Subject Index

A

Agricultural labourers— 165, 184 Agriculture — 40, 165, 184 Agronomy— 40 Anarchism, anarchists—87-90, 162-63, 387 See also Bakuninism, Bakuninists Anglo-French commercial treaty, 1860— 11, 19 Annexation—47, 53, 92 See also Franco-Prussian war, 1870-71 — annexation of Alsace and Lorraine by Germany Anti-communism (criticism and exposure by Marx and Engels) —130 —of the ruling classes; persecution and slandering of communists — 130, 343; see also Paris Commune of 1871—ruling classes' slander campaign against the Commune and the First International —of petty-bourgeois ideologists — 186 Army —French — 12, 22, 42, 108 — Italian — 42 —of the German states — 20-21 —Prussian — 12, 20-21 See also Navy Atheism—163, 164, 185, 255, 281 See also Bakuninism, Bakininists— and atheism Austria (until 1867)—120, 415, 491

See also Austro-Prussian war, 1866 Austria-Hungary (from 1867) — 415, 491, 520 Austro-Prussian war, 1866—38, 40, 47,

57 Authority

—as a single, controlling will — 286, 307 —and revolution —293, 295 —of the proletarian party and its leadership — 311, 350; see also Party, proletarian—party discipline —anarchist negation of any authority and authoritarian methods of anarchist leaders —285, 293-95, 307-08; see also Bakuninism, Bakuninists—negation of authority

B

Bakuninism, Bakuninists —as a variety of petty-bourgeois socialism —26, 162, 306 —as an anarchist trend — 162, 308-

09, 394, 508, 520-21 —social roots of — 255, 285-86, 306,

309-10, 338, 369, 403-04 —sectarian character of— 162, 163,

172, 180, 181, 183, 255, 285, 300, 301, 312, 512 —theoretical views — 162-64, 183-84,

255, 306-09 —dogmatism and doctrinairism— 164, 255, 301, 307, 320-21, 339, 369, 403-04 —idealist character of Bakuninist views — 163, 307, 397 —views on the State —88-89, 162-63,

307, 520 —abstention from political action by

the proletariat —80, 162, 172, 255, 257, 270, 272, 282, 307, 309, 311, 331, 395, 567 —negation of authority — 162, 269,

285, 286, 293-95, 307, 310, 394, 567 —anarchist view of autonomy — 269,

293, 295, 307, 309, 338, 368, 394 —economic views of — 162, 271, 286,

307 —demand for the abolition of the

right of inheritance — 162, 163, 255 — theory of social liquidation — 306-

07 —demand for the equality of classes — 255 —on revolution and revolutionaries — 293, 295, 312 —on future society — 307 —attitude towards the working class

and its movement — 393, 408 —and atheism — 163, 255, 281 —and science — 255 —and Proudhonism — 162, 255, 306,

309 —disorganising activities in the working-class movement — 34, 162-66, 172, 181-82, 220, 255-57, 263-64, 269-71, 276, 284-86, 292-95, 300, 306-12, 331, 358, 368, 384, 397-99, 401-02, 407-08, 415-17, 428, 456, 475, 494, 507, 585; see also International Alliance of Socialist Democracy —blocs with reformists — 255-57, 309, 311, 407 —adventurism and voluntarism of Bakuninist tactics —88-89, 162, 387, 520 —in Belgium —255, 263, 264, 289,

309, 361, 384, 387, 393, 399, 401-03, 416, 475, 494, 567, 585

—in France —88-89, 162-64, 256, 257, 270, 308, 310-11 —and German working-class movement — 309, 311 —in Italy — 162, 180, 255, 264, 278, 306-10, 312, 338, 358, 369, 404, 419, 424, 456, 475, 494, 509, 567 —and Nechayevism — 256, 311, 422 —in Russia —256, 270, 300, 311-12,

347, 396 —in Spain — 162, 172, 255, 264, 270-71, 277-78, 282, 289, 307, 309, 338, 358, 361, 365, 368-69, 374-75, 387, 394, 408, 415, 417, 420, 424-26, 431, 436, 441, 448-49, 453, 456, 475, 493-94, 509, 520-21, 538, 567 —in Switzerland — 163, 164, 181, 183, 233, 255, 256, 264, 269, 278, 292-95, 308, 401, 494, 508, 512, 585; see also International Working Men's Association in Switzerland— Bakuninist Jura Federation, its splitting activities —collapse of, in the international

working-class movement — 337 See also Anarchism, anarchists; International alliance of anarchists; International Working Men's Association— struggle against Bakuninists and Bakuninism Belgium—171 See also Bakuninism, Bakuninists; France—and Belgium; International Working Men's Association (First International); International Working Men's Association. Congresses and Conferences; International Working Men's Association in Belgium; Working-class and socialist movement in Belgium Blanquism, Blanquists—443, 447, 458, 467, 509, 520, 583 Bonapartism

— foreign policy of — 46 Bourgeoisie— 88, 92, 108, 112, 306 Bourgeoisie, French—46 Bourgeoisie, German—47, 92, 118, 129 Bourgeois political economy—165, 469 c

Capital— 239-40, 307, 504 'Capital' by Karl Marx— 344, 541 'Capital', Volume One —Engels on its contents and significance— 375 —propaganda of — 212 —distribution of, among workers —

344, 375-76, 547 —comments on it in bourgeois and

petty-bourgeois circles — 4, 477 —first Russian edition — 152, 174, 239-40, 262-63, 283, 362, 377, 385, 399-400, 422, 438, 540, 576, 578, 582 —authorised French edition — 100, 212, 258, 284, 298, 302, 344, 347, 362, 377, 379, 385, 396, 399, 405, 421-23, 435, 438, 450, 457, 460, 470, 473, 474, 488, 497, 515, 517, 519, 547, 574, 576, 578, 582, 584, 587 —second German edition— 100, 283, 286, 298, 301, 362, 377, 385, 396, 399, 405, 409, 421, 435, 473, 474, 488, 495, 496, 523, 540-41, 543, 551, 567, 574, 576, 582, 587 —English edition —212, 258, 385,

