Subject Index

A

Abstraction—137, 382, 387, 407, 409 Abstract labour— 392, 407, 514 Accumulation of capital—408-09, 514 See also Banks; Capital; Shares, joint-stock companies Agricultural chemistry— 227', 232, 507, 510, 559 Agricultural proletariat—366 Agriculture—137, 227, 461, 486, 507, 547-48, 559 Anarchy of capitalist production—137-38,

514-15 Anthropology— 24 Aristocracy, nobility— 68, 73, 77, 79, 88,

104, 207, 223, 292-93, 302, 474 Armaments, weapons—40, 124, 291, 293-

94, 303, 524 A rmy— 200, 203

— its transformation after the victory of the proletariat — 523-24 — conscription — 339-40 See also Armaments, weapons; Military

art; Military science; War(s) Army, Austrian—255 Army, British—124 Army, French—124, 208, 215, 307, 339-

40, 524 Army, Prussian— 8-9, 40, 124, 256, 292-

93, 307 Astronomy— 184-87 Atheism— 22, 54 Atom— 212, 382

Australia— 387, 487 Austria— 299-300, 503, 512

— foreign policy and diplomacy— 274 — prospects of revolution — 503 — and Britain — 274 — and France — 291, 460, 506, 537 — and Hungary — 226, 297 — and Poland — 38 — and Prussia — 84-85, 182 — and Russia — 282, 293, 299-300, 374 — and Slav peoples — 297, 298 See also Austria-Hungary; Austro-Italo-French war, 1859; Austro-Prussian war,

1866 Austria-Hungary (from 1867)—374, 536 Austro-Italo-French war, 1859—344-45, 374 Austro-Prussian war, 1866—47, 255-56,

264-65, 269, 270, 278, 281, 290, 298, 299-300, 365 — forces of the belligerents — 255-56, 276-77, 279, 285 — course of military operations— 255-56, 276-77, 288, 294-95, 333 — battle of Sadowa (Königgrätz)— 288 — Peace of Prague — 345 — and Austria — 264-65, 299-300 — and Britain — 45, 264, 267, 296, 374 — and France — 45, 256, 258, 263, 265, 268, 270, 276, 280, 282, 288, 290, 291-95, 300, 302, 306-07, 345 — and Germany — 276, 284-85, 288, 292-95, 296-97, 298, 300-03, 306-07, 333, 340, 345, 365 — and Italy — 258, 263, 276, 278, 282, 288, 291 — and Prussia — 255-57, 263, 264, 269, 275-76, 278-79, 285, 288, 292, 293, 296-99, 301-03, 372 — and Russia — 256-57, 258, 263, 264, 267, 274, 276, 282, 290, 293, 299, 352 — and the international working-class movement — 45, 300 See also International Working Men's Association (First International)— struggle for an independent stand to be taken by the proletariat in foreign policy, against wars of conquest

B

Banks— 63, 141, 185-86, 200, 203, 208,

281, 284, 285, 472 Bonapartism— 266, 277, 334, 339-40,

425-26 See also Prussia—Bonapartism of the ruling élite; Second Empire in France Book-keeping—247', 248, 260, 277, 388-

89, 409-13, 533 Bourgeoisie— 71, 103, 108, 110, 144, 266-67, 300, 334, 339-40 Bourgeoisie, Austrian—536 Bourgeoisie, British— 21, 55, 71, 92-93,

109-10, 114, 150, 154, 158, 364 Bourgeoisie, French— 71, 302, 340 Bourgeoisie, German— 32, 103, 266-67,

348-49, 372 Bourgeoisie, Prussian— 96, 292-93, 297-

98 Bourgeois political economy—138, 185-86, 384, 388-89, 514 See also Classical bourgeois political

economy; Malthusianism; Ricardo, Ricardianism; Vulgar bourgeois political economy Brussels Congress of the International Working Men's Association (1868)

(preparations for it)—423-24, 425, 428

C Capital

— analysis of the process of its production — 328, 358, 366-67 — bourgeois definitions of — 483, 543 — confusion of money and capital in bourgeois political economy— 185-86, 543 See also Accumulation of capital; Banks; 'Capital' by Karl Marx; Capitalist mode of production; Classical bourgeois political economy; Depreciation of fixed capital; Money; Profit; Shares, joint-stock companies; Surplus-value; Vulgar bourgeois political economy; Wage labour 'Capital' by Karl Marx

— its significance for the international working-class movement — 4, 312, 358, 366-67, 451, 489 — its method — 173, 232, 382-83,

384, 390-91, 464, 493, 533 — A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy— 328, 382 — third version of the manuscript of Capital (Economic Manuscript of 1863-65)—4, 46, 159, 162-63, 168, 173, 174-75, 178, 227-28 — plans of the publication of Capital— 46, 219, 312, 328, 358, 366-67, 368, 371, 390-91 — contract on the publication of Capital—175, 219, 339, 343, 357, 362, 371 — preparation of the first German edition of Volume One of Capital for the press — 219, 221, 223-24, 227-28, 262-63, 278, 282, 286, 291, 312, 328, 332, 338-39, 343-44, 350-51, 357, 363, 366, 565, 573-74, 576 — proofs of the first German edition of Volume One — 173, 359-60, 363, 366, 371, 378, 380, 382-83, 385, 386-87, 390, 391-92, 396, 400, 402, 405-07, 417, 419-20, 427, 432 — Marx on Engels' assistance in the

27-1196 preparation of Capital—402, 405 — Marx on the contents and significance of Volume One — 312, 328, 358, 383-84, 390-94, 407, 463-64, 487, 490, 493-95, 514-15 — Engels on the contents and significance of Volume One — 381, 386-89, 399, 402, 405-06, 417, 423 — its spread and propaganda — 363, 426-27, 436, 439, 443, 445, 455-58, 461-62, 464-67, 471, 475, 477, 491, 493-95, 498, 499, 500, 503, 510, 511-13, 515, 516, 518, 527, 532-33, 536, 539, 548, 560 — its distribution among workers— 358-59, 368, 415, 423, 427, 428, 441, 442, 447, 451, 467, 483, 488, 489-90, 498, 515, 533, 541, 546, 579 — comments on it in the bourgeois and petty-bourgeois strata — 467-68, 488, 490, 497, 511, 512, 527, 536, 537 — preparation of the French edition — 368, 483, 488, 532, 533 — preparation of the English edition — 173, 386-87, 394, 406, 436, 455 — distribution of the German edition — 417, 436, 439, 450, 472-73, 477, 488, 542 — Marx and Engels on the subsequent volumes of Capital—343, 357, 368, 371, 390, 402, 408, 418, 436, 442, 514-15, 544 — Marx on the Theories of Surplus-Value as an historical part of Capital—173, 328, 357, 367, 368 See also Dialectics; Engels, Frederick; Marx, Karl Capitalist— 384-85, 388, 391 See also Bourgeoisie; Capital; Exploitation of labour power by capital Capitalist mode of production—136-38, 494 See also Banks; Capital; Capitalist; Crises—economic; Foreign (world) trade; Money; Profit; Surplus-value; Unemployment; Wage labour Cause and effect—138 Chartism—15, 16, 253 Chauvinism—281

