Subject Index

A

Abstraction, abstract and concrete— 16, 24,

25 Adventurism (political) —335, 426-27, 489, 491 Agricultural workers—156, 399, 480, 538 Agriculture— 67, 128, 353-57, 365, 380-

86, 393, 483, 538 See also Development; Nationalisation of land Aim and means—235-36, 490 Anti-colonial struggle—390, 394, 398, 475-76 See also Ireland Aristocracy, nobility, English—4, 361, 390, 473-74, 484 Aristocracy, nobility, French— 131 Army

—of the Italian states — 344 —Prussian —288 — French — 104, 344, 554 See also Military science; War(s) Atheism— 289, 495 Austria — 288-89, 432-33, 437

See also Austro-Prussian war, 1866 Austro-Prussian war, 1866— 140, 288 Autonomy, national—390

B

Bakuninism, Bakuninists —as a variety of petty-bourgeois

socialism —236, 336, 364, 426-27, 516 —as an anarchist trend — 364 —sectarian character — 489, 493 —general characteristics of Bakuninists' theoretical views — 191-93, 235-36, 238, 364, 406, 415, 424, 426-27, 489-91, 493, 507, 516 —negation of the political struggle of the proletariat —490-91, 493, 494, 516 —on revolution and revolutionaries — 490 —and national question — 336, 507, 516 —hostile attitude to scientific communism — 364, 390 —disorganising activity in the working-class movement — 240, 332-33, 335, 364, 404-05, 413-14, 424, 426-27, 430-31, 479-80, 488, 506-07; see also International Alliance of Socialist Democracy —blocs with reformists — 404-05 —adventurism and voluntarism of the Bakuninists' tactics — 336, 426-27, 489, 491 —in Belgium —424, 430-31 —in France —235, 240, 404, 424, 437, 480, 489, 491-93, 506 —and German working-class movement — 404, 405, 511 —in Russia —200, 363, 492-93, 506-08, 516, 518 —and Nechayevism — 530-31 —in Spain —235, 240, 404, 424, 426-27, 502 —in Switzerland — 198, 240, 364, 404, 414-15, 424, 426-27, 437, 479-80, 489, 491-94 See also Adventurism (political); International Working Men's Association (First International) Banks — I, 11, 113, 159-60, 223 Belgium— 45, 279, 353 Bui of exchange— 160, 238 Bourgeoisie—163, 343, 394, 474, 484 Bourgeoisie, English—163, 474 Bourgeoisie, German—343 Bourgeois political economy— 15, 41, 128, 378-81, 383 See also Abstraction, abstract and concrete; Malthusianism; Mercantile system; Physiocrats; Ricardianism; Smith, Adam, theory of; Vulgar bourgeois political economy

C

Capital

—general formula of capital and its contradictions — 39 —antithesis of capital and wage-labour — 252 —and process of circulation — 19 —its historically transient character— 490 —and landed property — 412 —accumulation of — 141 —circulating —21, 22, 31, 32, 36 —fixed —21, 22, 24-25, 33 —variable — 2 1 , 22, 25 —constant — 17-18, 21 —confusion of money and capital in bourgeois political economy — 39, 46 —confusion of income and capital in bourgeois political economy — 25 —harmony of capital and labour preached by bourgeois economists — 236, 385 —criticism of bourgeois theories of the origin of capital — 264 See also Commercial (merchant) capital; Exploitation of labour power by capital 'Capital' by K. Marx

—its method —21, 37, 68-69, 527-28 —dialectics in it —37, 210, 527-28, 543 See also Marxist political economy 'Capital', Volume One

—subject of its research — 39, 68-70, 328-29 —Engels on its contents and significance — 156 —distribution of and propaganda — 5, 9, 11-12, 33, 34-35, 37-40, 52-54, 70, 73, 74, 81, 84, 98-99, 102-03, 123, 130, 138, 141 —distribution of among workers — 13, 58-59, 69, 73, 75, 97-98, 103, 184, 213-14 —its significance for the working class — 130 —comments in bourgeois and petty-bourgeois circles — 55, 56, 58-59, 67-69, 86, 213-14, 259-60, 263, 525, 527-28 —first Russian edition — 121, 123-26, 130, 149 —authorised French edition — 243, 276, 359, 397, 445 —second German edition — 36, 99, 527, 528, 529 —English edition — 97 'Capital', Volume Two

—its history — 119, 123, 233, 234, 528 —subject of its research — 21, 28 'Capital', Volume Three

—its history — 119, 123, 232, 234, 445 —subject of its research — 16-18, 21-25, 30, 59, 160, 412, 528 'Capital', Volume Four

—subject of its research — 77 Capitalist— 23, 24, 352, 385, 397, 474 Capitalist mode of production—382

— Marx and Engels on its analysis — 542 See also Society, bourgeois Categories— 21, 22, 68, 175 Catholicism—4, 354

See also Religion Cattle-breeding—474, 484 Causality—17, 24, 183, 191 Celts

—gens, community — 512, 515-18 Chartism, Chartist movement—133, 394 Chemistry— 33, 57, 162, 243 China—181, 395 Church— 4, 165 Civilization— 385 Class(es)—25, 69, 236, 252, 490