474, 541, 576 —Spanish translation — 301 —Italian translation — 457 Centralisation, political—294, 295 Chartism, Chartist movement—181 Chemistry— 240, 503 Christianity— 514 Church— 397 Civil war— 128, 132 Class(es)—123, 184, 258, 307, 414, 433 —abolition of classes and class dis-tinctions in communist society — 184, 414, 433; see also Communism (socio-economic formation) See also Bourgeoisie; Class struggle; Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Working class Class struggle —various stages in the class struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie — 137 —of the workers against the

bourgeoisie in the period of developed capitalism — 258, 414, 433 —Paris Commune as a point of departure of the new phase in the class struggle of the workers against the bourgeoisie — 137; see also Paris Commune of 1871— its historical significance —economic struggle of the workers against the bourgeoisie — 258, 414, 433 —political struggle as a form of — 258 —and revolution —258, 414, 433 See also Civil war; Class(es); Economic struggle of workers; Political struggle; Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Working-class movement Communism (socio-economic formation)

—as the aim of the revolutionary working-class movement, of proletarian revolution — 162, 258, 414, 433 —indispensability of the proletarian party for the triumph of proletarian revolution — 131, 258, 414, 433 —period of transition from capitalism to communism (socialism) — 337 —abolition of private property; public property in the means of production — 184, 307, 342 —production — 184, 307 —agriculture — 184 —elimination of class antitheses and differences; classless society — 184, 414, 433 —communist transformation of society and withering away of the State — 162-63, 307 —criticism of Utopian theories of a future society — 307 Communism, Utopian—477, 478

See also Blanquism, Blanquists Communists, communist movement

—initial period of the movement, penetration of communist ideas into the working class — 172-73 —and the First International — 162-63, 172, 181, 184 Confederation of the Rhine—47 Courts of law, judicial system—360 Crimean war, 1853-56— 74, 93-94 Customs Union (Germany, Ï834-71)

—Customs Parliament — 72

D

Danish war, 1864—67 Dialectics —in nature — 503 —in politics — 51 —method of research — 344 —and political economy — 344 —in Marx's Capital—541 Dictatorship of the proletariat —historical necessity of — 184, 258,

331, 414, 433 —conquest of political power as mission of the working class — 414, 433 —demand for, in the programme documents of the working-class movement — 414, 433 —destruction of the bourgeois state

machinery — 131 —state property in the means of

production — 184 —expropriation of landed estates—

184 —international character of — 131, 137 —role of the proletarian party in the conquest of political power, in the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat and in the implementation of its functions — 414, 433 —political domination of the proletariat as a means of building a classless society — 184, 331 See also Communism (socio-economic formation); Party, proletarian; Period of transition from capitalism to communism (socialism); Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Working class; Working-class movement—internationalism as its inherent feature Diplomacy— 75

See also Foreign policy Doctrinairism, doctrinaires —in the socialist movement — 300, 307, 338, 346 Dogmatism— 255

See also Bakuninism, Bakuninists— dogmatism and doctrinairism

E

Economic crises—504 Economic laws—504, 536 Economic struggle of workers—258, 414,

433 Economics and politics—258 Emigration —bourgeois-democratic, petty-bourgeois — 256-57, 582 —revolutionary — 173, 205, 357 —proletarian —173, 205, 209, 265,

357 —of Paris Communards — 154, 176, 198, 204, 209, 224, 234, 241, 256, 261, 264, 265, 268-70, 274-75, 281, 342, 357, 563, 566, 572, 583 —French, prior to 1871 — 33, 65,

141, 342 —German in England, from the mid-

1850s — 154 — Italian — 173, 185-86, 198 —Polish —175, 224, 276 —Russian — 391; see also Bakuninism, Bakuninists ; International Working Men's Association in Russia Engels, Frederick —biographical data — 163, 228, 425-26 —in 1849-63 — 172-73 —in the First International period — 15, 18, 22, 29, 34; 51, 70, 96, 118, 125-27, 141, 159-62, 191, 215, 224, 234, 248, 259, 271, 277-78, 302-03, 329-31, 340, 343, 345, 374, 384-85, 416-17, 420, 426, 441, 444, 449-51, 460, 465, 477, 490-91, 507-08, 516-17, 535-38 —study of languages —311, 330, 467 See also Communists, Communist movement; Military science—Marx on Engels' studies in military history; Natural science; Party, proletarian; Russia; Working-class movement England (Great Britain)—11, 75, 93 —in the 1850s (from 1849)—172 —system of tenant farming or métayage — 165 —oligarchic character of government — 14 —courts of law, judicial system, criminal legislation, lawyers — 360 —press, bourgeois — 23, 80, 86

—and the Paris Declaration of 1856 — 74, 94 —and the Franco-Prussian war, 1870-71 — 14, 74, 92-93, 114 —and France — 14, 100 —and Russia — 32-33

F

Factory legislation—102, 105, 258 Fenians, Fenianism—208, 453 Foreign policy

—attitude of the working class to the foreign policy of the ruling classes — 9, 14, 17, 31, 72, 87 See also Diplomacy France

—classes, class relations, class struggle — 10-11 —coup d'état of 2 December 1851 (the 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte) — 505 —trade — 11; see also Anglo-French commercial treaty, 1860 —domestic situation, home policy — 3, 8, 13, 499, 504-05 —monarchist groups — 41, 49, 67-68, 499, 505 —bourgeoisie — 46 —working class — 3 , 14, 46, 72, 93 —peasantry — 165 —aggravation of class contradic-tions — 10-11, 14 —growth of opposition sentiments in society — 3, 38 —impending revolution — 14, 41, 48, 49, 55 —collapse of the Second Empire, its causes — 41, 48, 51 —revolution of 4 September 1870, proclamation of the republic — 65, 67 —workers' uprising in Lyons on 4 September 1870, proclamation of the Commune —88-89, 162 — proclamation by workers of Com-munes in Marseilles and Toulouse — 88