Chemistry— 254, 382-83, 387-88, 495,

560 See also Agricultural chemistry Child labour— 200, 203, 224, 296, 383-84 China—10, 345, 349 Church— 48, 338, 458, 484 Class(es)— 54-55, 137, 334

See also Aristocracy, nobility; Bourgeoisie; Working class Classical bourgeois political economy—

136-38, 402, 407 — analysis of the commodity and its value — 384, 514-15 — fundamental difference of Marx's theory from the theories of his predecessors — 386-88, 402, 406-07, 457, 514-15 See also 'Capital' by Karl Marx; Ricardo, Ricardianism; Vulgar bourgeois political economy Class struggle— 95-97, 326, 327 Coalitions— 71, 89-90, 93-94, 95, 103-05 See also Trade unions; Trade unions in Britain Commodity

— its analysis in Volume One of Capital— 328-29, 381-82, 384, 387, 390-93, 396, 488, 514 — dual character of the labour em-bodied in it — 407, 514 — critique of the views of Proudhon and Proudhonists — 488 See also Money; Price, formation of prices; Production costs; Value; Wages Common ownership—515 Commune, community—547, 549, 557-58 See also Land ownership; Society; Trib-al system Communism (socio-economic formation)—137, 417, 494 Communists, communist movement—112, 126, 221, 445, 515, 524 Compromise— 81, 82, 83, 103, 108, 171 Concrete labour— 392, 407, 514 Consumption—136-38, 494 Co-operation (capitalist)—27, 127-28

— as a subject of research in Volume One of Marx's Capital—406, 490, 494 Co-operation, the co-operative movement— 15, 459, 494 — question of co-operative labour and co-operative production in the International Working Men's Association — 200, 203 — criticism of Lassalle's views on workers' co-operative associations — 90, 95-96, 124, 527 — criticism of bourgeois theories on co-operatives — 15 Corn Laws (England)—486 Cosmogony—184-85, 186-87 Cotton, cotton-growing—9-11, 62, 481

— cotton famine (1861-64) in Britain — 10, 11, 27, 53-54, 62, 113, 115, 117, 140-42, 279 — movement in the prices of cotton in Britain — 9-11, 62, 141-42, 199, 278, 481 Cotton (textile) industry— 9-11, 62, 142,

199, 345, 349, 431 Credit— 82, 141, 200, 203, 533, 543 Crimean war, 1853-56 — 21, 122, 124, 349, 352 Crises—19, 215, 228

— economic — 6, 228, 278-79, 281, 345, 349, 460 — commercial — 9, 11, 47, 137, 215, 345 — monetary — 10, 278, 279 — political — 47, 226, 460 See also Prevision, forecasting

D

Danish war, 1864 — 7-8, 121, 267 See also Schleswig-Holstein, Schleswig-Holstein question Darwinism—127, 304-05, 322-23, 494, 558-59 Denmark—7-8 Depreciation of fixed capital—388, 408-13 See also Fixed capital; Machines Dialectics

— in Marx's Capital—173, 382, 385, 390, 464, 493, 513, 533-34 — dialectical structure of Marx's Capital—173, 232 — dialectical method — 390, 464 — laws of dialectics — 385

— dialectics of nature and natural science — 138, 382, 385 See also Hegel, Hegelianism Differential and integral calculus—159,

209-10 Discoveries—185, 232, 385, 560 Division of labour—494

E

Economic crises—see Crises—economic Economic laws—136-38, 514-15 Economic theory of Marxism—see 'Capital' by Karl Marx; Marxist political economy Emigration—110, 372 Emigration, political

— petty-bourgeois — 120 — French — 287 — German in Britain — 27, 31-38, 41-42, 44-45, 151, 163, 164, 229-30 — German in Switzerland — 190, 215, 283, 284 — German in the USA — 37, 40, 45, 57 — Italian — 16, 110, 140, 150, 162, 238-39, 242-44 — Polish — 18, 73, 216-18 See also German Workers' Educational Society in London; Schiller Institute Engels, Frederick

— friendship with Marx and his family — 151, 172-73, 186, 197, 225-26, 231-32, 233-34, 306, 310-11, 330-33, 363, 371, 383-84, 405, 431-32, 551, 554, 559, 565-67 — joint work with Marx — 83, 84-85, 86-88, 120, 129, 162, 168, 173, 224, 381-85, 386-87, 388-89, 390-94, 399, 402-13, 417, 451, 463, 464, 487, 499, 525-26 — Marx on Engels — 90, 361, 371, 383-84, 395, 405 — on himself — 88, 125, 126, 138, 265, 363-64, 399, 444, 469, 480, 499, 501, 508, 539-40 — and the International Working Men's Association — 20, 125, 141, 152-53, 156-57, 179, 212-13, 265, 270, 425, 430, 487

