-25, 227-28, 237, 298-99, 402, 429, 467 Army, Austrian—94, 120-22, 229, 236, 237, 291-92, 298, 373, 375, 425-26, 432, 438, 459-60 Army, Hungarian—237', 293-94, 298, 406, 429, 457, 459 Army, Prussian—381

— as a weapon of the reactionaries — 157, 164, 219, 225-26, 296, 317, 334, 335 — and the King and country squires (junkers)—262 — in the pay of the bourgeoisie — 168, 171-72 Army, Russian—372, 436 Army, Swiss— 85, 116, 117, 149 Association (as collective production)—266 Austria—103, 227-32, 236, 298, 356, 374

— political system — 229-30, 356, 374 — national question — 227-36, 298, 375-76, 399, 440, 469-70 — in the period of the 1848-49 revolution — 103, 356, 374-75, 461-62 — and England — 211

— and France — 431 — and Germany — 228 — and Hungary — 227-33, 235-38, 269-70, 367-70, 375-76, 394, 399 — and Italy — 103, 213, 214, 236, 294, 372-73, 431, 439 — and Poland — 229-30, 236, 373, 375, 377, 378 — and Prussia — 211, 264-65, 269-70 — and Russia — 52, 211, 212, 375-76, 438, 440-41 — and the Slavs — 103, 227-38, 298, 366-69, 373-78, 409-11, 416, 430 — and Turkey — 228-29, 231-32 See also Aristocracy, Austrian; Army, Austrian; Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; Bourgeoisie, Austrian; Peasantry, Austrian; Revolution of 1848-49 in the Austrian Empire Austro-Italian war of 1848-49 — 103, 214, 235, 372-73 — and prospects of the development of revolution in Europe — 103, 104 See also Revolution of 1848-49 in the Austrian Empire; Revolution of 1848-

49 in Italian states Austro-Turkish wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries—231-32 Avars—370

B

Baden republican uprisings

— in April 1848 — 67, 72 — in October 1848 — 74, 180 Bank

— Austrian — 201 — Prussian (Seehandlung)—173 Barbarians, barbarism—438, 453, 457, 461 Basis and superstructure—254, 263, 264,

266, 327, 335 See also Law; Political system; State Basques—235 Belgium— 138, 307

— social and political system, constitution — 173, 263 — revolution of 1830-31 — 173, 263 — home policy — 189 — in 1848 — 189 — and France — 376 See also Bourgeoisie, Belgian Bohemia, Czechs—233-34

— specific features of its historical development — 367, 368

— German colonisation of — 231-32 — oppression of Czechs by the Austrian Empire — 232, 367, 410 — and revolutions of 1848-49 in Europe — 235, 373-74, 443 — Right wing of the national movement and pan-Slavist agitation — 364-67, 373-76 — revolutionary tendencies in the national movement — 416-17, 431 — and Russian Tsarism — 377 See also Hussite movement; Prague uprising; Slav Congress in Prague; Svornost Boundaries— 365 Bourgeoisie— 162-63

— its rise and development — 337

— its role in the development of productive forces — 263 — its struggle against feudalism, against the feudal aristocracy — 161-62, 201 — material basis for the establishment of its rule — 158 — political domination — 158 — and absolute monarchy — 158-59, 161, 263-64 — and bureaucracy — 158-59, 264

— agreements with reactionaries— 162-63, 266-67, 358-59 — irreconcilability of its contradictions with the proletariat — 21A

— and the peasantry — 175 — and legislation and courts — 158, 201 — its ideological exponents — 158, 166 — and religion and Church — 161

— and the national question — 214-15, 232 Bourgeoisie, Austrian— 201, 228-30, 232 Bourgeoisie, Belgian—266 Bourgeoisie, English— 215, 218, 219 Bourgeoisie, French—161-62, 168-69, 175, 256, 259, 263, 266 Bourgeoisie, German—15-16, 160, 162, 178, 219, 221, 229, 232, 266-67, 358-59 See also Burghers; Germany; Petty

bourgeoisie, German; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany Bourgeoisie, Hungarian—229, 232 Bourgeoisie, Italian—368, 371 Bourgeoisie, Polish—229-30 Bourgeoisie, Prussian—158-60, 162-63, 178, 219, 256, 265-67, 274, 276 Bourgeoisie, Slav—232 Bourgeoisie, Swiss—11, 12, 139, 141,243,

247 Bourgeois revolution in the Netherlands in

the sixteenth century—161 Bretons— 234 Budget (state)—337, 380 Bulgaria, Bulgarians—233 Bureaucracy

— as a prop of absolutism — 172, 229, 262, 266, 317, 335, 336, 381 — as a prop of reaction — 15, 134, 158, 164, 168, 172, 219, 229, 235, 262-64, 266, 275, 296, 316, 335-36, 381 — feudal bureaucracy and industrial bourgeoisie — 15, 158-59, 265, 335 — its tutelage over industry — 264-65, 336 See also Officials Burghers— 228, 229, 372 Byzantium— 228, 231, 234

C

California—365, 526 Capital—170, 173, 264, 266 Capitalists—120, 158, 262 Castes, the caste system—203, 259 Censorship— 33, 96, 316, 360, 433, 471 Centralisation, state—44, 240, 371

See also Switzerland Chartism

— as an independent political movement of the working class — 215 — in 1848 — 101-02 Child labour—260 Church—161, 234 See also Clergy; Monasteries; Papacy; Religion Citizens' associations in Prussia—255 Civil code (Code civil)—261, 327 Civilisation—139, 252, 365, 367, 369, 438, 457

See also Society, bourgeois Civil society—309

Class, classes — 259, 288

— as a product of economic relations — 289 — and property — 161, 262-63 — and production — 266-67, 274 — class interests — 161, 162, 229, 263-64, 271, 289, 336 — in feudal society — 162, 229 — in bourgeois society — 158, 259, 289, 336 — class contradictions, antagonisms between proletariat and bourgeoisie — 214 — ruling, exploiter classes — 215, 223, 249, 272 — middle classes — 214 — reactionary, counter-revolutionary — 167 — exploited, oppressed working people — 170 — revolutionary — 160-61, 289 — progressive — 232

See also Aristocracy (nobility); Bourgeoisie; Class struggle; Peasantry; Petty bourgeoisie; Social relations; Working class Class struggle

— between proletariat and bourgeoisie — 101, 336 — as a political struggle — 170 — and the national question — 230 See also Chartism; Class; Social relations; Working-class movement Clergy— 70, 85, 244-45, 385, 469

See also Church; Papacy Code d'instruction criminelle—464 Code Napoléon— 327, 399 Code pénal— 76, 80, 82, 171, 246, 304-07,

309-10, 311, 314,317,319,325,463, 514 Cologne Workers' Association—189-96, 483, 512-13, 522, 523-24, 525-26 Commerce, trade—174, 215, 263, 264, 266, 272, 326, 336, 365, 371 Communism

