Name Index
A
About, Edmond François Valentin (1828-1885)—French writer and journalist; Bonapartist.— 130
Acollas, Emile (1826-1891)—French lawyer and politician; radical-socialist.—365
Albarracin, Severino (d. 1878)—Spanish anarchist, teacher; member of the Spanish Federal Council of the International (1872-73); a leader of an uprising in Alcoy (1873); after its defeat emigrated to Switzerland.— 520
Alerini, Charles (b. 1842)—French anarchist, Corsican by birth; teacher; member of the Marseilles Section of the International; a participant in the Marseilles Commune (April 1871), after its suppression emigrated to Italy, then to Spain, where he propagated anarchism; editor of the Solidarité révolutionnaire (Barcelona); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).— 436, 449
Alexander I (1777-1825)—Emperor of Russia (1801-25).—Ill
Alexander II (1818-1881)—Emperor of Russia (1855-81).—38, 85, 111, 114, 128
Alexander Alexandrovich (1845-1894) — heir to the throne; subsequently Emperor of Russia Alexander III (1881-94).—110, 114
Allen, George—English physician, Marx's family doctor.—5
Allsop—wife of Thomas Allsop.—552
Allsop, Thomas (1795-1880)—English stockbroker, author; democrat; sided with the Chartists; collaborated with Marx in helping refugees of the Paris Commune; was on friendly terms with Marx's family.—203, 213, 550-52
Alonzo—participant in the British working-class movement.—474
Applegarth, Robert (1834-1925)—a trade union leader, cabinet-maker; General Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (1862-71); member of the London Trades Council; member of the General Council of the International (1865, 1868-72); delegate to the Basle Congress of the International (1869); subsequently left the working-class movement.—203
Argaing, Ferdinand—French revolutionary, Blanquist; member of the International, representative of the General Council in Toulouse from December 1872.—467
Arnaud, Armand Antoine Jules (1831-1885)—French revolutionary, Blanquist; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; emigrated to England after its suppression; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); withdrew from the International because of the Congress decision to transfer the General Council to New York.— 269, 280, 379, 399
Arndt, Ernst Moritz (1769-1860)— German writer, historian and philologist; took part in the liberation struggle against Napoleon's rule.— 13
Assi, Adolphe Alphonse (1841-1886)— prominent figure in the French working-class movement, mechanic; Left Proudhonist; member of the International; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; after the suppression of the Commune, exiled to New Caledonia.—167
Aston—lawyer in Manchester.—544
Augspurg, Dietrich Wilhelm Andreas (1818-1898)—German economist, National-Liberal; member of the Reichstag in 1871-74.—545
Augusta, Marie Luise Katharina (1811-1890)—wife of William I, King of Prussia and German Emperor.—76
Aumale, Henri Eugene Philippe Louis d'Orléans duc d' (1822-1897)—son of King Louis Philippe of France; emigrated to England after the February 1848 revolution; deputy to the National Assembly of 1871.—549
Avrial, Augustin Germain (1840-1904)—prominent figure in the French working-class movement, mechanic; Left Proudhonist; member of the Federal Council of the Paris sections of the International; member of the Paris Commune; after its
suppression emigrated to England.— 265, 267, 269, 280, 297, 302
B
Bachruch, Henrik—Hungarian worker; Secretary of the German Section of the International in Paris (1870); member of the Paris Federal Council of the International; participant in the Paris Commune.—194
Badinguet—see Napoleon III
Bain, Alexander (1818-1903)—Scottish philosopher, psychologist, professor of logic and English at Aberdeen University (1860-81).—276
Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1876)—Russian revolutionary, journalist; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; later an ideologist of Narodism and anarchism; opposed Marxism in the First International; at the Hague Congress (1872) was expelled from the International for his splitting activities.— 5, 19, 26-27, 33, 88, 162-63, 172, 184, 220, 241, 255-57, 263, 268-71, 276, 278, 285, 289, 293, 295-96, 300-01, 311-12, 315, 318, 320, 331, 338, 343, 347, 351, 358, 361-62, 369, 373-75, 386, 393, 396-98, 400, 402, 407-08, 415, 417, 419, 422, 424, 426, 430, 436, 452, 456, 458, 469, 491, 493, 508, 516, 520, 523, 538, 563
Balaszewicz, Juliusz Alexander (b.1831) —Polish poet; agent of the Russian secret police in London in 1861-76 under the name of Count Albert Henryk Potocki.—272, 273
Baranov (Baranoff), W. O.—Russian scholar; Doctor of Philosophy; in 1871 lived in Geneva.—386
Barbes, Armand (1809-1870)—French revolutionary, a leader of secret societies during the July monarchy; was active in the 1848 revolution, deputy to the Constituent Assembly; sentenced to life imprisonment for participation in the popular insurrection of 15 May 1848; pardoned in 1854; emigrated to Belgium and withdrew from politics.—49
Barré, Aristide Magloire (b. 1840)— French metal-carver; member of the International; participant in the Paris Commune; emigrated to London after its suppression; a founder of the French Section of 1871; participant in the Hague Congress (1872).— 565
Barry, Mailman (1842-1909)—British journalist, socialist; member of the International; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); member of the General Council (1871-72) and the British Federal Council (1872-74); supported Marx and Engels in their struggle against the Bakuninists and British reformists; in the 1890s was in contact with the 'socialist wing' of the Conservatives.—290, 428, 515
Bartorelli, Ugo — Italian worker, Bakuninist; Secretary of the Workers' Union in Florence; member of the International.—411
Bastelica, André Augustin (1845-1884) — prominent figure in the French and Spanish working-class movement, printer; member of the International, Bakuninist; member of the General Council of the International (1871); delegate to the London Conference (1871).—199, 203, 205, 220, 265-70, 276
Baiaine, François Achille (1811-1888)— marshal of France; in the Franco-Prussian war commanded the 3rd Army Corps, then the Army of the Rhine; was besieged at Metz which he surrendered on 27 October 1870; was condemned to degradation and death (1873); the sentence was commuted for 20 years' imprisonment; escaped to Madrid in 1874.—41, 53, 62, 549
Beaufort — French refugee in London.—200, 235
Bebel, August (1840-1913)—prominent
figure in the international and German working-class movement, turner; President of the Union of German Workers' Associations from 1867; member of the International; deputy to the North German and Imperial Reichstag from 1867; one of the founders and leaders of German Social-Democracy; opposed the Lassalleans; during the Franco-Prussian war took a proletarian internationalist stand; supported the Paris Commune; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—14, 16, 51, 95, 127, 129, 145, 160, 178, 196, 198, 216, 237, 247, 281, 288-89, 320, 332, 357, 362, 367, 371, 384, 416,479,493, 510, 512, 514, 563
Bebel, Julie (1843-1910)—August Bebel's wife.—95, 97 Becker, Bernhard (1826-1891)—German journalist, follower of Lassalle; President of the General Association of German Workers (1864-65); subsequently supported the Eisenachers; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—199, 215, 233, 402
Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-1886)— German revolutionary; took part in the democratic movement of the 1830s-50s and in the 1848-49 revolution; after the defeat of the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849) left Germany; prominent figure in the International and delegate to all its congresses and the London Conference (1865); editor of Der Vorbote (1866-71); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—25-27, 78, 83, 159, 178, 306, 321-22, 358, 364, 370-71, 373, 395-96, 404, 418-20, 433, 473, 488, 495, 507, 534
Beer, G.—correspondent of Der Volksstaat.—429
Beesly—Edward Spencer Beesly's wife.— 86, 226
Beesly, Edward Spencer (1831-1915)— British historian and politician, radical, positivist philosopher; professor of history at University college, London (1860-93); Chairman of the inaugural meeting of the International held at St Martin's Hall (28 September 1864); defended the International and the Paris Commune in the English press; Marx's friend.—73, 74, 84, 85, 88, 92, 116, 150-51, 226
Beghelli, Giuseppe (1847-1877)—Italian journalist, democrat, follower of Garibaldi; in 1871 member of the Workers' Federation in Turin; in 1871-72 editor of the republican papers La Democrazia and II Ficcan-050.—310, 313
Belyaev, Ivan Dmitrievich (1810-1873)— Russian historian, professor at Moscow University (1852-73); Sla-vophile.—488
Benedetti, Giuseppe—Italian anarchist; a founder of the Bakuninist organisation in Pisa, which pretended to be the International's section.— 323
Benedix, Roderich Julius (1811-1873)— German author and playwright; manager of the theatre in Elberfeld (1845), author of plays popular among the lower middle classes.— 548-49
Bergeret, Jules Henri Marius (1830-1905)—French revolutionary; was close to Blanquists; travelling sales-man, then proof-reader; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and of the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to England and then to the USA; sentenced to death in his absence; in 1871 founded a weekly Le 18 mars.— 569
Bert, Cesare — Italian mechanic; an organiser of the Turin Section of the International; in 1871-72 supported the General Council, then sided with the anarchists; delegate to the anarchist congress in Geneva (1873).—345, 391, 432, 446
Bertrand, Francis-J.—prominent figure
in the American working-class movement, cigar-maker; Corresponding Secretary for the Section No. 6 of the International in New York; member of the Federal Council of the International for North America (1872) and the editorial board of Arbeiter-Zeitung; member of the General Council elected by the Hague Congress (1872).—437
Bervi, Vasily Vasilyevich (pseudonym N. Flerovsky) (1829-1918)—Russian economist and sociologist; enlight-ener and democrat; Narodnik Utopian socialist; author of The Condition of the Working Class in Russia.—105
Beslay, Charles Victor (1795-1878) — French entrepreneur, man of letters and politician; member of the International; Proudhonist; member of the Paris Commune and its Finance Committee, delegate to the Bank of France; after the suppression of the Commune emigrated to Switzerland and then to England.— 270
Besson, Alexandre—French refugee in London, metal worker; member of the General Council of the International (1866-68); Corresponding Secretary for Belgium; a leader of the French Section in London; joined the group of petty-bourgeois republicans, follower of Félix Pyat; member of the French Section of 1871.—269
Beta—see Bettziech, Johann Heinrich
Bettziech, Johann Heinrich (pen-name Beta) (1813-1876) —German journalist, democrat; refugee in London; follower of Gottfried Kinkel.—415
Beust, Anna von (née Lipka) (1827-1900) — cousin of Frederick Engels.—321
Biedermann, Friedrich Karl (1812-1901)—German historian and writer, liberal, from the 1860s National-Liberal; editor of the Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (1863-79); member of the Reichstag (1871-74).—97, 571 Bignami, Enrico (1844-1921)—prominent figure in the Italian democratic and working-class movement, journalist, republican; took part in Garibaldi's campaigns; organiser of the section of the International in Lodi; editor of La Plebe (1868-83); from 1871 constantly corresponded with Engels; worked for the establishment of the independent workers' party in Italy; opposed anarchism.— 354, 433, 444, 458, 466, 483, 488, 518
Bigot, Léon (1826-1872)—French lawyer and journalist; Left republican; after the suppression of the Paris Commune counsel for the defence of Communards at the Versailles court martial.—167, 195, 199
Bismarck-Schönhausen, Otto Eduard Leo-pold, Prince von (1815-1898) — Prussian and German statesman, diplomat; Envoy to St Petersburg (1859-62) and Paris (1862); Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-71, 1873-90); Chancellor of the North German Confederation (1867-71) and of the German Empire (1871-90); carried through the unification of Germany under the supremacy of Prussia.— 6, 10-11, 13-14, 19, 23, 33, 39, 41, 42, 47-48, 53, 68, 71, 74, 77, 79-80, 87, 89, 109-14, 116, 130, 149-51, 171, 196, 200, 216, 269, 308, 311, 328, 356, 360, 365, 367, 389, 402, 513, 551, 577
Bjeljajew—see Belyaev, Ivan Dmitrievich
Blanc, Gaspard Antoine (b. 1845) — French Bakuninist, roadman; member of the Lyons Section of the International; took part in the Lyons uprising (September 1870); after the suppression of the Paris Commune sided with the Bonapartists.— 257, 270, 311, 318
Blanc, Jean Joseph Charles Louis (1811-1882)—French petty-bourgeois socialist, historian; in 1848 member of the Provisional Government and President of the Luxembourg Com-
mission; pursued a policy of concilia-tion with the bourgeoisie; a leader of petty-bourgeois refugees in London from August 1848; deputy to the National Assembly of 1871; opposed the Paris Commune.—11-12, 23, 31, 40, 55, 186
Blank, Emit—son of Marie and Karl Emil Blank; Frederick Engels' nephew.—230
Blank, Karl Emil (1817-1893)—German merchant; closely connected with socialist circles in the 1840s-50s; married Frederick Engels' sister Marie.— 230
Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881)— French revolutionary, Utopian communist; organised several secret societies and plots; active participant in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848; leader of the proletarian movement in France; during the Commune was in prison.—49, 108, 172, 361
Blind, Karl (1826-1907)—German democratic journalist; took part in the Baden revolutionary movement of 1848-49; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in London in the 1850s; National-Liberal in the 1860s; during the Franco-Prussian war took a chauvinist stand.—12, 16, 23, 28, 30-32, 45, 53, 107, 128, 129
Block, Maurice (1816-1901)—French statistician and economist; representative of vulgar political economy.— 438, 470
Bios, Wilhelm (1849-1927)—German journalist and politician; from 1872 member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; an editor of Der Volksstaat (1872-74), later representative of the opportunist trend in German Social-Democracy.— 510
Bolleter, Heinrich—German refugee in London; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the Central Council of the International (November 1864 to 1865); participant in the London Conference (1865); owner of the tavern where workers often held their meetings.—154
Boite, Friedrich—prominent figvire in the American working-class movement, cigar-maker; Secretary of the Federal Council of the International for North America (1872); member of the editorial board of the Arbeiter-Zeitung; member of the General Council (1872-74) elected by the Hague Congress; in 1874 expelled from the International in view of the factious policy pursued by the Arbeiter-Zeitung.— 204, 251, 255, 257, 334, 474, 534
Bonaparte—see Napoleon III
Bonhorst, Leonhard von (b. 1840)— German Social-Democrat, technician; member of the General Association of German Workers (1867-69); Secretary of the Brunswick Committee of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Eisenachers); subsequently withdrew from politics.— 46
Boon, Martin James—mechanic; prominent figure in the British working-class movement; follower of O'Brien; member of the General Council of the International (1869-72); Secretary of the Land and Labour League; member of the British Federal Council (1872).—251
Borchardt, Louis—German physician, acquaintance of Engels in Manchester.—7, 498
Borkheim, Sigismund Ludwig (1825-1885) — German democratic journalist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising, emigrated after its defeat; London merchant from 1851; was on friendly terms with Marx and Engels.—27, 36, 38, 52, 56, 178, 329, 389
Boruttau, Karl (d. 1873) — German physician and journalist, a Lassallean; later member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; member
of the International; contributed to
Der Volksstaat.— 248, 281, 404, 416
Bourbaki, Charles Denis Sauter (1816-1897) — French general, Greek by birth; in the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71) commanded the Imperial Guard, 18th Corps, then Army of the East.—124
Bousquet, Abel— French anarchist, member of the Bakuninist Alliance of Socialist Democracy; expelled from the section of the International in Béziers as a police agent.—257, 270, 302, 311, 454 Boustrapa—see Napoleon III
Bovio, Gennaro—Italian democrat; Left Mazzinist; member of the workers' societies of mutual help, delegate to their congress in Naples (1864); in 1871 supported the Paris Commune.— 354
Bracke, Wilhelm (1842-1880) —German Social-Democrat; publisher of socialist literature in Brunswick; a founder (1869) and leader of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party (Eisenachers); opposed the Lassalleans and Bakuninists; an editor of the Braunschweiger Volksfreund.— 46, 242, 537
Bradlaugh, Charles (1833-1891)—English journalist and politician, radical, atheist; from 1860 editor of The National Reformer; sharply attacked Marx and the International Working Men's Association.—269, 299, 567, 574
Braß (Brass), August (1818-1876) — German journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to Switzerland after its defeat; National-Liberal and supporter of Bismarck from the 1860s; publisher of the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung.— 11, 62
Bray, John Francis (1809-1895)—English economist; Utopian socialist, follower of Robert Owen; developed the theory of 'labour money'.— 57 Brentano, Lujo (Ludwig Joseph) (1844-1931) — German vulgar economist; armchair socialist.—378, 415