27* — contributions to the labour and democratic press — 15, 68-69, 71,

78, 97, 99, 105, 106, 115, 116-17, 124-25, 136, 205, 214, 235, 255, 257, 270-71, 280, 456, 552 — contributions to bourgeois and bourgeois-democratic publications — 296, 298, 463-64, 484, 500, 518, 525-26, 533, 560 — and the working-class and socialist movement in Britain — 136, 168, 257, 426, 458, 468 — and the working-class and democratic movement in Germany— 120, 124-25, 126, 133, 152, 178-79, 191, 197, 204-05, 270, 284-86, 298, 348, 430, 444-45, 456, 462, 480, 491-92, 499, 505, 546 — and the working-class and socialist movement in the USA — 418, 451-52, 456 — his studies in natural sciences— 320, 323-25, 382-83, 387-88, 480, 510, 560 — his study of military matters — 21, 38-40, 61-62, 69, 121-24, 153, 255-56, 273, 279-80, 285, 288, 293-94, 303, 339-40, 426, 510-11, 520, 523-24, 534 — his studies in philology — 7-8, 168-69, 526, 554, 560-61 See also 'Capital' by Karl Marx; Marx, Karl; Schiller Institute England (Great Britain}— 7, 219, 383-84, 468 — repeal of the Corn Laws (1846)— 486 — home policy, internal situation— 219, 345, 349, 383-84, 458, 468 — foreign trade — 345, 349 — working class — 54-55, 468 — election system, its class character — 168 — Parliament — 212, 242, 269-71, 282, 300 — electoral reform movement in the 1860s — 74, 155, 158, 206, 253, 257, 259, 269, 270, 300, 349, 468 — electoral reform of 1867 — 468 — factory legislation — 21 — political parties of the ruling

classes — 212, 269, 270, 468, 474 — colonial policy — 197, 199, 205 — policy in Ireland — 460, 486, 487, 550 — prospects of revolution — 300, 468 — foreign policy and diplomacy— 370, 374, 394 — and Bonapartism — 473-75 — and the US Civil War — 10, 35, 62, 113, 117, 140, 141 See also Com Laws; Cotton, cotton-growing; Crises; International Working Men's Association in Britain; Working-class and socialist movement in Britain Enlightenment, philosophers of the Enlightenment—557 Essence and appearance—160, 390, 392, 514 See also Inner and outer Europe—19, 38, 215, 274, 292, 312, 339-40, 494-95 — prospects of European revolution — 226, 270, 463, 468 See also War(s) Exchange value— 384-85, 388-89, 393, 407, 514 See also Value Exploitation of labour power by capital— 296, 550 See also Child labour; Factory, factory system; Factory legislation; Female labour; Labour conditions of the workers under capitalism; Living conditions of the workers under capitalism; Surplus-value; Wage labour; Wages; Working day Expropriation of the expropriators—417

F

Factory, factory system—141-42, 227, 345, 349, 388, 391, 392, 408-13, 552 See also Machines Factory legislation— 383, 488, 546, 552

— limitation of the working day— 200, 203, 488 — on child labour — 224, 296, 383, 456 — on female labour — 296 — and health protection — 224, 296, 301 — in Britain — 224, 296, 383 — in Germany — 546 Farmers—461, 486

See also Agriculture Female labour— 200, 296 Fenians, Fenianism— 378, 390, 394, 444,

460, 464, 468, 474, 483, 485-86, 501, 506, 516 — conspiratorial character of the organisation— 501, 506 — persecution of the Fenians by the British government — 394, 460, 474, 483, 550 See also International Working Men's Association (First International)—and the struggle for the independence of Ireland; Ireland Fertility of soil— 137, 558-59 Feuerbach, Feuerbachianism—360, 520 Fixed capital— 408-13

See also Capital; Depreciation fund of fixed capital; Machines Foreign (world) trade—137', 345, 349,

487 Form of value— 381, 384-85, 387, 392-93 See also Money; Price, formation of prices; Use-value; Value Fourier, Fourierism—287, 326 France— 71, 295, 334

See also Army, French; Bonapartism;

Bourgeoisie, French; International Working Men's Association in France; Second Empire in France; Working-class and socialist movement in France French Revolution—71, 557 Friendship— 57, 102, 221, 231-32, 330,

551

G

General Association of German Workers— 15, 58, 65, 69, 75, 125, 140, 141, 150-52, 154, 165 — its sectarian character — 58, 125, 175 — attitude of its leaders towards the Bismarck government and feudal reaction — 69, 75-76, 78-79, 81-83, 87-91, 95-96, 102-05, 112, 124, 125, 150-51, 161, 170, 566-67 — Marx, Engels and the newspaper

Der Social-Demokrat— 26, 29, 30, 64-65, 68-71, 75, 78, 80-82, 83, 88-90, 95-97, 99, 102, 103-05, 111-12, 114, 120, 124-26, 129, 133, 134-35, 150-52 — revolutionary opposition in the Association — 3-4, 58, 103, 140, 141, 152, 154, 161, 174, 175, 176, 180, 197 — and the International Working Men's Association — 58, 64-65, 91, 103-05, 125, 423-24 — general meeting in Düsseldorf— 15, 58 — participation in the elections and parliamentary activity — 348-49, 430 See also Lassalleanism, Lassalleans Geneva Congress of the International Working Men's Association (1866)— 199, 200, 201, 203-04, 220, 258, 265, 268, 270, 271, 312, 314-15, 316, 318, 326 Geographical environment—305, 320, 322-24 Geology—164, 305, 320, 322-24 German philosophy—476, 497

See also Feuerbach, Feuerbachianism; Hegel, Hegelianism German Workers' Educational Society in

London (1840-1918)—106, 150, 230, 415, 504 Germany—105

— industry —372-73 — railways — 179, 182, 285 — home policy, internal situation— 258-59, 289-90, 345, 348, 456-57 — bourgeoisie — 32, 103, 182, 349, 372 — working class —32, 103-04, 125, 126, 150, 376 — feudal aristocracy — 32, 77, 96 — bureaucracy, officialdom — 95, 348 — Parliament (Reichstag)—257, 264, 298, 302, 306, 348, 373, 456-57 — suffrage — 348-49 — political parties of the ruling classes — 298, 421 — cultural development — 232, 493 — ways of the country's unification — 258-59, 263, 275-76, 285, 288, 293, 297-98, 302, 306, 348, 352, 460 — prospects of revolution — 258, 462 — foreign policy — 350, 352 — and France — 351 — and Russia — 351, 352 See also Bourgeoisie, German; International Working Men's Association in Germany; National Association; National-Liberals Party of Progress; Prussia; Working-class and socialist movement in Germany Ground rent— 227, 371, 407, 507-08, 514, 543, 548

H

Hegel, Hegelianism—138, 258, 292, 370, 385, 387, 453, 464, 556 — Hegelian dialectics — 138, 382, 385, 513, 520 — Hegelian logic — 138, 558 — Hegelian categories — 232, 513, 520 — philosophy of nature — 138, 184-85 — and natural science — 138, 184-85, 292, 382, 385 — and Marxism — 138, 382, 387, 464, 513 Historical and logical, the—172-73, 381-82 Historical materialism, materialist conception of history— 291-92, 295, 305, 494 See also Class(es); Class struggle Historicism—136-38, 322, 494 Historiography — 8, 202, 364-65, 547-49, 557-58 Housing question—296, 401 Human race—24