— material premises of the communist transformation of society— 266 — abolition of private property — 262 — and the national question — 215 — and law — 154, 165-66, 197, 316, 342-43 Communist League

— during the revolution of 1848-49 — 24, 46 — criticism of Gottschalk's sectarian stand — 513 — and petty-bourgeois democrats — 24, 46, 522 Competition—161, 261, 266, 335 Conquest—369 Const itution—3 28

— and division of powers — 331 — constitutionalism, constitutional government — 279, 337 — constitutionalism of the Prussian liberal bourgeoisie — 32 See also Revolution of 1848-40 in Prussia Corruption— 256 Corvée system— 159 Counter-revolution—211, 278

See also Coup d'état; Coup d'état in Prussia Coup d'état—16, 135, 200, 264, 282, 336 Coup d'état in Prussia (November-December 1848)—16, 25-26, 31-33, 38, 50, 94, 134, 135, 154, 157-58, 177, 200, 264, 279, 323, 447 Courts, judiciary— 201, 203, 342-43

— feudal — 203 — in bourgeois society — 197, 201-03, 317 — jury court, its class character— 188-89, 310, 318, 463-65 See also Jurisdiction; Jurisprudence; Jurists Cracow, Cracow Republic (1846)—373 Credit — 95, 170 Crime— 325 Crises

— social — 265, 285, 328 — commercial — 261 Croatia, Croats— 94, 352, 373, 400, 409,

410, 417, 425, 430-31, 469-70 Culture—139 Czechs—see Bohemia

D

Dalmatia, Dalmatians—367, 431, 469 Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50—74, 223, 224, 457

— military operations — 223 — negotiations and armistice in Malmö — 67, 71, 88, 157, 224, 296, 456 — and position of the Frankfurt National Assembly — 67, 157, 504 — and policy of the Prussian Government — 157, 223, 296 See also Schleswig-Holstein question Democracy, democratic movement

— bourgeois — 362 — petty-bourgeois — 244-45, 362 — revolutionary — 84, 103, 279 — proletarian — 123-25 Democratic Congress in Frankfurt am Main—190 Despotism, tyranny — 219, 309, 333, 356,

372, 450 Dialect— 233 Dictatorship, military—356 Diplomacy— 391 Dissenters (dissidents)—31 Doctrinairism, doctrinaires—144, 354 Duel—114, 115, 118

E

East— 214 Economic crises—261 Economic relations—214

Economics and politics—158-60, 287, 289

See also Basis and superstructure Education, instruction—159, 260 Egypt, Ancient—259 Eighteenth century—161, 169 Emigration, political—269-70 England (Great Britain)—19, 101-02, 214-16, 263, 338, 372 — peculiarities of historical development — 101-02, 338 — political system, constitution —330 — rule of the bourgeoisie — 215, 263 — courts, judiciary — 307 — industry and finances — 19, 337-38 -— trade and industrial monopoly in the world market — 101, 214, 215, 218 — electoral reform of 1832 — 338 — class contradictions — 101, 214 — workhouses ("bastilles for the poor")—-218-19 — preconditions and prospects of a social revolution — 262 — and revolution in Europe — 214-15 — in 1848 — 101-02, 214-15, 362 — foreign policy — 101-02, 214-15, 265, 362 — and Austria — 211-12 — and Ireland — 214 — and Italy — 372 — and Prussia — 265, 266 — and Spain — 70 See also Aristocracy, English; Bourgeoisie, English; Chartism; English revolution of 1640-60 English revolution of 1640-60—160-62, 263, 273, 325, 338 — alliance between bourgeoisie and new nobility — 161 — and the masses — 15, 338 — Long Parliament — 15 Enlightenment—161 Epoch

— of social progress — 162, 327-28 — revolutionary — 197 Equality—279 Estates, social— 327, 335, 336, 337

— in feudal society — 164, 177, 259, 263-64, 266, 335, 338 — in bourgeois society — 335, 337 — third estate — 337 — judiciary — 197, 201, 203 — estate system, hierarchy — 257, 262, 263 — estate assembly — 327 — distinctions between estates — 33, 158, 177 Europe— 214, 215, 238

See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe Exploitation

— of labour power by capital — 170

F

Family and marriage—161 Federal Diet in Germany— 52, 225, 297 Federation— 138, 362 See also Switzerland

Female labour—260 Feudalism—161, 259, 262-63, 326, 335-36, 337 — big landed property as its basis —326-27 — social relations, social system — 161, 326-28 — primogeniture — 161 — and absolutism — 159, 262-64, 265, 327, 335-37 — towns, burghers — 263 — estates — 259, 263, 266, 335, 337 — classes, class antagonisms — 229, 259 — feudal aristocracy — 259, 262-65 — and the bourgeoisie — 337 — rise of capitalist relations — 337, 338 — collapse of feudalism — 161, 168, 264, 337 — survivals of — 219, 264 See also Burghers; Estates, social; Guilds; Landed property; Middle Ages; Monarchy, absolute; Serfdom; Serf peasants; State Fleet (German)—242, 381 Force

— in history — 367, 370 — and revolution — 338 — violent and peaceful means — 38, 338 — reactionary, counter-revolutionary — 38, 338 — force must be opposed by every kind of force — 38, 338 See also Terror Foreign policy—336 Fourier's socialism—260 France— 372

— population — 160-61 — formation of the French nation

— 161, 372 — national character — 141 — in the Middle Ages —228 — under absolute monarchy (seventeenth-eighteenth centuries)— 198, 228 — parliaments — 198 — during the Restoration — 219,310 — legislation — 190, 399, 445, 448-49 — suffrage — 399 — home policy, domestic situation —66, 129, 307 — and Austria — 431 — and Belgium — 376 — and England — 215 See also Bourgeoisie, French; French Revolution; Napoleonic wars; Peasantry, French; Petty bourgeoisie, French; Revolution of 1848 in France; Wars of the First French Republic; Working class in France Frankfurt National Assembly—51-52, 99, 104, 240, 414, 421 — and imperial regency and ministry — 16, 65, 66-74, 82, 88-93, 99, 138, 179, 242, 297 — and Malmö armistice — 157, 296, 504 — and coup d'état in Prussia — 16, 65 — the Left, Left Centre — 53, 54 Frankish Kingdom—369 Freedom— 332, 363-65

— political —159, 164-65, 330 — of speech — 125 — of association — 77, 159, 165, 195, 316 — of the press — see Press Freemasons— 94 French Revolution

— its character and aims — 160-62 — role of the masses — 161 — and the bourgeoisie — 161-62 — and workers — 161 — revolutionary wars — 237 — Constituent National Assembly— 18, 198 — National Convention — 197 — and religion and Church — 161 — and Germany — 372 — and Switzerland — 43 See also Jacobin dictatorship; Napoleonic wars; Wars of the First French Republic