Brix, Harald Frederik Valdemar (1841-1881) — prominent figure in the Danish working-class and socialist movement, journalist; a founder of the sections of the International in Copenhagen; editor of the Socialisten; an organiser of the Danish Social-Democratic Party (1876).—281
Brunnow, Filipp Ivanovich, Baron von, from 1871 Count (1797-1875)— Russian diplomat; Envoy (1840-54, 1858-60), then Ambassador (1860-74) to London.— 32
Brutus, Lucius Junius (6th cent. B.C.) — according to legend, founder of the Roman Republic, Roman Consul (509 B.C.); condemned his own sons to death for having conspired against the Republic.—16
Bucher, Lothar (1817-1892) —Prussian official and journalist; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848 and then a refugee in London; subsequently a National-Liberal and supporter of Bismarck.— 116, 151
Büchner, Ludwig (1824-1899) —German physiologist and philosopher; representative of vulgar materialism.— 320, 366
Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821-1862) — English historian and sociologist, positivist.—192, 210, 218
Burchardt, A. — German Social-Democrat; delegate to the Geneva Congress (1873) of the International from the Stuttgart organisation.— 536
Burns, Lydia (Lizzy, Lizzie) (1827-1878) — Irish working woman, took part in the Irish national liberation movement; Frederick Engels' second wife.—5, 8, 19, 43, 50, 54, 73, 96, 167, 216, 286, 304, 339, 434, 436, 444, 451, 455, 464, 496, 506, 521, 524, 529, 543, 547, 559-560
Burns, Mary Ellen (Pumps) (born c. I860)—niece of Engels' wife, Lydia Burns.—187, 246, 312, 332, 444, 471
Burrs, William—owner of a trading firm in Manchester.— 324
Busch, Wilhelm (1826-1881) —German surgeon.— 545
Butt, Isaac (1813-1879) —Irish lawyer and politician; Liberal M.P.; professor of political economy at Trinity College, Dublin; defended Fenian prisoners in state trials in the 1860s; an organiser of the Home Rule movement in the 1870s.— 329
C
Cafiero, Carlo (1846-1892) —participant in the Italian working-class movement, lawyer; member of the International, in 1871 in Italy pursued the General Council's line; from 1872 a leader of the Italian anarchist organisations; in the late 1870s broke with anarchism.—161, 163-65, 170-73, 180, 183-88, 337, 338, 393, 397
Camélinat, Zéphirin Remy (1840-1932) — prominent figure in the French working-class movement, bronze-worker; a leader of the Paris sections of the International; took part in the Paris Commune; emigrated to England after its defeat; subsequently active participant in the socialist movement.—265, 267, 269
Campbell—official in the London police.— 275
Capestro—see Cuno, Theodor Friedrich Caporusso, Stefano— Italian anarchist, tailor; a founder of the Naples Section of the International and its Chairman; delegate to the Basle Congress (1869); in 1870 was expelled from the section for embezzlement.— 162, 171, 180
Carlos, Don (Carlos Maria de los Dolores Juan Isidro José Francisco de Borbôn,
duke of Madrid) (1848-1909) — grandson of Carlos V; pretender to the Spanish throne under the name of Carlos VII; headed the Carlist revolt (1872-76); after its defeat fled to France.—542
Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881)—British writer, historian, philosopher, Tory; preached views bordering on feudal socialism up to 1848; later a relent-less opponent of the working-class movement.— 39
Caron, Charles—Chairman of the Club International et Républicain in New Orleans (USA), admitted to the International Working Men's Association as Section No. 15.—176
Carroll, Ellen—English journalist; contributed to the Paris newspapers Le Rappel and La Marseillaise; correspondent in Paris during the Paris Commune.—531
Castelar y Ripoll, Emilio (1832-1899)— Spanish politician, historian and writer; leader of Right republicans; President of the Executive (September 1873-January 1874), promoted the restoration of monarchy (1874).—547
Castellazzo, Luigi (1827-1890) —Italian revolutionary, democrat; participant in the 1848-49 revolution and Garibaldi's campaigns; founder of the radical Società Democratica Internazionale in Florence.—161, 165 Cato, Marcus Porcius (95-46 B.C.)— Roman statesman; leader of the republicans; committed suicide, not wishing to survive the fall of the republic.—549
Cavaignac, Louis Eugène (1802-1857)— French general and politician, moderate republican; took part in the conquest of Algeria; after the February 1848 revolution War Minister (from May 1848); played a leading part in suppressing the June uprising (1848); head of the executive power (from June to December 1848).—99, 108
Centenari, Leonardo—member of the section of the International in Rome.—432
Ceretti, Celso (1844-1909)—Italian democrat; participant in Garibaldi's campaigns; founder of the Associazione republicana e anticattolica in Mirandola, member of the Federazione italiana dell'Internazionale; Bakunin's correspondent.— 292
Chalain, Louis Denis (1845-c. 1885)— prominent figure in the French working-class movement, metal-turner; member of the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to England, where he became member of the French Section of 1871 for some time, then moved to Austria and Switzerland where he sided with the anarchists.—203, 208, 265, 267, 280
Charnier—French refugee in the USA, member of the International; wine merchant; follower of Victoria Woodhull.—101
Chassepot, Antoine Alphonse (1833-1905)—French inventor of military equipment.—48
Chateaubriand, François René, vicomte de
(1768-1848)—French writer, statesman and diplomat; Minister of Foreign Affairs (1823-24).—543
Châtelain, Amable Pierre Eugène (1829-1902)—French journalist and poet, participant in the 1848 revolution and the Paris Commune; refugee in London after its suppression; member of the French Section of 1871.—33
Chautard, B.—French spy, infiltrated into workers' organisations; member of the French Section of 1871 in London; was exposed and expelled from the Section.—231, 267-68
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889)—Russian revolutionary democrat; socialist; materialist philosopher, writer and literary critic; a precursor of Russian Social-Democracy.—27, 105, 152, 457, 469, 540
Chicherin, Boris Nikolayevich (1828-1904)—Russian lawyer, historian and philosopher; professor at Moscow University (1861-68); adherent of the constitutional monarchy.—488
Chouteau, Henri (1834-1896)—French house-painter; member of the Paris sections of the International; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard; participant in the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to London, where he became member of the French Section of 1871.—268
Claflin, Tennessee Celeste (1845-1923)— American feminist; sought to use the International's organisation in the USA for her own ends; together with her sister Victoria Woodhull published Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly.— 382 Clarendon, George William Frederick Vil-Hers, 4th Earl of, 4th Baron Hyde (1800-1870)—British statesman, Whig, later Liberal; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1847-52); Foreign Secretary (1853-58, 1865-66, 1868-70).— 75, 94
Claris, Aristide Jean (nickname Régis)
(1843-1916)—French journalist, anarchist; participant in the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to Switzerland, where he became member of the anarchist section of propaganda and revolutionary socialist action; editor of La Révolution sociale (1871-72).—269
Clarkson—Engels' acquaintance in London.—189
Clément, Jean Baptiste (1836-1903)— French man of letters and journalist; freemason; member of the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to Germany, then to Belgium and England.—587
Cluseret, Gustave Paul (1823-1900)— French politician, general; took part
in the American Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the Northerners; member of the International; was close to the Bakuninists; in the spring of 1870 acted as the General Council's correspondent in the USA; took part in revolutionary uprisings in Lyons and Marseilles (1870); member of the Paris Commune, military delegate (April 1871); after the suppression of the Commune emigrated to Belgium.—57, 70, 88, 464, 530, 535
Cobbett, William (1762-1835)—English politician and radical writer; published Cobbett's Weekly Political Register from 1802.—86
Cobden, Richard (1804-1865)—English manufacturer and politician; a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League; M.P.—40
Cochrane-Baillie, Alexander Dundas Ross Wishart, 1st Baron Lamington (1816-1890)—English politician and man of letters; Conservative M.P.—578
Coenen, Philippe (1842-1892)— prominent figure in the Belgian working-class movement, shoemaker; secretary of the Antwerp newspaper De Werker; delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868), London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International, where he supported the Bakuninists; subsequently a founder of the Belgian Socialist Party.—124, 125, 190, 191
Cohn (or Cohen), James—British cigar-maker; active in the British and Danish working-class movement; President of the London Association of Cigar-Makers; member of the General Council of the International (1867-71), Corresponding Secretary for Denmark (1870-71); delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868) and the London Conference (1871).—125, 191, 330
Collet, Collet Dobson (1812-1898)— English radical journalist and public figure; editor and publisher of the Urquhartist Free Press (1859-65) and Diplomatic Review from 1866.—212
Comte, Isidore Auguste François Marie
Xavier (1798-1857)—French philosopher and sociologist; founder of positivism.—92, 150
Conway, Moncure Daniel (1832-1907)— American radical writer; at first Methodist minister, later pastor of the Unitarian church; opposed slavery; lived in Europe in 1863-64; during the Franco-Prussian war correspondent of the New-York World.— 209 Cotta, Johann Georg, Baron von Cotten-dorf (1796-1863)—German publisher, owner of a large publishing house (1832-63); publisher of the Allgemeine Zeitung and Morgenblatt für gebildete Leser.—135
Cournet, Frederic Etienne (1839-1885)— French revolutionary, Blanquist, Journalist; member of the Paris Commune; emigrated to England after its suppression; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); withdrew from the International in view of the Congress decision to transfer the General Council to New York.—218, 249, 269, 280, 340, 379, 398, 482, 509
Cousin-Montauban, Charles Guillaume Marie Apolinaire Antoine, comte de Palikao (1796-1878)—French general, Bonapartist, Prime Minister and Minister of War (August-September 1870).—61, 558
Cremer, Sir William Randall (1838-1908)—participant in the British trade union and pacifist movement; a founder of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (1860); member of the London Trades Council and of the Land and Labour League; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held at St, Martin's Hall, London (28 September 1864); member of the Central Council of the International (1864-
66) and its General Secretary; delegate to the London Conference (1865) and Geneva Congress (1866); opposed revolutionary tactics; subsequently Liberal M.P.—77, 363
Crémieux, Isaac Moïse (called Adolphe)
(1796-1880)—French lawyer and politician; a liberal in the 1840s; member of the Provisional Government (February-May 1848); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (1848-51).—-317
Cuno, Edward Heinrich—engineer and architect; employee in Düsseldorf; father of Theodor Friedrich Cuno.— 369
Cuno, Theodor Friedrich (pseudonym Capestro, Frederico) (1846-1934)— prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, engineer, socialist; opposed anarchism in Italy; organiser of the Milan Section of the International; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); after the Congress emigrated to the USA and took part in the International's activities there; subsequently participant in the American working-class and socialist movement.—245-46, 299, 305, 308-09, 312, 319, 321, 356-59, 361, 364, 367-73, 393, 403, 407, 416, 419, 430-32, 437, 440, 445, 451, 455, 460, 468, 482
D
Dakyns, John Roche (1836-1910)— English geologist; member of the International in Manchester from 1869; was on friendly terms with Marx and Engels.—498
Dana, Charles Anderson (1819-1897)— American journalist, Fourierist, Abolitionist; an editor (1848) and editor-in-chief (1849-62) of the New-York Daily Tribune; from 1868 proprietor and editor of The Sun (New York).—89, 206, 328 Danieli, Francesco—member of the Milan Section of the International.— 359
Danielson, Nikolai Frantzevich (pseudonym Nikolai— on) (1844-1918)— Russian economist and writer; an ideologist of Narodism in the 1880s-90s; corresponded with Marx and Engels for several years; translated into Russian volumes I (together with Hermann Lopatin and Nikolai Lyubavin), II and III of Marx's Capital.— 152, 174, 192, 238, 385, 421-22, 451, 455-57, 469, 488, 522, 575
Darson, A.—publisher and bookseller in London.—530
Davydov, Anatoly Nikolayevich (b. 1823)—Russian revolutionary; in the early 1870s employee of the Odessa steamship line in London; drew close to Marx and helped the Commune refugees; in August 1873 returned to Russia.—200, 206
Days, Alfred (b. 1851)—Secretary of the British Federal Council of the International (from June 1873), joiner; delegate to the Congress of the British Federation in Manchester; participant in the co-operative movement in England.—526
Deâk, Ferencz (1803-1876)—Hungarian statesman; representative of the liberal Hungarian aristocracy; advocated compromise with the Austrian monarchy; Minister of Justice in the Batthyâny Government (March-September 1848); member of Chamber of Deputies from I860.—88
Delahaye, Victor Alfred (1838-1897)— French mechanic, Proudhonist; member of the International from 1865; participant in the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to England; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871).—205, 266, 388
Delescluze, Louis Charles (1809-1871)— French revolutionary, journalist; participant in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848; founder, editor and publisher of Le Réveil (1868-71); member of the Paris Commune; killed on the barricades in Paris in May 1871.—3
Delpech—French lawyer, reactionary; in 1871 Procurator-General of the Haute-Garonne department.—199, 571-72
De Morgan, Jokn—Irish socialist, member of the International; supported the revolutionary wing in the British Federation.—357, 449, 515, 531-32
Demuth, Helene (Lenchen) (1820-1890)— housemaid and devoted friend of the Marx family.—443, 559, 581
Dentraygues—Emile Dentraygues' wife. —492
Dentraygues, Emile Jean Philippe (pseudonym Swarm) (b. 1836)— French railwayman; member of the Toulouse Section of the International; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); betrayed his comrades at the Toulouse trial of the International's members (1873).—482, 492
De Paepe, César (1841-1890)—Belgian socialist, compositor, subsequently physician; a founder of the Belgian Section of the International (1865); member of the Belgian Federal Council; delegate to the London Conference (1865), Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and to the London Conference (1871) of the International; following the Hague Congress (1872) supported the Bakuninists for some time; a founder of the Belgian Workers' Party (1885).—79-80, 262-63, 266, 289, 296, 370, 386, 407, 433, 546-47, 563, 568, 574
Dereure, Louis Simon (1838-1900)— prominent figure in the French working-class movement, shoemaker;
Blanquist; member of the Paris Section of the International; member of the Marseillaise editorial board; member of the Paris Commune; emigrated to the USA after its suppression; delegate to the Basle (1869) and Hague (1872) congresses of the International; member of the General Council, elected by the Hague Congress.—419, 425, 447-48, 458, 490
De-Roberti, Yevgeny Valentinovich (1843-1915)—-Russian positivist philosopher; vulgar economist.—576
Dervaux, A.—employee in the Paris publishing house of Maurice Lachâtre.—-423
Desagarre, baron—French lawyer, in 1871 prosecutor-general of the Republic in the Haute-Garonne department.—572
Devoy, John (1842-1928)—Irish journalist and revolutionary; a Fenian leader, a leader of the Land League (the 1880s); member of the Central Committee of the International for North America; an organiser of the Irish sections in the USA; subsequently participant in the national liberation struggle of the Irish people.—217
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784)—French philosopher of the Enlightenment, atheist; leader of the Encyclopaed-ists.—238
Dietzgen, Joseph (1828-1888)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, leather-worker; philosopher who independently arrived at dialectical materialism; member of the International; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).—178
Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, Baronet (1843-1911)—English politician and writer; Republican; a leader of the Radical wing of the Liberal Party; M.P.—249, 280, 302
Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st Earl of Beacons-
field (1804-1881)—British statesman and writer; leader of the Conservative Party in the second half of the 19th century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68); Prime Minister (1868, 1874-80).—32
Dobrolyubov, Nikolai Alexandrovich ( 1836-1861 )—Russian revolutionary democrat; literary critic and materialist philosopher; one of the predecessors of Russian Social-Democracy.— 238
Dombrowski (Dabrowski), Jarostaw (1836-1871)—Polish revolutionary democrat; participant in the national liberation movement in Poland in the 1860s; general of the Paris Commune; from the beginning of May 1871 Commander-in-Chief of all its armed forces; killed on the barricades.—563