I

India—10, 141, 279, 345, 349, 547 Individual, particular and universal, the—

407, 514, 558 Industrial reserve army—137

— 'state assistance' to the unemployed in capitalist society — 21, 117 See also Unemployment Inner and outer, the—159-60, 390 See also Essence and appearance

Interest — 9, 248, 279, 391, 514 See also Banks; Credit; Profit; Shares, joint-stock companies International solidarity of workers—200, 203 — in strike struggle — 265, 268, 270, 271-72, 274-75, 351 International Working Men's Association (First International)—15-18, 44, 424 — foundation of — 3-4, 15-17, 47, 109-10 — programme documents,. their character (Inaugural Address and Rules).—16-18, 20, 22-23, 26, 44, 47, 63 — organisational principles — 55, 91-92, 105, 171, 202, 214, 219, 314-15, 367, 428 — struggle for the class, proletarian character of the Association — 16-17, 49, 54-55, 60, 73-74, 92-93, 108-10, 114, 118-19, 130, 131-32, 144, 206-07, 212-13, 215, 216-18, 243-44, 250-51, 268 — struggle for the unity of the international proletariat — 200, 326 — and political struggle of the working class — 104-05, 150, 265, 326, 424 — inseparable connection of the proletariat's economic and political struggle — 326-27 — and trade unions — 15, 44, 45, 74, 109, 159, 200, 202, 221, 268, 274-75, 351 — and strikes — 159, 265, 268, 270, 271-72, 274, 351 — struggle for a shorter working day and higher wages — 162, 200, 203, 326-27 — questions of female and child labour, education and upbring-ing — 200, 203 — and factory legislation — 326 — and the co-operative movement— 200, 203 — and the nationalities question— 55, 66, 110, 114, 200, 204, 281, 287, 442, 460-61, 485-86 — and the Polish question — 49, 54-55, 66, 73, 109-10, 114, 200, 204, 277-78, 280 — and the struggle for the independence of Ireland — 460, 464, 485-87, 504 — struggle against Bonapartism— 55, 89, 95, 108-09 — struggle for an independent stand to be taken by the proletariat in foreign policy, against wars of conquest — 49, 73, 85, 110, 161, 200, 204, 420 — struggle against the Mazzinists and Mazzinism — 16-17, 110, 140, 144, 242-44, 250, 278 — struggle against the Proudhonists and Proudhonism — 216, 281, 287, 318, 326, 368, 423-24, 425, 428 — struggle against the Lassalleans and Lassalleanism — 57, 58, 64-65, 89-91, 95-96, 104, 107-08, 111, 114, 124-25, 130, 150-51 — struggle against reformism — 49, 52, 259, 314, 424 — and the struggle for an electoral reform in Britain — 91, 108, 150, 206-07, 215, 221, 314, 327 — and the League of Peace and Freedom — 420 — Central (General) Council, its rules, composition and activity — 16-18, 55, 130, 155, 162-63, 314-15, 434-35 — Sub-Committee, Standing Committee — 16-17, 54, 55, 130, 172, 214, 485-86 — membership — 55, 91-92, 105, 202, 219, 318 — role of Marx and Engels in creating the International and in its activity — 16-18, 20, 49-50, 54-55, 130, 162-63, 207, 243, 250-51, 265, 268, 314-15, 318, 329 — Marx as Corresponding Secretary for Germany — 105, 201-02, 219, 449-50 — Marx as Corresponding Secretary for Belgium — 144-47, 170-71 — its press — 50, 109, 173, 191, 198-99, 200, 206, 214-15, 219-21, 224-25, 243, 249-50, 252-53, 262, 268, 271-72, 275, 283, 327, 571, 574

— and the bourgeois press — 63, 73,

86, 109, 202, 214-15, 338, 421-22, 424, 428, 429, 430, 485 — its funds — 338 — and the ruling classes and police persecution — 338, 341, 516, 520 See also Brussels Congress of the International Working Men's Association (1868); Geneva Congress of the International Working Men's Association (1866); International Working Men's Association (in different countries); Lausanne Congress of the International Working Men's Association (1867); London Conference of the International Working Men's Association (1865) International Working Men's Association in Belgium — IS, 105, 170-71, 189, 219, 220, 259 International Working Men's Association in Britain— 54-55, 66-67, 74, 91-92, 105, 109-10, 125, 144, 150, 206-07, 220-21, 271-72, 290, 327, 329, 424 — refugee sections in London — 110, 141, 150, 212-13, 214-15, 216-18, 250-51, 286-87 International Working Men's Association in France— 47, 66, 85, 105, 108-09, 115, 125, 140, 155, 189, 207, 259, 351, 428, 516, 520 International Working Men's Association in Germany — Si, 90, 105, 125, 202, 215, 219-20, 259, 283, 424, 430 International Working Men's Association in Italy— 47, 271, 420 International Working Men's Association in Switzerland— 66, 105, 125, 189, 207, 214, 215, 219-21, 571 International Working Men's Association in the USA— 259, 367 Intervention—394, 426 Ireland—504

— as a British colony and citadel of British landlordism — 460-61, 486-87, 550 — Anglo-Irish Union, 1801 — 486 — land question as a form of the nationalities question — 441-42 — agrarian revolution in the mid-19th century, clearing of the estates — 461, 463, 464, 486 — national liberation movement in the late 18th century — 486 — national liberation movement in 1848 — 486 See also Fenians and Fenianism; International Working Men's Association (First International)—and the struggle for the independence of Ireland 'Irony, historical'— 285, 292 Italy — 278, 282, 374

— ways of completing its unification — 460, 468 See also Austro-Italo-French war, 1859; International Working Men's Association in Italy

