Subject Index

A

Absolute monarchy — 65, 75, 86, 94, 211, 233-34, 317-319, 321, 328, 329, 346, 355, 465, 486, 495, 529, 540, 542 — origin —320, 326 — and the working-class struggle — 322, 356 — in France — 161 — in Prussia and Germany — 78, 92, 326, 331-33, 356, 465, 511 Abstraction — 117, 119,162-64,166,179, 197, 253, 289, 337 See also Categories Africa — 399, 410 Agrarian reformers—see National reformers, National Reform Association Agrarian question — 42,43, 358,413,518 Agriculture — 42, 78, 81, 84, 96, 133, 186, 187, 193, 199-206, 279, 288, 296, 304, 322, 327, 349-54, 505, 509 Algeria, Algiers — 399, 410, 471 Alienation — 113, 511 Alsace — 420, 424 America — 179, 185, 252, 399, 410, 485, 574, 627, 629 American War of Independence, 1775-83

— 293 Amsterdam — 575 Analysis — 163, 184 Ancient Egypt — 487 Ancient Greece — 4, 18, 158, 258, 325 Ancient Rome — 4, 18, 325, 368, 485, 487

Ancient world — 503 Antagonism — 212, 353, 389, 499, 504,

516, 519 See also Contradictions Anti-Corn Law League — 277, 283, 287,

333, 454, 457 Antwerp — 575 Appropriation — 495, 498-50 Aristocracy

— feudal —27, 28, 94, 95, 345 — its ideologists — 355, 507-08 — its struggle with bourgeoisie— 27, 28, 30, 58, 94, 217, 232, 345, 355, 362, 493, 494 — in bourgeois society — 58, 59, 71, 217, 389-90 — and proletariat — 507-08 — landed — 58, 217, 307, 358, 362, 453, 508 — financial — 61 — in Austria — 531, 533 — inEngland —20,21,58,59,81,85, 201, 202, 217, 358, 389-90,507-08, 526 — in France — 27, 61, 217, 507 — in Germany — 27, 30, 94, 508 — in India — 628 — in Poland — 551 See also Nobility Asia—179, 399, 410, 628 Atheism — 20, 46, 292 Austria, Austrian Empire

— in the Middle Ages — 368, 531, 533 — during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars — 530, 533, 554 — in 1815-47 — 373, 530-36, 542 — economic development — 552 '^4 — prospects of revolution — 26, 2^' 535 — and the national question — 535, 536 — and the oppressed Slav peoples — 535, 536 — foreign policy - - 552 — and other European states — 25, 27, 71, 368, 371-72, 373-74, 520, 523, 531-32, 33-36, 540-43, 552-55 See also Austro-Swiss wars of the 14th century, Bohemia, Bourgeoisie in Austria, Hungary, Polish question, Working class in Austria Austro-Swiss wars of the 14th century— 367-69, 371

B

Babouvism — 5, 321, 514, 576 Baden — 78 Banks, bankers — 52, 57, 61, 80, 85, 86, 90, 144, 218, 227, 231, 235-40, 351, 375, 422, 542 Basle — 524 Belgium — 16,41, 74, 275, 331, 355, 390, 520, 521, 527, 530, 537, 538, 546, 559-68, 569, 581-82, 592, 630, 640, 641 See also Antwerp, Bourgeoisie in Belgium, Brussels, Workers' movement in Belgium Berne — 524 Blanquism — 125, 252, 277-78 Bohemia — 244, 332, 441, 533-35 Bolton — 207, 208 Book-printing— 342, 404, 411 Bourgeoisie, middle classes — 28-30, 85-90, 176, 342, 350, 482-90 — origin and formation — 79, 185, 211, 212, 268, 337, 341-42, 345-46, 485-86, 488 — role in developing productive forces — 372, 487-89

— role in fighting feudalism — 28, 29, 174, 211, 328, 329-33, 337, 345, 482, 489, 503 — economic and political domination — 28-30, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84-86, 89, 90, 92, 94, 185, 196, 248-49, 268, 319, 342-43, 345-46, 449, 486, 488-89, 495, 508, 519, 527-28 — liberal — 28, 29, 59, 70, 221, 225, 333, 356 — and proletariat — 6, 29, 94-95, 175-77, 212, 296, 319, 331-33, 343-47, 352, 356-57, 372, 388, 482-90, 497-98, 504-06 — and peasantry — 83-84, 525, 527 — and nobility — 28, 65, 71, 82, 84, 89, 90, 507-08 — and petty bourgeoisie — 79, 82, 83, 87-90, 267, 509, 512 — rural — 8 2 , 89, 201, 322 — as a brake on historical development — 29, 218, 489-90 — its national limitation — 6 See also Bourgeoisie in Austria, Bourgeoisie in Belgium, Bourgeoisie in England, Bourgeoisie in France, Bourgeoisie in Germany, Bourgeoisie in Prussia, Bourgeoisie in Russia, Bourgeois revolution, Class struggle, Proletarian revolution Bourgeoisie in Austria — 530, 531, 532, 535 Bourgeoisie in Belgium — 31, 331, 521, 527, 537, 546, 559, 569, 570 Bourgeoisie in England — 29, 78, 80, 86, 121, 196, 208, 217, 218, 322, 389-90, 391-92, 461, 522, 526, 532 Bourgeoisie in France — 5, 7, 17, 18, 19,

24, 25, 27, 31,69, 77, 78, 80-82, 85, 86, 161, 218, 239, 319, 333, 364, 380-81, 385, 387, 467 Bourgeoisie in Germany — 17, 18, 20, 24,

25, 30, 32, 76, 78-95, 245, 248, 294, 297, 326, 327, 332,334,356,465, 510, 511, 519, 521-22, 530, 543-44 Bourgeoisie in Prussia — 53, 65, 66-71, 80,

88, 89, 90, 511, 523 Bourgeoisie in Russia — 527 Bourgeois revolution — 71, 212, 319,

323-33, 335, 485, 558 revolution — 333, 519, 543-44 See also English revolution of the 17th century, French Revolution, July revolution of 1830 in France, Revolution of 1848 in France, Revolution of 1848 in Italian states, Revolutions of 1848 in Europe Bourgeois society— 212, 246, 355, 485, 495, 497-500 — rise —211, 322-23, 337, 355, 485, 489 — its economic foundations — 137, 143, 166, 183, 194, 322-23, 324, 345-46, 487-90 — class structure — 159, 204, 212, 345-46, 352, 389, 485, 491-92, 494-95, 505-06, 509, 515, 539-40, 551, 633 — and class struggle — 352, 440, 485, 491-95, 539-40 — and the state — 322, 324, 326, 328, 489, 505, 511-12 — inevitability of its revolutionary transformation — 356, 389, 436, 489-90, 493, 495-96, 515 See also Bourgeoisie, Capitalist mode of production, Civil society, Working class Brazil— 167 Bremen — 86 Brussels — 275, 276 Brussels Democratic Association—391, 402, 537-39, 560, 566, 567, 624-26, 640-42 Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee— 54 Bureaucracy— 16, 30, 62, 65, 69, 77, 79, 84, 86-92, 94, 222-27, 230, 294, 318, 333, 512, 522-23 Burghers in Germany— 31, 85, 326-27, 345-46, 368, 485, 493, 500, 508-09 Burgundian wars of the 15th century— 367-68

C

Capital

— as a social power — 346, 381, 499 — as accumulated labour— 122, 125, 132, 346, 434, 499 — and labour — 143, 178, 185, 186, 211, 288, 310, 318, 362, 377, 428-

498-99, 500, 514, 573 — and bourgeoisie — 84, 346, 490, 495-96 — and proletariat — 433, 490, 499 — productive — 428-33, 435, 459-60 — industrial — 196 — concentration of — 80, 86, 188, 296, 303, 429, 459, 509 — accumulation of — 122, 124, 159, 185, 295, 429, 459 — competition of capitals — 82, 199, 281, 288, 429 — fixed — 122, 206, 431 — circulating — 122, 431 — profit on — 99, 199, 232, 341, 430 — interest on — 199, 203, 204, 429 — outflow and inflow of, in various branches of production— 134, 157 — investment of, in land — 200, 203-05, 455 Capitalist mode of production — 122, 123, 162, 167, 174, 175, 193, 197, 199,202, 203, 209, 319, 348, 488, 500 Carbonari — 31 Castes — 179, 184 Categories

— as a theoretical expression of real relations — 162, 165, 176-78, 179, 197, 202 — and dialectics — 165, 168-70, 178 — critique of idealist conceptions of — 4, 162-72, 179, 185, 192, 197 — economic— 164-68, 171, 172, 183, 193, 195 See also Gause and effect, Chance and necessity, Essence and appearance, Fo-,m and content, Quality and quantity