—Government of National Defence,

its policy — 61, 68, 108-09, 112-13 —popular resistance to the Prussian

intervention and occupation — 68, 92-94 —Thiers government, preparation of

a monarchist coup d'état and unleashing of a civil war — 137,

149 —National Assembly — 128, 505 —political parties of the ruling classes — 499, 504-05, 547 —during the Second Empire — 6, 38 —during the Third Republic — 87-

88, 505 —and Belgium — 11 —and Germany (during the Second

Empire)—46 —and the unification of Germany —

46 —and Luxembourg — 6 —and Prussia (during the Second

Empire)—10, 38 See also French Revolution of the 18th century; International Working Men's Association in France; Paris Commune of 1871; Revolution of 1848 in France; Working-class movement in France Franco-Prussian war, 1870-71 —nature and peculiarities — 3, 6, 12,

14, 17-18, 31, 37, 46-47, 51, 71-72, 196 —causes, diplomatic preparation for— 196 —change in its character in the course of hostilities — 41, 82, 196 —forces of the belligerents — 6, 7,

20-22, 35, 42, 111 —course of hostilities — 6, 7, 12, 13,

18, 19, 30, 35, 39, 41-42, 48, 53, 54, 62, 63, 67-68, 70, 73-74, 92, 93, 108, 109, 112 —major battles of the initial period

of — 54 —siege and surrender of Metz (August-October 1870)—53, 62, 68 —French army's surrender at Sedan

(1-2 September 1870), its political consequences — 61, 109, 113 —siege of Paris (September 1870-

January 1871)—16, 53, 58, 63, 69-70, 73-74, 80, 93, 108, 112 —prospects for the continuation of the war by France— 18, 72, 74, 93, 110, 111, 113, 114 —francs-tireurs, popular resistance to the Prussian invaders — 19, 58-59, 68, 93 —cruelty of the invaders — 92, 93 —peace negotiations, truce and surrender of Paris on 28 January 1871 — 108, 109, 112, 113 —German demands and preliminary peace terms — 109-10, 113 —annexation of Alsace and Lorraine by Germany — 19, 41, 44, 47, 51, 53, 58-59, 62, 71, 82, 98 —and the Bonapartist regime — 8, 9, 10, 12-14, 39-41, 47, 48, 51, 61, 85, 109, 113 —and the domestic situation in France — 18, 39, 41, 49, 57, 76, 77 — policy of the Government of National Defence —55, 68, 72-74, 87, 90, 102, 108-09, 112-13 —and the French bourgeoisie — 46, 68, 88, 112, 114, 122 —and the French working class — 8, 14, 46, 47, 64, 67, 69-72, 74, 80, 88, 93, 122 —and the revolutionary and democratic movement in France — 3, 14, 39, 41, 49, 65, 70 —and the domestic situation in Germany — 9, 11, 13-14, 16, 46, 47, 75-79, 85-87, 113 —and the Prussian government's policy — 9, 18, 19, 23, 39, 41, 45, 51, 53, 66, 68, 75, 77, 85, 92-94, 102, 109-11, 113-14, 196 —and the attitude taken by the South-German states — 6, 12 —and the German bourgeoisie — 6, 10, 13, 19, 39, 41, 42, 46-47, 52, 59, 62, 66, 79, 87, 92, 102, 118 —and German working class — 3, 10, 13, 46, 69-72, 75-77, 79, 87, 118, 196, 269 —and German Social-Democracy, its internationalism — 3, 13, 16, 18, 19, 45-48, 50-51, 65, 66, 69-71, 75, 77, 79, 82, 85, 90, 96, 116, 196 —and Great Britain —9, 11, 14, 16, 18, 22-23, 32, 34, 40, 44, 50, 52,

55, 66, 68, 70, 74, 77, 80, 82, 84-86, 92-94, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 120 —and the British working class — 11,

13, 22, 70, 77, 82, 96, 102, 196 —and Russia — 13, 18, 32, 38, 42,

47, 51, 59, 66, 68, 74, 87-88, 92-94, 102, 110, 111, 114, 120 —and other European states — 16,

42, 66, 68, 71, 114, 120 —-and European bourgeois democracy — 9, 11, 16, 23, 25, 29-32, 35-37, 40, 53, 55, 59-60, 63, 73, 86, 87, 92, 102, 107, 116 —and the International Working Men's Association and the international working-class movement — 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 18, 23, 25, 27, 31-34, 40, 46-47, 51, 65, 67, 69-77, 79-82, 84-86, 89, 91, 95-98, 102, 108, 116, 196, 121-23, 208 —post-war alignment of forces in Europe, threat of a new military conflict — 38, 42, 51, 57, 120, 568 See also International Working Men's Association in France; Paris Commune of 1871; Revolution of 1848 in France; Working-class movement in France Freedom—173, 332 French Revolution of the 18th century—

41, 63 'French Section of 1871' (petty-bourgeois organisation of refugees in London) —241, 256, 267-70, 278, 280, 298, 302, 309, 331

G

General Association of German Workers— 255, 309, 319, 328, 493, 511-12, 514, 520 See also German Social-Democracy— struggle against Lassalleanism (before 1875); Lassalleanism, Lassalleans Geology — Marx's and Engels' studies in geology — 548 German Confederation —Federal Diet — 288 German Empire (after 1871) —38, 47, 128, 131 —Reichstag — 166 —law, legislation, judicial system — 159 —home policy, domestic situation — 166 —policy towards the working-class movement in the 1870s (before the introduction of the Exceptional Law Against Socialists) —196, 216, 356-57, 360, 365, 389, 431 —prospects of revolution in the 1870s — 415 —and Poland, participation in its oppression — 415 —and Russia —38, 120 See also Bourgeoisie, German; Working

class in Germany German Party of Progress (1861-84) —

166, 289 German Social-Democracy— 3

—Social-Democratic Workers' Party, Eisenachers (1869-75) —362, 371, 493, 510-11, 514 —Eisenach Congress (1869), its programme — 512 —and the International Working Men's Association —52, 221, 237, 241, 247-48, 282, 288, 298, 303-04, 310, 325, 346, 347, 371-72, 376, 378, 390, 432, 483-84, 493; see also International Working Men's Association in Germany —and the Franco-Prussian war and the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine — 3, 5, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 44-45, 47, 51, 65, 69-72, 75-79, 82, 85-86, 96, 116, 196, 197 —and the Paris Commune— 160 —struggle against Lassalleanism (before 1875) —371, 477, 493, 511-12, 514 —parliamentary activity, group— 14, 16, 51, 145, 166 —press and book publishing — 138, 159, 511 —role in the international socialist movement of the 1870s German Workers' Educational Society in