J

Jamaica—168, 197, 199, 205

L Labour

— its dual character — 392, 407, 514 — manual — 334 Labour conditions of the workers under

capitalism—550, 552 Labour time—391, 515 Land ownership

— common, communal — 548-49, 558-59 — emergence of private land ownership — 548, 558-59 — private large-scale land ownership — 442, 461, 486 — eviction of peasants and tenants— 461, 464, 486 — its concentration — 486 — as a subject of research in Volume Three of Marx's Capital— 227, 371 Lassalleanism, Lassalleans—25, 84, 90, 96, 101-05, 134, 161, 165, 175-76, 494, 532, 548, 566-67 — Lassalle and his role in the working-class movement — 5, 12, 32, 36-37, 38, 41, 45, 57, 66, 69, 87, 88, 90, 101-05, 129, 134, 526, 527, 566 — criticism of Lassalle's theoretical views — 25, 96, 97, 101, 329, 526, 527, 566-67 — dogmatic and sectarian character

of Lassalleanism — 58, 89-90, 125, 174-75 — demand for universal suffrage— 12, 87, 102-03, 123 — demand for state assistance to workers' co-operatives — 87, 95-97, 124 — attitude towards the Prussian state and feudal reaction — 12, 30, 38, 53, 68-69, 71, 75, 78, 81-82, 83, 87-91, 94-96, 101-05, 124-26, 150, 161, 278, 494, 566 — attitude towards the bourgeoisie— 78-79, 169, 175-76, 494 — criticism of Lassalle's cult — 24, 26, 58, 66, 71, 75-76, 78, 80, 90, 101-04, 124, 125, 141, 161, 165, 175-76, 181, 190, 548 See also General Association of German

Workers Lausanne Congress of the International Working Men's Association (1867)— 367, 416-17, 422, 425, 427-28, 519 Law of transformation of quantity into

quality— 382, 385 Law of unity and conflict of opposites—

392-93, 405-07 Law of value—514-15 Laws

— of history — 385 — of society — 136 — economic — 136 — of mechanics (and astronomy)— 184, 186, 187 League of Peace and Freedom (1867)—

414, 420, 433 Light— 67, 91, 117 Literature

— American — 370 — English — 177, 234, 246, 249, 336, 376, 568 — French — 34, 242, 290, 348, 453, 454, 522 — German — 15, 30, 32, 52, 53, 66, 103, 149, 168, 230, 232, 233, 242, 245, 290, 299, 340, 355, 521 — classical Greek — 316, 568 — Italian — 568 — Norwegian — 168 — Roman — 53, 340, 498, 504 — Spanish — 313 — folklore — 32, 168, 242 Living conditions of the workers under capitalism—27, 53, 137 Logic

— logic categories — 557-58 — logic of things and events — 96, 97 See also Abstraction; Dialectics; Hegel, Hegelianism London Conference of the International Working Men's Association (1865)— 163, 171, 174, 190, 200, 201, 203-04, 214-15 Luxemburg— 293, 306-07, 351, 355, 394, 459

M

Machines—137, 373, 409-13 — their analysis in Marx's Capital— 228, 490, 494, 549 Malthusianism—127, 137, 138, 408, 455 Man, humanity— 24, 136-37, 304-05, 366, 431, 557-58 Market—137, 345, 349 See also China, Foreign (world) trade;

India; Trade Marxist political economy—4, 136-37, 384-85, 387, 390-91, 402, 406, 407, 457, 514-15 Marx, Karl

— friendship with Engels — 172, 231-32, 330, 371, 383-84, 402, 551, 559 — joint work with Engels — 83, 84-85, 86-89, 120, 129, 162, 168, 173, 223-24, 381-82, 383-84, 399, 402-06, 417, 486-87 — Engels on Marx and his role in the international working-class movement — 233-34 — on himself — 3-4, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 101, 105, 118, 166, 198, 201, 215, 223, 227, 243, 262-63, 289, 307-08, 311, 328, 329-30, 335, 360-61, 366-68, 375, 379, 423-24, 435-36, 440, 504, 529-31, 544, 551-52, 557 — on his family — 46, 63-64, 193, 198, 223, 310-11, 315-16, 347, 351, 396-97, 477, 502, 542-43, 544, 548 — before 1844 — 530

— 1845-February 1848 — 530 — in the 1848-49 revolution — 368, 530 — and the International Working Men's Association — 15-19, 22, 23, 26, 36, 44, 46-49, 54-55, 58-61, 66, 73-74, 85-86, 90-93, 105, 108-10, 115, 119, 130, 131, 140, 144, 149-50, 154-55, 158, 160, 162-63, 171, 173-74, 176, 189, 200-04, 206-07, 212, 213, 215, 216-21, 243, 249-53, 258, 268, 271, 286-87, 312, 314-15, 318, 326-27, 329, 341, 346, 366-68, 416, 424, 428-29, 434, 485-87, 519-20 — contributions to the labour and democratic press during the existence of the International Working Men's Association — 53, 57, 64-66, 71, 75-76, 78, 80, 88, 96, 102-04, 111-14, 116, 124-25, 133, 135, 154-55, 173, 198-99, 201, 207, 224, 253-54, 268, 283, 346, 430, 571 — contributions to bourgeois and bourgeois-democratic publications — 42-43, 63, 116, 160-61, 202, 515-16 — and the working-class and socialist movement in Britain — 15, 45, 49, 54, 74, 91-92, 105, 108-09, 130, 150, 154-55, 157-58, 162-63, 215, 221, 250-51, 253, 289-90, 300, 329, 351, 424, 469 — and the working-class and socialist movement in France — 46, 66, 80, 85, 108-09, 115, 118-19, 130, 212-13, 281, 287, 318, 326, 351, 368, 428 — and the working-class and democratic movement in Germany — 3-4, 15, 22, 36, 46, 58-59, 65, 67, 75, 86-87, 94-95, 101-05, 108, 124-26, 150, 197-98, 201, 215, 263, 272, 312 — and the working-class and socialist movement in the USA — 44, 49-50, 326, 367 See also 'Capital' by Karl Marx; Engels,

Frederick Mathematics—138, 159, 187, 208-10, 543 See also Differential and integral calculus Mazzinism, Mazzinists—16, 17, 20, 23, 32, 33, 110, 140, 144, 162-63, 243-44, 250, 278, 420, 424 Means of production—137, 291

See also Machines; Productive forces Means of subsistence—136-37 Medicine— 304, 324-25, 327, 360, 469,

517 Method—173

— dialectical — 390, 464 See also 'Capital' by Karl Marx—its method Military art — 293-94, 302-03

— and technical progress and weapons — 288, 291-94, 302-03 — strategy — 121-22 — tactics — 293, 302-03 Military science— 291, 293

— study by Marx and Engels of war history and theoretical problems of warfare — 38-39, 68-69, 70, 77, 82-83, 123-25, 279, 302-03, 510, 516, 523, 524, 534 Mode of production—322, 494 Monetary (financial) crisis—9-10, 278-79 Money— 382, 384, 393, 533