Catholicism — 41, 172, 173, 218, 309,

331, 521, 546 See also Jesuits Cause and effect — 21, 169, 180, 197, 354 Censorship — 28, 32, 73, 75, 77

Chance and necessity— 167, 292, 294, 295, 304, 349, 435

Chartism — 3, 7, 331, 333, 389, 392,442, 446 — as the first independent political party of the working class — 210, 324, 517 — and bourgeois and petty-bourgeois radicals — 361 — and the Anti-Corn Law campaign — 285, 452 — Land Cooperative Society — 358-60 — and the Irish question — 445-50 — and Owenism — 516 — before 1848 — 58-59, 307-08, 361-63, 383-84, 435-37, 521 See also Fraternal Democrats (society), National Charter Association, People's Charter Chemistry — 204, 489 China — 345, 485, 628 Christianity — 45-46, 48, 49, 163, 164, 231, 258, 403, 503, 508, 510, 527, 630, 631 See also Catholicism, Essenes, Protestantism Church—217-18, 283, 508, 525 See also Clergy, Religion

Civil society—3, 100, 175, 253, 346

Civil list—233, 328 Classes, the

— general characteristics — 66-70, 85, 99-102, 211-12, 322, 330, 337, 341, 342-43, 345, 348-49, 389-90, 485-86, 495, 499-501, 573, 577, 629 — formation of — 175, 178, 185-86, 211-12, 3-^, 389-90, 493, 515, 533 — and division of labour — 353 — abolition of, as a result of proletariat's victory — 95, 102, 212, 353, 389, 505-06 See also Bourgeoisie, Peasantry, Working class Class struggle, the

— general characteristics — 85, 133, 159, 174-78, 210-12, 330-33, 352-53, 391-92, 436, 482-84, 493, 497-98, 505-06, 633 — and history of society — 133, 174-75, 482-84, 495, 503 — and mode of production — 133, 144, 159, 174-78, 212, 293, 389-90, 436, 498, 514-15, 627-28, 633 — political nature of —211,212,292, 306, 493, 507

290, 482-84, 495 — between bourgeoisie and feudal aristocracy — 28, 94, 174, 211, 332, 337-38, 350, 465, 485, 493 — between bourgeoisie and proletariat — 29, 56, 58, 94, 126, 175-78, 210-12, 222, 296, 303-04, 332, 352, 356, 389-90, 415, 435-36, 440,463, 465, 485, 492-93, 495, 497-98, 505-06, 628, 633 — internationalist character of proletariat's class struggle — 6, 290, 351-52, 389-90, 392, 629 — its disappearance in communist society — 134, 212, 332, 352-53, 389, 435, 503, 505-06, 545, 633 See also Classes Clergy, the

— in feudal society — 16, 19, 254, 333, 363, 372, 508, 512, 522, 528 — and bourgeoisie — 436, 487, 522, 528 — in Belgium — 537 — in England — 218, 283 — in France — 218 — in Germany — 16, 31, 263, 333, 512, 522 — in Ireland — 309 — in Italy — 372 — in Spain — 22 Code Napoléon — 19

Colonies, colonial policy—21, 23, 179, 185 Commerce, trade

— prerequisites for development of — 485, 627 — demand as material content of— 574 — and development of the productive forces — 86, 87, 113, 119, 489 — in the Middle Ages — 149, 320, 328, 575 — period of prosperity — 69, 86, 160 — world — 79, 119, 150 167,304,355 — trade crises —82, 160, 286, 347, 489, 490, 492, 632 — in money — 79, 150, 351 — maritime — 86, 185 — small — 491, 494 — wholesale — 90 — trade legislation — 89 See also Market 134, 144, 145, 148, 150-51, 156, 289-90, 343, 415, 419, 436, 490 Commune (medieval) — 320, 485, 486 Communism (theory) — 96-103, 331, 341-57, 481-519, 577-78 — as a revolutionary science — 178, 303 — as a teaching on the emancipation of the working class — 101, 304 — objective historical prerequisites — 101, 178, 303-04, 321, 496, 498, 538 — and German philosophy — 45 — and religion — 7, 47, 102, 503-04 — and doctrinairism — 178, 303, 337 See also Communist League, Communist movement, Communist party, Communist society Communist League, the — 481

— theoretical, programmatic principles of— 174-78, 212, 220-34, 292-98, 331-32, 341-57, 477-519, 585-88 — aims of — 303-04, 356, 497-98, 504-06,518-19 — congresses of — 355-57, 481, 586-87, 589-600 — and petty-bourgeois and bourgeois democrats — 76, 77, 291-99, 305-06, 355, 356, 402-03, 518-19, 537-39 See also Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee, Communist party, League of the Just Communist movement, the

— as an expression of proletariat's interests — 76-77, 179, 303 — as vanguard of democratic movement — 5, 7, 14, 63, 299, 356-57, 406-07, 440, 518 — ultimate aim — 96 — and religion — 45 — and bourgeoisie — 356-57 — in Europe — 50, 481 — in Belgium — 356 — in England — 7, 14, 55, 321, 356, 538 — in France — 55, 63, 76, 321, 356, 407-08, 438, 443-44, 518, 538 — in Germany — 55, 60, 75, 76, 220, 291, 292, 321, 356-57, 519, 528, 538

— in Poland — 518 — in Switzerland — 356, 518 — in USA — 41, 43, 321, 356 See also Egalitarian communism, Press, Socialism, Utopian communism Communist party— 35, 55, 75, 220, 225, 306 — as most revolutionary party — 220-21, 497, 518, 519 — as true exponent of proletariat's interests — 76, 177, 225, 355, 493, 497, 498 — struggle against alien ideology — 77, 291, 292, 295, 300-301, 306, 355-56 — and other workers' parties — 497-

98, 518 — and democratic parties — 63, 298-

99, 356, 518 — its attitude to bourgeoisie — 332, 356, 519 See also Communist League Communist society— 96, 353-54, 500, 505-06 — material preconditions for establishment — 178, 194, 212, 319-20, 347-48, 351, 436, 498, 500 — proletariat's political domination as a condition for transition to — 299 — abolition of private and establishment of public property — 96, 101, 102, 295, 337, 348, 351-52, 441, 498-500, 505, 633 — as a classless society — 134, 212, 353, 389, 506, 519, 545, 633 — elimination of political power proper —211-12, 505-06, 516 — planning of production — 337, 352-54, 505 — distribution and consumption — 133, 348, 352-54, 434 — and personal property — 499, 500 — and physical labour — 436 — abolition of the antitheses between town and country — 351, 353-54, 505, 516 — social evolution as a form of development of — 212 — and personality — 96, 101, 351, 353, 498-500 — and the national question — 102-03, 354, 388, 503 — and the status of women — 102, 354, 502 — and the famity —102, 354, 501, 502, 516 — and the education of children — 102, 299, 351, 353, 500, 501, 505 — and science — 352 — and religion — 46, 49, 102, 354 — criticism of idealist and Utopian conceptions of — 39, 45, 142-45, 194, 229, 230, 500, 515-16 See also Period of transition from capitalism to communism, Political domination of the proletariat Competition

— in bourgeois society — 79, 81, 82-84, 99-101, 159, 176, 183, 184, 191-93, 194, 195, 209, 240, 278, 284-86, 289, 295-96, 319, 322, 341, 346-48, 388, 464, 489, 503 — of capitals —82, 200, 281, 288, 429 — and price — 199-200, 202-203, 462 — and wages — 160, 206-207, 329, 415, 435, 453 — and profit — 156, 206-07 — and petty bourgeoisie — 491, 509 — between workers and employers — 423-24 — among workers — 143, 195, 211, 309, 350, 358, 422, 424, 428-30, 459, 493, 496 — and living standard of the proletariat — 99-101, 160, 341, 344, 423-24, 492 — abolition of, as a condition for emancipation of proletariat — 101, 295, 344, 348, 496 — between nations — 22, 65, 66, 74, 81, 87, 90, 167, 218, 276, 280, 281, 286, 288, 388, 416, 436, 464 Consciousness — 96, 251

See also Reason, Social consciousness, Thought Constantinople—179 Constitution, Constitutional question—56, 294, 324, 356 — in Belgium — 527 — in England —22, 59, 526 — in France — 5 , 6, 7, 18, 22, 270, 363, 364, 526 — in Germany —25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 71, 76, 79

— in Prussia — 23, 26, 52, 53, 64-71, 292, 520-22 — in Switzerland — 367 — in USA — 335, 356

Consumption — 113, 118-19, 130, 131, 133, 137, 158, 196, 284, 286,459,464 Continental blockade — 22, 65, 80 Contradictions

