Endnotes

Endnotes

[1] Westbroek, P. Life as a Geological Force, p. 71.

[2] Engels, The Dialectics of Nature, p. 39, note.

[3] Westbroek, P. op. cit., pp. 71-2.

[4] Ibid op. cit., p. 84.

[5] Engels, F. Dialectics of Nature, 1946 edition, p. 163 and p. 162.

[6] Asimov, I. op. cit., p. 592.

[7] Oparin, A. The Origin of Life on Earth, pp. xii and 230-1.

[8] Bernal, J. The Origin of Life, p. xv.

[9] Engels, F. Dialectics of Nature, p. 13.

[10] Haldane, J. The Rationalist Annual, 1929.

[11] Engels, F. The Dialectics of Nature, p. 16.

[12] Scientific American, 239 [1978].

[13] Oparin, A. op. cit., p. 2.

[14] Bernal, J. op. cit., p. 26.

[15] Engels, F. Dialectics of Nature, p. 282.

[16] Buchsbaum, R. Animals Without Backbones, Vol. 1, p. 12.

[17] Gould, S. The Panda's Thumb, p. 181.

[18] Scientific American, 239, [1978].

[19] Quoted in Lewin, R. Complexity, Life at the Edge of Chaos, p. 51.

[20] Rhodes, F. The Evolution of Life, pp. 77-8.

[21] Gould, S. Wonderful Life, pp. 60, 64 and 23-4.

[22] Gould, S. Ever Since Darwin, p. 14.

[23] Gould, S. Wonderful Life, p. 54.

[24] Engels, F. Anti-Dühring, pp. 26-7.

[25] Rhodes, F. op. cit., pp. 138-9.

[26] Gould, S. Ever Since Darwin, pp. 107-8.

[27] MESC, Engels to Schmidt, 12 March 1895.

[28] Quoted in Johanson, D. and Edey, M. Lucy, The Beginning of Humankind, p. 327.

[29] Quoted in Ferris, T. op. cit., pp. 262-3, 265 and 266.

[30] Johanson, D. and Edey, M. op. cit., p. 320.

[31] Bruner, J. Beyond the information Given, pp. 246-7.

[32] MECW, Vol. 5, p. 31.

[33] Leakey, R. The Origin of Humankind, p. 36.

[34] Engels, F. The Dialectics of Nature, pp. 229-30.

[35] Leakey, R. op. cit., p. 38.

[36] Engels, F. The Dialectics of Nature, pp. 228 and 230-1.

[37] Chomsky, N. Language and Mind, pp. 66-7 and 70.

[38] Leakey, R. op. cit., p. 45.

[39] Engels, F. The Dialectics of Nature, pp. 231-2.

[40] Quoted in Leakey, R. op. cit., p. 67.

[41] Engels, F. The Dialectics of Nature, pp. 233-4 and 237.

[42] Leakey, R. op. cit., p. 54.

[43] Engels, F. The Dialectics of Nature, p. 237.

[44] Gould, S. Ever Since Darwin, pp. 210-1.

[45] Wills, C. The Runaway Brain, The Evolution of Human Uniqueness, p. xxii.

[46] New Scientist, 29th January 1994, p. 28.

[47] Savage-Rumbaugh, S. and Lewin, R. Kanzi, The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind, p. 218.

[48] Johanson, D. and Edey, M. Lucy, The Beginnings of Humankind, p. 325.

[49] Savage-Rumbaugh, S. and Lewin, R. op. cit., pp. 226-7, 228 and 237-8.

[50] Engels, F. Dialectics of Nature, pp. 48-9.

[51] Blackmore, V. and Page, A. Evolution: the Great Debate, pp. 185-6, our emphasis.

[52] Rose, S. The Conscious Brain, p. 31.

[53] Rose, S. Molecules and Minds, p. 23.

[54] Rose, S. The Making of Memory, p. 91.

[55] Rose, S. The Conscious Brain, p. 28.

[56] Rose, S. The Conscious Brain, p. 179.

[57] Rose, S. Molecules and Mind, pp. 96-7.

[58] Engels, F. Dialectics of Nature, p. 284.

[59] Washburn, S. and Moore, R. Ape into Man: A Study of Human Evolution.

[60] Wills, C. op. cit., p. 8, our emphasis.

[61] MESW, Vol. 3, p. 348.

[62] Engels, F. The Dialectics of Nature, p. 241.

[63] Piaget, J. The Mental Development of the Child, p. 19.

[64] Rose, S. Leon J. Kamin and Richard Lewontin, Not In Our Genes, p. 96.

[65] Piaget, J. op. cit., p. 22.

[66] Plekhanov, G. Selected Philosophical Works, Vol. 1, p. 480.

[67] Gould, S. Wonderful Life, pp. 54 and 24.

[68] Plekhanov, G. The Development of the Monist View of History, pp. 96-7.

[69] Engels, F. Dialectics of Nature, pp. 154, 162 and 235, 1946 edition.

[70] Gould, S. The Panda's Thumb, p. 151.

[71] Gould, S. Ever Since Darwin, p. 118.

[72] Lerner, E. op. cit., p. 402.

[73] Lewin, R. op. cit., p. 140.

[74] Dobzhansky, T. Mankind Evolving, pp. 139-40.

[75] Engels, F. Dialectics of Nature, p. 19, 1946 edition.

[76] Engels, F. Dialectics of Nature, p. 236, 1946 edition.

[77] Engels, F. Anti-Dühring, p. 86.

[78] Whitehead, A. Adventures of Ideas, p. 77, our emphasis.

[79] Johnson, P. Ireland, a Concise History, pp. 102 and 103.

[80] Engels, F. Anti-Dühring, pp. 92 and 208-9.

[81] Dobzhansky, T. op. cit., p. 21.

[82] Wilson, E. Sociobiology—The New Synthesis, p. 575.

[83] Dobzhansky, T. op cit., p. 264.

[84] See Rose, S. L. Kamin and R. Lewontin, Not in our Genes, pp. 84, 86, 87, 96, 116 and 95.

[85] Dawkins, R. The Selfish Gene, p. 108.

[86] Ibid pp. 3 and 265-6.

[87] Dawkins, R. The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene, pp. 10-11.

[88] Rose, S.Molecules and Minds, pp. 64-5.

[89] Dawkins, R. The Selfish Gene, pp. 126, 109, 129 and 150.

[90] Gould, S. The Panda's Thumb, pp. 77-8.

** This was written before the results of the Human Genome Project were known which has shown that the actual number of human genes is far less than what scientists supposed. See the comments in the preface to the second edition.

*** The Jukes and the Kallikaks were names given to two imaginary families used as examples during the latter 19th century and early 20th century to argue that anti-social behaviour or low intelligence was genetically determined. This idea that traits considered socially inferior could be transmitted genetically was used to argue in favour of eugenics, or the pseudo-scientific breeding of human beings, the Jukes Family representing inherited criminal tendencies and the Kallikak Family inherited mental retardation.