— as a form of value — 382, 384, 387, 393 — as the universal equivalent — 393 — credit money — 533 — its conversion into capital — 386 — analysis in A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy by Marx — 328, 384 — analysis in Marx's Capital—328, 381-82, 384, 386, 393, 494, 533, 536 — bourgeois theories of money and money circulation — 185-86 See also Banks; Credit; Crises

N

National Association (Germany, 1859-67)—102, 266, 372 Nationalities question—200, 204, 287

See also International Working Men's

Association (First International)—and the nationalities question Nationality—7', 18, 281, 287

National-Liberals— 372, 421, 504 Natural science — 24, 28, 254, 327, 464, 571 — and philosophy — 138, 242, 327, 385 — and dialectics — 138, 382, 385" — and scientific communism — 493-94 — studies by Marx and Engels — 138, 283-84, 327 Necessity and chance—304-05, 494

O

Owenism, Owenites—\&, 159, 162, 326, 459, 552

P

Pacifism— 414, 420 Palaeontology— 304, 557 Parliament— 212, 242, 269, 270

— its utilisation in working-class interests — 297-98, 431-32, 433, 444, 445, 450, 456, 546 Party of Progress (Germany, 1861-84)— 67, 71, 76, 84, 85, 90, 96, 97, 104, 112, 150, 288, 421, 430, 456 Party, proletarian— 34, 57, 77, 83, 96, 101, 104, 112, 126, 290, 443, 452, 455, 498 Peonage—442 Personality cult (criticism of it)—75, 79, 101-03, 165, 201 See also Lassalleanism, Lassalleans Philosophy—138, 200, 204, 388

See also Dialectics; Feuerbach, Feuer-

bachianism; German philosophy; Hegel, Hegelianism; Historical materialism, materialist conception of history; Logic; Method; Positivism (Comtism) Polish national liberation uprising of 1863-64—18, 38, 66 — and the Polish refugees — 18, 73, 216-18 Polish question— 213, 264, 274

— and the working class — 38, 110, 200, 204, 277-78 — and the European bourgeoisie— 93, 110, 114 — and the stance taken by the European powers — 55, 110, 264, 274 See also International Working Men's Association (First International)—and the Polish question Political economy—136-37, 384, 464, 494, 543 See also 'Capital' by Karl Marx; Classical bourgeois political economy; Dialectics; Marxist political economy; Method; Vulgar bourgeois political economy Political struggle— 326-27 Positivism (Comtism)—292, 455 Press, the—102, 120, 268, 271-72, 451, 452 — proletarian, its tasks, its status— 15, 25-26, 49-50, 58, 70-71, 95-96, 154-55, 215, 219, 220-21, 252-53, 280, 283, 413-14, 533, 571 — bourgeois — 32, 34, 35-36, 52, 85-86, 95, 143, 148, 202, 205, 215, 267, 277, 286, 302, 338, 421, 422, 424, 425, 430, 447, 461-62, 529 — utilisation of the bourgeois and bourgeois-democratic press in the interests of the working class and its party — 286, 425, 427, 428, 430, 443-45, 455, 461-62, 463-64, 466, 467, 469, 471, 497, 500-01, 504, 510, 515-16, 539, 541 Prevision, forecasting—224, 279, 285, 297, 300, 339-40, 418 — forecasting of economic crises and their consequences — 47, 215, 228, 279, 349 — prevision of armed conflicts and their consequences — 46, 47, 255-56; 264-65, 270, 275-77, 281, 290, 292-94, 302, 352, 365 — forecasting of revolution — 258, 265, 270, 285-86, 290, 300, 337, 458, 460 Price, formation of prices—248, 388-89, 390-91, 480-81 — effect of the law of value — 514-15 — price of production — 390 — and production costs — 390 — price of labour (labour power) — 388, 390, 488 — and demand and supply — 10-11 — views of bourgeois economists— 515 — in Proudhon's theory — 488

See also Commodity; Money; Production costs; Value Private property—417, 547, 558 Production costs—390, 488 Productive forces—137, 291, 494 Profit

— as the transformation of surplus-value — 390, 407, 514 — formation of the average rate of profit — 390 — and wages—-138 — and the capitalist employment of wage labour — 138 — and the regeneration of fixed capital — 410-11 — in classical bourgeois political economy — 402, 407 — in vulgar bourgeois political economy — 388-91 — in Proudhon's theory — 488 See also Banks; Ground rent; Interest; Surplus-value Progress and regress—334, 494 Protectionism— 487 Proudhonism, Proudhonists—218, 281, 287, 318, 326, 368, 379, 423-24, 425-26, 488 — as an ideology of the petty bourgeoisie — 326, 368 — unscientific, doctrinarian, dogma-tic character of — 218, 326, 379 — criticism of Proudhon's economic views — 488 — and bourgeois society — 326 — on classes and the class struggle— 326 — and politics, the state, anarchy— 287, 326 — on war and peace — 281 — and the nationalities question— 216-18, 281, 287, 379 — attitude towards the political and economic struggle of the working class — 326 — and various socialist and communist theories and trends — 218, 326 See also International Working Men's Association (First International) — struggle against the Proudhonists and Proudhonism Prussia— 77-78, 95-96, 103, 281-82, 299, 349, 456-57, 493-94 — population — 372, 545 — domination of the military, militarism — 345-46, 372 — Bonapartism of the ruling élite— 266, 285 — economic, industrial development — 77, 372-73 — railways — 182, 238, 285 — agriculture, agrarian relations— 77, 372 — finances, budget, taxation — 77, 82, 372 — Junkerdom — 77, 90, 96, 292, 494 — bourgeoisie — 38, 95-96, 182, 236, 266-67, 292-93, 349, 372 — working class — 76, 90, 95-96, 104-05, 169, 174, 176 — peasantry, rural proletariat — 77, 84-85, 345, 372 • — bureaucracy, officialdom — 90, 95, 104, 302, 466 — political system, police regime— 90, 95-96, 270, 302, 417, 421, 555 — internal situation, home policy— 76, 77, 82, 90, 95-96, 102-05, 226, 229, 266-67, 278, 285-86, 292-93, 297-98, 301-03, 306-07, 349, 372, 417, 421, 456, 494, 555 — military reforms, the army — 67, 292-94, 297, 302, 306, 426, 446 — political parties of the ruling classes — 67, 76, 95-96, 103-04, 111, 288, 297-98, 372, 421 — Parliament — 38, 77, 154, 163, 229, 298, 302, 306, 349, 444, 456, 489 — constitution, the constitutional conflict of the 1860s — 67-68, 82, 84-85, 226, 229, 236, 266, 285, 302, 349 — suffrage — 76, 77, 105, 266, 348-49 — press, press legislation, censorship — 63, 70, 76, 83, 104-05, 417 — foreign policy and diplomacy— 182, 255-57, 265, 267, 270, 281-82, 288-89, 293, 352, 374, 460 — prospects of revolution — 265, 270, 285-86, 290, 337 — Luxemburg crisis of 1866-67— 122, 351, 352-55, 459