— as essence of dialectical development — 133, 168, 493, 515 — criticism of anti-dialectical under-

standing of — 164, 168-73 — solution of — 256 — in capitalist production — 427, 432, 509 — class — 56, 126, 133,144,159,175, 176-78, 212, 229, 248-49, 310,330, 331, 362, 389, 391-92, 435, 485, 498, 503, 506, 513-15 — between the ruling class and nation — 85 See also Unity and struggle of opposites Convention— 19, 234, 265, 442 Corn Laws, the — 28-29, 65, 207, 217,

322, 333, 452-58, 463, 466, 521, 546 See also Anti-Corn Law League Corvée labour — 83, 84, 227, 294 Cosmopolitism — 3, 7, 8, 398-400, 410-

11,454,488,543 Cost of production — 81, 88, 90, 118, 119,

125, 128, 132, 134,149, 150, 197-203, 217, 284-85, 343, 415, 422, 430, 436, 455, 462, 491 Country, the — 78, 174, 179, 345, 351,

353-54, 488, 505, 516, 533 See also Town Cracow insurrection of 1846 — 518, 545-

46, 630, 644 Credit — 162, 167, 168, 173, 196-99 Crises — 137, 320

— industrial — 137, 307-09, 322,420, 424, 429, 432, 462, 509 — commercial — 69, 82, 160, 286, 347, 489, 490, 492, 632 — of the world market — 303 Criticism — 409 Crusades — 487, 574 Customs — 31, 87 Customs Union (Zollverein) (in Germany)

— 66, 80, 87, 92, 266 Cynicism — 125 D

Deism — 248, 254 Demand and supply— 118, 132, 137, 460, 574 — and wages — 225, 415 — of labour — 130, 209-10, 285, 329, 433 Democracy, democrats — 3, 6, 367-68, 389, 399, 409, 410-11, 440, 442, 519, 549 — and liberal bourgeoisie — 29, 59, 331, 377, 378-79, 385-86, 450 — and petty bourgeoisie — 355-56 — and democratic movement — 32, 71, 295, 368, 391-92 — and working class — 29, 103, 295, 299, 350-51, 368, 372, 504 — in Belgium — 392, 408, 537 — in England —7,26-27,59,71,310, 358, 361-63, 383-84, 389, 391-92, 399, 408, 410, 412-13, 447, 449, 450 — in France — 4, 62, 71, 371, 376-79, 380, 385-87, 399, 408-09, 410-11, 439-42, 443-44 — in Germany — 26, 32, 71, 255, 269, 287, 291-99, 306, 389, 391, 392, 408, 411 — in Norway — 367-68 — in Poland — 389, 549 — in Switzerland — 367-68, 373-74 — in USA — 356 Denmark — 275, 542 Despotism, tyranny—16-19, 21-27, 71, 368, 392, 410, 427 Dialectics— 165, 167, 170, 181, 182, 196, 257 See also Antagonism, Categories, Contradictions, Negation of the negation, Opposition, Unity and struggle of opposites Dictatorship of the proletariat — see Political domination of the proletariat (idea of dictatorship of proletariat)

Distribution — 126, 143, 197, 289

— in bourgeois society — 184, 305, 329 — under communism — 348, 352 Division of labour — 111, 118, 120, 127,

143, 145, 158, 159, 162, 166, 172, 178-91, 288, 319, 330, 342, 353-54,

420, 422, 427, 431, 435, 459, 464,485, 490, 491, 509 Dramaturgy— 18, 213 Dynastic opposition (in France) — 62, 331,

375, 376-79, 385-87, 406, 439-40, 443-44

E

East and West — 488, 574 Economic laws — 123, 124, 132-35, 147, 162, 170, 176, 181, 202, 203, 290, 296, 336, 440, 458, 462, 463 Economy, economic relations — 44, 120, 124, 131, 133, 138, 143, 146, 147, 149-51, 165, 166, 168-73, 176-78, 184, 191, 209, 211, 226, 228-29, 255, 280, 322^23, 328-29, 330, 336-37, 343, 514 See also Production relations Education — 17, 81, 94, 101, 102, 299-300, 351, 354, 364, 427, 500, 501, 500-02, 503, 505, 525 Egalitarian communism—512, 514 Egoism—41, 46, 193, 239 Egypt— 167, 470, 487, 528

Emigration — 6-7, 11, 14 England

— under absolutism — 196, 322 — the glorious revolution of 1688 — 17, 196, 322 — industrial revolution — 341 — monopoly in trade and industry — 23 — in the 19th century (first half) — 58-59, 78, 285 — industry and trade — 65, 87, 90, 187, 208, 210, 308-09 — railways — 398, 410, 533 — agriculture, agricultural relations — 187, 201-02, 322 — finances, budget — 196, 218, 229 — parliamentary system — 213, 233, 446, 526 — election reform movement — 29,

31-32, 380 — foreign policy — 21, 438 — prospects of a social (proletarian) revolution — 352, 389, 391-92 See also Anti-Corn Law League, Bourgeoisie in England, Chartism, Colonies, English revolution of the 17th century, Free Trade movement, Manchester, Peterloo, Poor laws, Reform Bill of

1832 (in England), Ten Hours Bill, Tory, Trade unions, Workers' movement in Englazd, Working class in England,

Young England English revolution of the 17th century — 17,

233, 321, 322, 410 Entail — 345 Eauality — 5, 7, 19, 21, 28-29, 228, 346,

442,51 i

See also Proudhon's doctrine Essence — 32, 94 Essence and appearance — 177 Essenes — 50 Estates, orders — 28, 31, 84, 132, 228, 326,

328, 332-33, 337, 482-87, 494, 508-09 Europe — 4, 5, 6, 21, 24, 26, 71, 179, 391,

481, 522, 554, 574-75, 627 Exchange— 79, 112-14, 118, 119, 124,

126, 130, 131, 134, 137, 142-47, 150, 151, 185, 187, 196, 209, 296, 304, 319, 351, 352, 463, 464, 485, 486, 489 Exchange (exchangeable, marketable) value

— 111-22, 124, 130-32, 134, 135, 145,

156, 199

F

Factory, automatic workshop — 83, 87, 89, 99, 101, 102, 159, 173, 182-85, 188, 190, 202, 322, 342, 347, 491 See also Industry Family — 41, 102, 194, 267, 323, 354, 429, 453, 487, 494, 501, 502, 508, 509, 516 Federal Diet (Germany) — 15, 16, 25, 32, 55 Federation, federal state

— as an ideal of the petty-bourgeois democrats —318, 328-29, 336 Federative Act (Germany) — 26, 27 Feuerbach's philosophy— 73, 250-51, 256,

258, 292, 293 Feudalism — 29, 78, 101, 174, 179, 194,

322, 349, 485, 489, 503, 508, 523, 532 — and the inception of capitalist relations — 174, 211, 337, 485, 489 — disintegration and collapse of — 19-20, 78, 174, 192, 211, 267-68, 319, 337, 485, 531, 533-34 See also Entail, Guilds, Middle Ages,

Fichte's doctrine—18 Flanders—16 Form and content— 177

Fourier's doctrine— 209, 256, 429, 514, 516, 576 France

— territory, population — 3, 4, 7, 16, 20, 275, 276, 350, 509 — peculiarities of historical development of — 71, 486, 526 — in the Middle Ages — 85, 116, 148 295, 369, 410, 411, 486, 530 — during absolutism — 70, 151, 160-

61, 218-19, 232, 333, 410 — the Thermidor reaction and the Directory — 19, 370 — during the Consulate and the First Empire — 22-27, 80 — during the Restoration (1815-30)

— 22, 25, 30, 506, 546 — the July monarchy (1830-48) — 32, 77, 78, 218, 238, 331, 364, 365, 375-76, 520, 525, 526 — economy and trade — 30, 69, 78, 187, 192, 532 — agriculture — 78 — home policy, domestic situation — 76, 214-17, 218-19, 331-32, 381-82, 450, 521 — September laws on the press (1835)

— 331 — political crisis of 1846-47 — 213-17, 218-19, 375, 381-82, 438, 439, 520 — the election reform movement —

62, 63, 76, 219, 376-82, 385-87, 406, 409, 438-44, 520, 526 — corruption of the ruling classes — 213-17, 381-82, 438 — parliament —61-62, 128, 213-17, 266, 438, 439 — prospects of revolution — 352,381, 385-86 — foreign policy — 365-66 — and England —20, 91, 438 — and Germany and Prussia — 19, 23, 25, 26, 27, 52, 78, 80, 81, 269-70, 411 — and other European states — 20,