Dombrowski (Dqbrowski), Teofil (1841-1890)—Polish revolutionary; participant in the Polish uprising of 1863 and the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to England; brother of Jaroslaw Dombrowski.—563
Douay, Félix Charles (1816-1879)— French general, commanded the 7th Army Corps in the Franco-Prussian war, was taken prisoner at Sedan; an organiser of the suppression of the Paris Commune.—42
Dronke, Ernst (1822-1891)—German journalist; member of the Communist League and an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); after the 1848-49 revolution emigrated to Switzerland and then to England; subsequently withdrew from politics and took up commerce.—213, 505
Dubov (Dubow), A.—member of the Bakuninist Slavonic Section of the International in Zurich.—227
Dufaure, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881)—French lawyer and politician, Orleanist; an organiser of the suppression of the Paris Commune;
Minister of Justice (1871-73); Prime Minister (1876, 1877-79).—346
Dupont (died c. 1869)—Eugène Du-
pont's wife.—189
Dupont, Clause (born c. 1868)—Eugène
Dupont's daughter.—189, 200
Dupont, Eugène (c. 1837 (1831?)-1881)—prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement, musical instrument-maker; took part in the June 1848 uprising in Paris; from 1862 on, lived in London; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872); Corresponding Secretary for France (1865-71); participant in the London Conference (1865), Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867) (Chairman), Brussels (1868), and the Hague (1872) congresses, London Conference (1871) of the International; from 1870 organiser of sections of the International in Manchester; in 1872-73 member of the British Federal Council; in 1874 moved to the USA; associate of Marx and Engels.—5, 8, 19, 23-24, 57, 66-67, 69-70, 77, 79, 84, 101, 114, 141, 147, 180, 189, 200, 251, 302, 431, 450, 454-55, 472, 508, 517, 522, 560
Dupont, Eugénie (borne. 1862)—Eugène Dupont's daughter.—200
Dupont, Marie (born c. 1864)—Eugène Dupont's daughter.—189, 200
Durand, Gustave—member of the Lyons Section of the International, police spy; after the suppression of the Paris Commune passed himself off as a refugee in London; Secretary of the French Section of 1871; expelled from the International in October 1871.— 256, 267, 270, 293-94
Duru—participant in the Paris Commune; refugee in London, then in Belgium.—224
Duval, Théodore—prominent figure in the Swiss working-class movement,
joiner; a founder and member of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; in the early 1870 left the Bakuninists; member of the Romance Federal Committee of the International; opposed the Bakuninists; delegate to the Hague (1872) and Geneva (1873) congresses.—494, 524-25, 530, 535
E
Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889)— prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, tailor, journalist; member of the League of the Just and later of the Communist League; a leader of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the General Council of the International (1864-72), its General Secretary (1867-71); Corresponding Secretary for America (1870-72); delegate to all the International's congresses (with the exception of the 1873 Geneva Congress) and conferences; supported Marx till 1872; later took part in the British trade union movement.—10, 39, 57, 106, 123, 140, 147, 178, 223, 236, 244, 251, 257-58, 334, 341, 363, 374, 378-83, 388, 431, 445, 474, 485, 491, 517, 579
Eilau, N.—German merchant; acted as a mediator between Marx and members of the Paris Commune.—147, 151
Elcho, Francis Wemyss Charteris Douglas, Lord (1818-1914)—Scottish politician, Conservative M.P.; came out in Parliament with a demand to extra-dite the Commune refugees as crimi-nals.—55
Elliott, John T.—American democrat; member of the International; active propagator of bourgeois reforms.— 384
Elpidin, Mikhail Konstantinovich (1835-1908)—took part in the Russian students' revolutionary movement in the early 1860s; emigrated to Geneva in 1865; founded a Russian printing plant where the newspaper Narodnoye Dyelo (People's Cause) was published; member of the initiating group of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy.— 234-35, 457, 540
Engels, Elisabeth Franziska Mauritia (née
van Haar) (1797-1873)—mother of Frederick Engels.—120, 155-57, 228-30, 536
Engels, Emil (1828-1884)—Frederick Engels' brother; a partner in the firm of Ermen & Engels in Engelskirchen.—155-56, 229
Engels, Emma (née Croon) (1834-1916)—Hermann Engels' wife.— 156
Engels, Hermann (1822-1905)—Frederick Engels' brother; manufacturer in Barmen; a partner in the firm of Ermen & Engels in Engelskirchen.— 119, 155-56, 203, 228
Engels, Rudolf (1831-1903)—Frederick Engels' brother; manufacturer in Barmen; a partner in the firm of Ermen & Engels in Engelskirchen.— 119-121, 155-56, 200
Engländer, Sigmund (1828-1902)— Austrian journalist; emigrated to England in 1848; police agent.—203
Ermen, Gottfried Peter Jakob (1811-1899)—a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.—119
Eudes, Emile François Désiré (1843-1888)—French revolutionary, Blanquist; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard; member and general of the Paris Commune; after its suppression was in his absence sentenced to be shot; emigrated to England and then to Switzerland.—335
Eugénie Marie Ignace Augustine de Mon-tijo de Guzmân, comtesse de Teba (1826-1920)—Empress of France (1852-70), wife of Napoleon III.—57, 558
F
Fanton, Aristide—acquaintance of the Marx family.—472
Farga Pellicer, Rafael (1840-1903)— Spanish anarchist, printer and journalist; an organiser and leader of anarchist groups and the first sections of the International in Spain; a leader of the secret Alliance; editor of La Federation (1869-73); delegate to the Basle (1869) and Hague (1872) congresses.—285
Faucher, Julius (Jules) (1820-1878)— German writer, Young Hegelian; Free Trader; refugee in England from 1850; returned to Germany in 1861; member of the Party of Progress.—72, 298
Favre, Jules Gabriel Claude (1809-1880)—French lawyer and politician; a leader of the republican bourgeois opposition from the late 1850s; Foreign Minister (1870-71), together with Thiers headed the struggle against the Paris Commune; inspired the struggle against the International.—61, 65, 87, 98-99, 108-09, 112-13, 144, 151, 158, 164, 177, 196, 213, 308
Fedetzki or Feletzki—Polish refugee in Switzerland.—540
Ferré, Théophile Charles Gilles (1846-1871)—French revolutionary, Blanquist; member of the Paris Commune; member and then leader of the Committee of Public Safety and Vice-Procurator of the Commune; shot by the Versaillists.—256
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872)—German materialist philosopher.—284, 320, 327, 385, 574, 578
Fink, Wilhelm (1833-1890)—German Social-Democrat, member of the editorial staff of Der Volksstaat.—377, 468
Flerovsky, N.—see Bervi, Vasily Va-silyevich Flourens, Gustave Paul (1838-1871) — French revolutionary and naturalist, Blanquist; sympathised with Marxism; a leader of the Paris uprisings on 31 October 1870 and 22 January 1871; member and general of the Paris Commune; was brutally killed by the Versaillists on 3 April 1871.— 560
Fondeville, E.—refugee of the Paris Commune in England; member of the International; delegate to the London Conference (1871) from the Bordeaux Section.—339
Forbes, Archibald (1838-1900)—Scottish journalist; during the Franco-Prussian war correspondent of The Morning Advertiser and The Daily News.—366
Forestier—French refugee in London.— 226
Fox, Peter (André, Peter Fox) (d. 1869)— journalist; prominent figure in the British democratic and working-class movement; positivist; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held at St Martin's Hall, London (28 September 1864); member of the General Council of the International (1864-69); General Secretary of the Council (September-November 1866); Corresponding Secretary for America (1866-67).—363
Frank, A.—Paris publisher in the 1840s-early 1860s.—375
Frankel, Léo (1844-1896)—prominent figure in the Hungarian and international working-class movement, jewel-ler; member of the Paris Commune; headed the Labour and Exchange Commission; fled to Switzerland; in August 1871 came to London; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the 1872 Hague Congress of the International; a founder of the General Workers' Party of Hungary; associate of Marx and Engels.—4,
141-42, 148, 203, 205, 213, 280, 322, 383, 396, 420, 463, 508, 526
Frederick II (The Great) (1712-1786)— King of Prussia (1740-86).—132, 226
Frederick William—see Friedrich Wilhelm
Frederick William III (1770-1840)— King of Prussia (1797-1840).—93
Freiligrath, Ferdinand (1810-1876)— German poet; member of the Communist League; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); clerk of the London branch of the Swiss Bank in the 1850s-60s; withdrew from revolutionary activity in the 1850s.— 55, 59, 63, 90, 102, 135
Freiligrath, Käthe (1845-1904)—Ferdinand Freiligrath's daughter.—101
Freiligrath, Louise—Ferdinand Freiligrath's daughter.—102
Freiligrath, Wolfgang—Ferdinand Freiligrath's son.—60, 63
Friedrich Karl Nikolaus, Prince (1828-1885)—Prussian general and field marshal-general (1870); took part in the Danish war of 1864 and in the war of 1866 with Austria; during the Franco-Prussian war commanded the 2nd Army.—28
Friedrich Wilhelm (1831-1888)—Prussian Crown Prince; general and field marshal-general (1870); participant in the Austro-Prussian war (1866) and Franco-Prussian war (1870-71), in which he commanded the 3rd Army; after William I's death in 1888 King of Prussia and German Emperor under the name of Frederick III.—7, 29, 77, 100, 551
Fuisse—French refugee in England.— 219
Funke—a partner in the firm of Funke,
R & Co.—119
G
Gambetta, Léon Michel (1838-1882)— French politician and statesman, lawyer; republican; member of the Government of National Defence (1870-71); head of the delegation sent by this government to Tours.— 90, 108, 110, 113, 499, 562
Gambuzzi, Carlo (1837-1902)—Italian lawyer; Mazzinist in the early 1860s, then anarchist; a leader of the secret Alliance and anarchist organisations in Italy; in January 1869 founded the Naples Section of the International.—187, 475
Gandolfi, Mauro—Italian merchant, Bakuninist; member of the Milan Section of the International.—356, 359, 432
Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882)— Italian revolutionary, democrat; took part in the revolutionary movement in Italy (1848-49); headed the struggle for Italy's national liberation and unification in the 1850s-60s; supported the Paris Commune; welcomed the establishment of the International's sections in Italy.—245-46, 289, 562
Garibaldi, Ricciotti (1847-1924)— Giuseppe Garibaldi's son; participant in the national liberation movement in Italy; took part in the Franco-Prussian war on the side of France as the commander of a brigade of the Vosges Army.—220, 245-46
Garnier-Pagès, Louis Antoine (1803-1878)—French lawyer and politician, moderate republican; member of the Provisional Government (1848); member of the Corps législatif (from 1864) and the Government of National Defence (1870-71).—65
Geffcken, Friedrich Heinrich (1830-1896)—German diplomat and lawyer; in 1866-69 Hanseatic Minister-Resident in London.—545
George III (1738-1820)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820).— 77, 100
Gerhard, Hendrick (c. 1829-1886)—a founder and leader of the Dutch sections of the International, tailor;
member of the Dutch Federal Council; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); joined the Bakuninists.—240
Gerhardt, Charles Frederic (1816-1856)— French chemist.—433
Giovacchini, P.— member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Italy in 1871.—171
Girardin, Emile de (1806-1881)— French journalist and politician; editor of La Presse and La Liberté; lacked principles in politics; moderate republican during the 1848 revolution; subsequently Bonapartist.— 317
Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898) — British statesman, Tory, later Peelite; a leader of the Liberal Party in the latter half of the 19th century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55, 1859-66) and Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94).—33, 70, 94, 100, 102, 110, 114, 259, 343, 579
Glaser de Willebrord, E.—participant in the Belgian working-class movement; member of the section of the International in Brussels.—188, 195, 199, 324, 406, 424
Gneisenau, August Wilhelm Anton, Count Neithardt von (1760-1831)—Prussian military leader and reformer; field marshal-general (1825); an organiser of liberation struggle against Napoleonic rule; Chief of Staff of Bliicher's army in 1813-14 and 1815.—93
Gnocchi-Viani, Osvaldo (1837-1917)— Italian journalist, follower of Garibaldi; participant in the working-class and socialist movement from the 1870s; took part in the activities of the International in Italy (1872-73); a founder of the Italian Workers' Party (1882).—433
Goegg, Amand (1820-1897)—German journalist, democrat; member of the Baden Provisional Government in 1849; emigrated after the defeat of the revolution; member of the International; joined the German Social-Democrats in the 1870s.—199, 215, 233, 296-97, 489
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet.—135
Goldschmidt, Otto (1829-1907)—German pianist, conductor and composer.—200
Goldstücker, Theodor (1821-1872)—German Sanskrit scholar; professor at University college in London (1852); member of the Royal Asiatic Society.—30
Golovachev, Aleksey Adrianovich (1819-1903)—Russian public figure and journalist; liberal; took part in draft-ing the 1861 Peasant Reform; author of ßecnm*, jiim-b pegSopMb. 1861-1871 and others.—469 Gomez—see Farga Pellicer, Rafael Gorchakov (Gorchakoff), Alexander Mikhailovich, Prince (1798-1883) — Russian statesman and diplomat; Envoy to Vienna (1854-56); Foreign Minister (1856-82); State Chancellor (1867-82).—Ill
Goss, Jean Jaques—gate-keeper of an Evangelical church in Turin.—432, 445
Gray, John (1798-1850)—English economist, Utopian socialist; follower of Robert Owen; an author of the 'labour money' theory.—57
Greenwood, Frederick (1830-1909) — English journalist, novelist; Conservative; first editor of the Pall Mall Gazette (1856-80).—10, 15, 17, 22, 24, 29, 35, 62, 95, 160-61, 177, 226
Gregory, J. W. (d. 1872)—US Democrat; member of the Cosmopolitan Society; follower of Woodhull and Claflin.—334, 363
Griesheim, Adolf von (1820-1894)— German manufacturer; partner in the firm of Ermen & Engels; husband of Elise, Frederick Engels' sister.—119, 155-56, 229
Grosse, Eduard—German refugee in the USA, Lassallean; member of Section No. 6 and the Central Committee of the International for North America; supported bourgeois reformers.—382, 384
Grousset, Paschal ( 1844(5)-1909)— French journalist and politician, Blanquist, member of the Central Committee of the National Guard and the Paris Commune; after its suppression deported to New Caledonia, escaped in 1874.—70, 151
Guillaume, James (1844-1916)—Swiss teacher, Bakuninist; member of the International; delegate to the Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867), Basle (1869) and the Hague (1872) congresses; an organiser of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; editor of the newspapers Le Progrès, La Solidarité and the Bulletin de la Federation jurassienne; was expelled from the International at the Hague Congress for his splitting activities.—479, 268, 285, 295, 351, 431, 436, 442, 456, 465, 508, 538, 563
Gumpert (d. 1873)—Eduard Gumpert's
first wife.—157
Gumpert, Eduard (d. 1893)—German physician in Manchester; friend of Marx and Engels.—17, 48, 51-52, 157, 495, 497-98, 506, 516, 538, 541, 544, 546-47, 549-50
H
Hales, John (b. 1839)—British trade unionist, weaver; member of the Land and Labour League; member of the General Council of the International (1866-72) and its Secretary (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); headed the reformist wing of the British Federal Council from the beginning of 1872.—147, 203, 206, 225, 291, 330, 332, 334, 363, 375, 378-79, 382, 388, 421, 431, 436, 440-41, 445-46, 449, 454, 459-60, 462, 464-65, 467, 485, 508, 517, 519, 521, 538, 584-85 Harcourt, W. E.—miner; an organiser of the Federation of the International in Australia; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).—446
Harney, George Julian (1817-1897)— prominent figure in the English labour movement; a Chartist leader (Left wing); editor of The Northern Star and other Chartist periodicals; was on friendly terms with Marx and Engels; in 1863-88 refugee in the USA; member of the International.— 100, 105
Harris, George—prominent figure in the British working-class movement; follower of the Chartist O'Brien; member of the National Reform League; member of the General Council of the International (1869-72); Financial Secretary of the Council (1870-71).—244, 251
Harrison, Frederic (1831-1923)— English lawyer and historian; radical, positivist; took part in the democratic movement in the 1860s-70s; co-operated with Marx in rendering assistance to the Commune's refugees.—326
Hasenclever, Wilhelm (1837-1889)— German Social-Democrat; Lassallean; President of the General Association of German Workers in 1871-75.— 407
Hasselmann, Wilhelm (b. 1844)—a leader of the Lassallean General Association of German Workers; in 1871-75 editor of the Neuer Social-Demokrat.—477
Haussmann, Georges Eugene, baron (1809-1891)—French politician, Bonapartist; Prefect of the Seine department (1853-70); directed work on the reconstruction of Paris.—46
Haxthausen, August Franz Ludwig Maria, Baron von (1792-1866)—Prussian official and writer, conservative; author of works on the agrarian system and
the peasant commune in Russia.— 111, 132
Heddeghem—see Van Heddeghem,L.