London (1840-1918)

—as a section of the International Working Men's Association (1864-74) —96, 194, 279, 297, 319

—Marx's and Engels' part in its activities, their relations with it — 471 Germany

—'demagogues'—77, 85, 228, 350 —fragmentation, and the task of unification of — 3, 10, 18, 38, 46-47, 77 —agriculture and agrarian relations — 165 —social development — 357 —classes —14 —nobility (aristocracy) — 118 —youth, students, student movement — 77, 85 —science —2, 154, 241, 256 —and France — 38 —and Russia — 38, 47, 120 See also Emigration—German in England; German Empire (after 1871); Prussia; Working-class movement in Germany

H

Hague Congress, the (1872) —398, 415,

513, 582 —preparation and tasks of — 288, 366, 398, 401, 407-08, 413, 417-20, 425-26 —and the Paris Commune — 430-32 —struggle against Bakuninists; victory of the revolutionary wing; expulsion of the Alliance leaders — 513 —Marx's speech against the reformists — 430, 436 —and Blanquists — 447-48 —resolutions of — 430-33, 438

—opposition to its decisions on the part of Bakuninists — 448, 475-76 —approval of its decisions by the International's local organisations — 448, 450 —results and significance of — 398, 429, 475-76, 513, 582 Hegel, Hegelianism—136, 181, 500, 506, 514 History — 61, 132, 137 Housing question

—in capitalist society — 366, 374, 405 Hungary—38 I

Ideological struggle in the working-class movement—163-65, 180-81, 252-56, 512-14

International alliance of anarchists (1870s) —436, 475, 521, 525, 537 —Congress in St. Imier (1872), its

decisions —436, 441, 448, 450, 453, 475 —Congress in Geneva (1873) —508,

521, 527 See also International Alliance of Socialist Democracy International Alliance of Socialist Democracy— 163-64, 179, 181-83, 233, 255, 266, 269, 308, 387, 437, 441, 489, 567 —secret character, disorganising activities of, in the working-class movement —358, 365, 368-69, 374-75, 403, 408, 415-17, 419-20, 424-26, 431, 436, 449, 454, 456, 460, 489, 508, 521, 537 See also Bakuninism, Bakuninists; International Working Men's Association— struggle against Bakuninists and Bakuninism; International Working Men's Association. Congresses and conferences

International, First— see International Working Men's Association (First International)

Internationalism, proletarian—see Working-class movement—internationalism as its inherent feature

International solidarity of workers

—as expression of common interests of the proletariat of different countries — 301, 355 —its significance in the struggle for the emancipation of the workers — 190 —workers' solidarity in strike struggle — 125-27, 140, 190, 194, 350, 456; see also International Working Men's Association—-and strikes —and work for peace, against war — 14, 47, 72 — international movement of solidarity with the Paris Commune —

142, 149, 151, 160, 176, 204, 208, 268-69, 274, 357, 576 See also International Working Men's Association—struggle for international solidarity and united actions of the working class in all countries; Paris Commune of 1871—and the First International; Strikes, strike movement; Working-class movement International Working Men's Association (First International) —general characteristics, historical significance of — 162-63, 173, 180-81, 184-86, 252-53, 261-62, 300-01, 346, 354, 513, 535 —foundation of — 185, 252, 354 — first programme documents (Inaugural Address and Provisional Rules)—162, 180-81, 183-84, 217, 221, 236, 237, 246, 250, 252, 261, 306, 318, 323, 349, 411, 433, 444 —struggle for class proletarian character of — 141, 185-86, 252-53, 346, 352, 383, 418, 424-25, 428-29 —struggle for international solidarity and united actions of the working class in all countries — 100, 162-63, 181, 183, 186, 190, 301, 346, 440 —emancipation of workers as its aim — 162, 181, 183-84, 331 —programme demand for attain-ment of political power by the working class and creation of a classless society — 184, 307, 331, 414, 433 —dissemination of its ideas — 242, 255-56, 338-39, 447-48 —and political struggle of the working class — 131-32, 184, 255, 258, 307, 330-32, 414, 433 —demand for creation of proletarian

parties in individual countries — 67, 258, 414, 433 —question of the connection between

economic and political struggle of the proletariat — 258, 307, 331, 414, 433 —and trade organisations— 125-26,

191, 244, 350, 432, 483, 519-20 —and strikes — 125-27, 139, 190-91,

194, 350, 466-67 —and factory legislation — 258 —and agrarian question, peasantry and agricultural proletariat — 165, 252, 350 —and struggle for Ireland's independence — 274-75 —struggle against Bonapartism — 88, 116, 196 —struggle for proletariat's independent stand in foreign policy, against wars of conquest — 5, 9, 14, 17, 40, 70, 77, 102, 196 —and the Franco-Prussian war — 5, 9, 14, 17-18, 40, 65-68, 70, 74, 77, 89, 98, 102, 116, 196-97 —and the Paris Commune — 132, 140-41, 149-51, 156, 204, 379, 512, 561 —defence of Communards and assistance to Commune's refugees — 151, 173, 175, 194, 197-98, 200, 202, 204-05, 208, 209, 211, 224, 235, 241, 265, 274, 276, 357, 535, 564, 566, 573 —struggle against Mazzinists and Mazzinism — 164, 185-87, 242, 245, 278, 304, 359 —struggle against Proudhonists and Proudhonism — 163, 181, 184, 255, 264, 265, 282, 343, 583 —struggle against Lassalleans and Lassalleanism —255, 319, 371, 493 —struggle against reformism — 102, 252, 303 —struggle against Bakuninists and Bakuninism — 162-64, 178, 181-84, 255-57, 263-66, 270, 278, 284-85, 289, 292-93, 303-04, 308-09, 331, 337, 338, 343, 372-73, 401-04, 424-26, 430, 436, 441, 450, 465, 476, 483, 484, 494, 512-13, 521, 568 —and Blanquists — 447-48, 458, 467, 509, 583 —and Universal Federalist Council — 428, 474 —and the League of Peace and Freedom — 182 —and religion —63, 185, 255 —and bourgeois democracy — 428 —organisational principles of — 98, 101-02, 250, 257, 271, 284-85, 292,