22, 23, 31, 366, 371-72 See alio Alsace, Babouvism, Blanquism, Bourgeoisie, Burgundian wars of the 15th century, Code Napoléon, French philosophy, French Revolution, July revolution of 1830 in France, Lorraine, Napoleonic wars, Paris, Revolution of 1848 in France, Working class in France Fraternal Democrats (society)—384, 391, 392, 466-67, 590, 647 Freedom — 29, 117-19, 263, 304, 344, 463, 498-99, 502, 505, 512, 515, 528-29 See also Freedom of the press, Man, Political freedoms Freedom of the press — 17, 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 56, 66, 7!, 76, 218, 225, 228, 232, 252-53, 511, 545 See also Publicity Free Trade movement—284, 288-90, 450 «3 — and the bourgeois political economy — 94, 274-78, 288-90, 416, 449-64, 539 — as the principle of industrial bourgeoisie — 58, 275, 384, 450-58, 461, 539 — and the working class — 58, 94, 280-81, 283-86, 287-88, ?,VS See also Protectionism French philosophy, the — 399, 410, 510 See also Holbach's philosophy, Rousseau's philosophy, Voltairianism French Revolution, the — 3, 19, 27, 218, 232-34, 253-54, 262, 263, 333, 546 — character and specific traits of-r- 4. 5, 319, 498, 547 — historical significance of — 3, 319, 322, 41Ï — stages of— 18, 65, 232 — political groupings — 4, 5, 18, 270, 376, 545 — and the masses — 18, 233-34, 319, 371 — Le Comité de salut public (Committee of Public Safety) — 335 — counter-revolutionary movement — 27, 232-34, 333 — influence over Germany — 15, 18, 24, 25, 27, 510 — and counter-revolutionary European powers — 5, 24, 530, 534 — and Switzerland — 371-72

See also Convention, Girondists, Jacobins,

Vendée, Wars of revolutionary France at the end of 18th century

G

Geneva — 524 German Confederation, 1815-66 — 25, 26,

27, 32, 55 German Democratic Society in Paris — 656 German philosophy— 3, 4, 18, 46, 73, 76,

77, 109, 161, 510 See also Feuerbach's philosophy, Fichte's doctrine, Hegel's philosophy, Kantianism,

Young Hegelianism

German Workers' Club in Paris — 654, 658 German Workers' Educational Society (London) — 590, 630

German Workers' Society in Brussels — 403,

560, 581, 626, 630 Germany — 43 Î

— peculiarities of its historical development — 17-18, 76, 78-79, 84-85, 259, 267, 326-27, 331-32, 512, 538, 543-44 — in antiquity — 367, 368, 373, 482 — in the Middle Ages — 15, 17, 80, 84-85, 179, 326-27, 530-31 — survivals of feudalism — 16, 17, 19-20, 23, 30, 79, 81, 83, 85, 94-95, 332, 333, 335, 511, 519, 530-31 — during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars — 18-28, 78, 80, 81, 259, 510* — between 1815 and early 1848 — 23-26, 28, 30-33, 78-95, 520-22 — industry — 17, 19, 30, 78, 80-81, 83-85, 87-89, 91-93, 188, 276, 279, 293, 296, 326-27, 332, 531 — agriculture — 17, 78-79, 81-82, 83, 201 — home and foreign trade — 17, 66, 78, 86, 87, 90-93, 326-32, 531 — protectionist policy — 84, 87, 89, 90-94, 232 — estates, classes — 17, 84, 92, 248-49, 332 — state and political system — 78, 79,

294, 326-27, 328, 332, 511-12, 519 — disunity and problems of unification — 24, 31, 32-33, 85, 293, 335, 552, 553 — bourgeois liberal movement — 20-21, 24-26, 30-33, 66, 69, 71, 77, 220-25, 292-94, 299, 332-33, 356, 510-11, 519-22 — Hambach festival, 1832 — 332 — youth, students — 20, 24, 30, 31, 32 — education — 17, 81, 427, 512 — religion and church — 20, 248 — foreign policy— 16, 84, 90, 535-36 — and oppression of Poland — 389, 391-92, 535, 551-52 — and other European states — 15, 16, 23, 24, 27, 411, 551-52 — prospects of revolution — 85, 86, 293, 352, 512, 519, 522, 538, 543, 551-52, 554 See also Austria, Bourgeoisie in Germany, Burghers in Germany, Customs Union, Federal Diet, Federative Act, German Confederation, German philosophy, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, Peasant War in Germany, Prussia, Rhine province, Saxony, Working class in Germany, Württemberg, Young Germany Girondists—18 God, gods— 20, 171, 174, 231, 235, 241-42, 257 Good and evil — 167, 169, 172, 180 Gothic — 487

Greco-Persian wars, 500-449 B.C.—368, 371 Guilds, fraternities, corporations — 88, 101, 174, 179, 184, 186, 190, 192,267,270, 276, 322, 330, 345, 348-49, 355

H

Hamburg — 86 Hanseatic towns — 80, 85 Heathens — 258 Hegel's philosophy — 18, 265

— dialectical method of — 163-67, 169, 256 — and Feuerbach's philosophy — 256, 258 Historiography— 326 History— 50, 133, 164, 170, 174, 178,

179, 192, 204, 253, 319, 337, 345,494, 507, 521, 530

233 Holbach's philosophy — 254, 256 Holy Alliance, the — 22, 31, 93, 320 Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation

— 15, 17, 19, 271 Humanism — 6, 48, 125, 256, 270, 292,

293 Hungary — 7, 343, 527, 531, 535, 542

I

Ideas— 162, 165, 170-71, 177, 179, 184,

196, 197, 501, 504 Illuminati — 303 Immigration — 43, 167, 309 India — 167, 185, 187, 345, 422, 628 Industrial revolution — 341, 343-47, 485 Industry

— under feudalism — 191, 320, 328, 489 — domestic — 174 — and protectionist policy — 80, 93, 279, 280, 287, 288, 328, 465, 573 — large-scale —79, 81, 87-89, 99, 127, 137, 138, 143, 183, 187, 207, 210-11, 279, 287-88, 296, 328, 342, 345-47, 349, 351-53, 355, 429, 432-33, 465, 485, 486 — contradictions within it under bourgeois mode of production — 135, 515 — and property relations — 159, 303-04, 322-23 — and trade — 113, 167 — small-scale — 138, 279, 429, 509, 573 — and peasantry — 83

— and bourgeoisie — 79, 81, 486, 493, 494, 524, 527 — ousting of skilled workers and use of women's and children's labour — 420, 422, 427, 433, 491, 501, 502 — during the period of transition from capitalism to communism and under communism — 299, 304, 305, 322, 350-51, 352-53, 505 See also Guilds, Industrial revolution, Machines, Manufacture, Production cycle, Trade Interest, interests

— and private property — 388, 487 — and social and economic progress

— 85, 368, 493, 527, 542-43 — opposite, and their elimination — 6, 24, 28, 83-84, 87, 175, 211, 368, 388-90 — identity of — 390, 550 — alleged harmony of, in bourgeois society — 144, 362, 514 — general, particular and private - -6, 19, 79, 95, 175, 187, 210. i56, 372, 379, 388-90, 489, 497, 525, 534, 552 — material, economic — 76 83, 93, 211, 493 — political — 31 350 — national — 6, 84-85, 368, 372, 489, 534, 542-43, 550, 552 — social under communism — 348 — and law — 89, 90, 494 — their expression in ideology and theory — 333, 511-12 — estate — 79, 333 — class —76,83-85,95, 175,211,489 — party — 75, 76, 78, 333, 390 — during transition from capitalism to communism — 299 — in communist society — 348, 388

Internationalism, proletarian — 6, 390,497

Inventions — 156, 159, 187, 158, 204,

207, 284, 341, 346 Iran — 528 Ireland—13, 200, 286, 307-09, 425, 445-49, 466, 482, 549 Irish Confederation — 549 Italy

— in the Middle Ages —205, 486, 530 — industry and trade — 523, 531, 533, 541 — home policy — 371-72

— Austrian rule in — 520, 523

— in the first half of the 19th century

— 31, 371-72, 520, 532-34, 541, 554 — struggle for national liberation and reunification — 3 1 , 371-72, 523, 534, 540 — revolution in Naples, 1799 — 371-72

72, 540 — revolutionary events of 1831 — 31, 366, 371-72, 520, 532, 533 — liberal reforms in Papal states — 521-23 — revolutionary upsurge in 1847 — 520-21, 523, 528, 532 — and other European states — 366, 371-72 See ako Carbonari, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Papal ~-.ates, Fv. dmont (Kingdom of Sardinia), Revolution of 1848 in Italian states, Rome

J

Jack Cade's rebellion, 1450—295 Jacobins, Jacobin dictatorship, the — 4, 5,

18, 19, 319, 335, 372, 376, 386, 403, 545 Jacquerie (France, 1358) — 295 Jesuits — 524, 525 Jews — 158, 237, 239, 243, 276 July revolution of 1830 in France— 29, 31,

52, 266, 371, 507, 520-21, 534, 540 Junkers — see Nobility

K

Kantianism — 17, 182, 259 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples)— 371, 522, 539-40