See also Bourgeoisie; Class struggle; Peasants (farmers); Petty bourgeoisie;

Working Class Class struggle— 236, 252, 394, 447, 490-

91, 538 See also Class(es); Economic struggle of

workers; Political struggle; Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Working-class movement Clergy, the— 246, 354 Colonies, colonial policy—363, 385, 398,

445 See also Anti-colonial struggle; India;

Ireland Commercial (merchant) capital—24

See also Merchants Commodity, commodity production—68-69 Commune, Russian—55, 154, 434-35 Communism — 4, 68, 236, 365, 393, 475, 490, 538, 542 See also Revolution, proletarian, socialist Communism in France—260

See also Socialism, socialists in France Communists, communist movement—485 Community— 154, 385-86, 434-35 Competition— 23-24, 202, 474 Consciousness—69, 485 Conspiracy— 506

See also Bakuninism, Bakuninists; Fenians, Fenianism Contradictions— 68-69, 129, 236 Co-operation, co-operative movement—543

—productive and consumers' cooperatives of workers in bourgeois society — 395-96 —criticism of the views of state assistance to workers' co-operative societies in bourgeois society as a means of its transformation — 277-78 See also International Working Men's

Association (First International) — and co-operative movement Corruption—357', 409 Court, judicial system—531

See also Right

Credit— 25, 32, 39, 94, 160, 397

See also Banks Crete— 260 Customs Union (Germany, 1834-71) —

20, 280-81

D

Darwinism—141, 162, 173, 206, 217, 423, 482, 527 Denmark—394 Development— 21, 22, 24, 69, 121, 386,

449 Dialectics

—laws of —30 —dialectical method — 37, 528 —idealist, speculative — 29 —antithesis of materialist and idealist dialectics —29, 528 —in Marx's Capital — ST, 528, 542 — Marx's intention to write Dialectics— 29 —Hegelian —29, 482, 528 —Dietzgen's — 121, 152 — miscellaneous — 313, 516 See also Abstraction, abstract and concrete; Causality; Development; Essence and phenomenon; Hegel, Hegelianism; Method Differential rent— 380-82, 384-86 Distribution— 19, 23-25, 68

E

Economic categories—69 See also Categories Economic crises— 113, 181, 186-87, 277, 296 Economic laws— 21-24, 68-69, 527 See also Law(s) ; Law of tendency of the rate of profit to fall; Law of value Economic struggle of workers—538 See also Co-operation, co-operative movement; Factory legislation; Strikes, strike movement; Trade(s)-unions, trade-union movement Economy and politics—136, 175, 490 Emigration— 80-81, 343-44, 474 —bourgeois-democratic, petty-bourgeois— 390 — from Ireland to England — 474-75 —Chinese —343-44 —German in England after defeat of

the 1848-49 revolution — 178 —German in England from mid-1850s —64 —Russian —429-30 —French —62-63, 102, 143 Engels, Frederick —main biographical information — 252, 299, 541 —in 1845 — 518 —during the 1848-49 revolution —

420 -—in the First International period — 77, 80, 99-100, 167, 170, 185, 194, 219-21, 251, 253, 279-81, 299-303, 308, 312-13, 333, 345, 347-48, 356, 363, 388-89, 396, 400-02, 425-26, 431, 442-43, 451, 453, 455-56, 460-61, 482-83, 513, 518 —his studies in languages — 230, 247, 362-63, 410 See also Communists, communist movement; Marxist political economy; Natural science; Party, proletarian; Russia; Working-class movement England (Great Britain)— 143, 224, 278, 305, 308, 387-88, 392, 393, 403, 432, 475, 549

—cotton crisis ('cotton famine') in the

early 1860s — 179, 181-82, 186-87 —industrial and trade monopoly —

447, 475 —cotton trade — 395 —Irish landlords —363, 484 —trade with Asia (India, China) —

179, 395 —crises of 1857-58 and 1866-67 —

113, 181 —oligarchic character of government — 390, 474 —political parties of ruling classes

(general characteristics) — 163 —radicals — 252 —Habeas Corpus Act —391, 394 —law on workers' coalitions of 1824 — 554 —Poor Laws — 484 —electoral reform of 1867 — 163-64 —working-class movement — see Chartism, Chartist movement; Working-class movement in England (Great Britain)

—prerequisites and prospects of social

revolution — 390-91, 449, 473-75 —Established (Anglican) Church and

religion — 4, 163 —colonial policy in Ireland — 4, 357, 363, 376, 390, 432, 437, 456, 473-74, 549; see also Irish question, the —fanning up by the bourgeoisie of the antagonism between the English and Irish workers — 165, 474 —counter-revolutionary character of

its foreign policy — 447 —and Russia in the second half of

the 19th century — 391 —and US Civil War — 181, 182, 187 English bourgeois revolution of the 17th

century— 363, 391, 398 Enlightenment (18th century)—379 Essence and phenomenon—21, 23-25, 68 Estate, estates—434 Europe