— and Austria — 85, 182, 264-65, 267, 282, 285, 293, 298, 299 — and France — 265, 345, 460, 555 — and Germany — 298, 306-07, 345, 372 — and Poland — 38, 374 — and Russia — 38, 85, 256-57, 258, 264-65, 267, 276, 281-82, 293, 312, 352, 374, 460, 555 See also Army, Prussian; Austro-Prussian war, 1866; Bourgeoisie, Prussian ; Luxemburg

R

Railways—137, 179, 182, 285, 352, 545 Reflection— 390 Reformism— 253, 314

See also Lassalleanism, Lassalleans; Proudhonism, Proudhonists; Trade unions in Britain Reform League (Britain)—108, 109, 150, 158, 206, 214-15, 220, 243, 253, 314, 460 Religion—48, 100, 200, 204, 483-84, 503, 571-72 Republican movement, republicanism— 141, 144 — 'German republicanism'—32-33, 35, 302 Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany—87 Revolution, proletarian—137, 462

See also Expropriation of the expropriators Revolution, social — 269, 287, 458, 462,

468 Ricardo, Ricardianism—137, 457, 543 Russia—163-64, 550 — reform of 1861 — 222-23 — post-reform economy, development of capitalism — 352 — railways — 352, 545 — finances — 352 — commune and artels — 547 — contacts of Marx and Engels with Russian revolutionaries — 18-19, 141, 577 — foreign policy and diplomacy— 258, 264, 267, 269, 274, 281-82, 351, 352, 459, 496, 506, 513, 536, 537 — and Austria — 281-82, 293, 299-300 — and Britain — 370, 374 — and Germany — 352 — and Prussia — 256-57, 258, 264, 352, 460-61 — and Turkey — 545 See also Crimean war, 1853-56

S

Schiller Institute (in Manchester)—20,

81, 98, 116, 117, 235, 533, 555 Schleswig-Holstein, Schleswig-Holstein question— 7-9, 34, 38, 267, 374, 430, 534 See also Danish war, 1864 Science—137, 322, 390 Second Empire in France—108, 334, 348,

550 — economy — 281 — internal situation, home policy— 207-08, 211, 290, 339-40, 418, 473-75, 550 — bourgeoisie — 302, 340 — working class — 211, 302, 327 — peasantry — 302, 340 — army — 207-08, 215, 306, 339-40 — aggravation of class contradictions— 207-08, 211, 215, 302, 340, 418, 473-75 — opposition movement — 211, 215, 306-07, 418, 459-60, 462 — student movement — 207-08, 211, 215 — prospects of revolution — 211, 215, 302, 374, 418, 459-60, 462 — foreign policy — 207-08, 211, 215, 256, 258, 280, 290, 294, 307, 364, 418, 459-60, 462, 537 — Mexican expedition, 1861-67— 208, 211, 215, 338, 438 See also Bonapartism; Bourgeoisie, French; International Working Men's Association in France; Working-class and socialist movement in France Shares, joint-stock companies—178, 179, 182, 279, 284, 372-73, 399, 472 Slavery—39, 86, 87, 137, 334

See also United States of America, the; US Civil War, 1861-65 Socialism (theories and trends)—17-18,

326, 493-94, 557, 559 Socialism, Utopian—326, 494

See also Fourier, Fourierism; Owenism,

Owenites Social relations

— and productive forces — 494 Society—136-38, 494, 515

See also Communism (socio-economic formation) Species (in biology)—303-04, 322-24,

558 Speculation (in industry and trade) —

9-10, 62, 167, 248, 399 Spontaneous generation—284, 455 State, the— 90, 266, 287, 557 Statistics— 23, 224, 296, 383, 407 Stocks (of commodities)—113, 142 Subjective and objective

— in politics — 69 Suffrage— 76, 77, 87, 105, 348-49 Surplus-labour— 390 Surplus-value

— Marx's elaboration of the theory of_407, 457, 514 — its component parts or specific forms — 390, 407, 514 — its rate — 390 — and the formation of average profit — 390 — and working hours — 388-91 — and wages — 388-91 — in classical bourgeois political economy — 390, 407, 514 — views of the vulgar bourgeois economists — 388-91, 514 See also Capital; 'Capital' by Karl Marx; Ground rent; Interest; Profit

T

Talent— 48, 218, 221, 505, 512 Taxes— 21, 48, 78, 116, 135, 183, 199,

200, 203, 372 Terminology

— in Volume One of Marx's Capital and its translations — 386-88, 406, 490 Terror—150, 153, 272-73, 275, 287, 463, 474, 501, 505 — counter-revolutionary — 150, 153, 287, 474 — as a form of protest against despotism — 272-73, 275, 387, 463 — as a form of struggle of the Irish against oppression — 474, 501, 505 Thinking— 381, 517 Trade — 9-11, 62, 76, 142, 178, 334, 349

See also Commodity; Foreign (world)

trade; Market; Money; Speculation Trade unions-—95-96, 527

See also Coalitions; Trade unions in

Britain Trade unions in Britain

— and the political struggle of the proletariat — 15-16, 44, 426, 448 — and the electoral reform movement — 15, 18, 74, 158, 221, 346 — and the International Working Men's Association — 15-16, 20, 44, 47, 54, 73-74, 109, 141, 159, 200, 221, 258-59, 268, 274-75, 329, 351, 424 — London Trades Council — 15, 329 — reformism and conciliation of trade union leaders — 314 — encroachments of the ruling classes on the rights of the trade unions — 384, 387 See also England (Great Britain); International Working Men's Association (First International)—and the trade unions Tribal system—558 See also Commune, community

U

Unemployment—21, 137 1 See also Industrial reserve army United States of America, the—39, 372, 414 — immigration — 372 — internal situation, home policy— 150-51, 153, 163, 167-68, 334, 414 — slavery, the struggle against it — 39,

48, 334 See also International Working Men's Association in the USA; US Civil War, 1861-65; Working-class and socialist

movement in the USA US Civil War, 1861-65

— its significance and results — 10, 38, 48, 269 — causes of — 38-39 — military strength of the adver-saries — 38-40, 61, 82, 122 — course of hostilities — 10, 21, 38-40, 48, 61-62, 82, 113, 121-24, 153 — and revolutionary émigrés — 40, 47 — policy of the Union Government (North), its aims and tasks — 153 — slavery issue — 39, 48, 61-62 — assassination of Lincoln — 150, 153 — and Britain — 44, 45, 117, 152-53, 199 — and the British bourgeoisie and its press — 27, 53, 62, 73, 86, 153, 160-61 — and the British working class — 15, 27, 43, 45, 47 — and the International Working Men's Association — 50, 73, 85, 160 Use-value— 384-85, 388-89, 393, 407, 514

V

Value— 514-15

— its analysis — 384 — its form — 381, 384, 392, 393, 396, 406, 419, 423 — qualitative identity and quantitative distinction of commodities as values — 393 — and the price of labour power or labour — 388-89, 390, 488 — and the price of production — 390 — in classical bourgeois political economy — 384, 514 — in vulgar bourgeois political economy — 384, 388-91 — in Proudhon's theory — 488 See also Commodity; Exchange value; Money; Price, formation of prices; Production costs; Surplus-value; Use-value; Wages Vulgar bourgeois political economy

— its class and apologetic character— 136-38, 388-89, 390-91 — individual features of its method— 388-89, 390-91 — its theory of value — 384, 388-89, 390-91, 488, 510, 511, 514 — theories of the origin of profit— 388-89, 390-91 — interpretation of capital — 136-38, 185-86, 543 — theories of money and money circulation — 185-86 — theories of wages — 388-89, 390-91 — interpretation of ground rent— 548 — and banks — 185-86, 543 — and economic laws — 136-38 — attitude towards the classical bourgeois political economy — 136, 514 — and Volume One of Marx's Capital— 386-87, 391, 399, 405, 443, 458, 466, 468, 487, 510-12, 514 See also Malthusianism

W

Wage labour—137-38, 450 See also Capital; Class(es); Class struggle; Exploitation of labour power by capital; Factory legislation; Industrial reserve army; Unemployment; Wages; Working class Wages

— analysis of in Marx's Capital—160, 162, 345, 390, 511-12 — as a form of value (price) of labour power — 388-89, 390, 488, 511 — as a component part of production costs — 388-89, 390 — irrationality of the 'labour-wages' formula — 388-89, 390, 514 — and the working day — 345, 388-89, 390, 392, 488, 514 — general rise in the level of — 159, 162 — cases of their reduction — 345 — workers' struggle to retain or raise the level of — 159, 345 — and tactics of the capitalists — 345, 388-89

— and crises of overproduction— 137-38 — and necessary labour — 488 — and the capitalists' profit — 138, 388-89, 390, 488 — and surplus-value — 388-89, 390, 488 — and the value or the price of commodities — 160, 199, 388-89, 488 — critique of bourgeois views — 388, 390, 511, 514-15 — critique of Proudhon's views— 488 War(s)

— and revolution, revolutionary movement — 45, 255, 270 — and the working-class movement — 45, 255, 287-88 — people's wars — 39 — threat of war in Europe in the 1860s — 226, 265, 460, 536, 537 See also Army; Austro-Italo-French war, 1859; Austro-Prussian war, 1866; Crimean war, 1853-56; Danish war, 1864; International Working Men's Association (First International)—struggle for an independent stand to be taken by the proletariat in foreign policy, against wars of conquest; US Civil War, 1861-65 War industry (and armaments)—200, 203, 291, 295, 302-03 Working class— 95-96, 103, 110, 287, 300, 326, 334, 445 See also Class struggle; Party, proletarian; Trade unions; Working-class movement Working-class and socialist movement in Belgium—144, 170, 171 See also International Working Men's Association in Belgium Working-class and socialist movement in Britain—15, 18, 44, 45-46, 47, 74, 105, 108, 150, 157-58, 206-07, 221, 258-59, 300, 349, 468, 571 — electoral reform movement in the 1860s — 15, 18, 73-74, 105, 150, 158, 206, 221, 243, 251, 253, 258-59, 270, 300, 314, 346, 349, 464, 468, 571 — and the Irish question — 460, 464, 468 — struggle against intervention during the US Civil War — 15, 44, 45, 47 — strikes and the strike movement— 50, 349 See also Chartism; International Working Men's Association in Britain; Owenism, Owenites; Reform League; Trade unions in Britain Working-class and socialist movement in France— 226, 326, 368 See also International Working Men's Association in France; Proudhonism, Proudhonists Working-class and socialist movement in Germany—15, 90, 103-05, 152, 169-70, 174, 207, 219, 290, 298, 376, 441 See also Coalitions; General Association of German Workers, International Working Men's Association in Germany; Trade unions Working-class and socialist movement in Italy—see International Working Men's Association in Italy Working-class and socialist movement in Switzerland—see International Working Men's Association in Switzerland Working-class and socialist movement in the USA—418 — and the Negro question — 39, 334 See also International Working Men's Association in the USA Working-class movement—18, 157, 300

— significance of its unity — 326 — combination of the economic and

political struggle — 326-27 — and revolutionary theory — 18 — necessity of a single theoretical programme — 4 — significance of the struggle for suffrage and of the parliamentary activity of working-class representatives — 74, 105, 150, 221, 326 — actions against wars, militarism and annexations — 47, 255-56, 287, 300 — and the nationalities question— 287 See also Chartism; Class struggle; Coalitions; International solidarity of workers; International Working Men's Association (First International); Party, proletarian; Trade unions; Trade unions in Britain; Working class Working day—488

— and wages — 345, 388-89, 390-91, 488, 514 — and surplus-value — 388, 391 — struggle of the working class for its reduction — 200, 203 — struggle of the workers for the introduction of an eight-hour working day — 418, 451-52 — capitalists' resistance to its reduction — 71, 418 — introduction by capitalists of a reduced working day or a reduced working week — 345, 349 — Marx and Engels on the analysis of the working day in Capital— 224, 388-89, 391, 392, 451-52,457, 488, 490