L

Labour

— as the source of value — 120, 127, 132, 149, 150 — simple and compound— 127, 182, 185, 422, 427, 429 — machine.— 79, 345 — as an element of bourgeois production — 82, 346 — and capital — 133, 428, 463, 490, 500, 573 — struggle between labour and capital — 58, 178, 288, 310, 435, 440, 515 — as a commodity in bourgeois society — 130, 341, 343, 344, 415, 433, 436, 462, 491 bourgeois society — 436 — child —422, 427, 491, 505 — women's — 422, 491 — in the period of transition from capitalism to communism — 295, 350, 351, 377 — under communism — 499 See also Manual labour, Productivity of labour, Wage labour Labour power— 125, 127, 130, 285 Labour time—127, 134-35, 143, 150, 154, 203 Landed property

— as a basis of feudal system — 519 — and industrial capital — 201, 203, 322 — and bourgeois revolution — 66, 322, 546 — bourgeois — 89, 173, 199-202 — evolution under capitalism — 89, 90, 173, 197-99, 200-03, 205, 322 — tendency to abolish and nationalise it under capitalism — 203, 322 — preconditions for its transformation into social property — 352-53, 505 — small-peasant — 173, 322, 352 — critique of bourgeois and petty-bourgeois theories — 42, 197-99, 201-03, 322 — in England — 201-02, 322 — in Germany — 201, 519 — in Poland — 546 — in Scotland — 173 — in USA — 42 Law — 31, 81, 83, 88-90, 119, 147, 150,

164, 177, 184-85, 194, 197, 209, 253, 494, 501, 504, 511, 577 See also Legislation, Penal code, Right of inheritance League of the Just, the — 589-600 Legal procedure — 66, 88, 228 Legislation

— as expression of economic relations — 28, 147, 209, 346 — and classes — 58, 61, 79, 80, 87-90, 346, 467, 488-89, 493, 524-25 — in England — 58, 187, 209, 213, 456 — in France — 61, 213, 218 — in Prussia — 65, 228 — in Switzerland — 524-25

Levant, the — 187 Liberalism

— bourgeois— 26, 28, 29, 59, 221-25, 333, 356, 377, 379, 386, 523 — and democracy — 29, 59, 384-86, 450 — in Belgium — 331, 521, 546 — in England — 384, 450 — in France —22, 331, 377, 379, 380-82, 385-87 — in Germany and Prussia — 26, 30-33, 66, 70, 221-25, 230, 243, 292, 299, 331-33, 356, 511, 519, 521, 522 — in Italy — 522 See also Free Trade movement Lisbon — 575 Literature

— world — 488 — English — 7, 59 — French — 397 — German — 18, 75, 244-45, 256-61, 268-69, 270-71, 273-74, 312-16, 332, 337, 339 See also Poetry Logic—116, 158, 163-67, 169, 193, 196 Logos — 163 Lombardy — 523, 533, 534, 542 Lorraine — 16 Lumpen proletariat — 83, 246, 494

M

Machiavellianism—254, 262 Machines — 66, 79, 87, 99-101-, 127, 130, 158, 167, 176, 178, 182-85, 186-89, 200, 202, 207- 09, 279, 284, 287, 288, 304, 341, 342, 345, 346, 353, 389-90, 399, 419, 422-23, 426-32, 459-61, 489-92, 500, 533, 627-28 Malthusianism — 416, 426, 428 Man, individual, personality

— nature and essence of — 43, 45, 76, 147, 257, 265-66, 271, 415, 487, 510-11 — and Nature — 111, 197, 201-02 — and society — 155 — and production — 111-13, 125, 127, 166, 170, 174-75, 186-87, 188-90, 319-20, 347 — and division of labour — 127, 180, 187, 188-90, 304-05, 353 — and classes — 330-31 — in feudal society — 486 — in bourgeois society — 133, 176, 442, 463, 486-87, 498-500 — in communist society — 348, 351, 353, 498-500, 505 — and freedom — 29, 463, 498-500 — as seen by Feuerbach — 249-50 Manual labour— 158, 188, 206, 279, 280, 287-88, 344-45, 423, 455, 459, 461, 491, 532-34 Manchester — 208 Manufacture— 79, 84, 87, 88, 179, 185-87, 327, 342, 343-45, 348-49, 352-53, 355, 426, 532-33 Market — 66, 69, 394

— and industrial development— 173, 186, 351 — of labour power — 431 — domestic and foreign — 218 — continental — 24, 65, 275 — world — 90, 187, 210, 217, 303, 322, 327, 332, 345, 351, 388, 421, 422, 429, 436, 465 — struggle of the bourgeoisie for markets — 20, 22, 24, 25, 66-69, 90, 173, 21 : all — cotton — 311 Masses— 3, 5, 71, 75, 222, 226, 232-33, 294, 350, 440 — as decisive force in revolutions — 17, 19, 71, 232-34, S\0, 337 Materialism — 254, 255, 407

Means of produciion— 99, 118, 130, 135-37, 173, 183, 186, 187, 193, 197, 199, 200, 205-06, 211, 343-45, 348, 350, 436, 440, 459, 461, 482, 488, 489, 492, 502, 504, 509, 577 Mechanics — 146, 187, 188, 207 Mediterranean Sea — 179 Metaphysics — 18, 49, 161, 163-65, 169, 197, 546 Method — 161, 164-66 Mexico — 527 Middle Ages, the — 82, 94, 113, 133, 182, 185, 190, 231, 252,267,270,271,326, 327, 330, 343, 348-49, 482, 522 Mode of production — 144, 146, 166, 170,

504 See also Capitalist mode of production, Communist society, Feudalism, Primitive communism, Production relations, Productive forces Monarchy — 325-28, 345, 531

— origin — 325-27, 345, 540 — with estate representation — 26, 66, 71, 486 — constitutional —66, 78, 317, 321-24, 333, 345, 540, 542 — and bourgeoisie —28, 30, 80, 87-90, 318-19, 330 See also Absolute monarchy Money

— as a social relation — 145 — as a measure of commodity value

— 123 — as the universal agent of exchange

— 117, 145, 151 — paper — 57, 150 — metal — 57, 145-50, 252 — in bourgeois society — 28, 29, 79, 238, 271, 345, 421, 427, 436, 500 — and political power — 320-21, 324 — its abolition under communism — 351 Morality — 169, 194, 247, 259, 272, 301,

317-18, 325, 494, 504 See also Good and evil Mystic, mysticism — 50, 153, 158, 197,

199, 258, 512 Mythology— 157-60, 214, 313-15, 335-39

N

Naples — see Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Napoleonic wars — 19-28, 65, 320, 549,

554 See also Wars of revolutionary France at

the end of 18th century Nation - 3 , 372, 465, 488, 503

— under communism — 102, 354, 388, 503 See also National question National Charter Association — 383 Nationalism — 3, 6, 411, 488-89, 534,

560, 562 National question — 3, 4, 389, 390, 392, 402-03, 449, 503, 540, 544-49, 551-52 National reformers, National Reform As-

356 Nature — 111, 137, 158, 174, 176, 187,

197, 201, 202, 252, 315, 432-34, 464, 489, 501, 577 See also Society Needs — 86, 111, 112, 117-18, 132, 133,

143, 150, 170, 173, 188, 190,192,193, 200, 225-26, 347, 352-54, 487, 511 Negation—163-64, 172, 182, 187, 192, 195,317 Negation of the negation, the — 163, 164,

195 Netherlands, the — 22, 116, 179, 186, 286,

399, 410, 575 New York — 43 Nobility

— in feudal society — 16, 17, 79, 81, 82, 84-86, 326-28, 343, 486, 494 — and peasantry — 79, 83, 84 — and monarchy — 86. 235, 486 — in bourgeois society — 79, 82, 83, 89, 345-46, 528 — in Germany — 16, 19, 79-88, 294, 327, 511 — in Italy — 371, 523, 533 — in Prussia — 65, 66, 69-70, 82, 83, 86, 89-90, 522 Norway — 83, 367, 368, 381

O

Objects of prime necessity— 133, 147, 217,

226, 453 Officials — see Bureaucracy Opposition — 84, 114, 116, 133, 193, 208 Orleanists — 378, 380, 386, 387 Overproduction—136, 143, 284, 290, 352, 458, 489, 490, 509, 632 Owen's system — 209, 514, 517, 576

P

Palestine —- 205 Pantheism — 264 Papal states — 205, 371, 521, 522, 523,

532 Paris—5, 8, 13, 18, 62, 63, 376, 380, 381, 407 Party, parties

— social basis of — 546 — and sects — 30-31

— leaders of — 7, 76 — and revolution — 101, 349

— progressive — 64, 71, 521, 525 — revolutionary — 13, 29, 30, 220 — democratic — 63, 71, 355-57 — reactionary — 202 — bourgeois — 86 See also Chartism, Communist party, Democracy, Girondists, Jacobins, Legiti-mism, Orleanists, Proletarian party, Tory Pauperism — 43, 323, 324, 434, 495, 509 Peasantry, peasants — 44