—prospects of revolution — 313, 429 Exploitation of labour power by capital—

23 Expropriation—¥11', 343-44, 542

F

Factory, factory system—382

See also Machines (machine production) Factory legislation-^-8, 352 Farmers— 128, 383, 386, 399, 480-81

See also Lease, tenant Female labour— 156, 184 Fenians, Fenianism —character and specific features of

the movement — 399 —conspiratorial tactics of struggle —

387 —persecution and reprisals of Fenians by the British government — 548-49 —campaign of amnesty to convicted Fenians, character of the campaign — 224, 546-47 Feudalism— 364

See also Community; Landed property; Serfdom Feuerbach, Feuerbachianism—152-55, 354 Fourierism, Fourierists— 512 France— 159, 325, 428-29

—coup d'état of December 2, 1851 (the 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte) —232 —home situation, home policy — 104-06, 162, 164-65, 229-30, 294, 316-17, 325, 373, 391, 395, 409, 411, 419, 423, 442, 506-08, 512-14, 522-23, 554 —the press — 3, 199, 427 —working class — 204, 387, 427, 553-54 —aggravation of class contradictions — 232-33, 317, 391, 419, 423, 442, 522-23, 553-54 —growth of opposition moods in society — 159, 162, 199-201, 316-17 —growth of opposition moods in the army — 554 —plebiscite of 8 May, 1870 — 523 —impending revolution — 162, 164-65, 287, 373 French Revolution of the 18th century—

364

G

General Association of German Workers

—general characteristics — 88-90, 98, 105, 109-11, 115, 125-29, 132-35, 140, 242, 255, 304, 306-07, 322-24, 326, 358, 421 —sectarian character — 105, 108-11, 115, 118, 126-28, 140, 304, 313, 323, 404-05 —anti-democratic principle of its organisation — 115-18, 134-35, 255 —demoralisation of its members— 323, 331, 336 —attitude of its leaders to the Bismarck government and feudal reaction — 177, 307, 323 —revolutionary opposition in it— 231, 252-53, 264, 299, 304, 397, 421 —and International Working Men's Association — 75, 116, 249, 321-23, 326, 331, 405, 511-12 —congress in Hamburg (1868)—75, 89-90, 105, 108, 115-17, 133, 134 —congress in Barmen-Elberfeld (1869)—253, 255, 259, 264, 323

—General German Workers' Congress in Berlin (1868)—105, 108, 112, 116, 126, 132-34 See also German Social-Democracy; Lassalleanism, Lassalleans General rate of profit— 23-24 Geology— 242, 369, 383 —study by Marx and Engels of geology — 84

German People's Party (from 1865) —20, 102, 231, 242, 257, 299, 304, 307-08, 313, 324, 326, 364, 428, 479 German philosophy—121, 152-55, 159, 173, 249, 486, 512, 527-28 See also Feuerbach, Feuerbachianism; Hegel, Hegelianism German Social-Democracy —its name — 352 —conditions for the formation of the Social-Democratic workers' party— 313-14 —Congress in Eisenach (1869), programme — 332, 335, 339, 345, 350, 352, 544 —and International Working Men's Association — 332, 335, 350, 364, 365, 464, 470, 499, 511, 517, 544 —struggle against Lassalleanism— 339, 345, 367, 369, 382, 405, 428, 511, 521, 544 — participation in the election struggle — 499, 500 —parliamentary activity — 289, 343, 500 —and peasantry and agrarian question — 364, 365 See also General Association of German

Workers; International Working Men's Association in Germany; Union of German Workers' Associations German Workers' Educational Society in

London (1840-1918)— 40, 132, 166 Germany

—Germans — 115 —survivals of feudalism and their elimination — 364; see also Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany —industry — 26-29 —railways — 28-29 —speculation — 29, 276 —agriculture and agrarian relations — 364, 365 —foreign trade — 26-29 —bureaucracy, officialdom — 134 —clergy — 356 —political system — 289 — factory legislation — 343, 352 —bourgeois liberalism of the 1860s — 395 —democrats, democratic movement — 339 — prospects of revolution in the end of the 1860s — 126, 364, 429 —and Russia — 289 See also Emigration; Prussia; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany; Working-class movement in Germany Greece—258 Greek philosophy— 173

H

Hegel, Hegelianism —Hegel's philosophy — 123, 482, 509 —Hegel's dialectics — 31, 482, 528 — Phänomenologie des Geistes—263 —and religion — 482 —Prussian state — 509 —Hegelians — 246, 482 —and Marxism — 31, 123-24, 527-28 —miscellaneous — 39, 155, 276 Historiography—188, 195, 233, 244, 374, 388, 409, 415, 432-33, 438, 441-42 —formation and development of Marxist historiography — 80

I

Idealism— 490 See also Abstraction, abstract and concrete ; Dialectics ; German philosophy; Hegel, Hegelianism; Speculative philosophy India— 179, 181 Industrial reserve army—481 See also Pauperism International Alliance of Socialist Democracy — 190-93, 198, 201-02, 218, 235-37, 413-14, 424, 489-94 See also Bakuninism, Bakuninists; International Working Men's Association (First International); International Working Men's Association; Congresses and conferences

