Subject Index

A

Abstraction, abstract and concrete—261, 298, 301-03, 304, 328, 396, 420-21, 444 Aesthetics—135, 419-21, 440-45 Agriculture— 49-50, 220, 305, 347 Algeria— 381 Anglo-Persian war of 1856-57 — 101-OS, 115 Anti-Corn Law League—113-14, 116 Appropriation— 303 Army^l60, 177-79, 186

— Austrian — 204, 382, 515 — British — 161, 234, 412 — French — 6, 216, 290-91, 381, 402, 405, 427 — German — 204, 235, 381-82 — Prussian — 161, 366, 381-82 — Russian — 234 See also Cavalry Art

— and artistic taste — 423, 441 — realism in art — 419-21, 443, 444 See also Literature: Music; Painting, different national schools; Poetry; Theatre Art of war—124, 178, 181, 186-87, 204, 241 — its foundations — 186-87 See also Army; Navy Australia— 71, 347 Austria— 21, 26, 86, 89, 292, 346, 381-82, 401, 431, 436

See also Army—Austrian; Austro-Italian war of 1848-49; Austro-Italo-French war of 1859 Austro-ltalian war of 1848-49 — 431-32 Austro-Italo-French war of 1859 (Italian

war of 1859) — general characteristics — 380-81, 392, 399, 405, 415, 430-31, 435-36, 464, 465, 469-70, 473-74, 537, 538 — preparations for war, Plombières

Agreement of 1858 — 401 — course of military operations— 414, 448, 473-74, 475 — Villafranca preliminary peace treaty of 1859 — 464, 469 — and Austria — 382, 401, 414, 425-28, 430-32, 464, 465 — and Italy — 465, 537 — and Piedmont — 426, 465 — Mazzini's attitude — 382, 452, 455, 464 — actions by Garibaldi's detachments — 452, 455 — and France (Second Empire)— 368, 380-81, 401, 405, 425-27, 432, 465, 537-38 — and diplomacy of European states — 368, 380, 401, 405, 411, 425-27, 430 — and Britain — 368, 381, 401, 405, 411, 425-27, 431-32, 465, 538 — and Germany — 382, 401, 435-36, 537 — and Prussia — 381, 430, 464, 465, 537, 538 — and Russia — 368, 381, 382, 401, 405, 411, 426-27, 430-31, 432, 465, 537, 538 — and revolutionary movement in Europe — 381-82, 414, 430, 464, 465, 538 — and European democracy — 381-82, 403-04, 428, 435-36, 439, 452, 464, 465, 538, 543

B

Balance of trade—-73, 229, 230, 243 Bank(s)

— and banking capital — 133 — reserve fund — 126, 208, 229-30 — profit — 133, 215 — and bill operations — 208, 211, 219, 220, 229-31, 256, 291-92, 343 — and deposits — 133, 208-09, 229, 231 — and money circulation — 126, 208 — and discount rate — 71, 83, 199, 208-09, 211-12, 229 — and railways — 216, 230-32 — and the state — 133, 208, 214-16, 230-32, 256, 73 — and financial aristocracy — 133 — and economic crises — 126, 133, 197, 202, 208-09, 212, 215-17, 218-19, 220-21, 222-23, 229-31, 235-36, 303 — joint-stock — 34, 81, 144, 208-09 — in Proudhon's theory — 90

See also Bank legislation; Bank of England; Bank of France; Bankruptcy; Belgian Bank; Credit; Crédit mobilier; Royal British Bank; Stock Exchange Bank legislation— 202, 208,- 214-15 Bank notes—152, 208, 213, 222-23 Bank of England— 72, 73, 208-09, 212,

567 Bank of France— 93, 133, 152, 193, 208,

216, 229-31, 256, 273 Bank rate—126, 229 Bankruptcy— 81, 83, 197, 200-01, 207,

208-09, 211, 212, 215, 219, 222-23, 235-36, 567

Belgian Bank—71 Berlin— 286 Bill of exchange— 208, 211-14, 220-21,

229-31, 256, 291-92, 343-44 Bimetallism — 71, 73, 90 Bohemia, Bohemians — 19, 26-27, 87, 346,

381 Bonapartism — 90, 108, 109, 291, 537-38 See also France—Second Empire Bourgeoisie— 216, 291

— English — 115, 344, 374-75 — French — 6, 215, 216, 229, 256, 291, 381-82, 401, 405 — German — 27 — Prussian — 292, 349, 358, 436 — Spanish — 61 Bourgeois political economy—102, 126, 13», ,249, 282, 283, 287, 298-301, 303, 317-18, 377 See also Abstraction, abstract and concrete; Ricardianism, Ricardos theories Brandenburg—see Prussia 'Bundschuh' (peasant association in Germany in 15th-16th cent.)—445

C

California— 71, 203, 344, 347 Capital—191-92, 215-216, 249, 287, 298, 303 — accumulation of — 303 — fixed — 278, 279, 281, 282, 283; see also Machines — circulating — 212-13, 256, 281, 282-83, 287 — loan (monetary)—71, 273; see also Bank(s); Credit; Loan interest — share — 298 •Capital' by K. Marx — first stage in writing it — 270, 286-87, 297-98, 301-05, 498 — manuscript of 1857-58 as the first variant of Capital— 216, 224, 226, 244, 269-70, 272, 286-87, 295, 298, 317-18, 353-54, 358, 368, 376, 498, 508, 511-12, 523 — A Contribution to the Critiqtie of Political Economy— 270, 272, 286-87, 295, 297-98, 301-05, 341, 353-54, 358, 368-69, 376-77, 393-96, 408, 471, 473, 477, 478, 482, 498, 502, 518 — Marx's method of economic research — 249, 270, 298, 304-05, 470-71 — dialectics in Marx's economic works — 249, 298, 304-05 Capitalism (as socio-economic formation)—301-02 — transient character of — 473 Carbonari— 380 Cavalry— 289 Causality—435 Cell— 326-27 Chartism, Chartist movement

— in 1848 — 31-32, 44, 210, 249-50, 375, 376 — Chartist press, the — 38, 44 — part played by Marx and Engels

in Chartist movement — 38, 418 — causes of its decline — 344 China

— general characteristics — 347 — economy — 203, 347 — foreign trade — 73, 344, 347, 362 — as object of colonial expansion by capitalist states — 347, 413 — opium trade — 347, 362, 413 See also Opium wars Circulation of money capital—301-02 Classes, the— 420, 442-45 See also Bourgeoisie; Class struggle; Nobility; Peasantry: Petty bourgeoisie; Working class Class struggle— 419-20, 443-45 Coin — 302, 377 Cologne Communist Trial—477, 552, 554 Commerce, (rode — 81, 222-23, 226, 235-36, 256, 271, 342 See also Commercial (merchant's) capital; Foreign trade; World market Commercial (merchant's) capital—303 Commodity

— its analysis in Marx's work A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy — 298-303, 358, 368, 376-77, 473 — criticism of Proudhon's views— 377 Commodity circulation—301-03 Commune (community)

— in Germany — 20 — in Poland — 75, 80

— in Romania — 80 — in Russia — 18, 75 Communism (social formation)

— prerequisites for communist transformation of society — 298 — necessity of proletarian revolution — 38, 41, 346 See also Revolution, proletarian, socialist Communism in Germany (theories and

trends)—502-03, 519-20 Communism, primitive—298 Communism, scientific—377, 518 Communism, Utopian—21 See also Communism in Germany; Weitlingianism, Weitlingians Communist League, the—38-41, 376 See also Cologne Communist Trial; German Workers' Educational Society in London (1840-1918) Communists, communist movement—555 See also Communist League Competition— 35, 298, 305 Conflict— 322, 419-20, 445 Consignment—191, 202 Content and form— 298-301, 316, 442-443 Contradiction—133, 287, 298, 301, 445 Corn Laws (in England)—215

See also Anti-Corn Law League Credit— 71, 83, 126, 220-21, 229-32,

236, 291-92, 298, 302, 344 Crédit mobilier— 34, 119, 126, 128, 133,

142, 145, 216, 225, 240, 244, 291-92, 296, 349, 567 Crimean war of 1853-56

— and European diplomacy — 119 — military operations in the Crimea in 1854-56 — 22, 177-78, 297 — capture of Kars by Russian troops in 1855 — 22, 28-30 — its results, Paris Peace Treaty of 1856 — 7, 42, 346, 368 — and England — 31-32 — and Turkey — 346 — and France — 7 — and Sweden — 3 Criticism

— general features — 260, 441 — of various social phenomena and social consciousness — 91, 260, 261, 270, 316 teaching — 261, 270, 441, 446 Cuba— 340 Customs Union (Germany, 1834-71)— 230

D

Darwinism— 551 Definition — 287, 298, 301, 303, 327 Demand and supply— 235-36, 350 Democracy, petty-bourgeois—25, 90, 568 Democracy, vulgar—436, 522, 525 Denmark—132, 229 Development—186, 270, 278, 298, 303, 325, 326-27, 443, 551 Dialectical materialism—326-27 Dialectics

— in nature — 326-27 — in politics — 537 — and natural science — 326-27 — and political economy — 260-61 — Hegelian — 249, 259-61, 316, 326-27 See also 'Capital' by K, Marx— dialectics in Marx's economic works; Hegel, Hegelianism Dividend— 201, 244 Dixnsion of labour—186-87 Drama (literature)—419-21, 441-45 Duel— 319, 320, 322-23, 324

E

Economic categories—270, 301 Economic crises

— as phase of industrial cycle — 202-03, 214-15, 220-21, 222-23, 278, 281, 282 — their chronic character — 83, 126, 203, 291 — overproduction as main form of their manifestation — 220-21, 343, 344 — their forecasting — 34-35, 71-72, 73-74, 152, 199, 202-03, 216-17 — industrial — 215-16, 220, 273, 282 — commercial — 81, 222-23, 226, 256, 271, 343 — monetary and financial — 32, 70, 71-72, 83, 152, 200, 207, 212-13, 220-21, 235, 236, 302-03 — of the world market — 202, 203,

— and condition of working people — 216, 221, 223, 241, 350 — and bourgeois state — 81, 83, 133, 202, 208, 214, 216, 221, 229, 232, 256, 273, 291, 292 — and prospects of revolution — 74-75, 83, 203-04, 216, 223, 243-44, 291 — crisis of 1837 — 221 — crisis of 1846-47 — 202, 208, 221, 229, 232, 240, 243 — world economic crisis of 1857-58 — 71, 74, 126, 133, 197, 200-03, 208-09, 211, 216, 218-25, 226, 228-32, 235-36, 239, 240, 243, 253, 256, 271, 343, 346-47, 350, 567 — crisis of 1857-58 in England — 71-72, 73-74, 197, 201, 202, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214-15, 219, 220-21, 222, 223, 224-25, 228, 235-36, 239-40, 243, 253, 343, 350, 567 — crisis of 1857-58 in Germany— 200, 202, 212-13, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224-25, 243, 567 — crisis of 1857-58 in France — 71-72, 126, 133, 200, 214, 215-16, 223, 224-25, 228, 232, 235, 240, 243, 256, 271 Economic laws—126, 282-83, 301-03 Economic situation— 71-72, 73-74, 126, 208-09, 214-15, 219-21, 229-31, 291-92 Emigration, emigrants

— as social phenomenon — 50-51 — bourgeois-democratic, petty-bourgeois — 37-38, 359, 375-76, 382, 455-56 — revolutionary — 37-38 — proletarian — 37-38, 359-60, 386 — French — 37-38, 339-40, 465, 480 — German emigrants in England, from mid-1850s — 38-41, 366, 369, 370, 372-73, 375-76, 382-83, 437-40, 461, 463-64, 467, 492-93, 502-04, 508, 513, 519-21, 523, 526 — Irish emigrants in the USA — 50 — Italian — 346, 381-82, 452, 455, 464 — Polish — 381 Engels, Frederick

— friendship with Marx and his family — 51-52, 96-97, 109, 114-15, 121, 143-44, 149-50, 307-08, 311, 313, 314, 331, 332-33, 517-18, 542, 555-57, 563-64, 565, 568-69, 572, 573-75 — joint work with Marx — 51, 122-25, 182-83 — Marx on Engels — 186, 248-49, 391-92, 393, 400-01 — during the 1848-49 revolutions (general)—392 — in 1849-59 (general)—24-25, 49, 109, 122-25, 203-04, 274-75, 288-89, 337-38, 391-93, 399-400, 402-03, 471-72 — contribution to The New American Cyclopaedia—122-25, 135-37, 144, 155, 158, 162-64, 165-68, 171-72, 174-76, 177-81, 190, 195, 196, 200, 204-07, 213, 239, 241-42, 247, 252, 254, 257, 263, 268, 274, 281-82, 288-89 — contribution to New-York Daily Tribune — 201, 393, 417 — study of military history and military-theoretical problems — 84, 123, 124, 136-37, 144, 153, 158, 160-61, 162-68, 171, 172, 174-76, 177-81, 189, 190, 195, 200, 204, 241-42, 247, 252, 254, 256, 257, 263, 266, 274, 281-82, 285, 289, 293, 294, 492, 515 — Marx on significance of Engels'

study of military theory — 186-87, 248-49, 391 — study of natural sciences — 326-27, 551 — studies in languages and history of Slav peoples — 26-27, 73, 105, 403, 516 — and working-class movement in England — 188-89, 190, 196, 264, 344, 348 — and working-class movement in Germany — 24.25, 36 — his friends and associates — 72, 252-53, 386, 509 — his family — 421-24, 528-29 See also Chartism, Chartist movement—

part played by Marx and Engels in Chartist movement; Marx, Karl England (Great Britain)

— general characteristics — 344 — in the 1850s (from 1849)—:».">, 42, 71-72, 104-05, 113-14, 115-16, 221, 239, 253, 270, 273-78, 344, 349, 401, 405, 411, 429 — economy — 72, 81, 305, 344 — trade — 35, 202, 214, 229, 234-35, 305-06, 307 — trade with Asia (Turkey, Middle East, India, China)—201-02, 211-12, 253, 344, 347, 362, 413 — finances — 413 — aristocracy — 344 — social and political system — 108, 358, 411 — electoral system — 115 — Peelites — 104 — Radicals — 210, 374, 411 — bourgeois-democratic movements — 357-58 — colonial policy — 49-51, 413 — foreign policy, diplomacy — 8-10, 80-81, 107, 115, 429 See also Anglo-Persian war of 1856-57; Anti-Corn Law League; Army— British; Bank of England; Bourgeoisie—English; Chartism, Chartist movement; Com Laws (in England); Economic crises—crisis of 1857-58 in England; Free Traders; Literature— English; Opium wars; Poetry— English; Royal British Bank; Tories (England); Urquhartism, Urquhartites; Whigs (England); Working-class movement in England Epic—19 Epicureanism—124, 226, 269, 316 Equality— 303 Estate— 80 Europe — 203, 272, 358 Exchange — 301, 303

F

Feudalism — 86, 298, 302, 346, 418-19,

442-45 See also Serfdom; Society—feudal Feuerbach, Feuerbachianism—55 Forecast— 34-35, 71-72, 73-74, 152, 199,

202-03, 216 Foreign trade— 73, 191, 200, 201-02,

208, 212, 216, 229-30, 243, 347, 362, 412, 413 See also World market France

— general characteristics — 85-86, 229-30 — July revolution of 1830 and July monarchy — 380 — Second Empire — 6-7, 31, 35, 37-38, 42, 50-51, 71-72, 82-83, 93, 94, 119, 126, 128, 133, 142, 145, 152, 156-58, 193, 194, 208, 214-16, 225, 229, 232, 240, 244, 256, 264, 266, 273, 289-93, 296, 297, 306, 343, 348-49, 357, 380-82, 401, 405, 427, 476, 537, 552, 567 — foreign policy and diplomacy, colonial policy — 7, 94, 291, 357, 380, 425-26, 427, 473, 538 See also Army—French; Bank of France; Bourgeoisie—French; Crédit mobilier; Economic crises—crisis of 1857-58 in France; Emigration, emigrants—French; French Revolution (18th cent.); Literature—French; Peasantry—French; Poetry—French; Revolution of 1848 in France; Working class—in France; Working-class movement in France Freedom— 49, 303 Free Traders—104, 113, 115-16, 127 See also Anti-Corn Law League; England (Great Britain)—Radicals French Revolution (18th cent.)—38, 84, 86, 473

G

Galicia— 381 German Confederation (1815-66)—437 German philosophy—124, 127, 135, 260

See also Feuerbach, Feuerbachianism; Hegel, Hegelianism German Workers' Educational Society in

London (1840-1918)—41, 363, 437, 451, 519-20 Germany

— and the French Revolution (18th cent.) and Napoleonic wars — 38,

41, 164-65, 169, 174-75, 178-81 — fragmentation of the country and the task of its unification — 435-36 — economy — 34, 81, 213, 229, 243, 253 — bourgeois liberalism — 393 — democratic movement — 25, 90, 393, 435, 458, 568 — science — 355 — revolutionary movement — 38, 41, 435, 445-46 — foreign policy — 21, 75, 86-87, 346, 435, 537 See also Army—German; Bourgeoisie—German; Customs Union (Germany, 1834-71); Economic crises— crisis of 1857-58 in Germany; Emigration, emigrants—German; German Confederation (1815-66); German philosophy; Hanse; Literature— German; Nobility—German; Peasantry—German; Peasant War in Germany, 1524-25; Poetry—German; Prussia; Reformation; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany; Rhine Province Gold and silver

— as money — 213, 260, 301, 377 — output of — 203 — significance of discovery of gold in Australia and America — 71, 203, 344, 346 — relative to each other — 71, 73 — circulation of — 208, 212, 216, 229 — demonetisation of — 90 — and crises — 208, 212, 217, 229 — as seen by Proudhon and Proudhonists — 90 — miscellanea — 260, 377 Goths— 26 Greek philosophy^-124, 226> 227, 259-60, 262, 270, 316, 324, 394-96 See also Epicureanism; Pythagoreanism; Scepticism, sceptics; Stoicism, stoics

H

Hanse — 229, 243 Hegel, Hegelianism—249, 259-61, 270, 316, 326-27 See also Old Hegelianism Historical materialism, materialist conception of history—186-87 Historiography

— ancient — 270 — of Renaissance — 187 — of Enlightenment — 16, 187 — Junker — 21, 346-47 — bourgeois, in 19th cent.—16-17, 58, 85 — progressive and democratic trends in bourgeois historiography — 85 History— 419 Holland— 230 Hungary— 86, 292, 381, 382

I

Ideas

— and interests — 420 — and classes — 442 — intellectual content — 442-43 — ideas of equality — 303 — as conceived by Hegel — 326-27 — as conceived by Proudhon and Proudhonists — 303 Ideology, ideologists—419 India — 74, 192-93, 201-02, 249, 413 See also Indian uprising of 1857-59 Indian uprising of 1857-59

— and Sepoy troops — 185 — military forces of England — 249 — course of — 152, 175, 182-85, 192-93, 197, 198, 234-35, 242, 244, 247, 249, 336 — and situation in England — 218 — and English and European working class — 346-47, 565 — its results — 413 Industrial reserve army—83, 223 Industry — 220, 237, 281, 282 Inventions— 280 Ireland

— as British colony — 49-51 Italian war of 1859—see Austro-Italo-French war of 1859 Italy

— economy — 221, 275 — national movement (1850s)—142 — revolutionary upsurge in 1859— 452, 455, 515 — foreign policy — 381 See also Austro-Italian war of 1848-49;

Austro-Italo-French war of 1859; Emigration, emigrants—Italian; Kingdom of Sardinia; Pointing, different national schools; Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states

J

Jacobin dictatorship, Jacobins (1793-94)

— Comité du salut public — 85 Japan—347 Joint-stock companies

— setting-up and development of— 81, 82-83, 208-09, 231, 295-96 — activity of — 114, 119, 133, 208-09, 231, 295-96 — and Stock Exchange — 133 — and railways — 229-31 — and the state — 119 — in Germany — 34, 81 — in France — 119, 133, 229-32, 295-96 See also Capital—share; Crédit mobilier; Shares, speculation in shares Junkerdom, Prussian—20

K

Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont)—426-

27, 515 Knighthood—419

— knights' uprising in Germany in 1522-23 — 443-46

L

Labour aristocracy (in England)—344 Labour, social—301

— right to work — 215 Land-division— 80 Landed property— 49-50, 80, 298 Language— 26, 132, 402, 516 Lassalleanism, Lassalleans

— Lassalle and his role in German working-class movement — 23-25, 27, 36, 44, 129, 391-93, 435, 461, 498, 542 — criticism of Lassalle's theoretical views — 128, 227, 255, 259-61, 315, 355, 394-97, 419-21, 441-45 — and peasantry — 420, 444-45 — Lassalle's nationalistic attitude during Austro-Italo-French war of 1859 — 382-83, 435, 452, 459-60, 461, 464-65, 497-98, 508, 522, 538, 542 — criticism of Lassalle's aesthetic views — 419-21, 441-45, 461 — criticism of Lassalle's personality cult — 24 Law of conservation and transformation of

energy— 326-27 See also Economic laws Law, Roman—186 Linguistics—19, 26, 403, 516 Literature

— general features — 441 — Realism — 419-20, 442-45 — Romanticism — 4 — typical and individual in — 419-20, 442-45 — form and content — 441-43 — topicality — 419, 420 — folklore — 6, 19-20, 26 — literary criticism — 441, 445 — irony — 91 — Greek — 257, 339, 397, 443 — Roman — 56 — Bohemian (Czech)—19-20, 26 — English — 33, 46, 91, 356, 424, 441-44 — French — 42, 266, 278 — German — 14, 46, 71, 91, 124, 356, 366, 419-21, 423-24, 436, 441-45, 461, 530-31 — Polish — 20, 26 — Russian — 15, 19, 26, 31, 37 — Serbian — 19-20, 26 — Slav — 19-20, 26 See also Drama; Epic; Novel; Poetry;

Tragedy, tragic; Writers Loan interest—287 Loans (state)—380 Love—54-57

M

Machines (machinery)— 278, 279-81, 283,

305 See also Capital—fixed; Inventions Manchester School—see Free Traders Man, individual, personality—322, 324-

25, 327

Marianne (secret republican society in

France)—37, 42 Market— 35, 71, 212-13, 240, 347 Marx, Karl

— friendship with Engels — 97-98, 108, 111, 119, 132, 139, 145, 146-47, 149, 150-51, 152, 168-69, 173, 181, 186, 191, 198, 217, 232, 238, 243, 249, 263, 335, 374, 532, 565, 568 — joint work with Engels — 43, 51, 133, 169, 181, 186, 224, 259 — from 1856 to late 1859 (general)—37-38, 38-41, 43-44, 53, 54, 210, 312, 369-70, 374-75, 376, 436, 440, 450-51, 458-59, 520 — contribution to New-York Daily Tribune— 63, 68, 81, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 111, 114, 115, 181,

197, 215, 224, 250, 309, 336, 341-42, 362, 374, 401, 409, 523 — contribution to The New American Cyclopaedia—127, 134, 142, 148, 158-59, 169, 170, 173, 181, 187, 198, 238, 249, 251, 259 — as editor of Das Volk—438-39, 449, 452, 456, 457, 459, 461, 463-64, 466, 471, 473, 477, 480, 482-83, 484, 497, 501, 508, 511, 519-21 — study of political economy — 102, 126, 135, 216, 224, 226, 238, 244, 249, 256, 269-70, 295, 298-304, 310, 315, 317-18, 354-55, 369, 376-77, 395-96, 432, 566 — study of world history and history of diplomacy — 8-12, 17-18, 21, 67 — study of military history and military-theoretical problems — 100, 158-59, 169, 170, 173-74, 182, 197, 259, 263, 266, 273, 294, 297, 403 — study of Greek philosophy — 226, 268, 315-16 — and working-class movement in England — 32, 37-38, 87, 210, 228, 250, 263, 342, 345, 375, 418 — and working-class movement in Germany — 15, 25, 30, 38, 42, 43, 44, 99, 100, 134, 135 — and working-class movement in the USA — 338, 374-77, 384, 440 — his friends and associates — 68-69, 100-01, 218, 226, 228, 249, 271, 374-75, 376, 384-85, 387, 390, 396-97, 406, 440, 566-68 — his family — 33, 45, 54-57, 59-60, 63, 66, 67-68, 71-74, 127, 255, 323-24, 328-31, 335, 337, 339, 360, 542, 548, 571 See also 'Capital' by K. Marx; Chartism, Chartist movement—part played by Marx and Engels in Chartist movement; Engels, Frederick

Marxism (general characteristics)—377, 482 See also Communism, scientific; Dialectical materialism; Engels, Frederick; Historical materialism, materialist conception of history; Marx, Karl; Marxist political economy Marxist political economy

— as theoretical basis öf scientific communism — 518 — subject of its research — 376-77 — Marx's use of mathematics in political economy — 244 — its superiority over bourgeois and petty-bourgeois political economy — 249, 270, 298-304, 354-55, 396, 473 See also 'Capital' by K. Marx Material, the — 282, 302, 303 Materialism— 209, 326-27, 478

See also Greek philosophy; Historical materialism, materialist conception of history Means of communication

— navigation — 347 — and trade — 235-36 Means of labour

— their moral wear and tear — 280-81 Method — 249, 270, 471, 551 See also 'Capital' by K. Marx—Marx's method of economic research; dialectics in Marx's economic works Military science

— military history — 170, 172 — military literature — 189, 241 See also Art of war; Engels, Frederick— study of military history and military-theoretical problems Mode of production—298

Moldavia—80 Money

— general features — 126, 301-03 — as measure of value — 301-03, 377 — as medium of circulation — 301-03, 377 — as means of hoarding — 302-03 — as means of payment — 135, 212-13, 220-21, 241-42, 302, 377 — of the world — 377 — metal — 186, 260, 301, 377 — credit — 126 — amount in circulation — 301-02 — value of — 301, 303 — transformation into capital — 303 — depreciation of — 212-13 — and possibility of crises — 302 — Engels' evaluation of Marx's theory of money — 304-05 — its analysis in Marx's work A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy — 286, 301-03, 358, 368, 369, 378 — bourgeois theories on origin and essence of money — 90, 102, 126, 135, 301-04, 370, 378 — quantity theory of money — 395-96 — metallic theory of money — 377 — criticism of 'labour money' theory — 90, 301, 303, 378 — critique of Proudhon's theory of money — 90, 301, 303, 377-78 — criticism of Lassalle's views on money — 260, 394-96 See also Bant notes; Bill of exchange; Coin; Gold and silver; Money circulation; Money market; Paper money Money circulation— 71, 126, 208, 301-03, 317, 342, 358, 368 Money market— 35, 71, 73, 126, 208-09, 215, 219, 220-21, 229-31, 235-36, 240, 292 Mongolia, Mongols — 187 Morauia — 381 Music — 8, 512, 530

— opera — 503

N

Napoleonic wars—165-67, 170, 174-75, 177, 179, 180-81, 436 National debt—193-94, 413 Nationality— 21, 552 Natural science — 209, 326-27 See also Cell; Darwinism; Dialectics— in nature; Law of conservation and transformation of energy Navy — 84, 169 Necessity and chance—291

— in history — 445 Nobility

— German — 26, 419-20, 444-45 — Polish — 420 — Russian — 552 See also Knighthood; Junkerdom, Prussian Northern War (1700-1721)— 8-10, 91 Novel (literature)—441

O

Objective and subjective — 55, 298, 315-16 Old Hegelianism — 227, 255, 261 Opium wars

— Anglo-Chinese war of 1840-42— 107, 362 — Anglo-Franco-Chinese war of 1856-60 — 105, 115, 350, 362, 387 — Tientsin treaties of 1858 — 347, 362 Opposition—152, 259, 260, 419 Organism (biological)—327

P

Painting, different national schools—131 Pan-Slavism — 5, 17, 51, 73, 75, 100, 381 Paper money—133, 216-17, 231 Party, proletarian

— its character — 460 — Marx's party, 'our party'—409, 440, 446, 538, 540, 547 — criticism and self-criticism — 446 — theoretical discussions — 538 — its tactics — 409, 446 — party discipline — 436, 538 — and opposition parties — 210 — conditions of its coming to power — 446 See also Communist League; Communists, communist movement; Marxism

— in feudal society — 80, 419-20, 444 — in bourgeois-democratic revolution — 419-20 — as ally of proletariat — 38 — French — 358, 381 — German — 444-45 — Irish — 49 — Polish — 80 — Russian, peasant movement in Russia — 358, 552 See also 'Bundschuh' (peasant association in Germany in 15th-16th cent.); Peasant War in Germany, 1524-25; 'Poor Konrad' (peasant association in Germany in 16th cent.); Serfdom Peasant War in Germany, 1524-25 — 38 Petty bourgeoisie

— in England — 264 — in Prussia — 292 Philistinism—116, 467, 537 Philosophy—133, 226, 241, 268-69, 315-

16, 326-27 See also Dialectical materialism; Dialectics; Epicureanism; Feuerbach, Feuerbachianism; German philosophy; Greek philosophy; Hegel, Hegelianism; Historical materialism, materialist conception of history; Materialism; Roman philosophy; Scepticism, sceptics; Stoicism, stoics Physiocrats—4, 377 Piedmont—see Kingdom of Sardinia Poetry

— verses — 418-19, 442 — political — 6 — Roman — 56 — Bohemian (Czech)—19, 26 — English — 356, 444 — French — 6 — German — 32, 69, 356, 360, 372, 375, 388, 418-19, 423, 442, 458, 475, 477, 508, 511-13, 514, 516, 530-31, 534-36, 555-56 — Polish — 19-20, 26 — Serbian — 19 — Slav — 19-20, 26 — poet — 371, 372, 458, 514, 556-57 Poland—19, 26, 75, 80, 85-86, 172

See also Emigration, emigrants—Polish Political economy (as science, its method)—244, 260-61, 282-83, 354-55, 396 See also Abstraction, abstract and concrete; Marxist political economy; Bourgeois political economy 'Poor Konrad' (peasant association in Germany in 16th cent.)—445 Prerequisites — 282, 298, 303 Press, the—113-14, 218, 487, 494-95 Price(s)— 35, 102, 126, 201, 202, 205, 208, 209-10, 212, 213, 214, 216, 220-21, 235-36, 239-40, 253, 267, 301, 302, 304-05, 342, 350, 357, 381 Price (value) of land—95 Production—187, 347 Productive forces—186 Pro/it — 215, 249, 283, 287 Protectionism— 304-05 Praudhonism, Proudhonists

— general characteristics — 377, 473 — as trend in French petty-bourgeois socialism — 303, 377 — as expression of tendencies of small private property — 377 — criticism of Proudhon's economic views — 90, 303, 377 — on commodity, failure to understand its relation to money — 377 — on money — 90, 301, 377 — on exchange — 90, 303, 377 — idealisation of commodity production — 377 — idea of equality — 303 Prussia— 21, 72, 86, 87, 89, 90, 94, 114,

179, 243, 266, 346, 348, 436, 537 See also Army—Prussian; Bourgeoisie—Prussian; Junkerdom, Prussian; Petty bourgeoisie—in Prussia; Working class—in Prussia Pythagoreanism— 56

R

Radicalism, Radicals—375 .Rate of exchange—126 Rate of interest—71, 83, 126, 229 Raw material—283 Real, the — 260, 302 Realism—see Art — realism in art; Literature—realism Reformation — 21, 86, 443

Reformism, struggle against it—344 Relations of production— 55, 298-301, 303 Relativity— 322 Reserve, insurance fund— 208, 229-30 Révolution (general characteristics)— 291 See also Revolution, feourgeois, bourgeois-democratic; Revolution, proletarian, socialist Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic — 7 3-Ï 4, 83, 85, 86, 145, 203, 243, 291 See also French Revolution (18th cent.); Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe; Revolution of 1848 in France. Second Republic; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany; Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states Revolution, proletarian, socialist—41, 203, 347 Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe (general characteristics)—419 Revolution of 1848 in France. Second Republic—291, 310 Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany—25, 90 Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states— 425 Rnine Province— 24-25, 32, 34, 44, 464 Ricardianism, Ricardo's theories—283-84, 287, 298, 395-96 Roman philosophy—270 Royal British Bank—72, 209 Russia (Russian Empire)

— history — 8-10, 310, 346, 381, 552 — economy — 34-35, 230, 236 — science, culture, spiritual life — 19 — revolutionary movement in 19th cent.—349, 552 — agrarian revolution — 381 — prospects, character and motive forces of revolution in — 381, 552 — Tsarism, autocracy — 423 — foreign and colonial policy of Tsarism, its diplomacy — 3, 8-9, 86, 310, 346, 368, 381, 401, 405, 426, 537-38, 552 See also Army—Russian; Crimean war of 1853-56; Nobility— Russian; Peasantry—Russian, peasant movement in Russia S

Saint-Simonism— 72 Scepticism, sceptics—226 Schiller Society, the (Manchester, 2nd half of 19th cent.)—517, 527, 530-31 Science

— classification, system of sciences— 241, 260, 354-55, 396 — scientific cognition — 261 — historical development of — 261 — miscellanea — 187, 270, 278, 327, 354 See also Communism, scientific; History; Natural science; Philosophy; Political economy Serfdom— 80 Seven Years War (1756-1763)— 289, 294 Shares, speculation in shares—32, 72, 73, 119, 133, 200, 207, 216, 230, 240 See also Capital—share; Joint-stock companies Sixteenth century (general)—346-47, 420 Slavs— 21, 26-27, 85-86, 292, 346 Socialism (theories and trends)

— petty-bourgeois — 303 See also Lassalleanism, Lassalleans; Proudhonism, Proudhonists Social relations—186, 354 Société du dix Décembre (France, from

1849)—157 Society— 298

— feudal — 419-20, 443-46 — bourgeois — 303, 322, 347, 356, 374 See also Man, individual, personality; Social relations; Socio-economic formation Socio-economic formation—302