— in feudal society — 79, 83, 84, 186, 533 — and commodity relations — 533 — expropriation of — 187 — free — 527, 549 — role in bourgeois revolutions— 498 — in capitalist society — 353 — conservatism of — 19, 83, 295, 494 — small — 83, 233, 294-95, 420-425 — and bourgeoisie — 82-83,488,494, 525, 527 — and working class — 294-95, 350, 491, 494, 525 — and proletarian revolution — 525 See also Serf peasants Peasant War in Germany, 1524-25—27, 295, 326 Penal Code — 209

People's Charter—14, 29, 59, 308, 361, 414, 466, 647 Period of transition from capitalism to communism—101, 102, 104, 295-96, 299, 350-51, 355, 377-78, 505-06 See Political domination of the proletariat Personal property — 498-500 Peterloo — 23, 29

Petty bourgeoisie — 7, 17, 81, 84-86, 178, 339, 356 — and bourgeoisie —79-80, 82, 88-90, 267, 509, 512 — and working class — 82, 294-95, 350, 380, 509, 512

Philistinism — 242, 245, 248, 253, 259,

264, 266, 273, 302, 313, 316-17, 512, 519 Philosophy—163, 164, 178, 179, 181, 255-56, 293, 317, 503, 511 See also Deism, Dialectics, French philosophy, German philosophy, Logos, Materialism, Metaphysics, Mystic, Pantheism, Sensationism Physics— 146 Piedmont (Kingdom of Sardinia)—523, 540 Poetry— 240-42, 247-49

— German — 17, 20, 236, 243-44, 255, 259, 272-73 — of the "true socialists"—235-49, 252, 265-66, 272-73 Poland — 7, 22, 23, 31, 71,276, 334, 343,

388, 389, 391, 392, 527, 535, 550, 545-52 See also Cracow insurrection of 1846,

Polish insurrection of 1830-31, Polish question Polish insurrection of 1830-31 — 388, 391-92, 532, 549, 550 Polish question — 388-89, 391-92, 518,

545-52 Political domination of the proletariat (idea

of dictatorship cf proletariat) — historical m.\.c:-Aty and inevitability of winning political power by proletariat — 299, 319, 440, 495, 497-98, 502, 504-05 — as condition of proletariat's liberation — 467 — tasks of — 299, 351, 372, 504-05 — and democracy —294-95, 299, 350,351,368 See also Classes, Class struggle, Period of transition from capitalism to communism, Proletarian revolution Political economy, bourgeois

— representatives of, as theoreticians of the class of the bourgeoisie — 121, 125, 178 — attitude of, to the working-class struggle —206-11, 289-90, 329 — classical — 115, 120-25, 127-28, 129, 135-36, 138, 146-47, 150, 151, 156, 159-60, 174-76, 179, 180, 186-87, 198-202, 289-90,319, 329, 330, 337, 457, 462, 574 — and vulgarisation tendencies — 115, 120, 123-24, 129,136-37, 150, 152-54, 156, 157, 160, 176-77, 180, 181, 190, 196, 203, 252, 274-77, 282-83, 419 — humanistic school — 177

— romantic trend — 176 — philanthropic school — 177 See also Malthusianism, Free Trade movement Political freedoms— 31, 218, 225, 228, Political power— 28, 29, 81, 82, 212, 294,

318-21, 345-46, 381, 440, 505, 524

See also Political domination of the proletariat, State Political rights — 32, 233, 254, 255, 362,

393 Political system— 78, 102, 174, 222, 489 Politics

— as an expression of economic relations — 147, 319, 320, 327, 381, 546-49 — and social relations — 4, 5, 7, 17, 75-76, 212, 292, 294-95, 321, 324,328-31, 364, 380,381,546 See also Class struggle Poor laws (England) — 434, 453 Portugal— 28, 31, 179, 575 Practice — see Theory and practice Press, the

— partisanship of — 291, 294-95, 297-99 — bourgeois — 360 — aristocratic —294-95, 392 — democratic —64, 294-95, 298, 311, 387, 392, 407-08, 439-42 — proletarian and communist — 35, 54, 59, 220, 221, 294, 295, 297, 303, 306, 337, 576 — in England — 59, 225, 331, 360 — in France — 64, 82, 225, 387 — in Germany — 17, 19, 64, 253, 294-95, 297 — in Italy — 523

See also Censorship, Freedom of the press

Price, prices

— as a result of the fluctuation of demand and supply — 115, 116, 123, 125, 126, 132, 134, 148-50, 156, 208, 459 — and competition — 199-200, 202, 343, 462 — and costs of commodity production — 490-91 — of industrial products and luxuries . — 137, 199, 200, 207, 217, 345 202, 204, 453, 455 — of staple goods — 133, 160, 217, 225 — and wages — 126, 129, 160, 206, 208, 217 — market — 132, 199, 204, 208, 210, 419 Primitive communism—482 Principles — 5, 86, 162, 165, 170, 303, 337 Private property

— as an embodiment of bourgeois production relations — 197, 337, 489 — and productive forces — 304, 348-49, 489, 490 — historically transient character of forms of — 348-49, 498, 501 — in the primitive and patriarchal family — 355 — feudal form of — 323, 332, 337, 338, 489 — cooperative, or guild — 322, 348 — based on producer's own labour — 345, 498 — transformation of feudal into bourgeois — 322-23, 337-38, 344, 348, 498, 545-49 — bourgeois — 296, 318-19, 348-49, 388, 489, 498, 500 — and law — 501 — historical inevitability of abolition of — 95, 96, 295, 304-05, 322-23, 332, 344, 348-49, 352-54, 388, 494, 498, 500, 501 — abolition of, in course of proletarian revolution — 295, 350-51, 504-05 — as seen by bourgeois and petty-bourgeois reformists — 44, 405, 501-02 Privilege— 16, 18, 28, 29, 101, 174, 181, 191, 216, 218, 318, 320,345, 466, 467 Production

— development of — 118, 349, 352-55, 488 — under feudalism — 337 — under capitalism — 491 — forms and methods of — 144, 492 — and division of labour — 111 — and classes — 132, 348-49, 503

143, 166, 184, 488, 500, 503, 505 — of social relations — 162, 165 — and needs — 111, 118,352 — intellectual —488, 500, 503 — in communist society — 352-54, 505 See also Cost of production, Means of production, Mode of production, Production relations, Productive forces Production cycle— 137, 426, 458, 462 Production relations

— as a social form of productive forces — 162, 166, 174-75, 193, 197, 577 — contradiction between productive forces and production relations — 165,

174-75,212,348-49,489 — and classes — 506 — criticism of anti-historical approach to understanding of — 162, 173, 174, 202, 319-20 — bourgeois — 160, 162, 175, 176, 194, 197, 202, 319-20, 337, 436, 489, 499, 502, 504, 509, 513 Productive forces — 99, 119, 137, 152-60, 183, 184, 290, 489 — prerequisites for development of — 132, 159, 174, 176 — and mode of production — 166, 348-49 — and production relations as social

form of — 166, 174-76, 193, 577 — and superstructure — 170 — contradiction between productive forces and production relations— 165, 174-75, 212, 348-49, 489, 490 — and condition of the working class

— 422, 423, 428, 432-33, 459 — development of, as a material condition of transition to communism — 212, 303, 349, 352, 490, 495 Productivity of labour — 158, 419 Profit— 124, 154-57, 185, 191, 199-202,

205-07, 225, 232, 305, 329, 341, 454, 457 Progress — 345, 367, 390, 527, 528

— and class struggle — 85, 132 — and national interests — 542 — in science and technology — 152, 293 — in industry — 137, 493, 495-96 168, 217-18, 372, 526, 540, 569 — under communism — 212, 352 "Progressive conservatives" in France —

214, 439 Proletarian party— 3, 5, 210-11, 222-25,

324, 493, 498, 519 See also Communist party Proletarian revolution, the—519

— historical inevitability of — 94-95, 319, 372, 495-96, 528-29, 599 — as a means of the proletariat's liberation — 178, 290, 345, 436, 504, 515 — as a means of liquidating social oppression — 294, 381 — material prerequisites of — 101, 178, 319-20, 346-47, 349-50, 352, 436, 465, 515 — as the peak of class struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat — 212, 290, 495 — international character of — 352, 388, 629 — and possibility of a peaceful way of development — 101, 349 Proletariat—see Working class Property, ownership— 100, 119, 197, 261,

296, 322-23, 348-49, 436, 498-501, 546, 577 See also Appropriation, Landed property, Personal property, Private property, Social property, State property Prostitution—250, 354, 501, 502 Protectionism—92, 276-83, 287-89, 464, 465, 573, 628 See also Protective tariffs Protective tariffs, duties — 6, 65,69, 80,84,