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.—181, 500, 506, 514
Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—German revolutionary poet.—61, 91, 545
Heinzen, Karl Peter (1809-1880)— German radical journalist; from 1847 Marx's opponent; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland, later to England and in the autumn of 1850 to the USA where he became editor-in-chief of Der Pionier (1854-79).— 138, 363, 378, 400
Heller— Hugo Heller's wife.—588
Heller, Hugo—Marx's correspondent; carried out his conspirative orders on posting the General Council's documents; in 1872-73 lived in Oxford.— 496, 587
Hepner, Adolf (1846-1923)—German Social-Democrat; an editor of Der Volksstaat; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872); subsequently emigrated to the USA.—95, 319, 403-07, 410, 413-14, 431-32, 437, 462, 468, 478, 492-93, 511, 526, 528, 530
Herman, Alfred—prominent figure in the Belgian working-class movement; sculptor; an organiser of the International's section in Belgium; member of the General Council and Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (1871-72); delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868), the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; at the Hague Congress joined the anarchist minority.—191, 370, 393, 409, 417
Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870)—Russian revolutionary democrat; materialist philosopher and writer; left Russia in 1847; from 1852 lived in England where he established the Free Russian Press and published the periodical Polyarnaya Zvezda (The Polar Star) and the newspaper Kolokol (The Bell).—396
Higham, Joseph—owner of the factory of musical instruments in Manchester.—189
Hildebrand, Bruno (1812-1878) — German vulgar economist and statistician; representative of the historical school in political economy; in 1863 published Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik.—4
Hins— Eugène Hins' wife.—263, 358, 401
Hins, Eugene (1839-1923)—Belgian teacher, Proudhonist; subsequently Bakuninist; a founder of the Belgian Section of the International; editor of
La Liberté (Brussels), delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses.—26, 263, 289, 296, 309, 361, 367, 374, 384, 387, 394, 399, 401, 403, 407
Hirsch, Carl (1841-1900)—German Social-Democrat; member of the General Association of German Workers; from 1869 member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; after 1872 Paris correspondent of German Social-Democratic newspapers.—415
Hodgson, Shadwurth Hollway (1832-1912)—English philosopher.—300
Hohenzollerns—dynasty of Brandenburg electors (1415-1701), Prussian kings (1701-1918) and German emperors (1871-1918).—39-40, 85, 92
Holländer, Jakob (1846-1911)—Hungarian worker, International's correspondent in Budapest.—194
Home, Daniel Dunglas (1833-1886)— Scottish spiritualist.—383
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65-8 B.C.)—Roman poet.—265, 385
Hout, Isaak Salomon van der (b. 1843)— Dutch worker, delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872)
from the sections in Amsterdam.— 453, 483 Howell, George (1833-1910)—brick-layer, a leader of the British trade unions, former Chartist, Secretary of the London Trades Council (1861-62), participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, London, member of the General Council of the International (October 1864 to 1869); participant in the London Conference (1865) of the International; Secretary of the Reform League; opposed revolutionary tactics.—363
Hrvacanin (Ervacanin), Manojlo (1849-1909)—prominent figure in the South Slav liberation movement, journalist; in the early 1870s member of the Bakuninist Slavonic Section in Zurich.—227
Huber—participant in the British working-class movement.—474
Hubert, Adolphe Antoine (b. 1827)— French refugee in London; took part in the Paris Commune; member of the International.—188, 195, 198, 219, 250, 317
Hück—French major; during the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71) Governor of the Toul fortress.—109, 112
Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885)— French writer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; opposed Louis Bonaparte; a refugee in 1851-70.—76, 355
Huleck—member of the General Council of the International (1868); member of the French Section in London; after the split in the Section (1868) opposed the General Council; emigrated to the USA; joined the group of bourgeois reformers.—342
Huleck, Maria—member of the General Council of the International (1868); emigrated to the USA; joined the group of bourgeois reformers.—342 Hume, Robert William—American radical journalist; a leader of the National Labor Union; member of the International; General Council's correspondent.— 57, 60
I
Imandt, Peter Joseph (1823-1897) — German teacher, democrat; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated to Switzerland and in 1852 to England; member of the Communist League; member of the International; follower of Marx and Engels.— 89, 124, 213, 561
Imandt, Robert—nephew of Peter Joseph Imandt; during the Franco-Prussian war emigrated from France to England.^90, 124
J
Jaclard (née Korvin-Krukovskaya), Anna Vasilievna ( 1843-1887) — Russian writer; prominent figure in the Russian and international revolutionary movement; took part in the Paris Commune; member of the Central Committee of the Women's Association; member of the Russian Section of the International; returned to Russia in 1874; Charles Victor Jaclard's wife.—150
Jaclard, Charles Victor (1843-1900) — French physician and journalist, Blanquist; member of the International; active in the Paris Commune; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard; commander of a legion of the National Guard; following the suppression of the Commune, emigrated to Switzerland and then to Russia.—234, 561
Jacoby, Johann (1805-1877)—German radical journalist and politician; a Left-wing leader in the Prussian National Assembly (1848); member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies (1862); founder of Die Zukunft
(1867); joined Social-Democrats in the 1870s.—30, 87, 107, 111, 123
Jeannerod, Georges (1832-1890)— French officer and journalist; at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war, military correspondent of Le Temps.—42
Jessup, William J.—American worker, carpenter; active participant in the American labour movement; Vice-President (1866) and Corresponding Secretary (1867) of the National Labor Union for the New York State; a leader of the Workers' Union of New York; General Council's correspondent in the USA.—244, 251
Johannard, Jules Paul (1843-1892) — active in the French w7orking-class movement, lithographer; member of the General Council of the International (1868-69, 1871-72) and Corresponding Secretary for Italy (1868-69); member of the Paris Commune; sided with the Blanquists; after the defeat of the Commune emigrated to London; delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).—234, 248, 280, 517
Jones, Edward (born c. 1849)—member of the British Federation of the International; Secretary of the Manchester Section and from the autumn of 1872 Secretary of the Manchester District Committee; supported the General Council in the struggle against reformists.—447
Jourde, François (Francis) (1843-1893)— French bank employee; Right Proudhonist; active in the Paris Commune; leader of the Finance Committee of the Commune; after its suppression sentenced to exile to New Caledonia; escaped in 1874; after his return to France abandoned the working-class movement.—199.
Jozewicz, Ferdinand—German Social-Democrat; Corresponding Secretary for the Berlin Section of the International till the mid-March of 1872.— 237, 314, 325
'A24-556 Jung, Hermann (1830-1901)—prominent figure in the international and Swiss working-class movement, watchmaker; member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Switzerland (November 1864 to 1872); Treasurer of the General Council (1871-72); participant in the London Conference (1865); Chairman of the Geneva (1866), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and of the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the British Federal Council; supported Marx before the Hague Congress (1872); later joined the reformists of the British Federation.—25, 36-37, 44, 98, 147-48, 154, 178, 197, 202-03, 206-07, 219, 223-26, 231, 235, 246, 249, 285, 298, 305, 315, 326, 333, 381, 396, 413, 427, 434, 440, 460, 464-65, 474, 482, 484-85, 508, 517, 519, 521, 538, 585, 587
Jung, Sana (d. 1890)—Hermann Jung's wife.—197, 249, 434
Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis) (born c. 60-died c. 140) — Roman satirical poet.—37
K
Kalb, T.—correspondent of Der Volksstaat.—429
Kaufman, Marion Ignatievich (1848-1916)—Russian economist, professor at Petersburg University (1893-1916); author of works on money circulation and credit.—422
Keller, Charles (1843-1913)—French socialist; member of the International; translated into French part of Volume One of Marx's Capital in October 1869-March 1870; took part in the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to Switzerland, where he sided with the Bakuninists.— 284, 327, 574
Kellogg, Edward (1790-1858)—Ameri-
can economist; author of works on financial questions.— 57, 106, 140
Kératry, Emile, comte de (1832-1904)— French politician and writer, Orleanist; Prefect of Paris Police (September-October 1870); later super-vised the formation of the territorial armed forces in Brittany; in 1871 Prefect of the Haute-Garonne department; in April 1871 suppressed the Commune in Toulouse.—67, 199, 564, 571-72
Kern, Auguste—French democrat; refugee in London.—154
Kinkel, Gottfried (1815-1882)—German poet and democratic journalist; participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; sentenced to life imprisonment by the Prussian court; in 1850 escaped and emigrated to England; a leader of the petty-bourgeois refugees in London; opposed Marx and Engels.— 107
Klein, Karl Wilhelm—German worker; took part in the Elberfeld and Solingen uprisings of 1849; member of the Communist League; refugee in the USA from 1852; participant in the German working-class movement in the 1860s-70s; member of the General Association of German Workers; member of the International; delegate to the Lausanne (1867) and Brussels (1868) congresses.—117
Knapp, Georg Friedrich (1842-1926)— German economist, representative of the historical school in political economy; professor at Leipzig and Strasbourg universities.—375
Knowles, Alfred—merchant in Manchester.—498
Kohlrausch, Heinrich Friedrich Theodor
(1780-1867)—German teacher and historian.— 59
Kokosky, Samuel (1838-1899)—German Social-Democrat; editor of the Braunschweiger Volksfreund (1873-78);
translated into German the booklet of Marx and Engels The Alliance of Socialist Democracy and the International Working Men's Association.—541, 543
Kolb, Georg Friedrich (1808-1884)— German politician, democratic journalist and statistician.—144
Koll, Theodor—German refugee in London; Treasurer of the German Workers' Educational Society in London.—194
Kostecki, Albert Jan Kanty—Polish refugee in London.—473
Kugelmann, Franziska (1858-c. 1930) —
Ludwig Kugelmann's daughter.— 81, 94, 111, 132, 158, 177, 243, 564, 569-70, 575, 578, 582, 585, 587
Kugelmann, Gertrud (b. 1839)—Ludwig Kugelmann's wife.—84, 94, 111, 131, 157, 176, 243, 563-70, 575, 578, 582-85
Kugelmann, Ludwig (1828-1902)— German physician; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; member of the International; delegate to the Lausanne (1867) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the International; Marx's regular correspondent (1862-74); friend of Marx and Engels.—3, 6, 8, 47, 50-51, 54, 81, 91, 94, 108, 111, 131, 136, 143, 151, 157, 176, 243, 409, 412-13, 426, 515-17, 557, 562, 565-70, 573-75, 578, 582-87
Kwasniewski, Gustav (1833-1902)— German teacher and writer; a founder of the Democratic Workers' Union in Berlin; member of the Berlin section of the International and from 1869 member of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; took part in the distribution of Capital; subsequently left the working-class movement.—221, 238
L
Lachâtre (La Châtre, Lachastre), Claude Maurice, baron de (1814-1900) —
French progressive journalist; took part in the Paris Commune; publisher of Volume One of Marx's Capital in French.—301, 321, 328, 341, 344, 385, 423, 437, 478, 486, 495, 519, 574, 578, 582
Ladendorf, August—German democrat; a leader of the German workers' educational societies in Switzerland in the 1860s; editor of the Felleisen; delegate to the Lausanne Congress of the International (1867) and the Eisenach Congress of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party (1869).—96
Lafargue, Charles Etienne (1868-1872) — Paul and Laura Lafargue's son.—14, 35, 65, 112, 114, 270, 272, 279, 284, 304, 327-28, 339, 347, 556, 564, 571, 575, 579, 581, 584
Lafargue, Laura (née Marx) (1845-1911)—Marx's second daughter; prominent figure in the French working-class movement; from 1868 Paul Lafargue's wife.—12, 13, 35, 59, 63, 65, 112, 123, 129-31, 142, 150, 153, 155, 177, 199, 206-07, 265, 272, 279, 283, 286, 301, 305, 321, 327, 328, 337-39, 342, 366, 438, 442, 443, 556, 564, 571, 572, 575, 581, 584
Lafargue, Paul (1842-1911)—prominent figure in the international and French working-class movement; member of the General Council of the International; Corresponding Secretary for Spain (1866-69); helped to organise the International's sections in France, Spain and Portugal (1869-72); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); a founder of the Workers' Party of France; disciple and associate of Marx and Engels; husband of Marx's daughter Laura.—12-13, 35, 65, 86, 89, 112, 121, 130-31, 146, 150, 153, 199, 202, 204, 211, 216, 265, 271, 277, 279, 284-87, 289, 299, 301-04, 321-22, 327-28, 336-38, 346-47, 365, 367, 369, 371-76, 408, 416, 425, 430, 432, 436, 439, 442-46, 451, 455, 457, 466,