G

Galicia— 229, 230-31, 264, -265, 373, 375, 399, 405, 434, 442, 466, 468, 469 — peasant uprisings in 1846 — 230

German Confederation (1815-66) — 269,

525 See also Federal Diet in Germany Germany— 371-72, 390

— national character of the Germans — 372, 373, 376, 414 — in the Middle Ages — 337

— and the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars — 88, 273, 372 — opposition movement in the early nineteenth century — 376, 377 — fragmentation of the country and the task of its unification — 51, 228 — industry and trade — 370, 372 — agriculture — 174, 326 — philistinism — 67, 168-69, 219, 260, 267, 356 — political system — 178 — constitutions of the German states —232 — legislation and courts — 269-70 — bourgeois liberalism in the 1840s —88, 158-59, 168, 172, 390 — democratic movement — 376 — youth, the student movement— 376-77 — education, school — 159, 171, 449 — press, press laws, censorship— 303, 433, 437 — foreign policy, diplomacy — 372, 376-77 — and Argentina — 66 — and Austria — 228-29 — and England — 265, 372 — and Hungary — 270, 367-68 — and Italy — 371-72 — and Poland — 231, 372, 378 — and Russia — 211-12, 372, 378 — and the Slavs — 227-38, 366-78 — and Switzerland —55, 58-59, 63, 66-74, 98, 109, 116, 119, 136-37, 138, 179, 185 See also Austria; Baden republican uprisings; Bourgeoisie, German; Burghers; Communist League; Federal Diet in Germany; Fleet; German Confederation; Nobility, German; Peasantry, German; Petty bourgeoisie, German; Philistinism; Prussia; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany; Working class in Germany Gibraltar—70

a-vso Gold— 419, 526 Greece, Ancient—259 Greece, Greeks — 250 Guilds, the guild system—259

— guildsmen — 259 — and bourgeois revolution and the bourgeoisie — 161, 219 — as patriarchal survivals under capitalism — 219, 266, 335 See also Handicrafts

H

Handicrafts, craftsmen—266 Hegelianism—130, 234 "Hilf Dir" military association (Biel, 1848)—205, 208-09, 242 History, historical development—51, 104, 230, 234, 274, 316, 365-67, 370 Holy Alliance— 211-12, 362, 438 Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (962-1806)—65, 270 Humanism—213, 365 Hungary— 228, 230

— population — 227, 236-37, 303, 370 — industry and trade — 232 — political system, constitution —232, 290 — the press — 303 — in 1848-49 — 227-38, 270, 371, 378, 399 — and Austria — 227-33, 235-38, 270, 367, 370, 375-76, 399 — and Germany — 270, 367-68 — and Poland — 230 — and the Slavs — 227-38, 367-71 — and Turkey — 230-31, 233-34 See also Aristocracy, Hungarian; Bourgeoisie, Hungarian; National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary; Peasantry, Hungarian; Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary Hussite movement—231

I

Ideas— 163, 374 Ideology—166, 233, 235 Individual, person—263, 327

Industry (large-scale)—264-66, 328, 336

— machines as the basis of its development — 139 — its capitalist character — 260-61, 326, 336 — its role in social progress — 264, 327 — and taxes — 337 — and commerce — 214-15 — and agriculture — 229, 326 — and classes and the class struggle — 272 — and formation of the proletariat — 260 — and the bourgeoisie's political domination — 263-64, 335, 336, 371 — its development as a material pre-mise of the communist transformation of society — 266 Internationalism, proletarian— 12 Inventions— 261 Ireland— 214 Italy—197

— Italian nation, national character — 414 — lumpenproletariat (lazzaroni)— 17 — struggle for the country's unification — 414 — duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena — 456 — and Austria — 103, 213, 214, 235, 294, 372-73, 431, 439 — and England — 372 — and Germany — 372 — and Russia — 372 — and Switzerland — 84-85, 216-17, 239, 251 See also Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; Lombardian-Venetian Region; Papacy; Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states

J

Jacobin dictatorship, Jacobins—125, 161, 228 — revolutionary terrorism — 161, 228 Jews, the Jewish question—32, 94, 232, 415-16 June uprising of the Paris proletariat in 1848 — 16, 23, 103 — and petty-bourgeois democrats — 213 — establishment of Cavaignac's military dictatorship, suppression of the uprising — 23, 101-04 — consequences of its suppression — 23, 66-67, 104, 124-25, 213-14 — its influence on the workers' and the national liberation movement in other countries — 12, 214 — its defeat and strengthening of the European counter-revolution — 16, 23, 101-04, 168, 214, 438 Junkers, Prussian— 261, 273, 381, 385 Jurisdiction—79, 324-25

See also Courts Jurisprudence— 129 Jurists—130, 198

K

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples) — 102, 183, 216, 239, 251, 252

L

Labour— 259-60 Landed property—161, 262, 326-27, 335, 399 See also Mortgage Landowner—161, 262, 288 Language

— literary — 233 — Albanian — 233 — French — 8, 139, 149 — German — 68, 139, 233, 370 — German in Switzerland — 68, 139 — Greek — 233 — Hungarian — 233

— Italian — 139, 233 — Romansh — 139 — Rumanian —231, 233 — old Slav — 233 — Sorbian — 369 Law, right—330

— as a superstructure — 328 — and production —328

— and revolution — 154, 165-66, 197, 316-17, 325, 342-43 — might as the basis of right — 6, 50 — international — 69-70, 73 — civil — 389 — criminal — 310, 324-25, 335 — private — 324-25

See also Courts; Jurisprudence; Laws; Legislation; State Laws— 278, 325, 327-28 Law safeguarding personal freedom—25,

78-79 Legislation

— its dependence on social and economic relations — 313, 318-19, 327-28, 335-36 — pre-bourgeois — 335-36 — in bourgeois society — 32, 158, 173, 310-11, 318-19 — civil — 389 Liberalism, bourgeois—158-59, 168, 172,

248 Loans—173, 174 Logic— 69, 131, 272 Lombardian-Venetian Region—183, 216,

239 Lorraine—376

M

Machines— 266 Magyars— 228, 235-36, 370, 398-99, 412-13 Malmö negotiations and armistice—see Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50 Material, the— 273, 288, 328, 400

— material interests — 336, 371 — material basis — 158, 335 — social relations — 326 — material needs — 336, 377 — production — 337 — material force — 331 — material mode of production —327 — material means — 266 Material conditions of the life of society— 327 — and political and juridical superstructure — 327, 336 Means of communication—371 Means of production—266

zz* Mexico

— political system — 365 — and the USA — 365 Middle Ages, medievalism—31, 259, 327,