87, 90-94, 196, 232, 266, 267, 279, 280, 284, 287, 288, 290, 324, 450, 454, 465 Protestantism—218, 631 Proudhon's doctrine

— as ideology of petty bourgeoisie — 191 — philosophical foundations of— 109, 166, 178, 195 — and Hegelian philosophy — 109, 161, 165, 167, 168, 169 — distortion of dialectics — 119, 163, 172, 182, 183, 195

— elements of mysticism — 153, 158, 173, 197, 199 — theory of the person-society— 152-57, 159, 171 — teaching on human reason ("social genius")—171-73 — view on the origin of authority— 184-86 — view on man — 118, 119, 152-54, 159, 192, 193, 197 — political economy — 73, 74, 109,

110, 147, 151, 158, 161, 162, 164, 165, 168, 178-79 — and classical political economy — 120-25, 127, 128, 135, 138, 146, 151, 156, 179, 180, 186, 188, 199 — metaphysical method — 113, 181, 184 — views on property — 197-99, 260 — views on labour — 120, 124, 125, 128-30, 136, 138, 144, 149, 150, 153, 156, 158, 159, 190, 194 — teaching on value — 111-14, 115-17, 120, 123-27, 128-31, 134-36, 138, 144-47, 150-52, 154, 156, 160, 172, 193, 199, 208, 209 — theory of utility — 115-17, 132, 134 — views on industry and its origin —

111, 112, 133, 174 — views on needs— 112 — views on division of labour and machines — 112, 118, 158, 178, 179, 181-84, 186, 187, 188 — teaching on commodity and money — 113, 118, 144-52, 162 — views on capital— 154-55, 205 — views on demand and supply— 115-17, 119, 131, 134, 137, 149, 150 — exchange bank — 145 — views on wages— 125, 128-29, 160, 182, 192, 206, 207, 208 — views on competition — 119, 166, 191-95 — on taxes — 168 — on science — 178 — petty-bourgeois equalisation — 124, 126-29, 138, 159, 172, 173, 181, 184, 193, 196, 202, 203, 204 — equalised distribution — 159, 181, 203 — views on future society— 123, 129, 138, 159, 160, 192-94 — negation of economic struggle of the working class — 206-209 Prussia—26, 27

— feudalism and its aftermath — 23, 66, 83, 227, 333 — during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars — 22, 23, 26, 27, 65, 80, 523 — reforms of 1801-14 — 23, 523 — in 1815-early 1848 — 26, 27, 52, 63-71, 89-90, 520 — industry — 65, 66, 80 — railways — 69 — finance, budget, taxes — 52, 53, 57, 58, 69, 231-32, 522 — trade — 65, 66 — peasantry —66, 83, 225, 227, 229 — political and state system — 30, 65, 71, 92, 225, 227, 333, 522 — bureaucracy —30, 65, 69, 89-92, 227, 230, 292, 333, 522, 523 — provincial assemblies of the estates — 31, 55, 64, 83, 243 — prospects of revolution — 522 — foreign policy — 89-90 — oppression of Poland — 93, 545, 552 — and the German Con frcip ration—

25, 26, 32, 65, " • — and other European countries —

26, 65, 542, 543 See also Bourgeoisie in Prussia, Working class in Prussia Prussian society of maritime trade (Preußische Seehandlungsgesellschaft)— 52 Publicity—66, 89, 213, 218, 253 Public opinion— 17, 26, 61, 64, 219, 227,

361 Puritans—85

Q

Qualification—28, 32, 379, 467 Quality and quantity— 73, 124, 127, 128, 130, 163

R

Railways—57, 62, 81, 86, 155, 157, 160, 218, 227, 232, 299, 350,351,375, 398, 410, 486, 489, 493

Reason, understanding'—162, 164, 165, 166, 168-73, 195, 325, 577 Reformation—16, 312 Reform Bill of 1832 (in England)—SI Reforms— 280-81, 288-89, 295, 305, 309,

355, 380, 466, 467, 573 Religion— 20, 164, 256, 405

— illusory character of conceptions of

— 48, 317 — ancient religions — 503 — religious fanaticism — 24, 26 — religious wars — 20 — and anti-scientific explanation of its origin — 174, 325-26 — criticism of, by German philosophy

— 630 — as a tool for spiritual enslavement

— 24, 26, 225 — creation of new religions — 46-50, 248 — and bourgeoisie — 486, 525 — the proletariat's and communists' attitude towards it — 7, 59, 102, 231, 355, 494, 503 — overcoming of, under communism

— 46, 47, 102, 355 See also Atheism, Christianity, Church, Clergy, God, Mythology Rent— 122, 124, 185, 197-206,322,455,

457, 500, 505 Rent, tenants — 83, 173, 200, 201, 203,

205, 344, 455 Repealers—448, 449 Representative system—76, 77, 80, 324, 325, 511 Republicans—4, 7, 13, 22, 292, 321, 324,

325, 334, 335, 377, 385, 438 Republicans, moderate ("National" party) in

France—63, 364, 376, 377, 379-80, 385-87, 406-08, 439-43 Republics of antiquity— 179

See also Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome Revolution— 101, 349

— objective character of — 349 — as the principal means of transforming class society — 212, 482 — and people — 333 — revolutionary epochs — 69, 312, 317 See also Bourgeois revolution, Proletarian revolution 645-47, 649 Revolution of 1848 in Italian states—

540-44, 549, 553-56 Revolutions of 1848 in Europe—512, 540,

543-44, 556, 558-59 Rhine province of Prussia— 19, 25 Right of inheritance— 102, 296, 350-51,

505 Romanticism—176, 240, 260 Rome — 4, 18 Rousseau's philosophy—334 Russia — 20, 23, 26, 28, 71, 81, 247, 343,

527, 541, 542, 545, 552, 646 See also Bourgeoisie in Russia

S

Saint-Simon's doctrine—515, 576 Saxony—78 Science—18, 158, 161, 177, 178, 188, 212, 251, 252, 312, 353 See also Chemistry, Mechanics, Physics Social science Scotland — 14, 173, 308 Sensationism—255 Serf peasants—84, 174, 343-44, 349, 482-85, 495 See also Corvée labour Slave, slavery— 100, 133, 167, 168, 201,

231, 325, 343-44, 471, 482 Social consciousness—504

Social-Democratic Party ("Réforme" party) in France— 55, 75, 76, 365, 366, 376-80, 385-87, 406-08, 438-39, 516-17, 557 Socialism

— Utopian — 3 , 138-44, 321, 421, 509, 510, 512, 515-16, 576 — feudal —355, 506-07, 576 — bourgeois — 355, 513, 576 — petty-bourgeois — 508-09, 576 — and Communists — 355-56 — Christian —294, 508 — in England — 3 , 138, 209, 321 — in France —209, 321, 511

See also Fourier's doctrine, Owen's sys-

munism Social property — 348, 352, 499-500, 508

— preconditions for establishment of — 348-52, 490, 494-96, 498, 504-06 — transition to it in the course of a proletarian revolution — 349-51, 353-54, 494-95, 498-99, 504-06 — and management of production — 348, 352-54, 500, 504-05 — and distribution on its basis — 352-53 — and labour — 353-54, 499-500 — and abolition of classes — 353-54, 499, 506 See also Communist society, State property Social relations— 145, 159, 163, 165, 166,

170, 171, 174, 183, 193, 197,204,205, 211, 229, 235, 249, 321-22, 487, 502 Social science—515, 516 Social system — 89, 347-49, 352-53, 355,

487, 508 Society

— history of— 144, 173-74, 495, 504 — and classes —89, 212, 248, 342-43, 353 — and division of labour — 118, 119, 179, 184-185 — and productive forces — 348-49, 352-53, 432-33 — and the State —326-28, 334-35 — and individual — 119, 193

See also Bourgeois society, Civil society, Communist society, Feudalism, Social relations, Social system, Primitive communism Sonderbund (Switzerland)—371, 373 South America — 22 Sovereignty— 18, 362, 363, 376, 377 Space— 163 Spain— 16, 20-23, 25, 31, 179, 399, 410, 438, 575 Spirits— 134, 421, 508 State, the— 187

— as a tool of the ruling classes — 62, 80, 90, 375, 486, 523, 525, 526-27 — bourgeois —28, 80, 318, 322-23, 324, 486, 488, 491, 510, 513, 526 — its transformation into simple man-munism— 516 See also Absolute monarchy, Democracy, Dictatorship of the proletariat. Monarchy, Representation system State property—322-23, 504-05 Stock exchange—61, 85, 86, 320, 375, 569, 570, 632 Students — 20, 30-32 Suffrage