295, 323, 325, 345-52, 416-17, 435-36, 475-76, 483-84, 491-92, 509, 519-20 —Rules and Regulations — 102, 162, 182, 221, 234, 236-37, 246, 250, 257, 263-64, 271, 296, 323, 345, 348-49, 400-01, 411, 414, 416, 432, 445, 475, 484, 509, 519 —General Council, its statute, composition and activities — 57, 79, 100, 147, 148, 181, 183-85, 204-05, 207, 231, 251-56, 262, 265, 280, 290-91, 313, 314, 347-54, 428, 535; see also International Working Men's Association in England— functions and activities of the General Council in England —Subcommittee —316, 383, 582 —General Council in New York — 430-31, 441, 445, 449, 450, 460, 465-67, 475-76, 482, 493-94, 535, 585 —local sections, federations, federal councils, national organisations — 258, 294, 349-51, 415-16 —membership —348, 527-28 —funds — 187, 292, 334, 431, 482,

507 — Marx's and Engels' role in founding the International and in its activities — 91-92, 157, 186, 220, 255-56, 347, 374, 385-86, 454, 459-60, 465-67, 482-83, 493-94, 580-83 —Marx as Corresponding Secretary pro tern for Belgium — 91 —Marx as Corresponding Secretary for Germany — 16, 79, 91, 117-18 —Marx as Corresponding Secretary for German-language sections in the USA —57, 60, 101-02, 106, 236, 241-42, 244, 251-58, 273-74, 334-35, 383 —Marx as Corresponding Secretary for Russia —27, 57, 178 —Engels as Corresponding Secretary for Belgium — 125-26, 190-95, 407 —Engels as Corresponding Secretary for Denmark —329-32, 340, 343, 366, 521 —Engels as Corresponding Secretary for Italy — 170, 173, 180-88, 191, 234, 245-46, 259-62, 282, 286, 292-93, 299, 306-12, 321, 330, 343, 345, 354-55, 357, 358 —Engels as General Council's representative for Italy (from January 1873)—466-67, 538 —Engels as Corresponding Secretary for Portugal —343, 434, 466, 507 —Engels as Corresponding Secretary for Spain — 191, 270-71, 277, 282, 284, 330, 332, 336, 338, 343 —its press — 126, 150, 170, 350, 365, 460 —and the bourgeois press —10, 121, 150, 159-60, 288, 578 —and ruling classes; police persecution — 124, 130, 156, 171, 180, 208, 260, 308, 311, 353, 356, 429, 535, 578 —cessation of activities, reasons for — 512-13, 535-36 —its documents —126, 445, 454-55, 482, 535-36 See also International Working Men's Association. Congresses and conferences; International Working Men's Association (in different countries)

International Working Men's Association. Congresses and conferences —functions and tasks of general congresses — 252, 259-61, 292-93, 296, 330, 331, 349, 351, 352 —London Conference (1865)—260 —Geneva Congress (1866)—260, 349 —Lausanne Congress (1867)—350 —Brussels Congress (1868)—351 —Basle Congress (1869)—285-86, 292, 296, 308, 313, 351-52 —Mainz Congress (1871)—25, 237,

260 —Geneva Congress (1873)—453, 475, 489, 492-94, 507-08, 518, 524-28, 534, 537 See also Hague Congress, the (1872); London Conference (1871) International Working Men's Association and the Polish revolutionary movement— 350, 460 International Working Men's Association in Australia—350, 446 International Working Men's Association in Austria—216, 304, 347, 350, 356, 389

International Working Men's Association in Belgium — 26, 125-26, 171, 289, 296, 361, 366-67, 387, 393, 413, 419, 433, 435 —and Belgian Federal Council— 263-64, 366-67, 401, 403 —and strikes — 125-26, 190-91 —Association's press in Belgium—

365 —Bakuninists' splitting activities— 26, 263-64, 289, 296, 361, 367, 387, 393, 413, 435, 465, 584-85 —and police persecution — 171 See also International Working Men's Association—Marx as Corresponding Secretary pro tern for Belgium, —Engels as Corresponding Secretary for Belgium International Working Men's Association in Denmark—242, 263, 330-32, 350, 346, 366, 425, 466, 467, 482, 493, 520 See also International Working Men's Association—Engels as Corresponding Secretary for Denmark International Working Men's Association in England— 234, 301-02, 449-50, 454-55, 459-60, 464-65, 507 —functions and activities of the General Council in England (1864-72)—100, 147-48, 208, 234, 382-83 —British Federal Council, British Federation — 234, 291, 302, 346, 382, 436, 449, 454, 459, 461, 464-65, 474, 508, 519, 521, 538 —Association's press in England—

64, 141, 269, 279, 302, 465 —refugee sections of the Association in England — 64, 141, 269, 279, 302, 465 See also German Workers' Educational Society in London (1840-1918); International Working Men's Association— foundation of,—and trade organisations,—struggle against reformism; International Working Men's Association in Ireland—Irish sections in England; Trade(s) unions in Britain—and the International Working Men's Association International Working Men's Association in France — 25, 64-68, 89, 101-02, 116, 131-32, 255, 278, 282, 303-04, 331, 346, 454-55, 466, 482 —participation of French workers and republicans in founding the International — 255 —first Paris section of the Association (before April 1865)—255 —positivist group — 255 —Paris Federation — 64-65, 74, 123,