%24* 469, 497, 507, 516, 521-22, 527-28, 537, 555, 558, 560-61, 564, 571, 572, 574-75, 581, 584
Lahure, Louis Justin (1846-1877)—Paris printer who published Volume One of Marx's Capital in French.—423, 517
Landeck, Bernard (b. 1832)—French jeweller; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard; took part in the Paris Commune; member of the French Section of 1871 in London.—268, 280, 407, 429
Larroque, Charles (pseudonym Latraque) (b. 1829)—prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement; a leader of the International's section in Bordeaux; was brought to tria! in 1873 but fled to Spain and continued to direct the work of the Bordeaux Section as a representative of the General Council.—454, 482, 492
Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864) — German journalist and lawyer; took part in the democratic movement in the Rhine Province (1848-49); founder of the General Association of German Workers (1863); an initiator of the opportunist trend in the German working-class movement.—4, 216, 405, 416
Latraque—see Larroque, Charles
Laurent, Auguste (1807-1853)—French organic chemist.—240
Laveleye, Emile Louis Victor, baron de
(1822-1892)—Belgian economist and journalist.—40
Lavrov (Lawroff), Pyotr Lavrovich (1823-1900)—Russian sociologist and revolutionary journalist; an ideologist of Narodism; eclectic philosopher; member of the International; took part in the Paris Commune; editor of the journal Vperyod! (Forward!) (1873-76) and the newspaper Vpe-ryod! (1875-76).—115, 154, 168, 192-93, 210, 218-19, 222, 275, 300, 540
Leblanc, Albert Marie Félix (b. 1844)— participant in the French working-class movement; sided with the Bakuninists; engineer; member of the Paris organisation of the International; took part in the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to England.— 550
Lebouef, Edmond (1809-1888) —marshal of France (1870); in 1869-70 Minister of War; at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war Chief of Staff of the Rhine Army; after its first defeats resigned and commanded the 3rd Army Corps of Bazaine's Army.—39
Lechy, William Edward Hartpole (1838-1903)—Irish historian.—192, 210
Lejaivre, A.—French consul in Vienna (1869-71).—196, 198
Lefrançais, Gustav Adolphe (1826-1901) — French revolutionary, Left Proudhonist, teacher, took part in the revolution of 1848, from the late 1860s member of the International, member of the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to Switzerland, where he joined anarchists.— 282
Le Lubez, Victor (b. 1834)—French refugee in London; was connected with republican and radical elements in France and Great Britain, took part in the inaugura! meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, London, member of the Centra! Council (1864-66), Corresponding Secretary for France (1864-65), participant in the London Conference (1865), expelled from the Council by the Geneva Congress (1866) for intrigue and slander.—138, 269
Le Moussu, Benjamin (pseudonym Constant) (b. 1846)—participant in the French working-class movement engraver, member of the Paris Commune, after its defeat emigrated to London, member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for the French-language sections in America (1871-72), delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), supported Marx and Engels in their struggle against the Bakuninists.—198, 207, 231, 258, 342, 378-79, 388, 398, 446, 484, 490, 492, 522, 527-29, 544
Léo, André (real name Champseix, Léodile) (1832-1900)—French au-thoress and journalist, took part in the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to Switzerland, supported the Bakuninists.—256, 263, 268-69
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781) — German writer, critic and philosopher of the Enlightenment.— 238
Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, tailor, member of the Communist League from 1847; took part in the 1848-49 revolution, was prosecuted at the Cologne Communist trial (1852); emigrated to London in 1856; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London and of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872), delegate to the London conferences (1865 and 1871), the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868), Basle (1869) and the Hague (1872) congresses, member of the British Federal Council, friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—194, 202, 243, 322, 383, 398, 420, 440, 444, 483
Le Verdet—French refugee in London, took part in publishing Qui Vive! in the autumn of 1871.—268
Liebers, Bruno (1836-1905)—Dutch worker, member of the International's section in The Hague, took an active part in preparing for the Hague Congress (1872).—427-28, 483
Liebknecht, Alice (b. 1857)—Wilhelm
Liebknecht's elder daughter.— 384, 571, 573
Liebknecht, Karl (1871-1919)—Wilhelm
Liebknecht's son, later a leader of the German and international working-class movement, a founder of the German Communist Party.—216, 384
Liebknecht, Natalie (1835-1909) — Wilhelm Liebknecht's second wife.— 95, 97, 115, 127, 135, 367, 385, 479, 580
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900)— prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, participant in the 1848-49 revolution, member of the Communist League and of the International, delegate to the Basle Congress (1869), deputy to the North German and Imperial Reichstag from 1867, a founder and leader of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party, an editor of Der Volksstaat (1869-76), friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—5, 14, 16, 19, 45-48, 50, 59, 71, 77, 82, 90, 95-96, 116, 123, 127-136, 144-46, 159, 161, 166, 176, 178, 196, 198-99, 215-16, 232, 235, 247, 280-81, 288-90, 296-99, 302, 318, 320, 325, 327, 333, 340, 356, 360, 364-67, 371, 373-77, 380, 382-84, 389, 404-05, 416, 425, 468, 477-79, 493, 508, 510, 514, 543, 556, 563, 571-72, 577, 579
Lind, Jenny (1820-1887)—Swedish opera singer, Otto Goldschmidt's wife.—200
Lindau, Paul (1839-1919)—German democrat, journalist and writer, publisher of Die Gegenwart (1872-81).— 410
Lissagaray, Hippolyte Prosper Olivier (1838-1901) —French journalist and historian, participant in the Paris Commune, joined the 'new Jacobins', after the suppression of the Commune emigrated to England; author of Histoire de la Commune de 1871.— 496, 499, 506, 569
24-556 Lochner, Georg (born c. 1824)—prominent figure in the German working-class movement, carpenter, member of the Communist League, of the German Workers' Educational Society in London and of the General Council of the International (November
1864 to 1867 and 1871-72), delegate to the London conferences of
1865 and 1871, friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—186, 383, 398
Longuet, Charles (1839-1903) —prominent figure in the French working-class movement, journalist, Proudhonist, member of the General Council of the International (1866-67, 1871-72); Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (1866), delegate to the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and the Hague (1872) congresses and the London Conference (1871); took part in the defence of Paris (1870-71), member of the Paris Commune, emigrated to England, later joined the Possibilists, husband of Marx's daughter Jenny.—65, 70-71, 192, 199, 203, 205, 280, 339, 367, 439, 442-43, 450-51, 455, 485, 496, 544, 574, 581, 583-86
Longuet, Jenny—see Marx, Jenny
Lopatin, Hermann Alexandrovich (1845-1918)—Russian revolutionary, follower of Chernyshevsky, Narodnik, member of the General Council of the International (1870), a translator of Volume One of Capital into Russian, friend of Marx and Engels.— 33, 114, 152, 175, 385, 456, 469, 540, 542, 576
Lopez de Lara—Spanish merchant in London.—328
Lorenzo, Anselmo (1841-1914)—participant in the Spanish working-class movement, anarchist, printer, an organiser of the International's sections in Spain, member of the Spanish Federal Council (1870-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871).—265, 270, 286-87, 368, 563
Larmier, Marie—an acquaintance of the Marx family.—154
Louis Bonaparte—see Napoleon III
Lowe, Robert, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke
(1811-1892)—British statesman and journalist; Whig and later Liberal, M.P., Chancellor of the Exchequer (1868-73), Home Secretary (1873-74).—158
Lubbock, Sir John, 1st Baron Avebury (1834-1913)—English naturalist and politician, Liberal; Darwinist, author of works on zoology and on history of primitive society.—192, 210
Lucain—see Potel, Frederic
Luciani, Giuseppe—Italian journalist, member of the International, took part in the workers' organisations in Rome, contributed to democratic newspapers.—220
Lucrafl, Benjamin (1809-1897)—leader of the British trade unions; cabinet-maker; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, London; member of the General Council of the International (1864-71); delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses; in 1871 refused to sign the General Council's address The Civil War in France and withdrew from the International.— 186
Lyubavin, Nikolai Nikolayevich (1845-1918)—Russian chemist, graduated from St Petersburg University (1867), later professor at Moscow University (1890-1906), in the 1860s a member of the student revolutionary circles; a translator of Volume One of Capital into Russian (the late 1860s).—422, 455, 469
M
MacDonnel(l) (Mac Donnell), Joseph Patrick (c. 1845-1906)—a leader of the Irish national liberation and international working-class movement, Fenian, member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Ireland (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872), member of the British Federal Council (1872); in December 1872 emigrated to the USA where took part in the American working-class movement.—186, 208, 214, 217, 274, 398, 446, 449, 453
Mack, Karl, Baron von Leiberich (1752-1828)—Austrian field-marshal; during the war with France capitulated at the Ulm fortress on 17 October 1805 with an army of 23,000 men.— 53
MacMahon, Elisabette Charlotte—Mac-Mahon's wife.—505
MacMahon, Marie Edme Patrice Maurice,
comte de, duc de Magenta (1808-1893)—French military figure and politician, marshal, Bonapartist; in the Franco-Prussian war commanded the 1st Army Corps, then the Army of Chalons, was taken prisoner at Sedan, participated in the suppression of the Paris Commune; President of the Third Republic (1873-79).—39, 53, 58, 68, 499, 505
Maddison—Scottish physician in London who treated Marx and his family.—5, 54, 56-57, 131, 143, 155
Maddock, G. W.—American radical.— 384
Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner (1822-1888)—English lawyer and historian.—192, 210
Malon, Benoît (1841-1893)—French socialist, member of the International, delegate to the Geneva Congress (1866); an organiser of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy (1868), member of the National Guard's Central Committee and the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to Italy, then to Switzerland where he sided with anarchists, later a leader of the Possibilists.—
263, 268-69, 276, 281, 315, 346, 366, 383 Marchand, Louis Joseph Gabriel (1842-1901)—French Blanquist, later Bakuninist, was sent on a mission to Bordeaux by the Paris Commune, after the suppression of the Commune emigrated to Switzerland where he was Secretary of the refugees' society; contributed to La Révolution sociale; was expelled from the International on the Bordeaux Section's demand.—302
Martin, Constant (1839-1906)—French revolutionary, Blanquist, later anarchist, took part in the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to London, member of the General Council of the International (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871).—207, 231, 427
Marx, Eleanor {Tussy) (1855-1898)— Karl Marx's youngest daughter, participant in the British and international working-class movement, married Edward Aveling in 1884.—31, 47, 50, 73, 97, 129, 146, 150, 153-54, 177, 199, 202, 206, 211, 218, 220, 288, 302, 339, 481, 496, 499, 506, 538, 541-43, 545-46, 548, 550, 557-58, 560-61, 563-64, 570-73, 575, 581
Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881)—Karl Marx's wife.—43, 50, 52, 97, 154, 200, 204, 206, 213, 216, 220, 283. 297, 304, 497-99, 520-21, 527, 534, 536, 546, 552, 555, 563, 570, 579, 581, 583, 587
Marx, Jenny (1844-1883)—Karl Marx's eldest daughter, took part in the international working-class movement, from 1872 Charles Longuet's wife.—31, 45, 97, 111, 117, 123, 129, 146, 150, 153-54, 177, 199, 201-02, 206, 211, 218, 220, 226, 242, 281, 286, 302, 326, 339, 367, 409, 438, 441, 443, 450-51, 496, 516, 521, 526-27, 555, 557-58, 560, 564-65, 568, 575, 578, 581-88
Massenet, Léon Adrien (b. 1834)— French man of letters, participant in
24* the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to Brussels, then to Geneva, brother of Jules Massenet, composer.—401
Maxse, Frederick Augustus (1833-1900)— British admiral and political writer.— 40 Mayall— photographer.— 582 Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872) —Italian revolutionary, democrat, a leader of the Italian national liberation movement, headed the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic (1849), an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London (1850), when the International was founded in 1864 tried to bring it under his influence.—17, 129, 164, 180, 185-86, 220, 242, 278, 289, 304, 308
Meissner, Otto Karl (1819-1902)— Hamburg publisher, printed Capital and other works by Marx and Engels.—385, 390, 409, 477, 489, 567, 574, 582