337 See also Feudalism; Monarchy Military art— 102 Mode of production—158, 259, 327-28 Monarchy—161, 162, 336-37, 358, 370 See also England; France; Monarchy,

absolute; Monarchy, constitutional; Prussia; Tsarism Monarchy, absolute (absolutism)—6, 15-16,

33, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 178,211, 229, 262-64, 274, 317, 327, 331, 336-37, 358 — and the bourgeoisie — 158-59, 161, 263-64 — and workers' struggle — 215, 316-17 See also Despotism Monarchy, constitutional—15-16, 151, 159, 161, 163, 178, 262-63, 330-31 Monasteries—109-10, 183 Money— 227, 261, 265, 419, 449 Moravia—232 Mortgage—288

N

Naples—see Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Napoleonic wars— 88, 175, 215, 372

— and England — 215, 372 — and Germany — 88, 372 — and Prussia — 99 — and Russia — 372 See also Vienna Congress of 1814-15 and Vienna treaties of 1815 Nation, nationality—17, 232, 234-36, 369-71 — origin — 234-35 — role of economic relations in the consolidation of nations — 367 — community of territory — 367 — language barrier — 233, 368, 370 — national character — 232, 234 — national culture — 232, 233 — national feelings — 367 — elimination of national isolation under capitalism — 232 — national assimilation — 369-70 See also National Question

Nationalism

— national prejudices — 229, 372 — national narrow-mindedness— 229, 233, 246-47, 372 National liberation struggle

— as a component part of bourgeois-democratic revolutions — 371-72 — struggle of oppressed nationalities for independence and the working class — 215, 238 National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary— 236-38, 270, 351, 362, 373, 375, 394 — military operations — 225, 235-38, 270, 290-94, 298-99, 300-03, 347, 350-53, 360-61, 394, 404-08, 412-13, 423-31, 432-44, 451-55, 457, 458-62, 466-68, 471-73, 477-80 — and prospects for the development of revolution in Europe — 294, 431 National question

— national oppression, its social roots and consequences — 214, 371-72 — flaming up of national strife by the ruling classes — 229-30 — liberation of oppressed nations as a component part of struggle for democratic reforms — 214, 371-72, 375 — and the bourgeoisie — 232 — and the working class and workers' movement — 214 — proletarian revolution as a means for the complete abolition of national oppression — 215 Neuchâtel—7-8, 108, 244-45 Neue Rheinische Zeitung

— organ of the proletarian wing of democracy — 23, 366, 390, 421-22, 509-10 — its persecution by the reactionaries — 48-49, 81-82, 182, 304-22, 495, 496, 504, 510, 511, 516, 517, 518-20, 521, 527-28 Nobility, German— 33, 168, 262, 263, 267, 372, 449 — in the Middle Ages, knights— 228, 229 -— and the bourgeoisie — 168, 229,

266 See also Junkers, Prussian O

Officials

— as a component part of the oppressors' state apparatus — 26, 134, 170, 201, 263, 265, 288, 309, 313, 322, 383, 385, 464 — need for revolutionary destruction of the old bureaucratic state apparatus — 38, 197, 275, 317, 342-43 See also Bureaucracy

P

Pan-Germanism—376 Pan-Slavism—231, 233-36, 238, 363-68, 371-72, 374-78, 438-39 Papacy—109, 213 Papal states—see Revolution of 1848-49 in

Italian states Parcella, panellation—399 Parliament

— its role and class character — 337 — and the masses — 14-15 — and taxes — 337 Parochialism, provincial narrowminded-ness—10, 12, 205-06, 229, 241, 249 Party, proletarian—215, 390

See also Chartism; Communist League Pauperism— 217 Peasantry— 289

— in the bourgeois revolution — 175

— peasant question in colonies— 232 Peasantry, Austrian— 229, 230, 405 Peasantry, French—175 Peasantry, German—175, 288, 289, 334,

449 Peasantry, Hungarian—299, 351, 399 Peasant uprisings, peasant movement—229,

302, 351 People, popular masses— 230, 233-34

— as a decisive force in the revolution — 14-15, 34, 102, 160-61, 167, 168-69, 176, 197, 275, 329, 342, 362 — its right to the revolution — 165, 166, 339 People's sovereignty, people's government— 107, 328, 330, 331, 336, 337

Petty bourgeoisie—170, 266, 287-88 Petty bourgeoisie, French—125-27 See also Democracy Petty bourgeoisie, German—67, 262, 266, 274, 287-88 See also Burghers; Democracy; Philistinism; Prussia; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany; Revolution of 1848-49 in Prussia Philanthropy— 218-19, 255 Philistinism—141, 161 Pietism, pietists—43, 526 Plebeians, plebs — 161, 263 Poland— 375, 399

— Polish nation — 367, 375 — feudal aristocracy, its alliance with the oppressors of Poland — 229, 399 — nobility (szlachta)—229, 399 — peasantry, serfdom — 229-30 — partition of — 229, 369, 372, 438 — national question — 230 — revolutionary and democratic movements — 229-30 — uprising in 1794 — 372, 438 — insurrection of 1830-31 — 270, 372, 399 — and the revolution of 1848-49— 213, 214, 230, 235-36, 374, 375, 439 — and religion — 230 — emigration — 224-25, 270 — its oppression and plunder by the ruling classes of Germany — 224-25 — and Austria — 229-30, 235, 373, 375, 377, 378 — and Germany — 230-31, 372, 378, 438 — and Hungary — 230-31 — and Prussia — 224-25 See also Bourgeoisie, Polish; Polish question Police— 7, 157, 170, 172, 220-21, 256,

315 Police and judicial persecutions

— of democrats and workers' leaders — 7, 171, 315-16, 342, 396 — of the leaders of the Cologne Workers' Association — 189-96, 319-21 — Lassalle's case — 341, 344-46, 463-65, 474-76 — prosecution of the press — 315, 445 See also Courts; Neue Rheinische Zeitung; Police; State of siege Polish question

— and revolution in Europe — 375 Political power

— and economic relations — 158-59, 264, 327, 335 See also Class; Power, state Political system

— as a superstructure — 161, 262-63, 328, 338 — feudal — 161,262-63,316-17,328, 341 — bourgeois — 161, 262-63, 328 See also Economics and politics; State Posen, Posen uprising (1848)—224-25 Possibility

— and probability — 44, 285 — and necessity — 285 Power, legislative and executive—325, 330-

31, 464 Power, state—170-71, 263, 265

See also Political power; State Prague uprising (July 1848)—225, 230,

235, 374, 411 Pre-proletariat—161 Press, the

— its essence and social role — 314, 316-18 — freedom of — 159, 165, 195, 313, 316, 318, 330 — bourgeois — 247 — workers'—317 — of the proletarian party — 247, 477 See also Neue Rheinische Zeitung Private property