208 —and the Franco-Prussian war — 14, 25, 64-65, 67-68, 70, 74, 89, 196-97; see also International Working Men's Association—and the Franco-Prussian war —and the Paris Commune — 132, 140-42, 149, 151, 561, 583; see also International Working Men's Association—and the Paris Commune,—defence of Communards and assistance to Commune's refugees —organisations of, after Paris Commune — 164, 246, 265, 278, 282, 302-03, 331, 346, 350, 454-55, 466, 482, 492, 507 —and agrarian question and peasantry — 165 —and Proudhonists; struggle against Proudhonist influence in French sections — 255, 282, 343; see also International Working Men's Association—struggle against Proudhonists and Proudhonism —Bakuninists' splitting activities in

France — 164, 302-03, 454 —police persecution — 116, 122, 130, 180, 195, 208, 260, 311, 350, 389, 466, 482, 492, 507, 579 See also International Working Men's Association— foundation of,—struggle against Bonapartism,—and Blanquists; International Working Men's Association in England—refugee sections of the Association in England International Working Men's Association in Germany— 221, 325, 350, 371-72 —local sections — 118, 221, 237, 247-

48, 325, 371, 402 —and the General Association of German Workers — 319, 450, 493 —Social-Democratic Workers' Party

as a branch of the International Working Men's Association — 79, 221, 237, 248, 282, 288, 298, 304, 310, 325, 371-72, 376, 390, 493 —during the Franco-Prussian war and the Paris Commune — 13, 69-70, 79-80, 116, 117, 196 —after the Paris Commune — 304, 346, 432, 450 —police persecution — 79, 116-17, 171, 196, 197, 216, 237, 242, 304, 356, 389, 431, 458 See also General Association of German Workers; German Confederation; German Social-Democracy; International Working Men's Association—Marx as Corresponding Secretary for Germany International Working Men's Association in Hungary—304, 347 International Working Men's Association in Ireland— 234, 346, 347, 357 — Irish sections in England — 208, 274-75, 449, 570 See also International Working Men's Association—and struggle for Ireland's independence International Working Men's Association in Italy—164, 171-73, 180, 183, 187, 234, 242, 245, 261-62, 292, 299, 310, 312, 330, 346-47, 354, 369, 419, 424, 432-33, 444-45, 450, 458, 466-67, 482, 483, 538 —Association's press in Italy — 234, 292-93, 358-59, 444-45, 450, 458, 483, 538 —Bakuninists' splitting activities— 172, 259-62, 294, 299, 304, 308-10, 321, 331, 338-39, 357-58, 369, 373, 419, 424 —police persecution — 171, 180, 216, 245, 260-61, 305, 356, 358, 389, 458, 466 See also International Working Men's Association—struggle against Mazzinists and Mazzinism, —Engels as Corresponding Secretary for Italy, —Engels as General Council's representative for Italy (from January 1873) International Working Men's Association in the Netherlands—126, 331, 433, 453 International Working Men's Association in New Zealand—346, 350 International Working Men's Association in Portugal— 343, 346, 433, 434, 466, 467, 507, 533 See also International Working Men's Association—Engels as Corresponding Secretary for Portugal International Working Men's Association in Russia —Russian section of the International Working Men's Association — 11,

19, 26-27, 347, 350 —exposure of Nechayevism — 11, 27 See also International Working Men's Association—struggle against Bakuninists and Bakuninism,—Marx as Corresponding Secretary for Russia International Working Men's Association in Spain — 242, 278-79, 282, 284, 289, 299, 301, 322, 336-38, 358, 365, 368-69, 374, 424-26, 433, 448-49, 453-54, 465 —strikes and trade unions — 140, 424-26 —congresses and conferences — 358,

361, 365, 368, 374 —the New Madrid Federation — 433,

449, 453-54 —and the 1873 uprising — 465, 538,

551 —Association's press in Spain — 271,

277-78, 284, 299, 332, 338, 359, 365, 402, 449 —Bakuninists' splitting activities— 269-71, 278, 284, 289, 299, 322, 331, 338, 358, 365, 368-69, 375, 387, 424-26, 448-49, 454, 538 —police persecution — 171, 260, 322,

389 See also International Working Men's Association—Engels as Corresponding Secretary for Spain International Working Men's Association in Switzerland — 5, 164, 269, 303-04, 331, 370-71, 395, 433, 493, 507, 526, 528, 535, 568 —before the Paris Commune — 5 —after the Paris Commune — 269, 303-04, 331, 395, 433, 507, 535, 568 —Central Committee of the German-

language sections — 370 —Romance sections, Romance Federation, Federal Council of Romance Switzerland — 5, 303, 331, 401, 526, 534, 568 —congress in Olten (June 1873)—

508, 509, 526 —Association's press in Switzerland — 293, 303-04, 401 —Bakuninist central Geneva section of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy — 163, 179 —Bakuninist Jura Federation, its splitting activities — 5, 164, 264, 269, 292-93, 308, 331, 372-73, 395, 418, 436, 448, 493, 509, 585, 586 —congress in Sonvillier, its circular (September 1871)—289, 292, 331 —Slavonian section in Zurich — 227 See also International Alliance of Socialist Democracy; International Working Men's Association—struggle against Bakuninists and Bakuninism International Working Men's Association in the USA—57, 236, 242, 244, 252, 257, 258, 351, 355, 383, 551 —Central Committee of the Association's sections — 101, 106, 236, 242, 244, 255-56 —split in the North American Federation of the International — 236, 252, 255-56, 298, 334, 352, 383, 388 See also International Working Men's Association—General Council in New York,—Marx as Corresponding Secretary for German-language sections in the USA Italy— 38, 171, 187, 394