International solidarity of workers

—as expression of common interests of the proletariat from different countries — 89, 289, 485 —workers' solidarity in strike struggle — 8, 203-05, 350, 396, 404-05 —and work for peace, against wars — 285 See also International Working Men's Association (First International); Party, proletarian; Working-class movement; Strikes, strike movement International Working Men's Association and Austria-Hungary—75 International Working Men's Association

(First International) —236, 475-76, 486 —foundation of — 537 —first programme documents (Inaugural Address and Provisional Rules)—124-25, 221, 236, 486 —struggle for class proletarian character of — 62-63, 78, 102, 135, 139, 142-43, 173-74, 375-78, 404, 520 —struggle for international solidarity and united actions of the working class in all countries — 236, 485 —emancipation of workers as its aim — 235-36 —socialist principles in its programme — 3, 101, 364, 369, 393, 538; see also International Working Men's Association. Congresses and conferences —programme demand for attain-ment of political power by the working class and creation of a classless society — 236, 491 —and political struggle of the working class — 474-76, 485, 490-91, 538 —question of the connection between economic and political struggle of the proletariat — 350, 490-91, 538 —and trade organisations — 91, 93, 134, 298, 335, 346, 350, 393, 403 —and strikes — 8, 11, 62, 82, 101, 197, 201-02, 254, 274, 275, 277, 279, 283, 322, 342, 350, 396, 404, 553-54 —struggle for limitation of the working day and higher wages — 8 —and statistical surveys of the condition of the working class — 405, 538 —and co-operative movement — 396-97, 538 —and agrarian question, peasantry and agricultural proletariat — 364, 375, 393, 538 —and national question — 390-91, 398, 449, 473-76 —and struggle for the independence of Ireland — 364-65, 371, 375-77, 386-94, 397-98, 404, 441, 445, 447, 458, 472-76, 497 —struggle against Bonapartism — 523 —struggle for independent stand of

proletariat in foreign policy, against wars of conquest — 94, 101-02, 279, 283 —struggle against Mazzinists and Mazzinism — 240 —struggle against Proudhonists and

Proudhonism — 94, 95, 100-02, 218 — struggle against Lassalleans and Lassalleanism — 75, 112, 115-18, 125, 127-28, 131-35, 172, 249, 304, 313, 322-23, 326, 331, 511 — struggle against reformism — 3, 161, 253, 385-88, 392-93, 404, 437, 497 —struggle against Bakuninists and Bakuninism — 190-93, 201-02, 218, 235-37, 240, 332-34, 404-06, 413-415, 430-31, 436, 451, 462, 479-81, 488-94, 506 —and women's question — 131, 184 —and religion — 495 —and organisational principles of the Association (general characteristics)—145, 236, 332, 404-05, 459, 464 —Rules and Regulations — 134, 236, 332, 464 —General Council, its status, composition and activity — 79-80, 82, 92, 97, 101-02, 106, 128, 135, 145, 148, 161, 166, 184, 190, 198, 213, 218, 221, 275, 332, 340, 364, 375-76, 386-87, 392-93, 403-04, 412-14, 437, 459, 465, 471-73, 475, 478, 480, 491, 497, 504, 506, 538 —Subcommittee, Executive Committee — 143, 350, 404, 412, 437, 471

—local sections, federations, federal councils, national organisations— 332, 405 —membership — 459 —funds — 91-92, 327, 341, 405, 464, 465 —Marx's and Engels' role in founding the International and its activities — 79-82, 94, 96-98, 124-25, 161, 198, 214-15, 217-21, 269, 275, 338, 346-47, 406, 412-15, 437, 451, 471-76, 494, 511-13, 537-38 —Marx as Corresponding Secretary pro tern for Belgium — 405, 406, 411-14, 431, 441, 444 —Marx as Corresponding Secretary for Germany — 58-59, 75-76, 97-98, 112, 116-18, 124-28, 149, 218, 239, 249, 258, 304, 313, 322-23, 332, 464, 470 — Marx as Corresponding Secretary fot the Netherlands — 462-65 — Marx as Corresponding Secretary for Russia — 430, 462, 468, 480, 493 — Marx as Corresponding Secretary for German-language sections in the USA — 58-59, 96-97, 145, 148-49, 471-76 —its press — 392-93, 399, 404-05, 417-18, 497 —and the bourgeois press — 36, 96,