Mendelssohn, Moses (1729-1786) — German deist philosopher.—4
Mesa y Leompart, José (1840-1904)— participant in the Spanish working-class and socialist movement, printer, an organiser of the International's sections in Spain, member of the Spanish Federal Council (1871-72), the Emancipation editorial board (1871-73), New Madrid Federation (1872-73), fought anarchism; a founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (1879), translated several works by Marx and Engels into Spanish.—277-78, 299, 301, 433, 445, 449, 451, 465, 538
Meyer, Hermann (1821-1875)—took part in the German and American working-class movement, socialist, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to the USA in 1852, an organiser of the International's sections in Saint Louis; Joseph Weydemeyer's friend.—208, 519, 536
Meyer, Sigfrid (c. 1840-1872)—a leader of the German and American working-class movement, socialist, engineer, member of the General Association of German Workers, opposed the Lassallean influence; in 1866 emigrated to the USA, member of the New York Communist Club and an organiser of the International's sections in the USA; follower of Marx and Engels.—57, 60, 100-01, 105, 244, 251
Mileski—Polish refugee in London, member of the Universal Federalist Council.—429
Milke, Fritz—German Social-Democrat, printer, member of the Berlin Section of the International, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).—439
Mill John Stuart (1806-1873)—English economist and positivist philosopher.—40, 152, 545
Mills, Charles—English engineer, in 1871 member of the General Council of the International.—186
Milner, George—active participant in the British working-class movement, Irishman, tailor, follower of James O'Brien, member of the National Reform League, the Land and Labour League, the General Council of the International (1868-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871), member of the British Federal Council (autumn of 1872 to 1873), fought the reformist wing in the Council.—454
Miquel, Johannes von (1828-1901)— German lawyer, politician and finan-cier, member of the Communist League in the 1840s, a National-Liberal from the 1860s, deputy to the North German and then Imperial Reichstag.— 135
Molesworth, J.—owner of a trade firm in Manchester.— 391 Moll, Friedrich Wilhelm (c. 1835-1871)—Solingen worker, member of the General Association of German Workers, in 1864 emigrated to the USA, a founder of the General Association of German Workers in New York; after his return to Germany, member of the International, delegate to the Geneva Congress (1866).—117
Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Count von (1800-1891)—Prussian military leader and writer, general, from 1871 field marshal-general; Chief of the Prussian (1857-71) and the Imperial (1871-88) General Staff, an ideologist of Prussian militarism and chauvinism.—18-19, 48, 55, 555
Moore, George—English engraver, together with Lafargue and Le Moussu in 1873-74 organised an association of engravers of which Marx was a member for some time.— 528, 544, 546
Moore, Samuel (1838-1911)—English lawyer, member of the International, translated into English Volume One of Capital (in collaboration with Edward Aveling) and the Manifesto of the Communist Party; friend of Marx and Engels.—28, 34, 63, 495, 497-500, 504-06
Mora, Francisco (1842-1924)—a leader of the Spanish working-class and socialist movement, shoemaker, an organiser of the International's sections in Spain and Portugal, member of the Spanish Federal Council of the International (1870-72), the Emancipation editorial board (1871-73), the New Madrid Federation (1872-73), fought anarchist influence; an organiser of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (1879).—140, 277, 284, 287, 425-26, 448-49
Morago, Gonzalez, Tomas (d. 1885)— Spanish anarchist, engraver, a founder and leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy in Spain, member of the Spanish Federal Council of the International (1870-71), delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).—301
More, Sir Thomas (1478-1535)—English politician, Lord Chancellor (1529-32), humanist writer, author of Utopia, an early representative of Utopian communism.—477
Morley, John, Viscount Morley of Black-burn (1838-1923)—British statesman and journalist, Liberal, editor-in-chief of The Fortnightly Review (1867-82).— 107
Morley, Samuel (1809-1886) —English manufacturer and politician, Liberal M.P. (1865, 1868-85), owner of The Bee-Hive Newspaper (from 1869).— 150
Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph, due
de (1811-1865)—French politician, Bonapartist, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51), an organiser of the coup d'état of 2 December 1851, Minister of the Interior (December 1851 to January 1852); President of the Corps législatif (1854-56, 1857-65); stepbrother of Napoleon III.— 505
Mottershead, Thomas (c. 1825-1884)— English weaver, member of the General Council of the International (1869-72), Corresponding Secretary for Denmark (1871-72), delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872), opposed Marx's line in the General Council and the British Federal Council.— 100, 147, 291, 330, 332, 340, 380-82, 431, 442, 445, 449, 464, 474, 508, 517, 521, 585
Mülberger, Arthur (1847-1907) —German physician, journalist, Proudhonist.— 375, 463, 512
Murphy, William Martin (1844-1921) — Irish railway businessman, M.P. (1885-92).—274
Murray, Charles Joseph—participant in the British working-class movement, shoemaker, Chartist, follower of James O'Brien, a leader of the National Reform League, member of the General Council of the International (1870-72) and the British Federal Council (1872-74), supporter of Marx and Engels.—454
Myrtle—physician in Harrogate.—542
N
Nabruzzi, Lodovico (1846-1920) — Italian journalist, Bakuninist, a leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy, member of the Romagnolo editorial board.—306
Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—54, 59-60, 85, 93, 228, 309
Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—Prince, Napoleon I's nephew, President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—1, 6-8, 10, 13, 19, 23, 30-31, 35, 38-39, 41-42, 46-48, 50-51, 57, 61, 66, 68, 71, 74, 80, 85-86, 92, 99, 108-10, 113, 132, 138, 144, 196, 270, 311, 317, 429, 499, 505, 562, 567, 577
Naze, Leon Edouard (b. 1841)—Paris lithographer, took part in the Paris Commune, after its suppression, refugee in London, member of the International.— 219
Nerhayev (Netschajeff), Sergei Gen-nadievich (1847-1882) — Russian revolutionary, conspirator, took part in the student movement in St Petersburg (1868-69), in 1869-71 was in close contact with Bakunin, founded a secret organisation Narodnaya Ras-prava (People's Judgment) (1869), in 1872 was extradited by the Swiss authorities to the Russian government, died in the Peter and Paul Fortress, St Petersburg.—97, 201, 256, 290, 311, 451
Neumayer, Ludwig—Austrian Social-Democrat, journalist, member of the International, delegate to the Basle Congress (1869).—491
Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—120
Nicholson—member of the Irish Section of the International in New York, Treasurer of the Provisional Federal Council for North America (till June 1872).—400
Nobre-França, José Correia—participant in the Portuguese socialist and workers' movement, an organiser of the first sections of the International in Lisbon.—433, 445, 527
O
Obermüller, Wilhelm (b. 1809)—German journalist, held particularist views.—48
Oberwinder, Heinrich (1846-1914)—a leading figure in the Austrian working-class movement, journalist, Lassallean in the early 1860s, later sided with the Eisenachers, delegate to the Basle (1869) and Hague (1872) congresses of the International, editor of the Volksstimme and Volkswille, in 1873 came out for collaboration with the bourgeoisie, in the late 1870s withdrew from the working-class movement, subsequently was exposed as a police agent.—488, 491, 520
O'Brien, James (literary pseudonym Bronterre) (1805-1864)—Irish journalist, Chartist leader, Utopian socialist, founder of the National Reform League (1849).—57, 244, 252
O'Connell, Daniel (1775-1847)—Irish lawyer and politician, leader of the liberal wing in the national liberation movement, founder and leader of the Repeal Association.—329
O'Connor, Arthur (1763-1852)—a prominent figure in the Irish national liberation movement; in 1797-98, a leader of the United Irishmen society, arrested on the eve of the 1798 uprising, emigrated to France in 1803.—343
Odger, George (1820-1877)—a leader of the British trade unions, shoemaker, Secretary of the London Trades Council (1862-72), member of the British National League for the Independence of Poland, the Land and Labour League, participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, London; member of the General Council of the International (1864-71), its President (1864-67), took part in the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866), opposed revolutionary tactics; in 1871 refused to sign the General Council's address The Civil War in France and left the Council.—167, 186, 215, 233, 363, 567
O'Donnell—contributed to newspapers The Irishman and The Irish People.— 275
O'Donovan Rossa, Jeremiah (1831-1915)—a leader of the Fenian movement, publisher of The Irish People (1863-65), in 1865 was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment, am-nestied in 1870, emigrated to the USA where he headed the Fenian organisation; retired from political life in the 1880s.—275, 557, 564, 570
Okolowicz, Auguste Adolphe (b. 1838) — Polish refugee in France, general of the Paris Commune, sentenced to death after its suppression, escaped from prison, emigrated to Belgium.— 234
Ollivier, Emile (1825-1913)—French politician, moderate republican, member of the Corps législatif (from 1857); became Bonapartist in the late 1860s, head of the government (January-August 1870).—116
Orléans—branch of the house of Bour-bons in France.— 39, 41, 49, 55, 67-68, 562 Ostyn (Hosteins), Francois (Charles) (1823-1912)—French turner, Belgian by birth, Proudhonist, member of the Federal Council of the International's Paris sections; member of the Central Committee of the National Guard
and the Paris Commune; after its suppression emigrated to Switzerland where he joined Bakuninists.—281
Oswald—Eugen Oswald's wife.—95, 471, 481
Oswald, Eugen (1826-1912)—German journalist, democrat, took part in the revolutionary movement in Baden (1848-49), emigrated to England after the defeat of the revolution.— 9, 11, 23-24, 28, 31-32, 34-37, 40, 64, 82, 87, 95, 174-75, 197, 471, 481, 532-33, 565
Oudet, Joseph Emile (1826-1909)— French worker, porcelain painter, member of the International and of the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to London.— 429
Outine—see Utin, Nikolai Isaakovich
Owen, Robert (1771-1858)—British Utopian socialist.—477
P
Palikao—see Cousin-Montauban, Charles
Palladino, Carmelo (1842-1896) —Italian anarchist, lawyer, a leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy, member of the Naples Section of the International.—185, 259-62
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount (1784-1865)—British statesman, Tory, from 1830 Whig; Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58, 1859-65).— 11, 75, 94
Pape, Fletcher—member of the British Federal Council of the International (1872), belonged to the reformist wing.—474
Pascal, C.—French priest in Brighton.—202
Paul I (1754-1801)—Emperor of Russia (1796-1801).—Ill
Pechard, Etienne—see Regis, Vitale Pêne, Henri de (1830-1888)—French journalist, monarchist, an organiser of the counter-revolutionary uprising in Paris on 22 March 1871.—124
Perret, Henri—participant in the Swiss working-class movement, engraver, a leader of the International in Switzerland, General Secretary of the Romance Federal Committee (1868-73), member of the Egalité editorial board, delegate to the Geneva (1866) and Basle (1869) congresses and to the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy; in 1869 broke with the Bakuninists, but adopted a conciliatory stand after the Hague Congress (1872).—5, 36, 179, 220, 223, 225, 405, 433, 489, 494, 523, 526, u30, 534, o63, 568
Perrini, Luigi—Italian worker, member of the Turin Sectio' of the International.—432, 445
Pertz, Georg Heinrich (1795-1876) — German historian, moderate conservative.— 93
Pescatori, Erminio (1836-1905)— follower of Mazzini and Garibaldi; founder of the Fascio Operaio (Workers' Union) in Bologna.— 292
Peter III (1728-1762)—Emperor of Russia (1761-62).—Ill Petroni, Giuseppe (1812-1888)—Italian revolutionary, journalist and politician, Mazzinist, took part in the 1848-49 revolution, editor of the Roma del Popolo.— 245
Pezza, Vincenzo (1841-1873)—Italian journalist, Left Mazzinist; Bakuninist from the early 1870s, member of the Milan Section of the International.— 358
Pfänder, Karl (c. 1819-1876)—active in the German and international working-class movement, painter; emigrated to London in 1845, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, of the Communist League and of the General Council
of the International (November 1864 to 1867, 1870-72); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—383, 398 Piccini, Francesco (d. 1872)—Italian shoemaker, Left Mazzinist, member of the Mazzini workers' unions in Florence, then of the Left republican Società Democratica Internazionale.— 169 Pietri, Joseph Marie (1820-1902) — French politician, Bonapartist, Prefect of Paris police (1866-70).—268
Pigott, Richard (c. 1828-1889)—Irish journalist, publisher of The Irishman (1865-79), supporter of the Fenians, sided with the British government in the 1880s.—66, 274, 558.