K

Katheder-Socialism (armchair socialism)—123, 184, 258, 307, 414, 433

L

Landed property—138, 165, 184 Lassalleanism, Lassalleans—371, 405 —dogmatic and sectarian nature of the trend — 255, 514 —attitude towards the Prussian state

and feudal reaction — 328 —in the 1870s — 297, 309 See also General Association of German Workers; German Social-Democracy— struggle against Lassalleanism; International Working Men's Association— struggle against Lassalleans and Lassalleanism Lease, tenants—165 Literature —English — 396, 540-41, 543 —French — 76, 267, 543 —German — 4, 158, 238, 548 —Russian — 238, 469 —Scandinavian — 330 See also Poetry Lockout—169 London Conference (1871) —preparation and convocation of—

217, 260, 285-86 —tasks, character and composition of — 179, 186, 191, 232, 260-62, 281, 284, 381, 563 —resolutions of — 221, 231, 236, 256,

262, 265, 266, 563-64 —publication of the International Association's documents by decision of — 221, 234, 236, 237, 257, 270, 284-85, 381, 571 —approval of the Conference's resolutions by the General Council and the local organisations of the International — 281, 296, 331 —Bakuninists' struggle against the Conference's resolutions — 256, 259-62, 265-70, 331; see also International Working Men's Association in Switzerland—congress in Sonvillier, its circular Luxembourg—6, 10

M

Marx, Karl —in the First International period (1864-73)—55, 56, 69-70, 121-22, 130, 142, 143, 152, 156-58, 177, 231, 263, 265, 279, 377-78, 384-87, 438-39, 441, 516, 521-23, 562 See also 'Capital' by Karl Marx; Communists, communist movement; German

Workers' Educational Society in London; International Working Men's Association; Party, proletarian; Russia— Marx's and Engels' contacts with Russian revolutionaries in the 1870s,—Marx's and Engels' contacts with Russian personalities in science and culture in the 1870s; Working-class movement Materialism—163 Mathematics— 504 Mazzinism, Mazzinists—186, 187, 304 Military science —study by Marx and Engels of the military history and military-theoretical problems — 6, 7, 17, 29, 32-33, 35, 42, 45, 49, 61-62, 85-86, 193 —Marx on Engels' studies in military history — 22, 32, 58, 65, 70, 555, 557 Mode of production—307 Monopolies—414, 433 Motion —and matter — 500 —life as a form of motion of matter — 500, 503

N

Napoleonic wars—10, 59, 85, 93 See also Vienna Congress of 1814-15 and the Vienna treaties of 1815; Wars of the First French Republic Nationalisation of land—138, 184 National Liberals (Germany, from 1866)—160 National Reform League (Great Britain, from 1849)—252 National question — SI, 46, 89, 123, 329, 355 See also Working-class movement— internationalism as its inherent feature Natural science—503 See also Chemistry; Geology; Mathemat-ics; Science Navy—74 North German Confederation (1867-71) — 38 —North German Reichstag — 16, 47, 51 O

Owenism, Owenists—181, 477

Paris Commune of 1871

—its historical significance — 132, 137 —leading role of the working class— 561 —collisions in the Commune — 149, 490 —and French sections of the First International — 130, 132, 140-42, 149, 208, 561 —fight against the Versailles government — 149, 228, 561 —betrayal of national interests by counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie — 89 —counter-revolutionary policy of the Thiers government — 128, 132, 137 —counter-revolutionary terror — 151, 228, 256, 561 —ruling classes' slander campaign against the Commune and the First International — 128, 144, 151, 156, 176, 228, 229 —and European bourgeois democracy — 139-40, 186, 564 —and international proletariat, movement of solidarity with the Commune — 127, 137, 140-42, 149, 160, 204-05, 268-69 —and the First International — 128, 140-42, 149, 156, 184-87, 189, 212, 234, 241, 265, 274, 280, 350, 354, 378-79, 513, 561, 566 —defeat of the Commune, its causes — 128, 132, 137, 149, 151, 293, 295 —Paris Communards in emigration — 150, 154, 176, 189, 200, 208, 234, 241, 256, 268-69, 274, 280, 357, 378, 429, 438, 443, 562, 566, 572-73, 583, 584 Parliament

—use of bourgeois parliament by working-class representatives — 332 Party, proletarian

—nature, tasks, leading role of— 135, 414, 433; see also Paris Commune of 1871 —constitution of proletariat into independent political party as a necessary condition of its emancipation — 258, 414, 433 —agrarian programme —165 —policy and programme on the national question — 47 —organisational principles — 259-62, 346; see also International Working Men's Association—organisational principles of; International Working Men's Association. Congresses and conferences —criticism and self-criticism — 289 —party discipline — 475 —significance of ideological and organisational unity — 346, 512-14 —theoretical discussions — 183-84 —struggle within the party — 512-14 —tactics — 511-14 —parliamentary policy, importance of parliamentary activity of its representatives — 332 —combination of legal and illegal means of struggle — 282 —and trade unions — 244 —and peasantry — 165, 340 —propaganda and agitation — 258, 512 —significance of its press and publishing activity — 477, 510-11 See also Communists, communist movement Peasantry

—under capitalism — 165 Period of transition from capitalism to communism (socialism) —communist transformation of society as a long and complex process — 337 —dictatorship of the proletariat— 184, 331, 414, 433 Philosophy —German — 4, 156, 165 See also Dialectics—in nature Poetry— 55, 59, 63, 102, 400 Political economy—344, 504 See also Bourgeois political economy; Economic laws; Vulgar bourgeois political economy Political struggle—162, 258, 307-08, 414, 433 See also Anarchism, anarchists; Bakuninism, Bakuninists Positivism (Comtism)—150 —positivist group in the First International — 150, 255 Press, the —freedom of, as a democratic achievement — 173 —anti-democratic character of the official press in the exploiter society — 128, 228 —proletarian press, its status and tasks- -126, 340, 358-59 Private property—184, 306, 337 Profit — 4, 239-40 Propaganda—350, 511 Proudhonism, Proudhonists—4, 157, 162, 163, 181, 184, 255, 264, 309, 343, 366 Prussia — 10, 32, 38, 41, 57, 120, 415 See also Franco-Prussian war, 1870-71