504, 558 —and ruling classes, and police persecution — 43, 62, 505, 508, 558-59 See also International Working Men's Association. Congresses and conferences; International Working Men's Association (in different countries) International Working Men's Association. Congresses and conferences — functions and tasks of general congresses — 236 —Geneva Congress (1866)—95, 125, 221, 538 — Lausanne Congress (1867)—95, 258 —Brussels Congress (1868)—43, 91-102, 106-07, 113, 131, 174, 202, 221, 258, 326, 404 —Basle Congress (1869)—304, 324, 338, 340, 346, 355, 364, 369, 393, 399, 405, 414, 459, 492, 543 — Mainz Congress (1870)—511, 513, 515, 517, 523, 537, 538 International Working Men's Association in Austria—75, 350 International Working Men's Association in Belgium— 43, 62, 101, 198, 273, 405, 411-15, 424, 430, 444, 538 International Working Men's Association in England— 58, 128, 130, 161, 166, 195, 245, 346, 364-65, 386-88, 392-93, 395, 400, 404, 418, 437, 471-76, 497, 504-05 International Working Men's Association in France— 62, 91, 94, 95, 100-02, 294, 342, 414, 437, 444, 486, 489-90, 497, 504-05, 506, 524, 525, 536-37, 553-54 International Working Men's Association in Germany— 26, 36, 75-76, 79, 91, 101, 110, 115-18, 127-28, 172, 214-15, 218, 230, 249, 259, 260, 304, 307, 308, 313-14, 326, 331, 332, 350, 364, 365, 464, 470, 498-99, 511, 517, 543-44 International Working Men's Association in Italy— 91, 350 International Working Men's Association in the Netherlands—462-65 International Working Men's Association in Russia—462, 468 International Working Men's Association in Spain— 350, 497 International Working Men's Association in Switzerland— 94, 253, 340, 404-05, 412-15, 424, 430, 437, 463, 479-80, 488, 489, 490, 491, 493, 494 International Working Men's Association in the USA—58, 61, 96-97, 145, 148-49, 276, 377, 472 Inventions— 481 Ireland— 357, 363, 394, 409 —natural conditions — 483 —common property, clans — 388, 398, 483 —before British conquest in the 12th

cent.—410 —ancient laws — 409, 416, 509-16 —British conquest — 361, 398, 409,

415 —and English bourgeois revolution (17th cent.)—363, 391, 398

—Anglo-Irish Union of 1801 — 390, 398, 473 —as British colony and citadel of British landlordism — 4, 363, 375, 386, 390, 473-74 —system of landlordism in Ireland — 4, 357, 363, 390, 473-74, 484 —its administration by British ruling classes, their methods — 357, 363, 391 —agrarian (tenant) relations — 128, 353-57, 388, 480-81, 484 —agrarian revolution in mid-19th century, concentration of lease-holding, eviction of tenants from land — 474, 481, 484 —agrarian legislation of the British government for Ireland, its class character — 432, 437, 456 —and prospect of radical solution of agrarian question — 4, 390, 473-74 —trade — 357, 474 —relative overpopulation — 356 —mass emigration as a result of colonial oppression — 473-75, 480-81 —and class struggle — 394, 398, 399 —interconnection between national liberation and economic struggle (the land question as social basis of the national question)—4, 390, 474 —uprising of the United Irishmen (1798) —368, 398-99 —liberal-bourgeois national movement — 371, 392, 394-95, 399, 549 — Irish deputies in the British Parliament — 300, 297, 391 —-Orange camp — 549 — and English state Church, persecution of Catholics — 4, 165 —religious antagonism, its social character — 4, 549 —Catholic Church, clergy — 399, 549 —separation of Church from the State — 549 — Ulster — 4, 484 See also Fenians, Fenianism; Irish question, the; Peasants (farmers); Working class, Irish; Working-class movement in Ireland Irish question, the — 4, 363, 390, 398, 447, 473-76 See also International Working Men's Association (First International) Italy— 91

L

Labour— 45, 68, 329, 352

See also Exploitation of labour power by

capital; Female labour; Productivity of labour (productive power); Working day Land and Labour League (England, 1869) —364, 375, 412 Landed property

—the free circulation of land as a condition of its concentration and centralisation in the hands of capitalists — 409, 412 —severing of the ties of a landowner with land under capitalism — 385 —and price of land — 32, 380-81, 386 —concentration of — 474 —and mortgage — 365 —ownership of land in India — 434-35 —ownership in a Celt commune— 388, 483; see also Primaeval Germanic communal system —feudal — 364, 434 —of Church — 4 —and usury — 481 —expropriation of communal and peasant landownership as a prere-quisite of capitalist mode of production — 277 —elimination and limitation of feudal landownership as a result of bourgeois revolution — 412, 484 —peasant — 365 —historical necessity of the abolition of private property on land — 393 —nationalisation of land as a demand of working class and its party — 364, 365, 538 —abolition of private landownership as a result of proletarian revolution — 364, 490 See also Feudalism; Landowner; Lease,

tenant; Parcelling of land; Rent Landowner — IS, 381, 385, 473-74 Land Tenure Reform Association (England, 1869)—412

Language

—English — 230, 247 —Danish — 253 —Dutch — 247 —Frisian — 247, 257 — Irish — 410, 501, 514, 517-18 —Russian — 186, 362-63 —Maloross —186 Lassalleanism, Lassalleans—118, 132-35,