— and law — 161, 201 — feudal — 15, 262 — of monasteries and Church — 109 — bourgeois — 161 — its monopoly as the condition of the rule of the bourgeoisie — 175 — as seen by bourgeois and petty-bourgeois economists — 129 See also Communism; Landed property Production—268, 328, 336 Progress—229 Protectionism—184, 251 Proudhonism—123, 127, 129-32

Prussia

— Prussianism — 51, 223, 274 — history — 274 — during the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars — 99, 100, 273 — reforms of 1807-14 — 273, 274, 276 — in 1815-48 — 159 — and the revolution of 1848 in France — 274 — survivals of feudalism — 265 — industry — 158, 264 — guilds, handicrafts, craftsmen — 266 — agriculture — 265 — trade — 158, 219, 267 — finances, budget, taxes — 159, 171, 173, 261, 265, 273, 379-89, 418-20 — political and state system — 3-4, 158, 160, 161-64, 172-73, 178, 262-64, 265-66, 270, 273-74, 280, 329-31, 335-36, 358, 449-50 — militarism — 157, 223 — police system — 7, 172, 173, 190-91, 223, 315 — laws — 25, 77-79, 157, 296, 304-14, 333, 334, 381-83, 388, 389, 485-92 — factory laws — 264 — judiciary — 76, 79, 157, 170, 197-203, 315, 317, 318, 344-46, 463-65, 474-76 — Prussian Law — 171, 296, 309, 315, 381-82, 388-89 — franchise — 154,157,166,324, 328 — Constitution, constitutional question — 154, 177, 193-94,201,255-57, 259-60, 261-67, 287-88, 296, 297, 313, 323-24, 328-29 — the press, press laws, censorship — 159, 313, 322, 347, 477 — home policy — 171 — religion and Church — 31, 171

— bureaucracy, officialdom — 15, 26, 38, 134, 157-58, 164, 168, 170-72, 176, 197, 201, 219, 257, 262-65, 267, 275, 288, 296, 309, 312, 313, 317, 318, 322, 335-36, 342, 381-83, 385, 397 — clergy — 385 — financial aristocracy — 257, 262, 267, 288 — petty bourgeoisie — 266 — peasantry — 175, 274, 288 — foreign policy and diplomacy — 171, 211 — and Austria — 52, 211, 264-65, 269-70 — and Denmark — 456 — and England — 264, 266 — and Germany — 51, 99 — and Poland — 224-25 — and Russia — 211-12, 265, 278 — conflict with Switzerland over Neuchâtel — 7-8 See also Army, Prussian; Bourgeoisie, Prussian; Coup d'état in Prussia; Germany; Junkers, Prussian; Prussian National Assembly; Revolution of 1848-49 in Prussia; Rhine Province of Prussia; United Diet in Prussia; Working class in Prussia Prussian National Assembly (1848)—3-4, 14, 15, 17-18, 19, 21, 32, 36-38, 39, 51-52, 99, 176, 200, 296-97, 331, 332, 335-36, 338-39, 355-56 — Right-wing groups — 15, 30 — Left and Right Centre — 278-80, 392 — democratic group — 391 — the Left — 29, 30, 174, 182, 295, 321-22, 390-91 — Agreement Assembly — 75, 134, 154, 157, 165, 174-75, 176, 198, 296, 328, 333-35

R

Radicalism, radicals

— as the bourgeois and petty-bourgeois political movement and trend — 125, 127, 248-49 — and the working-class movement — 125-27 Refugees

— Italian refugees in Switzerland — 61-62, 86, 112, 141-42, 144-45, 152, 216-17 — German refugees in Switzerland — 8, 12, 179-81 — Polish — 375 Religion—31

Republic

— as a state system — 289 — of the nobility — 399 — bourgeois, democratic — 138, 289, 358-59, 362 — proletarian ("red")—43, 52, 84, 123, 283, 285 Requirements, needs

— and production — 158, 328 — and interests — 159, 328, 336 — and the state — 158-59, 337 — and law — 314, 328 — material — 377 — social — 158-59, 16L314, 328, 337 — of the bourgeoisie and bourgeois society — 159, 336, 337 — their change and development and appearance of new needs — 158, 328 — and revolution — 161, 328, 337 Reserve army of labour—218-19, 266 Revolution— 325, 373, 377

— and the state — 38, 263-64, 316-17, 336-37, 338, 341, 464 — and law — 324-25, 327-28 — revolutionary initiative — 374 — and "legal basis"—154, 165-66 — world revolution — 230 — of the nobility — 399 — in consciousness — 374 See also Force; Revolution, bourgeois; Revolution, permanent; Revolution, political; Revolution, popular; Révolu* Hon, proletarian; Revolution, social Revolutionary movement, revolutionaries —278, 373, 391 Revolution, bourgeois—161-62, 264, 327-28, 335-36, 362-63 — its preconditions — 264, 336 — its motive forces — 14-15, 102, 160-67, 169, 175, 275, 329, 342-43, 362 — its limited character — 16, 161-63, 172-73, 278, 316-17, 362-63 — attitude to the old state machine — 172, 316-17, 342, 343 — and law — 154, 165-66, 197, 317 — striving of the bourgeoisie to compromise with feudal reactionaries — 164-65, 175, 279-80 — and the question of property— 161 — and the working class — 161 — and workers' representation in the government — 124 — as a stage for the transition to proletarian revolution — 323 — need for revolutionary methods of struggle to carry it through— 154, 165-66, 197, 228, 342-43 — and the national question — 162, 214, 371-73 — and the peasantry — 175 See also Bourgeoisie; Class struggle; English revolution of 1640-60; French Revolution; Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe; Revolution, popular Revolution of 1848-49 in the Austrian Empire — uprising in Vienna on March 13, 1848 — 16-17, 162, 201, 235 — people's actions in Vienna on May 15 and 26, 1848 — 102 — uprising in Vienna on October 6, 1848 — 12, 15, 16, 51, 88-93, 94, 101, 104, 157, 168, 177, 214, 225, 227, 228, 235, 297, 356, 362, 373, 375 — Court party — 15, 103 — financial aristocracy — 201 — bourgeoisie — 17, 201, 256 — working class — 17, 122, 201, 256 — students — 17, 122 — army — 120, 121, 372, 447 — national guard — 17 — Imperial Diet — 15 — national question — 17, 230, 352, 373-75 — and Hungary — 228, 230, 232, 235-38, 294, 356, 373, 467 — and Italy — 103-04, 213, 235, 462 — and the Slavs — 15, 94, 103, 225, 230, 232-38, 347, 348, 353, 363, 365, 366, 370, 372 — and the Poles — 15, 230, 231, 233, 235, 373, 375 — and the Czechs — 94, 225, 230, 235, 273-78 — and Russian Tsarism — 233, 373, 437-38, 453, 461-62 — and the Frankfurt National Assembly — 88-93 — preliminary results — 356 See also Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; National Liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary

Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe

— prerequisites and character — 16-17, 161-62, 227, 335-37 — its beginning — 101, 213, 414

— condition for its victory — 215 — and the working class — 8, 12, 214 — and the bourgeoisie — 23, 161, 214 — and national movements — 214-15, 227, 229-30, 238, 373-75, 377-78, 457 — development of the revolution in France as its decisive factor— 16-17, 23, 101-04, 213-15, 227, 238, 284 — counter-revolution and reaction — 16-17, 23, 101-03, 277, 294, 362, 438 ' — and England — 101-02, 214-15 — and Russia — 157, 214, 373, 438 — and world war — 215, 238, 294, 457 — and loss of democratic illusions— 104, 197, 213, 362-65, 414, 439 — preliminary results by the beginning of 1849 and prospects — 213-15, 438-39 Revolution of 1848 in France. The Second Republic (1848-49)—16-17 — February revolution — 161, 203, 213 — Provisional Government — 84, 124-25, 213 — people's action on May 15, 1848 — 101, 102, 125 — election of Louis Bonaparte as President — 18, 23, 104, 213-14 — Odilon Barrot Ministry — 214, 278, 280 — National party (moderate republicans)—66-67 — Réforme party ("Montagnards" of 1848)—123-28, 131, 213, 362 — dynastic opposition — 214

— petty-bourgeois Utopian socialist trends — 123-24, 126-28, 131-32 — and the bourgeoisie — 124, 213-14, 362 — and the petty bourgeoisie — 124, 126-27 — and the working class and its role in — 84, 123-28, 214 — workers' clubs and secret societies — 125, 132 — its impact on European states— 84, 214-15, 238 — prospects of its development— 16-18, 214, 289 See also June uprising of the Paris proletariat in 1848; Proudhonism Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany

— its prerequisites —158-59, 326-29 — its character and specific features — 178, 197, 270, 316-17, 358-59, 362, 414 — March revolution — 34, 102, 104, 159-67, 190, 213, 316-17, 342, 362, 414, 465 — and the attitude of the bourgeoisie — 15-16, 160, 162-78,266-67, 357-59 — and the working class — 162, 170, 174, 189-95, 266 — and the peasantry — 47, 288-89 — and the petty bourgeoisie — 262, 266-67, 288-89 — democratic movement and the attitude of petty-bourgeois democrats — 52, 53, 54, 190, 315-16, 358, 376, 390-91 — and absolutism — 158, 161, 178, 262-64, 358 — liberal professors as champions of bourgeois interests — 51, 52, 106-07, 133, 267 — and struggle against the survivals of feudalism — 358 — and the revolution of 1848-49 in Austria — 88-93, 104 — and the revolution of 1848 in France — 16-18, 23, 214-15, 284-85, 289 — and Hungary — 269-70, 398-403 — and Italy — 414 — and Prussia — 51, 53, 65, 99, 104, 222-26, 269-70 — and Russia — 211-12 — and the Slavs — 214, 373-78 — and Switzerland — 12, 67-74, 88, 138, 179-81, 246-47 — offensive of the counter-revolution and reaction — 104, 178, 277, 315-16, 320, 358, 362 See also Baden republican uprisings; Communist League; Danish-Prussian

war of 1848-50; Federal Diet in Germany; Frankfurt National Assembly; Neue Rheinische Zeitung; Prussian National Assembly; Revolution of 1848-49 in the Austrian Empire; Revolution of 1848-49 in Prussia Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary—227-28, 230-33, 235-38, 373, 436, 438 — revolutionary events in March 1848 — 235, 399 — anti-feudal agrarian reforms— 399 — landed aristocracy, top-rank officers — 348, 399, 410-11, 443-44 — peasant movement — 237, 292-93, 299, 302, 351, 431 — national question and nationalities policy — 229-30, 233 — and the Slavs — 225, 228, 230, 235, 236, 238, 352, 370-71, 373, 375, 377-78, 409-11, 416-17, 438, 469, 479 — sympathy with the revolution by the oppressed peoples of the Austrian Empire — 231, 351, 373, 375, 425, 442, 469 — and the Vienna uprising in October 1848 — 438 — its prospects and impact on the development of the revolution in Europe — 238, 294, 431 — and Austria — 227-28, 235-36, 294, 299, 375-76, 415-16, 431, 438, 478 — and Prussia — 269-70, 438 — and Russian Tsarism — 373, 402, 425, 430-31, 432-39, 440-41, 453-54 — and German liberals — 394-95, 398-403 See also National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states

— general description and aims— 101, 104, 213, 227, 373, 414, 439 — and lumpenproletariat (lazzaroni)—17 — in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies — 17, 102, 104, 213-14, 225, 362, 456 — in the Lombardian-Venetian Region — 372 — developments in Milan — 101, 103, 104, 362 — in the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont)—103-04 — in the Duchy of Tuscany — 101,

104, 213, 456 — in the Papal states — 101, 103, 104, 213 — Roman Republic (1849)—414, 456 — and Austria — 103, 213, 456 — and France — 414 — and Germany — 372, 414 — and Switzerland — 216, 239-40, 251, 252 See also Austro-Italian war of 1848-49 Revolution of 1848-49 in Prussia

— its prerequisites — 158-59, 223, 326-29, 335-36 — character and distinctive features — 16, 159-67, 168-69, 178, 197, 269-70, 274, 276, 313, 316, 317, 329-30, 334-37, 339, 358-59, 362 — "agreement theory" of the Prussian bourgeoisie — 3, 134, 135, 154, 157, 163-64, 165-67, 328, 331, 334 — drafting of a Constitution — 328, 329 — March revolution — 17, 34, 53, 134, 135, 159-67, 172, 175, 190, 222, 223, 264, 273-78, 296-97, 316-17, 321, 326, 329, 335, 342, 465 — attitude of the bourgeoisie — 15-16, 158-61, 162-78, 182, 188-92, 201, 219-21, 254-67, 273-80, 286-89, 295-97, 315, 357-59, 392-93 — policy of the big bourgeoisie and financial aristocracy — 158, 257, 262, 267, 288 — liberals — 390-91 — Camphausen-Hansemann Ministry — 30, 157-58, 163-67, 169, 296-97, 326, 446, 484 — Auerswald-Hansemann Ministry — 30, 157-58, 160, 167-69, 182, 192, 315, 316, 321 — Pfuel Ministry — 7, 14, 17, 38, 175-77, 270, 321 — role of the working class in its development — 36, 47, 162-63,