— and bourgeoisie — S8, 61, 346, 375, 440, 526 — in England —308, 361, 449, 466, 467 — in France —62, 63, 76, 219, 363, 375-80, 386-87, 440, 526 See also Universal suffrage Switzerland — 7, IT- 83, 270, 299, 356, 363, 367-74, vOS. 138, 5i:0-21, 523-25, 534, 539, 546, "19, 593, 646 See also Sonderbund (Switzerland), Working class in Switzerland

T

Tax, taxes— 148, 328-29

— and bourgeoisie — 195, 196, 329, 346 — progressive income tax — 56, 225-26, 228-30, 231 — and rent —203 — and wages —217, 225-26, 329 — and luxuries — 407 — and proletariat —329, 420, 425 — during transition from capitalism to communism— 102, 350, 505 Ten Hours Bill in England—143, 456, 457, 493, 577 Terror— 253, 438

— revolutionary — 5 , 19, 319, 335 Theory and practice

— primacy of practice and secondary nature of theory — 124, 144, 162, 165, 194, 296-97, 303-04 — material practice as basis of theory — 121-24, 296-97, 303-04, 337-38, 497-98, 515 — practice as criterion of truth — 162, 165, 169, 175-78 — dialectical relation of — 337-38

16, 169, 175-78, 510-11 — criticism of the idealistic conception of the relation between theory and practice — 162, 165, 169, 194 — leading role of practice in the process of cognition — 337-38 — role of practice in changing reality — 299 Thirty Years War, 1618-48 — 327 Thought— 164, 165 Tory — 333 Town— 78, 179, 295, 328, 485

— separation from the countryside — 179 - - in the Middle Ages — 15, 17, 269, 295, 326, 328, 343, 349, 485, 486, 524, 531, 533 — struggle against feudals — 486 — under capitalism — 346, 488 — abolition of antithesis between town and country under communism — 351, 353-54, 505, 516 See also Burghers in Germany, Commune (medieval), Country Trade, crafts— 17, 79, 99, 133, 201, 342,

343-45, 380, 425, 628 Trade unions—209, 212, 491-92, 522 See also Workers' combinations Trial by jury— 28, 29, 32, 66, 71, 88, 228,

250 "True socialism"— 3, 4, 8, 35, 36, 41, 43,

44, 74-78, 235-73, 300-02, 338-39, 510-12, 576, 590-91,597-98 Truth—43, 76, 171, 178, 301 Tunis — 471, 527 Turkey— 7, 31, 527

U

Unemployment— 433, 458 United Diet (Prussia)—64, 78, 92, 225, 227-28, 230, 520, 522 United States of America, the—40, 44, 167, 323, 329, 334, 335, 343, 409-10, 520, 526, 527, 539 See also American War of Independence, National Reformers, New York, Working class in the USA, Young America Unity and struggle of opposites— 164, 168, 175, 195 Universal suffrage— 29, 233, 323, 361, 386, 449 Universities — 30, 286, 439 Uprising of Silesian weavers—332 Use value— 111, 112-17, 119, 121, 124 Utility—116, 118, 121, 130, 133, 184 Utopian communism — 3, 41, 76, 77, 138, 141, 178, 209, 210, 254, 338, 404, 407-08, 515, 516, 538 See also Egalitarian communism, socialism, Weitling's theory

V

Value— 111, 120, 123, 124, 126-32, 135,

13ß, 138, 144-45, 149, 150, 151, 154, 160, 166, 194, 204 See also Exchange value, Use value Vendée—26 Vienna— 239, 533 Vienna Congress of 1814-15 — 23-26, 545 Voltairianism — 546

W

Wage labour— 99, 159, 183, 434, 436, 463, 495, 498-500, 514, 516 — and capital —58, 178, 288, 310,

435, 440 Wages

— as a component of cost of production — 118, 201, 217 — as price of labour — 124-26, 128, 130, 289-90, 343, 415, 423, 426, 436, 462-63, 499 — as economic embodiment of the worker's subsistence — 329, 434-35 — and competition — 160, 206-07, 329, 415, 453 — fluctuations —419, 422-25, 427-28, 430, 453, 458, 491 — workers' struggle against reduction of — 206-11, 308-09, 311, 415 — real and nominal — 225, 424 — absolute and relative — 422 — minimum —305, 329, 415, 421, 425-26, 462-63, 492, 499

Wars of revolutionary France at the end of 18th century— 19, 27, 370

Wat Tyler's rebellion, 1381 — 295 Wealth — 131, 132, 151, 159, 160, 174, 175, 176, 184, 196, 197, 345 Weitling's theory — 11-13, 426, 576, 590 Will— 118, 119, 256

Women's question— 36-39, 50, 102, 144,

354, 491, 502 Worker

— in conditions of bourgeois production — 127, 133, 182, 185, 187, 188-90, 207, 329, 342, 419-20,422, 423, 426, 430-34, 442, 462, 490 — vital necessities for his reproduction — 124, 125, 160, 225-26, 289-90, 343, 419, 432, 463, 490, 499 — and the capitalist class — 126, — 342-43,423-24,426,491 See also Competition, Labour, Labour Power, Wages Workers ' movement—495, 519 — prerequisites for rise of — 30, 188, 296, 331-32, 389-90, 440-41, 491-92 — stages of development — 29, 43, 188, 491-92, 495, 515 — aims of — 389-90, 494 — necessity of combining political and economic struggle — 178, 210, 211 — significance of unity — 390 — struggle for general democratic demands —41-44, 59, 222-25, 228, 233, 295-96, 298-99, 306, 350-51, 355-56, 519 — internationalism as its highest principle — 6, 389-90, 497 — and the proletarian party — 493, 497, 519 See also Chartism, Communist movement, Internationalism, proletarian, Proletarian revolution, Uprising of the Silesian weavers, Workers' movement in various countries Workers' movement in Belgium—538, 559-66, 569 Workers' movement in England—30, 207, 208, 307-11, 377, 440 See also Chartism Workers' movement in France—29, 30, 76,

82, 345, 380-81 Workers' movement in Germany—30, 84,

331-33 Workers' combinations — 207-12, 415-19,

434-36, 441, 492, 496 Workhouses— 309, 434, 453 Working class—231, 341, 346, 490-95, 502 — as the only consistently revolutionary class —231, 494 — world-historic role of — 94, 178, 280, 345, 388, 436, 490, 494, 496, 508 — origin and formation of — 84, 175, 185, 186, 211, 296, 341-45, 346, 349, 353, 368, 389-90, 460,492-94, 528 — augmentation of, at the expense of all other classes and sections of the population —349, 350, 429, 491, 493, 509, 524, 528 — numerical growth of — 176, 433, 492 — essence of, in the capitalist society — 341, 343, 344, 352, 440, 482, 485, 490-91, 494, 495, 502 — condition of, under capitalism — 30, 94, 440, 461 — concentration of, in industrial centres —345, 346, 429, 491-93 — industrial (factory)—175, 295, 349, 353, 389 — formation of, as a revolutionary class —84, 95, 178, 211, 212, 332-33, 356, 372, 389-90, 491-95, 497, 505, 515, 516, 539 — class interests of — 58-59, 82, 95, 299, 389 — conditions for liberation of — 212, 344, 355, 389-90, 502, 505, 515, 528-29 — and revolutionary theory — 372 — theoretical and literary representatives of — 178 — community of condition and interests of, in all countries — 6, 211, 389-90, 492, 497 — as leading class in the revolutionary process —294-95, 350, 436, 468, 494 — and peasantry —294-95, 350, 494, 524-25

— and petty bourgeoisie — 82, 350, 380, 509, 512 — and struggle of bourgeoisie with feudal reaction — 7 1 , 94, 332, 356, 372, 492, 504-05, 519, 528, 529 — role of, in bourgeois revolution— 29, 71, 95, 222-25, 233, 294-95, 319, 332, 350-51, 372, 492, 515, 519, 544, 557 — significance of a centralised state for activity of — 351, 372, 528 — and national liberation movement — 3, 6, 388-90,449-50

See also Internationalism, proletarian, Political domination of the proletariat, Worker, Workhouses, Working class in Austria, Working class in England, Working class in France, Working class in Germany, Working class in Prussia, Working class in Switzerland, Working class in the USA Working class in Austria—533 Working class in England—58-59, 208, 222, 310, 322, 350, 389-90, 449, 451, 467, 528

Working class in France—29, 30, 75, 76, 83, 222, 227, 287, 345, 350, 377-78, 380-81, 390, 467, 468

Working class in Germany—30, 77, 80, 84-87, 93-95, 222, 228, 233, 332, 350, 390

Working class in Prussia—32, 69, 227, 229, 230

Working class in Switzerland—368, 528 Working class in the USA — 295, 329 Württemberg— 78

Y

Young America—41-42 Young England—77 Young Europe—11,13 Young Germany—243, 248 Young Hegelianism — T*>, 292, 293, 335, 336 Youth—236, 271 See also Students, Universities