259-60, 336 —Lassalle and his role in the German working-class movement — 87-88, 132-35, 259-60, 331, 522, 524 —criticism of Lassalle's theoretical views — 188, 213, 259-60, 261, 263, 352 —criticism of theoretical statements of Lassalleans after his death — 72, 75, 89-90, 98, 105-06, 112, 115-17, 119-20, 127-28, 131, 133-35, 274, 328, 367, 369 —dogmatic and sectarian nature of movement — 105-06, 108-12, 115-16, 118, 125, 127-28, 133-35, 140, 304, 313, 323 —and demand of universal suffrage — 133 —demand of state credit for productive associations — 105, 133, 260, 328 —the 'iron law of wages'—544 —thesis on 'one single reactionary mass'—140 —stance towards the Prussian government and feudal reaction— 133, 308, 323 —on class struggle and ways of gaining political power by the working class — 188 —sectarian stance towards trade-union and strike movements — 105, 112, 115-20, 127, 133-36, 140, 172, 176, 255, 260 —and working-class movement— 133, 255 —criticism of Lassalle's personality cult — 88, 115, 135, 420 See also General Association of German Workers; German Social-Democracy; International Working Men's Association (First International); Union of German Workers' Associations Law of conservation and transformation of

energy— 246 Law of tendency of the rate of profit to fall

—its interpretation by Marx and its definition — 24 Law of value—24, 68-69 Law(s)

—of nature — 67 —of biology — 217, 527 —of society as natural laws — 67 —of population, criticism of Malthus' law of population — 527 —of history — 191, 527 See also Economic laws League of Peace and Freedom (1867)—

202, 489 Lease, tenant—128, 365, 386, 456, 480-

81, 484 See also Expropriation; Ireland Literature

—style of — 186 —English — 292, 297, 344, 466, 507, 509, 512, 541, 546 —French — 131, 174, 189, 263, 265, 297-98, 509 —German — 263, 295, 331, 466, 489, 528, 541 —Old Norse — 295 —Persian — 336 —Spanish — 156 See also Poetry

M

Machiavellianism—463 Machines (machine production)—31-33 —and growth of the industrial reserve army — 480-81 See also Inventions Malthusianism— 217, 383, 527 Marxist political economy (general characteristics)—21-25, 39, 68-69 See also 'Capital' by K. Marx; 'Capital', Volume One; 'Capital', Volume Two; 'Capital', Volume Three; 'Capital', Volume Four Marx, Karl —biographical information —123-25 — Engels on Marx's role in the international working-class movement — 81 —before 1844 — 123 —during the 1848-49 revolution —

76, 124; see also Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany —in 1849-63 — 124-25 —in the First International (1864-70)—7-8, 16, 40, 75-76, 78, 89-90, 124-25, 127-28, 130, 154, 166, 189, 211, 214, 225, 243, 262-63, 297, 359-60, 445-49, 460, 528; see also International Working Men's Association (First International) See also 'Capital' by K. Marx; Communism; German Workers' Educational Society in London; Marxist political economy; Party, proletarian; Russia; Working-class movement Materialism—183, 246 See also Dialectics; Feuerbach, Feuer-

bachianism; Greek philosophy Mazzinism, Mazzinists— 240 Medicine—314 Mercantile system—67 Merchants—19, 24

See also Commercial (merchant) capital Method

—dialectical — 37, 528 —in Capital by Marx — 21, 37, 68-69, 210, 527-28 See also Dialectics Military science

—study by Marx and Engels of the military history and military-theoretical problems — 283, 402-05 Money

—as a measure of value — 16-18 —its conversion into capital — 32, 33, 39 —and wages —16-18 —on its analysis in Marx's A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy—210 —on its analysis in Marx's Capital— 39 —bourgeois theories on the origin and essence of money — 39, 224, 385 See also Bill of exchange Monopolies

—monopolisation of land — 24, 381 —in branches of industry — 28 See also England (Great Britain) Music—292, 507 See also Opera N

Napoleonic wars—437 Nation— 429 See also Nationality; National question Nationalisation of land—364, 365, 393, 538 Nationality— 332, 390-91, 429, 434 National Labour Union of the United States (1866)—97, 148, 184, 279, 283, 351 National Liberals (Germany, from 1866)—230, 477 National movement— 390, 394, 398-99, 475 See also Fenians, Fenianism; Irish question, the National question— 3-4, 363, 375-76, 390-91, 394, 398, 409, 429-30, 444, 473-75 See also Anti-colonial struggle; Colonies, colonial policy; International Working Men's Association (First International); Irish question, the; National movement; Polish question, the; Working-class movement National Reform League (England, from 1849)—334 Natural science—13, 174, 183, 246, 369 — Marx's and Engels' studies in natural science — 13 See also Chemistry; Geology Nature —natural laws and society — 68 Necessity and chance—232 Needs — 68 North German Confederation (1867-71)— 288

O

Obrok—see Peasant services Omladina (political organisation of the

Serbian Liberal bourgeoisie, 1866-72)—468 Opera— 292 Orangeism (in Ireland)—549

P

Pan-Slavism— 219, 336 Parcelling of land— 412, 484 See also Peasants (farmers) Parliament

—use of bourgeois parliament by representatives of the working class — 128, 289, 343, 499 See also Corruption; Parliament, British; Suffrage Parliament, British—161 See also England (Great Britain) Party of Progress in Germany (1861-