164, 170-72, 174, 175, 189-96, 219-21, 255-61, 266, 288-89 — and the peasantry — 47, 175, 288-89, 334, 335, 449 — and the petty bourgeoisie— 266-67, 288-89 — democratic movement and the attitude of petty-bourgeois democrats — 24-25, 29, 41, 46, 47, 50, 52, 53, 172, 174, 177, 182, 190, 195, 279, 288-89, 321-22, 340, 346, 358, 391, 447-50 — and nobility, junkers — 33, 134, 158, 160, 163, 164, 168, 173-77, 257, 262, 263, 267, 273, 275, 288, 315, 326, 335-36, 449 — absolutist feudal party — 3-4, 15, 34, 134, 158-64, 171, 173, 178, 262-66, 274, 279, 326-27, 329, 335-37, 358-59 — bureaucracy — 15, 26, 38, 134, 157-58, 164, 168, 170, 172, 197, 201, 219, 257, 262, 264-65, 275, 288, 296, 316, 335, 342 — jurists, judiciary — 197-203, 267, 342-43, 465, 474-76 — army reserve (Landwehr)—19, 36, 75, 77-78, 102, 164, 171-73, 176, 296, 321, 333 — struggle against the survivals of feudalism — 32, 168, 171-75, 219, 262-65, 266, 279, 288-89, 334-35, 449 — and the Rhine Province — 19, 38, 45, 65, 99, 160, 174, 296 — developments in Cologne (September 1848)—75-76 — offensive of the counter-revolution and reaction — 14, 19, 25, 30-34, 37-38, 46, 47, 53, 75-80, 94, 104, 134, 135, 154-58, 167, 170-73, 174-78, 182, 187, 197, 200, 266, 275-76, 277-79, 297, 315-16, 320-26, 333, 336, 339, 342-43, 362, 447-50, 483, 499, 500, 527-28 — Prussian militarism — 17, 25, 157, 164, 168, 170, 172, 176, 187, 219, 223-26, 262, 265, 275, 279, 296, 316, 320, 332, 334-36 — Brandenburg-Manteufrel Ministry — 4, 14, 16, 18, 25-26, 31-32, 38, 46, 47, 50-53, 65, 75, 99, 106, 135, 158, 160, 177, 192, 198, 200, 297, 333, 445-50 — and the movement for refusal to pay taxes — 18-19, 21, 24, 26, 29, 34, 36, 38-41, 45, 47-48, 50-52, 65, 76, 107, 135, 325, 330, 332, 333, 337-41, 358, 391, 446-50 — Prussian Constitution of December 5, 1848 (imposed Constitution)—134, 154, 177, 193-94, 201, 255-57, 259-67, 287-89, 296, 297, 313, 322, 323, 329, 346 — and Poland — 31, 157, 193, 214, 224-25 — and the national movement in

Schleswig-Holstein — 157 — and Austria — 211-12

— and Hungary — 394-95 — and Russia — 211-12 — and Switzerland — 7-8 See also Cologne Workers' Association;

Coup d'état in Prussia;. Neue Rheinische Zeitung; Posen; Prussian National Assembly; United Diet in Prussia Revolution, permanent—16, 123, 228 Revolution, political—328 Revolution, popular—316, 342-43

— as a form of carrying through the bourgeois revolution — 165-66, 316, 342-43 — and destruction of the old absolutist state machine — 197, 316-17, 342-43 Revolution, proletarian, socialist

— its historical prerequisites — 266 — as the completion of the permanent revolution — 16 — its international character — 214-15 — need for revolutionary violence —363 — proletarian party as the condition for its victory — 215 — solution of the national question — 214-15 See also Class struggle; Communism; June uprising of the Paris proletariat

in 1848; Party, proletarian Revolution, social—127, 215 Rhine Province of Prussia—38, 45, 65,

99, 174

— democratic movement — 41, 46, 160, 522, 529-30

Riot—12 Roman state—see Revolution of 1848-49 in

Italian states Rome, Ancient— 219, 224, 259 Royal power, royalty—4, 16-18, 33, 45,

106-07, 134, 159, 160, 163, 194-96, 263-64, 323, 327, 330, 336 See also Feudalism; Monarchy Rumanians— 351, 352, 406-07, 436, 471 Russia

— foreign policy and diplomacy — 119, 211-12, 456 — and Austria — 211-12, 375-76, 437-38, 440-41 — and Germany — 211-12, 372, 378 — and Hungary — 438-39, 453 — and Italy — 372-73 — and Prussia — 211-12, 265, 456 See also Holy Alliance; Napoleonic wars; Pan-Slavism; Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary; Slavs; Tsarism Ruthenians— 230, 236, 303

S

Saint-Simon's socialism—260 Saxons in Transylvania—230, 232, 236, 429, 436, 437, 461, 472, 478 See also Transylvania Schleswig-Holstein question—88, 223, 504

See also Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50; Frankfurt National Assembly; Revolution of 1848-49 in Prussia Science—258-59

— and religion — 31 — in bourgeois society — 106-07 — "evil of privileged erudition" — 107 Scotland—234 Serbia, Serbs— 298, 352-53, 409-10, 416,

432, 438, 440-42, 469 Serfdom—159, 335 Serf peasants—106, 259, 335, 337 Silesia— 25, 160, 174, 265 Silesian weavers' uprising in 1844—257 Sixteenth century—161, 169, 371 Slav Congress in Prague—364-65, 366-67,

373-74, 376 Slav languages—231, 233 Slavs, the Slav question—15, 227, 229,

231-36, 370-71 — specific features of social and economic development — 231, 366-69, 371-72, 399 — German colonisation of Slav lands — 229, 231-34, 367-72 — Hungarian colonisation of Slav lands — 367-72 — revolutionary-democratic movement — 225, 230, 231, 234-35, 363-67, 374, 375, 377 — conservative national movements — 230-31, 234-38, 365-67, 377-78 — assimilation and centralisation of — 230-32, 235, 236, 366-72 — the Slav question and revolution of 1848-49 — 371-73, 375-76 •.— prospect of the Austrian Slavs participating in the revolution— 371-72 See also Bohemia; Croatia; Moravia;

Pan-Slavism; Poland; Serbia; Slovakia;

Slovenia Slovakia, Slovaks— 293, 367, 368, 410,

411, 434, 435, 442, 469 Slovenia, Slovenes—367 Small countries and nations—230, 235-36,

238, 366-68 Small-scale production (agricultural)—335 Socialism (theories and trends)

— Christian — 249 — of Louis Blanc — 84, 123-24, 131 — French — 123-27, 131-32 See also Proudhonism; Saint-Simon's socialism Socialist movement in France

— during the July monarchy — 124 — during the Second Republic — 123-27, 130-31 Social question— 255-56, 262-63, 288-89 See also Revolution, social; Social relations Social relations, social system—326-27

— and production — 259, 327 — and property relations — 161, 259, 262 — and classes — 161, 259 — and political superstructure— 161, 262, 326-28 — and the state — 327 — and law — 327-28 — historical character of — 259

— and social revolution — 161-62, 259, 326-28 — feudal — 161-62, 326-28 — bourgeois — 161-62, 259, 327 — communist — 248 Society, bourgeois—161, 335-36