Pihl, S. F.—active in the Danish working-class movement, delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872) from the Copenhagen Section.—520-21
Pio, Louis Albert François (1841-1894) — a leader of the Danish working-class and socialist movement, propagated Marx's ideas, organised the International's Danish sections (1871), editor of Socialisten, a founder of the Danish Social-Democratic Party (1876).— 280, 329-33, 340
Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti) (1792-1878)—Pope (1846-78).—68, 547
Polyakov, Nikolai Petrovich (1843-1905)—Russian publisher, was close to the Narodniks; published the first Russian edition of Volume One of Capital by Karl Marx in 1872.—422, 540
Potel, Frederic (pseudonym Lucain) — French refugee in Belgium, engineer, participant in the Paris Commune, member of the International, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872) from the French refugees' section in Brussels.—430, 436, 451
Potter, George (1832-1893)—British carpenter, a reformist trade union leader, member of the London Trades Council and a leader of the Amalgamated Union of Building Workers; founder, editor and publisher of The Bee-Hive Newspaper—77, 203
Pottier, Eugène Edme (1816-1887) — French revolutionary, took part in the February revolution and the June uprising (1848), member of the International and of the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to Great Britain, then to the USA, returned to France in 1880, member of the Workers' Party, author of
L'Internationale song.—490
Pouyer-Quertier, Augustin Thomas (1820-1891)—French manufacturer and politician, Finance Minister (1871-72), took part in peace negotiations with Germany in Frankfurt (1871).— 149
Praitsching, Charles—member of the Provisional Federal Council for North America and General Council in New York; expelled from the International in 1873.—392
Prendergast, John Patrick (1808-1893)— Irish historian, Liberal.— 329
Prigneaux—French refugee in London.—417
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865) — French writer, economist and sociologist, a founder of anarchism.— 4-5, 57-58, 162, 255, 264, 298, 327, 375, 442, 585
Prudhomme (b. 1843)—member of the International's Section in Bordeaux, Corresponding Secretary for Bordeaux.—115
Pumps—see Burns, Mary Ellen
Pyat, Félix (1810-1889)—French journalist, playwright and politician, democrat, took part in the 1848 revolution, emigrated in 1849 to Switzerland and later to Belgium and England, opposed independent working-class movement, conducted a slander campaign against Marx and
the International, member of the Paris Commune (1871), after its suppression emigrated to England.—65, 141, 151, 282, 499, 561
R
Rabelais, François (c. 1494-1553)— French humanist writer.— 267
Ranvier, Gabriel (1828-1879) —French revolutionary, Blanquist, decorator, member of the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to England; member of the General Council of the International (1871-72), delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), left the International because of the Congress decision to transfer the General Council to New York.— 234, 269, 280, 379, 398, 447, 467, 509
Razoua, Eugène Angèle (1830-1878) — French journalist, republican, sided with the 'new Jacobins', took part in the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to Geneva, contributed to L'Emancipaci&n (Madrid).— 263, 268
Regis, Vitale (pseudonym Etienne Pechard) — Italian revolutionary, member of the Italian Section of the International in London, took part in the Paris Commune, member of the General Council (1871-72), participated in the re\ lutionary events in Spain (1873).—316, 345, 352, 358, 393
Reitlinger—friend and private secretary of Jules Favre.—197
Renan, Joseph Ernest (1823-1892) — French philologist and historian of Christianity, idealist philosopher.—59
Renshavi, Charles—Engels' acquaintance in Manchester.—353, 496
Reuter, Fritz (1810-1874)—German humorist.—158
Reynolds, George William MacArthur (1814-1879)—British politician and journalist; publisher of Reynolds's Newspaper.— 160
Ricardo, David (1772-1823) —British economist.—457
Richard, Albert Marie (1846-1918) — French journalist, a leader of the Lyons Section of the International, delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses, member of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy, took part in the Lyons uprising of September 1870; after the suppression of the Paris Commune, a Bonapartist.—257, 270, 311, 318
Rigault, Raul Georges Adolphe (1846-1871) — French revolutionary, Blanquist, student, journalist; member of the Paris Commune, delegate to the Commission of Public Safety, from 26 April Public Procurator of the Commune; on 24 May was arrested by the Versailles men and shot without trial.—268, 561
Riggio, Antonio (1842-1900) —Italian revolutionary, Left Mazzinist in the 1860s, lawyer, organised the International's section in Girgenti (1871), had contacts with the General Council, joined the Bakuninists in 1872.— 433
Riley, William Harrison (1835-1907)— English journalist, republican, socialist, publisher and editor of The International Herald, member of the British Federal Council of the International (1872-73), withdrew from the working-class movement in 1873.— 451, 454, 458, 460-61, 465, 519
Roach, John—a leader of the British working-class movement, member of the General Council of the International (1871-72), delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), Corresponding Secretary for the British Federal Council (1872), belonged to its reformist wing, opposed the decisions of the Hague Congress.—186, 464, 474
Robert, Fritz (1845-1899)—Swiss teacher, Bakuninist, delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International, member of the Solidarité editorial board.—351
Roberti—see De-Roberti, Yevgeny Valen-tinovich
Robin, Paul Charles Louis Jean (1837-1912)—French teacher, Bakuninist, a leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy, member of the General Council of the International (1870-71), delegate to the Basle Congress (1869) and the London Conference (1871).—179, 220, 263, 265-67, 285, 308, 563
Rochat, Charles Michel (b. 1844)—a leader of the French working-class movement, member of the Paris Federal Council of the International, took part in the Paris Commune, member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Holland (October 1871 to 1872), delegate to the London Conference (1871).—203, 205, 213, 379
Rochefort, Victor Henri, marquis de Rockefort-Luçay (1830-1913)—French journalist and politician, Left-wing republican, publisher of La Marseillaise (1869-70); after the revolution of 4 September 1870, a member of the Government of National Defence; after the suppression of the Paris Commune was exiled to New Caledonia, monarchist from the end of the 1880s.—51, 65, 68, 558, 560
Röscher, Wilhelm Georg Friedrich (1817-1894)—German economist, founder of the historical trend in political economy, professor at Göttingen (1843) and Leipzig (1848) universities.—298
Roscoe, Henry Enfield (1833-1915)— English chemist, professor of chemistry at Victoria University (Owens College), Manchester.— 506 Rosier, Hermann Karl Friedrich (1834-1894)—German economist and lawyer.—8 Rothschild, H. J.—German refugee in London.— 37 Rouher, Eugène (1814-1884)—French statesman, Bonapartist, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, held several government posts during the Second Empire, President of the Senate (1869-70), after the fall of the Empire emigrated to England, a leader of Bonapartists in France in the 1870s.—499
Roullier, Edmond Louis Henri Charles
(Eduard) (c. 1830-1903) — French shoemaker, Proudhonist, took part in the 1848 revolution, member of the Paris organisation of the International, took part in the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to England, opposed the General Council of the International.—246, 263, 268, 280
Roy, Joseph (1830-1916) —French teacher, translated Volume One of Capital by Marx and works by Feuerbach into French.—283, 316, 327, 347, 385, 438, 495, 517, 574, 578
Rozwadowski, Josef (b. 1846) — Polish revolutionary, took part in the national liberation uprising of 1863-64 in Poland, participated in the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to England, member of the General Council of the International (1872).—175, 200, 210, 224, 276, 533
Rüdt, August—German journalist, Social-Democrat, member of the Volksstaat editorial board.— 361
Ruge, Arnold (1802-1880)—German radical journalist and philosopher, Young Hegelian, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848, German petty-bourgeois refugee leader in England in the 1850s, National-Liberal after 1866.—26, 38, 40
Rutson, A. O.—private secretary to British Home Secretary H. A. Bruce.— 169
S
Sacase, Jean François (1808-1884)— French law official, monarchist, from 1871 deputy to the National Assembly.— 345
Sadler, Thomas—participant in the British working-class movement, member of the General Council of the International (1871-72).—232
Sagasta, Prâxedes Mateo (1827-1903)— Spanish statesman, leader of the Liberal Party, Minister of the Interior (1871-72), Foreign Minister (1874), Prime Minister (1881-83, 1885-90, 1892-95, 1897-99, 1901-02).—369
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin (1804-1869)—French literary critic and writer.—543
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825)—French Utopian socialist.—255
Savio, Pietro—participant in the Italian national liberation movement and the Paris Commune (1871), after its suppression emigrated to England.— 353
Sax, Emil (1845-1927)—Austrian economist.—405, 410
Schaffte, Albert Friedrich Eberhard (1831-1903)—German vulgar economist and sociologist, called for collaboration between bourgeoisie and proletariat, an armchair socialist.— 70, 72, 78
Schapper, Karl (1812-1870)—prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, a leader of the League of the Just, member of the Central Authority of the Communist League, took part in the 1848-49 revolution, a leader of the sectarian-adventurist group during the split in the Communist League (1850), again drew close to Marx in 1856, member of the Central Council of the International (1865), participant in the London Conference (1865).—117
Schenck, Heinrich—member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, Lassallean, late in 1871 was expelled from the Society for slander of the International's General Council and his splitting activities.— 320
Scherur, Andreas (1807-1879)—German tailor, member of the Paris community of the Communist League which sided with the Willich-Schapper sectarian group in 1850; later refugee in London, a leader of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; late in 1871 was expelled from it for slander of the General Council of the International and for his splitting activities.— 297, 319
Scheu, Andreas (1844-1927)—a leader in the Austrian (1868-74) and British socialist movement, member of the International; emigrated to England in 1874.—490, 520
Scheu, Heinrich (1845-1926)—Austrian Social-Democrat, member of the International, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), emigrated to England in 1873, Andreas Scheu's brother.—365, 491, 517
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von
(1759-1805)—German poet, drama-tist, historian and philosopher.—4
Schily, Victor (1810-1875) —German democrat, lawyer, took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising, emigrated to France, member of the International, delegate to the London Conference (1865), friend of Marx.— 57, 60, 102
Schlebach, Pierre—German refugee in Belgium, member of the International's Section in Verviers, Der Volksstaat's correspondent.—407, 417
Schneider, Joseph—German worker, Lassallean, member of the German
Workers' Educational Society in London, in the late 1871 was expelled from it for his splitting activities and slander of the General Council of the International.—113, 207, 280, 297, 407, 429
Scholl, Jean Marie (b. 1829) — French worker, member of the Lyons Section of the International, refugee in London.— 314
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860) — German idealist philosopher, ir-rationalist and pessimist.—268
Schorlemmer, Carl (1834-1892)— German organic chemist, dialectical materialist; professor at Owens College in Manchester, member of the Royal Society, member of the International and the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party, friend of Marx and Engels.—19, 63, 68, 70, 443, 495, 497-504, 506
Schramm, Carl August—German Social-Democrat, reformist, left the Party in the 1880s.—462
Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von (1833-1875)—German lawyer, a Lassallean leader, editor of Der Social-Demokrat (1864-67), President of the General Association of German Workers (1867-71), supported unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy, hindered German workers in joining the International, fought against the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; was expelled from the General Association for his contacts with the Prussian authorities (1872).—10; 96, 255, 279, 302, 309, 327, 407, 418
Schwitzguébel, Adhémar (1844-1895)— Swiss anarchist, engraver, member of the International, a leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy and the Jura Federation, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872).—233, 285, 295, 355, 374, 397, 419, 431, 436
Seiffert, Rudolph (1826-1886)—German Social-Democrat, member of Der Volksstaat editorial board, an organise'r of the Woodworkers' Amalgamation.— 432, 468, 510
Senior, Nassau William (1790-1864) — English economist, vulgarised Ricardo's theory, opposed reduction of the working day.—238-39
Sentinon, Gaspard (d. 1903) — Spanish anarchist, physician, a founder and a leader of the Alliance of Socialist Democracy in Spain, delegate to the Basle Congress of the International (1869).—285
Serebrennikov, Vladimir Ivanovich (b. 1850)—Russian revolutionary, took part in the student unrest (1868-69), was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress (St Petersburg), then exiled to Riga, fled in 1870, emigrated to England and then to Switzerland, supporter of Nechayev.— 26
Serraillier—Auguste Serraillier's wife.— 73, 78, 566
Serraillier, Auguste (b. 1840) — a leader in the French and international working-class movement, shoemaker, member of the General Council of the International (1869-72), Corresponding Secretary for Belgium, Holland, Spain (1870) and France (1871-72), in September 1870 was sent to Paris as the General Council's agent, member of the Paris Commune, delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International, member of the British Federal Council (1873), associate of Marx and Engels.— 20, 24, 33, 64, 67, 70, 73-74, 77, 79, 121, 141, 205, 222, 225, 256, 265, 278, 280, 302, 375, 378, 398, 432-33, 447, 450, 453, 455, 457-58, 466-67, 481, 490, 496, 508-09, 517-18, 520, 524-27, 535, 537, 560, 566
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616) — English playwright and poet.—14, 55, 548-49, 550, 570
Sicard, Auguste Alexandre (1839-c. 1911)—French shoemaker, member of the Paris Commune, after its
suppression emigrated to London.— 234, 269
Sieber, Nikolai Ivanovich (1844-1888) — Russian economist, one of the first popularisers of Marx's economic works in Russia, advocated radical bourgeois reforms.—457, 469
Sievers—printer in the publishing house of the German Social-Democratic Workers' Party.— 75, 79, 82
Simon, Ludwig (1810-1872)—German lawyer, democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49, one of the five imperial regents in 1849, emigrated to Switzerland, lived in Paris (1855-70).—87
Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard (Simonde
de) (1773-1842)—Swiss economist, historian, representative of economic romanticism.—165
Skrebitsky, Alexander Ilyich (1827-1915)—Russian liberal historian, author of KpecmtnucKoe dtjio a» u,apcmeoeauie UMnepamopa AneKcandpa II—469
Smith—a house-agent in London.—12, 16, 18, 43, 51-53, 555, 558-59
Smith, Adolphe (Smith Headingley)— English journalist, socialist, in 1871 sided with the French Section of 1871 in London, opposed Marx and his supporters.—407, 429
Sonnemann, Leopold (1831-1909) — German politician, journalist, banker, democrat, founder and publisher of the Frankfurter Zeitung, took South German Federalists' stand in the 1860s, opposed unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy, deputy to the German Reichstag (1871-77 and 1878-84).—415
Sorge, Friedrich Adolph(f) (1828-1906)— prominent figure in the international and American working-class and socialist movement, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to Switzerland, then to Belgium, from 1852 lived in the USA, organised the International's American sections, Secretary of the Federal Council for North America, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), General Secretary of the General Council in New York (1872-74), propagated Marxism, friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—56-57, 60, 102, 106, 141, 205, 211, 217, 234, 236, 241-42, 244, 251, 256-57, 273-74, 298, 333-35, 341-42, 374-77, 380, 383-84, 387, 398, 419, 425-26, 429-32, 435-37, 440, 443-51, 453-55, 458-61, 464-68, 476, 481-85, 487, 489-94, 507-10, 518-22, 524, 534, 536-39, 549
Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903)—British positivist philosopher, psychologist and sociologist.— 276
Speyer, Carl (b. 1845)—German joiner, Secretary of the German Workers' Educational Society in London (the 1860s), member of the International, in 1870 emigrated to the USA, member of the General Council from autumn 1872.—243, 251, 334
Splingard, Roch Jules Jean Baptiste (1843-1889)—Belgian anarchist, lawyer, delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).— 456 Steens, Eugène (1825-1898)—a leader in the Belgian working-class movement, Left Proudhonist, journalist, member of the International, editor of the Tribune du Peuple, delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868) and the London Conference (1871), supported anarchists in 1872.—263, 285, 296, 365, 385
Stefanoni, Luigi (1842-1905)—Italian writer and democratic journalist, rationalist, took part in Garibaldi's campaigns, founder and editor of //
Libero Pensiero, supported Bakuninists.—298, 319-20, 365, 577
Steinmetz, Karl Friedrich von (1796-1877) — Prussian general and field
marshal-general (1871), commanded the 1st Army (before September 1870) during the Franco-Prussian war.—28-29
Stepney, Cornell William Frederick (1820-1872)—participant in the British working-class movement, member of the General Council of the International (1866-72), and its Treasurer (1868-70), delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses and the London Conference (1871) of the International, member of the British Federal Council (1872).—206
Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882)—Prussian police officer, Chief of the Prussian political police (1850-60), an organiser of and main witness for the prosecution at the Cologne Communist trial ( 1852), chief of military police and head of German counter-espionage in France during the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71).—5, 10, 13, 18, 116, 129, 131, 139, 157, 233, 389, 561
Strauß (Strauss), David Friedrich (1808-1874)—German philosopher and writer, Young Hegelian, author of