1884)—252 Party, proletarian—103, 134, 289, 313, 343, 354, 364-65, 498 See also Communists, communist movement Pauperism—434, 481 Peasant services

—the obrok (rent) to the landowner — 434 Peasants (farmers)—156, 364, 365, 394

—English — 481, 484 —French — 434 —German — 365; see also Germany — Irish, tenant movements in Ireland — 128, 394, 549; see also Emigration ; Ireland —Russian, peasant movements in Russia — 154, 429, 434-35; see also Commune, Russian; Russia —Swiss — 209-10 Petty bourgeoisie—114, 490

See also Peasants (farmers) Petty bourgeoisie, English—114 Philosophy—123-24, 173 See also Dialectics; German philosophy;

Greek philosophy ; Idealism ; Materialism Physiocrats—39, 67 Physiology— 263-64 Poetry

—Dutch — 295 —German — 323, 373 — Spanish —156 See also Literature Polish question, the—437-38, 442 Political economy—36, 68-69, 128

See also Emigration; Industrial reserve

army ; Malthusianism Positivism (Comtism)—242, 244, 246, 261, 293, 459-60 Prevision, forecast

—forecast of economic crises — 186-87, 296 —forecasts by Marx and Engels of different social, political, and historical phenomena and events— 161 —prevision of inevitable war conflicts between capitalist powers, of nature and consequences of wars — 36 — forecasts about development of revolutionary movement and revolution — 233, 429-30, 450 — Marxist methodology of scientific prevision of communist society— 68-69 Price

—influence of fluctuations of on monetary circulation —16-18 —and wage(s)—480-81 —influence of the price of raw materials on die rate of profit — 23 —price of production — 24 —corn prices — 385 —cotton price — 181, 254, 395 —bourgeois economists on price-formation — 25, 45-46 Price (value) of land—32, 380-81, 386 Primaeval Germanic communal system—

154, 385-86, 434-35 Private property — 343-44, 364, 393, 490,

542 Production costs— 21-22, 24, 382 Productive power—24 Productivity of labour (productive power)—17-18 Profit —analysis and study of — 21-25 —in classical bourgeois political economy — 45-46, 385 —apologetic interpretation of by bourgeois political economy — 23-25 See also Rate of profit; Rent; Surplus value Progress—184

See also Development Protestantism— 4 See also Church

Proudhonism, Proudhonists—94, 95, 100-02, 133, 186, 216, 225, 233, 364, 429 Prussia —power of the military, militarism—

366 —the police — 221 —and French Revolution and Napoleonic wars — 432-33, 437 —in 1850s-70s — 30, 288-90 — finances, budget, taxes — 395 —political system — 133, 289 —legislation — 140, 397 —and Austria — 288-89, 432-33, 437-38 —and Germany — 125, 288-89, 377 —and Poland, Poland's oppression

by — 437-38 —and Russia — 327, 433, 438 —and Spain — 109, 131 See also Army—Prussian; German Social-Democracy; Germany; Working-class movement in Germany

R

Radicals—435 Railways— 29, 438 Rate of profit—16-18, 21-23, 30-31, 383,

385 See also Profit Rate of surplus value—16-18, 22-23, 28-29 See also Exploitation of labour power by

capital Reality— 68, 69, 128, 236 Reformism, struggle with—3, 253, 336

See also International Working Men's Association (First International); Lassalleanism, Lassalleans; Proudhonism, Proudhonists Reform League (England, 1865)—161,

244-45 Religion — 4, 133, 246 See also Atheism; Catholicism; Church; Clergy, the; Protestantism Rent

—and law of value — 24 —and conditions of its formation— 370, 378-86 —as a form of additional profit — 25 —as economic form of realisation of private property on land — 24, 381 —as a form of landowners' income—

381 —methods of calculation — 128 —historical character — 383 —and differences in the location and

fertility between land tracts — 378-83, 385-86 —and improvements in agriculture—

128, 381 —and interest on capital invested in

land — 128, 380, 383, 386 —and price of production — 24 —and its influence on value and

prices of agricultural products—

385 —as a subject of study by Marx — 24,

61 —in Proudhonist theory — 383 —in theories of various vulgar economists — 25, 128, 370, 378-86 See also Differential rent ; Landed property; Nationalisation of land; Price (value) of land; Ricardianism; Smith, Adam, theory of Reproduction— 381-82

—on its study in Capital—21 Republican movement—444 Revolution— 429, 490 Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany—289,

420 Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states—

109 Revolution, proletarian, socialist—364, 474, 475, 490 See also Communism; International solidarity of workers; Revolution, social Revolution, social—4, 450, 490 Ricardianism— 69, 224, 263, 370, 378-81, 383, 385 Right— 490

See also Court, judicial system; Serfdom; Suffrage Russia (Russian Empire) —reform of 1861 (its causes and character)—426, 429-30 —after 1861 — 426 —development of capitalism — 56 —railways, railway construction— 261, 438 —agrarian relations, agriculture— 426, 434 — foreign trade — 375, 439 — finances — 438-39