— its rise — 327, 337, 338 — and bourgeois revolution — 327 — its economic basis — 326-27, 335 — social relations and the social system — 161, 259, 326-27 — as a society founded on class antagonisms — 336 — classes and social strata — 158, 259, 288-89, 335-36 — and class struggle — 101, 335-36 — and the state — 262-63, 266, 327, 328, 335-38, 358 — preconditions of its inevitable destruction and premises for the rise of a new society — 268 See also Bourgeoisie; Capital; Capitalists; Class; Class struggle; Social relations; State; Working class Society, feudal—see Feudalism Sonderbund (Switzerland)—12, 84, 142, 144-47, 149, 152 Spain—15, 31, 70, 234

— first Carlist war of 1833-40— 234, 294 — and England — 70 State, the

— as a superstructure — 263 — and the mode of production— 158, 327 — its class essence as a weapon of rule for the exploiters — 265 — and antagonistic society — 337 — state centralisation — 44, 240, 371 — state machinery — 170-71, 265, 316-17, 464 — and revolution — 38, 263, 316-17, 336, 338, 340-41, 464 — bourgeois — 173, 261, 263, 265-66, 331, 337-39 — feudal — 263, 335-38, 414 See also Despotism; Monarchy; Monarchy, absolute; Monarchy, constitutional; Republic State of siege — 25, 53, 75-76, 177, 276-77, 280, 316, 445, 448-49 Stock exchange—419 Styria— 228, 231, 369 Superstructure—see Basis and superstructure Svornost (Bohemia) — 376 Switzerland—10-12, 44, 85-86, 138-41, 142-43, 246-47, 248-49 — territory and boundaries — 55, 58, 63, 69-70, 109, 116, 139 — population — 139 — the Swiss — 139-45, 147, 148, 247 — in the Middle Ages — 12 — and the French Revolution — 43 — and revolutions of 1848-49 in Europe — 12, 85, 217, 240 — democratic movement in 1848-49_7-12, 42-44, 83-85, 138-53, 244-45 — economy — 8, 184, 243, 251 — patriciate — 11, 12, 184, 205-06, 243, 247 — clergy and religion — 85, 109-10, 183, 244-45 — working class — 12, 13, 59 — peasantry — 217 — social and political system — 9-12, 42-44, 84-87, 138-40, 151-52, 239-41, 248, 249, 497 — Constitution — 22, 42-44, 85, 86, 217, 240, 252 — Federal Assembly — 57, 252 — National Council — 10-11, 22, 56, 58-60, 95, 97-98, 108, 111, 112, 113, 138-53 — Council of States — 22, 95, 97, 108, 113 — Federal Council — 22, 57-59, 95, 97-98, 108,113,116,119,136, 204 — suffrage — 42, 57-59 — legislation, courts — 42, 97-98, 108, 113, 119, 242 — home policy — 83, 86-87, 240, 253 — right of asylum and policy towards refugees —22, 61, 86, 98,

112, 119, 136, 152, 179-81, 204-05, 247 — political parties (conservatives, liberals)—9-10, 43, 58, 59, 83-85,

113, 248 — radicals — 9-12, 42-44, 56, 58, 85, 139, 206, 247-49 — the press —8, 43, 58, 86, 109, 1J 0, 137, 181, 183, 204-05, 246-50, 251, 252 — school, education — 85, 108

— foreign policy — 83-85, 86, 98, 119, 137, 248 — neutrality policy — 83-85, 86, 152, 217, 248, 249, 252-53 — Swiss recruits — 183, 216-17, 239, 251, 252 — and Austria — 12, 86, 144 — and Germany — 55, 58, 63, 66-74, 98, 109, 116, 119, 136-37, 138, 179, 185 — and Italy — 84, 216-17, 239, 251 — and Prussia — 244 — Prusso-Swiss conflict over Neuchâtel — 7-8 — and Russia — 119 See also Sonderbund

T

Tactics of the proletarian class struggle— 390, 514 See also Party, proletarian; Revolution, proletarian; Working-class movement Taxes, the tax system

— as the economic basis of state power — 260, 261, 265, 337-41, 388 — demand for refusal to pay taxes as tactics of the democrats— 337-38 See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Prussia Terror, terrorism

— revolutionary — 122, 227, 375, 378, 461 — during the French Revolution — 161, 227 — of the ruling classes — 120-21,227 See also Jacobin dictatorship Thirty Years' War—297 Town and country—39-40, 335 Transylvania— 236, 298, 300, 348, 350-51, 360, 402, 404, 406-07, 425, 426, 429, 430, 435-39, 453-55, 461, 468, 469, 471-72, 477-78 Tsarism—157, 211, 220, 362 Turkey— 233

— wars of conquest in the four-teenth-sixteenth centuries — 228, 232 — decline of the Empire — 229, 232 — and Austria — 229, 232 — and Hungary — 229, 232 — and Russia — 214

U

United Diet in Prussia—158-59, 164, 166,

168, 169, 296, 324-27, 339, 446, 449-50 United States of America—365

See also America; American-Mexican war of 1846-48 Universal suffrage — 256-57, 271-72

V

Vienna Congress of 1814-15 and Vienna

treaties of 1815 — 99-100 Vienna uprising in October 1848—see

Revolution of 1848-49 in the Austrian Empire Voluntarism

— and revolution — 364

W

Wallachia, Wallachians—66, 214, 231, 236, 437, 441-42 War, wars

— and revolution and revolutionary movement — 215, 237-38 — and the working class and proletarian party — 215 — revolutionary — 375 — guerilla — 236, 237-38, 294, 301, 302, 407, 428, 429, 433, 434, 437, 442 — world — 215, 238 See also American-Mexican war of 1846-48; Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; Austro-Turkish wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; Danish-Prus-

sian war of 1848-50; Napoleonic wars; National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary; Wars of the First French Republic Wars of the First French Republic (end

of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries)—226, 237, 372, 438 Wealth

— its antagonistic character under capitalism — 267 — national — 263-65 West— 214 Will—17, 271-72, 364 Working class—127, 259-60

— industrial proletariat — 274 — as the only consistendy revolutionary class — 289 — and the petty bourgeoisie — 127 — as the motive force in the revolution — 161 — and the national movement— 215 Working-class and socialist movement in Switzerland—11-13, 185, 207-09, 249-50 Working class in France—123-28, 131, 132, 161 Working class in Germany—162, 219-21 Working class in Prussia—219, 274, 288-89 Working class in Switzerland—12-13, 59 Working-class movement—170, 215

See also Chartism; Class struggle; Party, proletarian; Tactics of the proletarian class struggle; Working class Working-class movement in England—see Chartism Working-class movement in Germany—8, 11-13, 185, 207-09, 249-50 See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany; Silesian weavers' uprising in 1844 World market— 214, 224

— Britain's domination — 101, 214, 215, 219