R

Reformism, struggle against—see International Working Men's Association— struggle against reformism; Lassalleanism, Lassalleans; Proudhonism, Proudhonists; Trade unionism Republic— 307 Republic, proletarian—72, 88 Revolution— 293, 294 —and the class struggle — 258, 414,

433 —and the State — 132, 137, 307; see also Revolution, proletarian, socialist—indispensable destruction of the old, bourgeois state machinery and creation of a new, proletarian one See also Revolution, proletarian, socialist; War(s)—and revolution and revolutionary movement Revolution of 1848 in France. Second Republic— 372 Revolutions of 1848-49 in Italian states— 38

Revolution, proletarian, socialist —essence, tasks, historical significance of — 132, 294, 295 —indispensability of an independent proletarian party for the triumph of — 132, 258, 414, 433; see also Political struggle —necessity of discipline and centralisation of revolutionary forces— 294, 295 —peaceful and violent ways of ac-complishing it — 294, 295 —proletariat as the ruling class, establishment of its dictatorship— 184, 258, 331, 414, 433 —indispensable destruction of the old, bourgeois state machinery and creation of a new, proletarian one — 132 —abolition of private property in the means of production and their socialisation — 184, 307 —and the national question — 46 —and abolition of classes — 307, 414,

433 See also Civil war; Communism (socio-economic formation); Dictatorship of the proletariat; Paris Commune of 1871; Working-class movement—internationalism as its inherent feature Revolution, social—see Revolution; Revolution, proletarian, socialist Rhine Province—394 Russia (Russian Empire) —revolutionary movement in the latter half of the 19th century — 347, 386, 551 —revolutionary critical thought in

the 19th century — 105, 152, 238 — Marx and Engels on Chernyshevsky

—27, 105, 152, 457, 469, 540 —beginning of dissemination of Marxism in — 102, 105, 257, 283, 347, 377, 397, 399-400, 452, 457, 582 —persecution of revolutionary movement by tsarism, political trials— 105, 540 —development of revolutionary situation (1870s-80s)—57, 105 —study of Russian by Marx and

Engels — 105, 311 — Marx and Engels on their study of Russian sources on economic and social relations in — 27, 105, 152, 154, 457, 487 —-communal property in — 494 —serfdom — 457, 551 —Marx's and Engels' contacts with Russian revolutionaries in the 1870s — 27, 33, 152, 154, 168, 178-79, 192-93, 198, 210, 218, 220, 226-27, 276, 300, 386, 392, 397, 457, 469, 538, 539, 542, 579 — Marx's and Engels' contacts with Russian personalities in science and culture in the 1870s — 152, 154, 174-75, 238-40, 386, 422, 456-57, 469, 487, 522-23, 576 —and Great Britain — 74-75

S

Science—344

—classification of sciences — 502-03 —in Germany — 4, 154, 242, 256 See also Natural science; Philosophy;

Political economy Sectarianism

—as a feature inherent in the working-class movement at its earlier stages — 251-52 —as an obstacle to the development of the mass working-class movement — 163, 172, 183, 251-52 See also Bakuninism, Bakuninists; Lassalleanism, Lassalleans Socialist movement in France—3, 67, 256 Spain—139-40, 394, 465, 520 State, the

—criticism of anarchist views of the State — 131, 137 See also Dictatorship of the proletariat; Republic; State, bourgeois State, bourgeois—137, 307 Strikes, strike movement—258

See also International Working Men's Association—and strikes; Lockout; Working-class movement; Working-class movement (in different countries) Suffrage— 332 Surplus value — 4, 239-40

T

Thirty Years' War, 1618-48 — 93 Trade unionism—172, 302 Trade(s) unions, trade union movement— 258 —their tasks and place in the class

struggle of the workers — 173 —and the proletarian party — 244 —and necessity of an international

trade association — 428, 483 —criticism of reformist trade union

leaders' views — 429, 437, 462-63 See also Economic struggle of workers; International Working Men's Association—and trade organisations; Trade(s) unions in Britain Trade(s) unions in Britain—172 —isolation of 'old trade unions' as

organisations of labour aristocracy — 172, 194 —graft of reformist trade union leaders by the bourgeoisie — 383 —and the International Working Men's Association — 100, 102, 350, 519 See also International Working Men's Association—struggle against reformism; Working-class movement in England (Great Britain)

U

Uprising, armed —tactics of — 297-99 See also Paris Commune of 1871; Revolution, proletarian, socialist

V

Vienna Congress of 1814-15 and the Vienna treaties of 1815—32 Vulgar bourgeois political economy—4, 47,

57

W

War(s)— 74 —in capitalist society — 92 —and revolution and revolutionary movement— 102 —and the working-class movement— 14, 46-47, 72 —revolutionary — 102, 114 —people's — 92-93 —defensive — 51 See also Army; Austro-Prussian war,

1866; Civil war; Crimean war, 1853-56; Danish war, 1864; Franco-Prussian war, 1870-71; Military science; Napoleonic wars; Wars of the First French Republic Wars of the First French Republic—41 Working class

—industrial (factory) proletariat— 184 —consolidation of proletariat as a political force — 258 —historical necessity of the proletariat becoming the ruling class— 184, 331, 414, 433; see also Dictatorship of the proletariat —material prerequisites (conditions) for the emancipation of the working class from social and economic oppression— 184 —development of its class conscious-ness — 183 —and peasantry — 340 —its struggle for peace, against militarism, wars of conquest and annexations — 9, 14, 18, 31, 47, 71-72, 87 —and the national question, national liberation movement — 9, 31 See also Agricultural labourers; Class struggle; Dictatorship of the proletariat; Party, proletarian; Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Working class (in different countries); Working-class movement Working class in England (Great Britain)

—labour aristocracy, graft of the upper stratum of the working class by the bourgeoisie — 14, 147, 431, 437, 462 See also Working-class movement in England (Great Britain) Working class in France

—during the Second Empire — 3, 14, 46, 72, 93 —and the Franco-Prussian war— 3, 14, 46, 65, 67-68, 70-72, 74,

79-80, 88, 122-23