—internal and foreign loans — 261 —the students, youth — 430, 499-500 —science, literature, culture — 423-24, 429-30, 450, 545 —revolutionary and radical thinking in the 19th century — 423-24, 430, 450 —Marx and Engels about Chernyshevsky — 531 —beginning of dissemination of Marxism — 121, 126, 130, 147 —persecution of revolutionary movement by tsarism, political trials— 480, 531 —development of revolutionary situation — 429-30, 433, 450 —international significance of the Russian revolution — 450 —study of Russian by Marx and

Engels — 362-63, 389-90, 410, 450, 528, 551 —Marx and Engels on their study of Russian literature on economic and social relations in Russia — 55, 154, 389-90, 419, 423-24, 426, 429-30, 434, 450, 527 —links of Marx and Engels with Russian revolutionaries — 154, 172, 186, 189, 190, 202, 362-64, 462, 468, 528, 530-31 —links of Marx and Engels with Russian personalities in science and culture — 120, 121, 123-25, 130, 360, 362, 389-90 —foreign policy and diplomacy before the 19th century — 433, 436, 438, 440 —foreign policy and diplomacy in 1850s-60s — 64, 261, 435 —and Asia — 373 —and Austria — 433, 438 —and Prussia — 433, 438

S

Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonists—260, 490 Schiller Institute, the (Manchester)—46,

64, 100, 118 Science— 36, 68-69, 128, 213-14, 236

See also Natural science; Philosophy; Political economy Secret societies—134 Sectarianism—105, 112, 115-16, 133-34, 313, 485, 489-90 See also Bakuninism, Bakuninists; Lassal-

leanism, Lassalleans Serfdom— 434

See also Feudalism Smith, Adam, theory of—25, 45-46 Socialism in Germany (theories and trends) —213 Socialism, socialists in France—233, 428-29 See also Proudhonism, Proudhonists; Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonists Socialism (theories and trends)—105,

132-33, 260, 383 Socialist movement in France—232-33, 546 See also International Working Men's

Association in France; Proudhonism, Proudhonists; Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonists; Socialism, socialists in France;

Working-class movement in France Société du dix Décembre—504, 523 Society— 24-25, 136, 149, 175, 217, 527 Society, bourgeois— 24-25, 217, 383

See also Capitalist mode of production ;

Civilisation ; Corruption ; Exploitation of labour power by capital; Pauperism; Productive power; State, the Society of Arts and Trades (England)—

287, 297, 372 Sources, historical—390, 398 Spain—137, 240 —fifth Spanish revolution (1868-74)—108, 109, 113, 115, 119, 131, 137 —and France — 109, 131 —and Prussia — 108, 109, 115, 119, 131 Speculation (econ.)—7, 11, 388 Speculative philosophy—123 State, the — 4, 133, 154, 175, 424, 491 Statistics—179, 181-82, 186-87, 189, 277, 480-81, 484-85 Stock Exchange—7 Strikes, strike movement—275-76

—as a form of proletarian class struggle — 350 See also International Working Men's Association (First International); Working-class movement Suffrage— 133, 499 Surplus value

—elaboration of the theory by Marx — 21-25 —natural basis of — 385 —interpretation of it by vulgar bourgeois economists — 385, 483 See also Rate of surplus value; Rent; Ricardianism ; Profit Switzerland— 209, 336, 343, 484-85

T

Tartars— 429 Taxes, taxation—154, 429, 434 Theory and practice— 24, 36, 160, 210,

235-36 Trade(s) unions (coalitions) in Germany— 115-17, 125, 134, 140, 335 Trade(s) unions in Britain—260 —repeal of the Combination Laws

(1824)—554 —and political struggle of workers—

403 —graft of reformist trade-union leaders by the bourgeoisie — 256, 395 —the London Trades' Council — 114,

135 —and International Working Men's

Association — 403 See also Working-class movement in England (Great Britain) Trade(s) unions, trade-union movement— 115-16, 134-35, 260 See also Economic struggle of workers; International Working Men's Association (First International); Trade(s) unions (coalitions) in Germany; Trade(s) unions in Britain 'True' Socialism—262

U

Union of German Workers' Associations —the Nuremberg Congress (1868) — 73, 75, 91, 102, 110-11, 115, 118, 249, 304 —participation in elections, Parliamentary activities — 230, 255, 274, 315 —and International Working Men's Association —75-76, 91, 102, 110-11, 115-17, 135, 172, 230, 249, 259, 260, 304, 307-08, 313, 326, 331, 332, 335, 405 —struggle with Lassalleanism — 73, 75-76, 109, 110, 115-17, 127-28, 131-33, 135, 172, 175, 176, 230-31, 242, 249, 250, 253-57, 263, 264, 299-300, 304, 306-07, 313, 323-26, 328, 331, 339, 345 United States of America

—territory, population — 384 —immigration, its role — 225-26, 384, 386 —agriculture, farming, landownership, agrarian relations— 181, 186-87, 384, 386 —foreign policy — 435 —and Britain — 225-26, 435 —and Russia — 435 Urquhartism, Urquhartites—159, 165-66,

345 US Civil War, 1861-65—225 Usury, usurers—481