Das Leben Jesu, National-Liberal after 1866.—59, 505
Strohn, Wilhelm—member of the Communist League, a friend of Marx and Engels, refugee in Bradford, England.—390
Stuart, Charles Eduard (1824-1882)—a descendant from the Scottish and English royal house of Stuart, colonel of the Austrian service, took part in the Carlist revolt in Spain (1872-76).— 542 Suetendael, Octave van—Belgian mechanic, member of the Belgian Federal Council of the International, Treasurer of the mechanics' trade union, Marx's correspondent (1872).—400, 403 Swarm—see Dentraygues, Emile Sybel, Heinrich von (1817-1895)— German historian and politician, National-Liberal from 1867, an ideologist of hegemonic aspirations of Prussia's ruling circles.—462
T
Tauchnitz, Karl Christian Philipp (1798-1884)—German publisher and bookseller, published dictionaries.— 280
Taylor, Alfred—English worker, member of the General Council of the International (1871-72) and the British Federal Council (1872-73).—186
Tenge (born c. 1833)—Gertrud Kugel-
mann's friend.—584
Terzaghi, Carlo (b. 1845) — Italian lawyer and journalist, Secretary of the Federazione Operaia and the Emancipazione del proletario society in Turin, became police agent in 1872.—292-95, 312-13, 342, 345, 352, 357-58, 392, 432
Testini—Italian student, Bakuninist, member of the Milan Section of the International.— 358
Theisz, Albert Frédéric Félix (1839-1881)—a leader in the French working-class movement, engraver, Proudhonist, member of the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to England, member of the French Section of 1871 for a short time, member of the General Council of the International (1871), delegate to the London Conference (1871).—192, 205-06, 265, 267-70, 278, 297, 302
Theresa (real name Emma Valadon) (1837-1913)—French singer.—8
Thieblin, Nicolas Léon (1834-1888)— English journalist, Italian by birth, studied at the military academy in St Petersburg, contributed to several newspapers in London.—4, 10, 15, 86, 158, 573
Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)— French historian and statesman, Prime Minister (1836, 1840), deputy to the Constituent (1848) and Legislative (1849-51) Assemblies, head of
the Orleanists after 1848, chief of the executive power (1871), dealt brutally with the Paris Communards (1871), President of the Republic (1871-73).—65, 85, 128, 132, 149, 196, 199, 203, 208, 270, 311, 499, 504, 506, 567, 572, 579 Thomas, Ernest—Hugo Heller's acquaintance, lived in Oxford in 1873.—496
Tibaldi, Paolo (1825-1901)—Italian revolutionary, Garibaldian, member of the International, took part in the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to England.—160, 200
Timashev (Timascheff), Alexander Yegorovich (1818-1893)—Russian statesman, general, Minister of the Interior (1868-77).—105
Tolain, Henri Louis (1828-1897) — prominent figure in the French working-class movement, engraver, Right Proudhonist, a leader of the Paris Section of the International, delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses, deputy to the National Assembly after the elections of 8 February 1871, went over to the side of the Versaillists during the Paris Commune, was expelled from the International on 1 April 1871, a senator in 1876.—293-94 Tomanovskaya (Dmitrieva), Yelisaveta Lukinichna (née Kusheleva) (1851-c. 1910)—Russian revolutionary, was in emigration from 1868 to 1873, took part in publishing the journal Narod-noye Dyelo (People's Cause), member of the Russian Section of the International in Geneva, supported Marx in the struggle against Bakuninists, friend of Marx and his family, took an active part in the Paris Commune, after its suppression left France, withdrew from revolutionary activities after her return to Russia.—198
Tomas Oliver (Tomas), Francisco (c. 1850-1903)—Spanish anarchist, mason, member of the Spanish Federal Council of the International (1872-73), a leader of the anarchist organisation in Spain.—433, 445
Train, George Francis (1829-1904) — American businessman, supported Victoria Woodhull's bourgeois reformist plans in his newspaper The Train Ligue.—275
Träte, William—witness for the defence at Jourde's trial.—199
Travnick (Traunig), Jânos—Hungarian worker, member of the Workers' Union in Budapest.—194 Tridon, Edme Marie Gustave (1841 -1871)—French revolutionary, journalist, Blanquist, member of the International, founded La Patrie en danger newspaper, member of the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to Belgium.—141, 561
Trochu, Louis Jules (1815-1896)— French general and politician, Orleanist, President of the Government of National Defence, Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces in Paris (September 1870 to January 1871), deputy to the National Assembly (1871).—61, 67, 108, 112
Truchy (pseudonym Mousselerès) — French officer, journalist, Bonapartist.—317
Truelove, Edward (1809-1899) — publisher and bookseller in London, Chartist, Owenite, printed Marx's The Civil War in France (1871).— 250, 427
Trusov, Anton Danilovich (1835-1886) — Russian revolutionary, Polish by birth, took part in the 1863 Polish uprising, emigrated to Switzerland where he sided with Bakunin, member and Secretary of the Narod-noye Dyelo (People's Cause) editorial board in Geneva, broke with Bakunin, Secretary of the Russian Section of the International, returned to Russia in 1884.—530, 540
Tschitscherin—see Chicherin, Boris Nikolayevich
Turski, Kasper Michal (1847-1925)— Polish revolutionary, Blanquist, participant in the Paris Commune, member of the Bakuninist Slavonic Section in Zurich (1871-72).—227
Tussy—see Marx, Eleanor
Tylor, Sir Edward Burnett (1832-1917)— English anthropologist, ethnographer and historian of primitive culture, supporter of the evolution doctrine.—192, 210
Tyrtaeus (Tyrtaios) (7th cent. B.C.)— Greek poet, praised the war feats of the Spartans.—102
U
Urquhart, David (1805-1877)—British diplomat, writer and politician, Tur-cophile, Tory M. P. (1847-52), founder and editor of The Free Press (1855-65) and The Diplomatic Review (1866-77), exposed foreign policy of Palmerston and the Whigs.—11, 40
Utin (Outine), Nikolai Isaakovich (1841-1883)—Russian revolutionary, took part in the student movement, member of the Zemlya i Volya (Land and Freedom) society, in 1863 emigrated to England, then to Switzerland, an organiser of the Russian Section of the International, member of the Narodnoye Dyelo (People's Cause) editorial board (1868-70), an editor of L'Égalité (1870-71), fought against Bakunin and his supporters, delegate to the London Conference of the International (1871), left the revolutionary movement after his return to Russia in the mid-1870s.— 179, 220, 226, 263, 266, 315, 322, 329, 396, 456-57, 466, 489, 494, 507, 534, 538-39, 545, 563, 568, 579
V
Vaillant, Edouard Marie (1840-1915) — French socialist, physician and engineer, Blanquist, member of the Paris Commune and of the General Council of the International (1871-72), delegate to the Lausanne Congress (1867), London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872), after the Congress' decision to transfer the General Council to New York left the International.— 192, 203, 205, 230, 280, 353, 379, 396, 399, 420, 447, 491
Vallès, Jules Louis (1832-1885)—French politician, writer and journalist, Proudhonist, member of the International and of the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to England, then to Belgium.—234
Van Heddeghem,L. (pseudonym Walter) (born c. 1847)—police agent who infiltrated in the Paris sections of the International, delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); was exposed in 1873.—448, 467, 482, 492, 509
Varlin, Louis Eugène (1839-1871) — prominent figure in the French working-class movement, bookbinder, Left Proudhonist, one of the International's leaders in France; delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Geneva (1866) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International, member of the Central Committee of the National Guard, member of the Paris Commune, shot by the Versaillists on 28 May 1871.—148, 561
Venedey, Jakob (1805-1871)—German radical journalist and politician, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848, liberal after the 1848-49 revolution.—87
Verdy du Vernois, Julius von (1832-1910)—Prussian general and military writer, during the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71) Chief of the General Staff department, later War Minister (1889-90).—415
Vermersch, Eugène Marie Joseph (1845-1878)—French journalist, took part in the republican movement, published Le Père Duchêne during the
Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to Belgium, then to Holland and England, editor of Qui Vive!, which attacked the International and the General Council.— 235, 268-69, 281, 297, 302, 333, 568
Vemo'uillet, Juste—director of Lachâtre's
publishing house in Paris.—316, 423, 438, 517 Vésinier, Pierre (1824-1902) —French journalist, refugee, was expelled from the International for slander against the General Council (1868), member of the Paris Commune, after its suppression emigrated to England, an organiser of the Universal Federalist Council, which opposed Marx and the General Council of the International.—151, 186, 297, 302, 386, 407, 429
Vichard, Paul Eugène (b. 1835)—a prominent figure in the French-working-class movement, participant in the Paris Commune, delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—517 Vickery, Samuel—Secretary of the British Federal Council of the International (December 1872-May 1873), fought against its reformist wing, President of the British Federation's Congress in Manchester (1873).—483
Victor Emmanuel II (1820-1878) —King of Sardinia (1849-61), King of Italy (1861-78).—356
Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 70, 74, 77, 94, 100
Victoria (Adelaide Marie Louise) (1840-1901)—elder daughter of Queen Victoria, wife (from 1858) of the Prussian Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm, subsequently German Emperor Frederick III, Empress (1888), took the name of Frederic after her husband's death (1888).—77, 100
Vieweg, F.—a Paris publisher.— 375
Villetard de Prunières, Charles Edmond
(1828-1889)—French writer and journalist, Orleanist, editor of the Journal des Débats (1866-73), author of the book on the International (1872) inimical to the working-class movement.—354
Vinoy, Joseph (1800-1880) —French general, Bonapartist, took part in the coup d'état of 2 December 1851, Governor of Paris from 22 January 1871, was active in the suppression of the Paris Commune.—132
Vivanti, Anna— London acquaintance of Marx's daughter Jenny, Paul Lindau's sister.—154
Vogel von Falckenstein, Eduard Ernst Friedrich Hannibal (1797-1885)— German general, during the Franco-Prussian war (1870-71) General-Governor of the coastal regions of Germany.—75, 79, 82
Vogt, August (c. 1830-c. 1883) —prominent in the German and American working-class movement, shoemaker, member of the Communist League, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, member of the General Association of German Workers, together with Liebknecht opposed Lassalleanism, member of the International, in 1867 emigrated to the USA, member of the New York Communist Club and an organiser of the International's sections in the USA, correspondent of the General Council, supporter of- Marx and Engels.—57, 60, 101, 105, 244 Vogt, Karl (Carl) (1817-1895) —German naturalist, petty-bourgeois democrat, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49, one of the five imperial regents (June 1849); refugee in Switzerland from 1849, in the 1850s-60s received subsidies from Napoleon III, slandered Marx and Engels.—130, 132, 138, 144, 146, 299
Voltaire (pen-name of François Marie Arouet) (1694-1778)—French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlightenment.—226
W
Wachenhusen, Hans (1823-1898) — German journalist and writer.—228
Wachs—captain, Gumpert's relative.— 516
Wagner, Adolph (1835-1917)—German vulgar economist, armchair socialist.—488, 545
Walter—see Van Heddeghem, L.
Washburne, Elihu Benjamin (1816-1887)—American politician and diplomat, Republican, US Envoy in Paris (1869-77), hostile to the Paris Commune.—169, 171, 176, 188, 212
Watkin, Sir Edward William (1819-1901)—English railway promoter, Liberal M.P.— 203
Weber, Joseph Valentin (1814-1895)— German watchmaker, took part in the Baden revolutionary movement in 1848, refugee in Switzerland, later in London, Lassallean, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, for his splitting activities and slander of the General Council was expelled from the International in December 1871.—138, 280, 292
Wegmann, Adolph (born c. 1852)— German worker, emigrated to England, member of the Foreign Section of the International in Manchester.— 321, 373
Wehner, J. G.—German refugee in Manchester, Treasurer of the Schiller Institute in the 1860s.—68
Weiß, Guido (1822-1899)—German democratic journalist, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, in the 1860s belonged to the Party of Progress (Left wing), editor of Die Zukunft, organ of the People's Party (1867-71).—145
Wenzel—see Kugelmann, Ludwig West, William—American radical, member of the Central Committee of the International Working Men's Association for North America, Secretary of Section No. 12 (New York) which was expelled from the International by the Hague Congress (1872).—244, 384, 431, 442
Weston, John—active in the British labour movement, carpenter, subsequently manufacturer, Owenite, participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall, London; member of the General Council of the International (1864-72), delegate to the London Conference (1865), a leader of the Land and Labour League.—203
Weydemeyer, Joseph (1818-1866) — prominent figure in the German and American working-class movement, member of the Communist League, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to the USA in 1851, colonel in the army of the North during the US Civil War, disseminated Marxism in the USA; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—536
Whitter, Walter—house-owner in London.— 515
Wigand, Hugo (d. 1873)—owner of a publishing firm in Leipzig.—375, 405, 477
William I (1797-1888)—Prince of Prussia, Prince Regent (1858-61), King of Prussia (1861-88) and Emperor of Germany (1871-88).—6, 10, 12, 18, 19, 39, 41, 47-48, 53-54, 61, 71, 74, 76, 85, 88, 90, 109-10, 128, 415, 547, 551
Willigen, P. van der—Dutch journalist, socialist, refugee in London.—434
Wilmart, Raymond (pseudonym Wil-mot)—French revolutionary, took part in the Paris Commune, delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872) from the Bordeaux sections, in 1873 emigrated to Buenos Aires where he propagated Marx's ideas.—431, 436
Winona, Christian—German worker in London, Lassallean.—321
Windthorst, Ludwig (1812-1891)— German politician, Minister of Justice in Hanover (1851-52, 1862-65), deputy to the Reichstag, a leader of the Party of the 'Centre'.—94
Wolff, Luigi (Louis)—Italian major, originated from the Thurn und Taxis family, follower of Mazzini, member of the Associazione di Mutuo Prog-resso (organisation of the Italian workers in London), participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on 28 September 1864 at St Martin's Hall London; member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65), took part in the London Conference (1865); was exposed as an agent of the Bonapartist police in 1871.—164, 173, 185
Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864)— German teacher, proletarian revolutionary, member of the Central Authority of the Communist League from March 1848, an editor of the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49), took an active part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, emigrated to Switzerland and later to England, friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—516
Woodhull, Victoria (née Claflin) (1838-1927)—American feminist, in 1871-72 tried to seize leadership in the North American Federation of the International by organising a section of bourgeois and petty-bourgeois elements; headed Section No. 12 expelled from the International by the General Council and the Hague Congress (1872), founder and editor of the Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly (1870).—328, 381, 384, 418-19, 485
Wrobiewski, Walery (1836-1908)—Polish revolutionary democrat, a leader of the 1863-64 Polish uprising, general of the Paris Commune, member of the General Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for Poland (1871-72), delegate to the Hague Congress (1872), fought against Bakuninists.—175, 199, 218, 272, 276, 390, 421, 460, 473, 481, 484, 532-33, 563
Wulster—German particularism — 48
Würtz—member of the International in the USA, emigrant from Denmark.— 520-21
Wurtz, Charles Adolphe (1817-1884) — French organic chemist.—240
Wuttke, Johann Karl Heinrich (1818-1876)—German historian and politician, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (1849), professor at Leipzig University.—389
Y
Yor(c)k, Theodor (1830-1875)—a leader in the German working-class movement, carpenter, Lassallean, member of the Executive committee of the General Association of German Workers, left the Association in 1869 and took part in the organisation of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party, its Secretary in 1871-74.—477, 493, 510
Christ, Jesus (Bib.)—282, 547 Crispinus—a character from a satire by Juvenal; a courtier of the Roman Emperor Domitian.— 39 Dulcinea del Toboso—a character in Cervantes' Don Quixote.—498 Dundreary—a character in Tom Taylor's play Our American Cousin, a garru-lous, pompous, stupid fop.— 584 John Bull—main character in John Arbuthnot's The History of John Bull (1712), his name is used to personify England or Englishmen.—11, 58, 94, 110, 114 Launce—a servant in Shakespeare's comedy Two Gentlemen of Verona.— 548 Michel—name for a German philistine.—4, 38-39, 42
Z
Zabel, Friedrich (1802-1875)—German journalist, editor of the Berlin National-Zeitung (1848-75), supporter of the unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy.— 200
Zapp—German refugee in Manchester.—495
Zhukovsky (Joukowsky, Joukowski), Nikolai Ivanovich (1833-1895)—Russian anarchist; participant in the St Petersburg revolutionary circles of the early 1860s; from 1862 refugee in Switzerland; a leader of the Bakuninist Alliance of Socialist Democracy.—268, 315, 456
Zichlinsky—German refugee, Lassallean, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, late in 1871 was expelled from it for slandering the General Council and for his splitting activities.—207
Zielinski—member of the Universal Federalist Council in London, Polish by birth.—429
Zoncada, Luigi—member of the International's Section in Melegnano.—539
Mordecai (Bib.)—a character in The Book
of Esther.—245, 293, 305 Moses (Bib.)—a prophet.—375 Panurg—a character in François Rabelais' Horribles et Epouvantables Faits et Prouesses du très renommé Pantagruel.—267 Robert Macaire—a clever swindler, a character immortalised in Honoré Daumier's caricatures.— 11
Rosalind—main character in Shakespeare's comedy As You Like It.—586 San Gennaro—Catholic saint, patron of Naples.—185 Winkelried, Arnold—semi-legendary Swiss soldier, fought against the Austrian yoke (14 cent.).— 38
INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES