Subject Index

A

Abyssinians (Ethiopians)—340 Adventurism (political)

— voluntarist attitude towards revolution, 'play at revolution'—73, 85, 101, 103, 106, 125, 127-29, 140-42, 154-56, 158, 161, 168-70, 172, 187, 197, 224, 225, 279, 280-81, 577 See also Communist League—struggle against sectarian tactics of the Willich-Schapper group, split in the League Afghanistan, Afghans—327, 404 See also Anglo-Afghan war, 1838-42 Agitation club (Union) (1850s)—14, 42, 44, 97, 151, 173 Agriculture

— and industry — 345 — and price formation —164-65, 253, 512-13 — and application of chemistry — 382, 392 — and natural conditions — 339 See also Agronomy Agronomy — 382, 513 Alsace— 388, 476 Anglo-Afghan war, 1838-42— 432 Anglo-Sikh wars, 19th cent.—82, 84, 96 Anti-communism (critique and exposure by Marx and Engels) — persecution and slander of communists — 22, 220, 575-76 See also Cologne Communist Trial — of petty-bourgeois ideologists— 34, 308, 570

Anti-Corn Law League—53, 56 Arab — 326-27, 332, 339-41 Aristocracy—see Nobility Army

— Austrian — 279, 460, 541, 546 — British — 12, 21, 53 — Danish — 451-52 — French — 48, 263, 388, 452, 490, 495, 496, 524 — Indian — 332-33 — Neapolitan (of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) — 540 — Russian — 427, 470-71, 495 — Schleswig-Holstein — 451-52 — Turkish — 374, 394, 422, 444, 479 See also Artillery Artillery— 422, 424, 539-40 Asia, Asiatic mode of production—333,

339, 346-48 Assyria—327 Australia

— immigration — 165, 513 — foreign trade — 165, 374, 514 — discovery of gold in — 83, 84, 96, 130, 165, 231 Austria— 5, 105, 195, 495

— trade — 286, 294-95 — and the Italian states, their oppression — 314-17, 343, 493, 545 — and France — 5, 11-12, 44, 195, 277, 308, 494 — and Prussia — 5, 56, 143, 195, 286, 307 — and Russia — 5, 143, 463, 546 See also Army—Austrian; Austro-Italian war, 1848-49; Crimean war, 1853-56—and Austria Austro-Italian war, 1848-49 — 509-10

B

Babylon— 327 Bank(s)— 111, 257, 388

— of England — 150, 161, 162, 164, 199, 274, 275, 368 Beduins— 327, 340 Belgium—12, 45 Bible — 249, 326, 327, 492, 558 Bonapartism

— and bourgeoisie — 47, 48, 68 — and working class — 47, 197, 320 — Bonapartist (imperial) 'socialism'— 17, 68, 123 See also France—Second Empire (1852-70) Bourgeoisie— 62, 65, 68, 191, 473-74

— American — 346 — English —21, 53, 55, 59, 61, 68, 119, 143, 474 — French — 17, 45, 48, 51, 59, 68, 261, 387, 474 — Italian — 171, 279 — Prussian — 307, 349 Bourgeois political economy—61-62, 163, 345-46, 382, 383 — Carey's economic views, Marx's criticism of — 62, 93, 345-46, 378, 381, 384 See also Ricardo, Ricardian school Bulgaria—444, 460 Byzantium— 44 7

C

California— 57, 83, 84, 96, 165, 253,

556 Caliphate of Baghdad— 327 Campaign of 1812 in Russia—305 Capital

— and wage-labour — 378, 381, 383 — and division of labour — 381 Capitalist mode of production

— its historical necessity — 65 — antagonistic contradictions — 62 — as the basis of bourgeois society— 191, 345

— bourgeois conceptions of — 61-62, 65, 345-46 Catholicism—381 Central Committee of European Democracy— 73, 171, 433 Chaldeans, the— 327 Chartism, Chartists

— as first independent political party of working class — 3 — and bourgeois and petty-bourgeois radicals — 107, 196, 536 — in the 1850s — 15, 31, 59, 68, 196, 324-25, 350, 355, 483, 502, 521, 523, 525 — Chartist press, the — 15, 42, 60-61, 72, 89, 99, 107, 162, 176, 196, 265-66, 276, 325, 502 — Marx's and Engels' participation in Chartist movement — 11, 68, 75, 96-97, 175, 196, 414, 502, 521 See also Labour Parliament China — 5, 165, 346 Christianity— 341, 447 See also Bible; Catholicism; Protestantism Civilisation— 289, 392 Civil war— 62, 305-06 Classes, class struggle—59, 61-62, 65, 68, 87, 191, 285, 473-74 See also Lockouts; Preston strike, 1853-54 Cologne Communist Trial

— Marx's and Engels' defence of the accused and exposure of the provocative methods used in staging the trial — 9, 10, 20, 25, 27-29, 34, 59, 79, 96, 107, 115, 132, 134-35, 136-37, 138, 142-44, 211-12, 215- -24, 226-38, 240-45, 246-47, 250-51, 252, 259-66, 270, 275, 281-82, 287-88, 301, 302, 323, 324, 326, 558, 570, 575-80 — and the Willich-Schapper group— 74, 112-13, 170, 177, 222-24, 236, 244, 260, 264, 313, 326, 330-31, 335-36, 576 — class character of the trial — 134, 136-37, 143, 206, 212 — conduct of the accused at the trial — 134, 137, 195, 197, 212, 242-43, 262-63, 308, 559, 575-76 — and the bourgeois press — 23, 30, 34, 142, 210 — relief organised by Marx and Engels for the accused and their families — 247, 259-60, 282, 297 — historic significance and consequences for the international working-class movement — 247, 308, 309 Commune (medieval)—474-76 Communism, scientific; communist movement— 308, 476 See also Communist League; Marxism (general characteristics) Communism, Utopian; non-scientific con-ceptions of communism—67, 345-46 See also Owenism; Saint-Simonism; Weitling Communist League, the

— foundation — 143 — in the 1848-49 revolution — 308, 553 — after defeat of 1848-49 revolution — 8, 14, 59, 66, 71, 73, 75, 76, 79, 151, 160, 176-77, 207, 244-45, 247 — Rules of 1850 — 66 — elaboration of tactical principles— 308-09 — struggle against sectarian tactics of the Willich-Schapper group, split in the League — 15, 44, 74, 86, 92, 100-01, 103, 125-26, 143, 151-52, 162, 169, 173, 177-78, 226-27, 244, 260, 264, 266, 296, 309, 317, 325-26, 330-31, 351, 378, 403-04, 575-76 — and petty-bourgeois democracy— 14, 262-63, 308, 575-76 — dissolution of Communist League, causes of — 247 See also Cologne Communist Trial; German Workers' Educational Society in London (1840-1919); League of the Just Community, the

— old Slav — 67 — oriental —339, 347-48 Consciousness

— as understood by Hegel — 556 Corn Laws— 61, 69, 143, 512-13

See also Anti-Corn Law League Crafts, craftsmen—82, 84

Credit

— state — 257, 263, 388 — in Proudhon's theory — 261, 263 Crimean war, 1853-56

— causes and character — 288, 487 — preparations for the war, plans and forces of belligerents — 406, 425, 427, 435, 470-71, 487 — and diplomacy of European states — 408-10, 461-62, 518, 519 — and prospects for revolution— 422, 487 — battle of Sinope, 30 November 1853 — 408, 423, 518 — military operations in Danubian theatre of war, 1853-54 — 368, 395, 411, 422, 426, 427, 446, 460, 469-71 — battle of Oltenitza, 4 November 1853 — 404, 408 — battle of Chetatea, 6 January 1854 — 408, 410 — siege of Silistria, 1854 — 411, 458, 460, 461, 463, 472 — military operations in the Crimea, 1854-55 — 444, 446, 451-53, 472, 484, 485, 499, 507, 509, 538, 541, 550 — naval operations — 409, 410, 460, 466, 485 — and England, foreign policy and diplomacy — 408-09, 446, 452, 472-73, 485, 487, 500, 518 — and France, foreign policy and diplomacy — 409, 487 — and Turkey — 408, 410, 422, 444, 518 — and Russia, foreign policy and diplomacy — 409, 410, 446, 461 — and Austria — 419, 431, 461, 464, 485 Customs Union (Germany, 1834-71)— 186, 195, 307

D

Danish-Prussian war, 1848-52—404, 451-52 Danubian Principalities—461, 518

See also Moldavia; Wallachia Democracy, petty-bourgeois (political trend)—65, 73-74 — relations between Marx and Engels and petty-bourgeois democrats — 14, 34, 236, 290-91, 439-40 See also Communist League—and petty-bourgeois democracy; Emigration, emigrants—bourgeois-democratic, petty-bourgeois Denmark-— 366, 376, 456 See also Army—Danish; Danish-Prussian war, 1848-52; Schleswig-Holstein question, the Dictatorship of the proletariat

— as a result of developing class struggle — 62, 65 — as the State in the period of transition from capitalism to communism (socialism)—62, 65 Diplomacy— 395, 432 Division of labour—381, 384 Doctrinairism, doctrinaires—388

E

Eastern Question, the—278, 516

— nature of — 288 — as a source of international discord — 487 — aggravation in early 1850s — 288, 388 See also Crimean war, 1853-56; Egyptian crisis, 1839-41; Russo-Turkish war, 1828-29 East India Company—517 East, the (specific features of economic and social development)—327, 332-33, 339-41 See also Asia, Asiatic mode of production; Community (oriental); State, the (oriental) Economic crises

— and condition of working people — 374, 376, 388, 512-13 — and prospects of socialist development and revolution — 163, 165, 197, 388 — forecasting of, by Marx and Engels — 32, 54, 83, 96, 162-63, 164-

65, 190, 275, 286, 306, 367, 372, 387 — chronic character — 165, 197 — and trade — 45, 46, 49, 53, 54, 57, 69, 165, 221, 368 — and market situation — 82, 83, 84, 165, 253 — and bourgeois state — 263 Economics and politics—62, 339-40 Egypt— 295, 340

See also Egypt, ancient; Egyptian crisis Egypt, ancient—327 Egyptian crisis, 1839-41—456 — London conventions of 1840 and 1841 — 404, 432, 447, 457 Emigration club (1850s)—14, 42, 44, 97 Emigration, emigrants

— as a consequence of capitalist development — 165, 320, 512, 542 — aristocratic — 45 — bourgeois-democratic, petty-bourgeois — 73-74, 141, 281, 521, 523 — revolutionary — 42, 373 — English — 165, 512 — French — 42, 50-51, 70-71, 73, 74, 76-77, 135, 136, 141, 171, 174, 199, 281, 295-96, 317, 320, 367, 388, 434, 462, 502, 521, 555 — German emigrants in England — 6, 74, 93, 95-96, 121-22, 124-26, 128, 130, 136, 139-41, 146, 148-49, 154-56, 187, 194-95, 236, 266-67, 283-84, 304-05, 309, 433, 498-99, 569 — German emigrants in Switzerland — 44 — German emigrants in the USA— 6, 41, 52, 86, 92, 122, 139, 148-49, 158, 161, 282, 296, 297, 351, 367, 542; see also German-American revolutionary loan

— Hungarian — 30-32, 56, 73, 101, 106, 126, 141, 150, 151, 153, 158, 171, 194, 232, 261, 267-69, 279, 280, 281-82, 283-84, 290-91, 297, 304, 572 — Italian — 521; see also Mazzini — Polish — 80, 172, 345, 401, 479, 521 — Russian —306, 345, 359-63, 365, 438, 521, 522-23, 553

Engels, Frederick

— on himself — 424 — friendship with Marx and family — 69, 81, 530, 533 — joint work with Marx — 4, 37, 86, 90, 109, 120, 147-48, 188-89, 209, 211, 217, 238, 246, 272, 288-89, 332, 368, 370, 372, 374, 375-76, 414, 429, 463, 464, 477, 515-20, 537-41 — Marx on Engels — 376, 391, 407, 423-25, 529-30, 533 — before 1850 — 293, 424 — between 1850 and 1855 (general)—11, 16, 67, 75, 427-28, 435 — language studies — 67, 80, 180, 305, 341, 424 See also Chartism, Chartists—Marx's and Engels' participation in Chartist movement; Democracy, petty-bourgeois—relations between Marx and Engels and petty-bourgeois democrats; Marx, Karl; Military science—Marx's and Engels' study of military history and problems of military theory England (Great Britain)—21, 54, 334-35, 345 — industry — 5, 57, 82-84, 96, 147, 188-90, 253, 276, 285-86, 289, 293, 306, 320, 345, 374 — agriculture — 253, 275, 306, 512-13 — trade — 5, 54, 57, 82-84, 96, 165, 294-95, 374, 434, 511-13, 514; see also Corn Laws; East India Company — finances, budget, taxation — 162-63, 253, 274-76, 284, 306, 333, 355, 515, 517-18, 519; see also Bank(s)—of England — social and political system, class relations — see Bourgeoisie— English; National Reform League (England, from 1849); Nobility, aristocracy—English; Parliament, British; Working class—in England; Working-class movement in England — oligarchic character of government — 21, 276, 289 — political parties of ruling classes,

crisis of (1850s)—129, 135-36, 197, 306; see also Free traders (England); Peelites (England); Tories (England); Whigs (England) — electoral system, electoral reforms — 54, 56, 136, 284, 516, 518-20 — coalition 'Cabinet of all the Talents', 1852-55 — 284, 518 — foreign policy, diplomacy — 54, 288, 376, 431-32, 446, 456-57, 487-90, 516; see also Crimean war, 1853-56—and England, foreign policy and diplomacy — and France — 10, 11-12, 54, 276, 432, 447, 456, 487-89, 495-96, 554-55 — and Greece — 284, 404, 455-56 — and Italy — 53 — and Prussia — 437 — and Russia — 53, 285, 288, 432-33, 446, 456-57, 487, 489 — and Spain — 53, 456, 495 — and Turkey — 285, 288, 432 See also Anglo-Afghan war, 1838-42; Anglo-Sikh wars, 19 cent; Army— British; Emigration—English; India— colonisation by Britain and its consequences; Ireland; Literature—English; Navy—British; Scotland

F

Feudalism—191, 339, 381, 392, 474, 490 See also Society—feudal Feuerbach, his philosophy—45 Fortification—411 France

— French, the; national character— 51, 171 — in the Middle Ages — 475-76 — during the Consulate and First Empire (1799-1814)—388, 490; see also Napoleonic wars — during the July monarchy (1830-48)—17, 200, 307, 388, 447, 492-97 — Second Empire (1852-70)—96, 221, 334, 387-88; see also Bonapartism; Crimean war—and France, foreign policy and diplomacy — coup d'état of 2 December 1851 — 7, 42, 46-48, 91, 320, 456 — industry — 306, 320 — agriculture — 162, 165, 388 — trade — 47, 82, 83, 320 — finances, financial policy — 68, 122, 257, 263, 372, 388, 545 — internal situation, home policy— 7, 12, 17, 27, 45, 47-49, 68-69, 122, 126, 263, 306-07, 320, 388, 545 — corruption of ruling circles — 48-49, 257, 388 — monarchist groups — 126, 129, 130, 172, 200, 263, 307, 308 — growth of oppositional sentiments in French society — 44, 47-49, 126, 128, 200, 263, 307, 387-88, 555 — Bonapartist regime and wars — 7, 10, 11-12, 257, 276, 307 — and Austria — 5, 12, 45, 194, 277, 307, 494 — and Belgium — 12, 45 — and England — 10, 12, 54, 276, 432, 447, 456-57, 487-89, 496, 555 — and Germany — 36, 44, 276 — and Hungary — 45 — and Piedmont — 12 — and Poland — 45 — and Prussia — 5, 12, 307, 494, 524 — and Russia — 5, 11-12, 45, 277, 416, 456-57, 487, 492, 494, 495, 496 — and Spain — 490, 492-97 — and Switzerland — 12 — and Turkey — 277, 289, 456-57 See also Army—French; Bourgeoisie— French; Emigration, emigrants— French; French revolution (18 century); Literature—French; Peasantry— French; Revolution of 1848 in France; Second Republic (1848-52); Working class—in France Free trade

— and bourgeois political economy— 275, 346; see also Free traders (England) — and working class — 513

Free traders (England)—56, 59, 84, 111, 147, 253 See also Anti-Corn Law League; Manchester School French Revolution (18th century)—51, 474

G

Galicia— 546 Geographical environment

— influence on development of society — 339, 392 German-American revolutionary loan—42, 72, 77, 80, 92, 96, 101, 126, 136, 141, 149-51, 154-57, 158, 161-62, 165, 166, 169, 172-73, 176-77, 206-07, 225, 245, 266, 274-75 German philosophy—345, 412 See also Feuerbach; Hegel; Young Hegelianism German Workers' Educational Society in London (1840-1919)—14, 113, 195, 217, 226, 336, 521 Germany— 309, 459

— history — 45, 305, 474-76 — economy — 162-63, 164-65, 195, 286, 346, 563 — bourgeois liberalism — 502 — democratic movement — 65, 73-74, 251, 308-09 See also Austria; Customs Union (Germany, 1834-71); Emigration— German emigrants in England,— German emigrants in Switzerland,— German emigrants in the USA; German philosophy; Literature—German; Peasantry—German; Poetry—German; Prussia; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany; United Diet (Germany); Working-class movement in Germany Gold

— as money — 162, 253 — social and economic consequences of its discovery in Australia and America (California)—57, 83, 84, 96, 165, 253, 275 — as viewed by mercantilists — 275-76 Greece—447 — insurrection in Greek provinces of Turkey, 1854 — 414, 444 — and England — 284, 404, 456 — and Russia — 285, 447, 456

H

Hegel, Hegelianism—45, 65, 87, 104, 208, 306, 462, 587 See also Consciousness—as understood by Hegel Hinduism— 348 Historical approach— 62, 65, 103, 473-74 Historiography

— in the Middle Ages — 341, 476 — reactionary romantic — 492 — bourgeois, in 19th cent.—62, 65, 305, 473-76, 500, 503, 506 — French, of the Restoration period — 62, 65, 305, 473-76 Holy Alliance—12, 53, 289, 432 — congresses — 492-97 Hungary — 31, 53, 105, 432

See also Emigration, emigrants— Hungarian; Revolution of 1848-49 and national liberation war in Hungary

I

India

— natural conditions — 339 — before British conquest — 327, 332-33 — crafts, home industry — 82, 84, 347 — agriculture — 339, 346-47 — village communities, their stagnation — 347-48 — colonisation by Britain and its consequences — 5, 82, 84, 96, 165, 253, 339, 346, 347, 374, 514, 517 See also Anglo-Sikh wars, 19 cent.; Army—Indian; East India Company; Hinduism Internationalism, proletarian—259-60 Ireland— 512, 517, 518

See also Parliament, British—Irish MPs ('Irish Brigade') Islam— 284, 327, 332, 340, 348, 432

See also Koran Italy

— history — 305, 432, 476 — economy — 307 — Austrian domination — 278-81, 307, 493, 545 — national liberation movement— 73, 101, 142, 281-82, 283-84, 307, 458-59 See also Austro-Italian war, 1848-49; Bourgeoisie—Italian; Emigration— Italian; Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; Literature—Italian; Mazzini; Nobility, aristocracy—Italian; Peasantry—Italian; Piedmont; Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states

]

Jamaica— 346 Java— 348 Jews— 326, 327, 332 Judaism— 326, 327, 341

K

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples) —

541 See also Army—Neapolitan Koran— 285, 328, 340

L

Labour Parliament (England)—417, 419 League of the Just, the—143 Literature

— style — 492 — American — 217, 301 — ancient Scandinavian — 328 — Arabian — 328 — English — 440 — French — 74, 203, 209, 249, 297, 332-33, 341, 447, 492-97 — German — 296, 307, 328, 353, 390, 440, 447, 457, 563, 568 — Hebrew — 327 — Hungarian — 543 — Italian — 125-27, 131, 390 — Persian — 341 — Slav — 67 — Spanish — 447, 480, 492 See also Poetry . Lockouts—374, 561 Lorraine— 388, 476

M

Machines

— and wages — 513, 561 Manchester School, Manchester men—44,

69, 355 See also Anti-Corn Law League (England); Free traders (England) Market price—383 Marx, Karl

— on himself — 507 — friendship with Engels — 403-04, 530, 533 — joint work with Engels — 4, 37, 80, 84, 109, 120, 147-48, 188-89, 209, 211, 217, 238, 246, 272-73, 288-89, 332, 368, 370, 372, 374, 375-76, 414, 417, 429, 463, 464, 477, 515-20, 537-41 — Engels on Marx and his role in the international working-class movement — 308 — work on treatise on political economy — 28, 46, 62, 99, 125, 163, 259, 293, 367, 522 — contributions to New-York Daily Tribune — 4, 32, 41-42, 55, 107, 115, 120, 147, 261, 272, 288, 292, 299, 315, 329, 331-32, 345, 346, 355, 367, 368, 375, 385, 387, 390, 395, 404, 406-07, 414, 422, 429-30, 432, 436, 439, 447, 472, 484, 485, 502, 536, 537, 544, 560, 588 — language studies — 275, 331, 447 — living conditions in London — 35, 40, 42, 50, 85, 181-82, 216, 221, 270, 289, 385, 414, 439, 464-65, 500, 501-02 — police persecution — 216, 235, 576-78 — his family — 181, 182, 186, 199, 216, 385, 406, 421, 453, 454, 464-65, 515, 525, 528, 529-33, 541, 578, 581 See also Chartism, Chartists—Marx's

and Engels' participation in Chartist movement; Democracy, petty-bourgeois— relations between Marx and Engels and petty-bourgeois democrats; Engels, Frederick; Military science—Marx's and Engels' study of military history and problems of military theory Marxism (general characteristics)—62, 65, 68, 308-09 Mazzini, Mazzinists—31, 42, 46, 56, 59, 71, 74, 76-77, 101, 107, 141-42, 170-72, 278-82, 283-84, 290, 458-59 See also Young Italy Mercantilism—311 Mexicans—504 Military science—103-04, 133, 425, 452 — Marx's and Engels' study of military history and problems of military theory — 12, 18-19, 52-53, 80-81, 103-04, 128, 133, 138, 158, 159-60, 164, 305, 309-11, 393-94, 405, 419-20, 424-26, 431-32, 451-52, 460, 500-01, 504 See also Fortification Mode of production—191, 349 See also Asia, Asiatic mode of production; Capitalist mode of production; Feudalism ; Slavery Mohammedanism—see Islam Moldavia— 295 Monetary system

— and mercantilism — 275 Mongols, the— 327 Monotheism—327

N

Napoleonic wars— 305, 406, 409, 411,

490, 538 See also Campaign of 1812 in Russia; Spain—first Spanish revolution (1808-14) and struggle against Napoleonic rule Nation

— national consciousness, national feeling — 340 National Reform League (England, from

1849)—59 Navy

— British — 12, 18, 21, 408 — Russian — 422, 427, 487 — Turkish —394 Negroes— 346 Nobility, aristocracy—191, 473

— English — 20, 61, 276 — Italian — 279 — Russian —53, 203, 365 — Spanish — 490

O

Opera— 199, 455, 556 Owenism— 192

P

Palestine— 295, 327 Pan-Slavism— 67, 373, 534, 536 Parliament, British—61, 94, 135

— House of Commons — 56 — Irish MPs ('Irish Brigade')—516, 518 Party, proletarian

— Marx's party, 'our party'—90, 96, 108, 275, 290, 293, 309, 312, 569, 570 — after defeat of 1848-49 revolution — 43-44, 259-60 — and petty-bourgeois democracy— 308-09, 349 — significance of party press and publications — 41, 293, 309 See also Communist League; Inter-nationalism, proletarian Peasantry

— its role in a bourgeois revolution — 474 — under capitalism — 191 — French — 122, 307, 388, 474 — German — 276 — Italian —279 — Russian —53, 67, 305-06 Peelites (England) —54, 129, 455 Period of transition from capitalism to

communism (socialism)—65 Persia— 333, 339-41, 487 Piedmont— 12 Poetry

— revolutionary — 8 — German — 4, 8, 16, 22, 107, 118,

119, 241, 245, 262, 390, 471 — Persian — 341 Poland

— population — 306 — agriculture — 164 — insurrection of 1830-31 — 138 — and Russia — 489 — and policy of European powers— 45, 53, 432, 489 See also Emigration—Polish Popular masses, People, the—473-74 Preston strike, 1853-54— 374, 375-76,

513 Price(s)

— determination of — 383 — and wages — 388, 513 — and demand and supply — 5 See also Agriculture—and price formation; Market price Production

— development, historical character— 62 See also Mode of production Profit

— and wages — 381, 384, 513 — as interpreted by bourgeois economists — 62, 378, 381 See also Rent of land—relation between wages, profit (interest) and rent Protectionism

— and trade agreements — 285-86 — critique of bourgeois economists' views — 345, 346 See also United States of America— protectionism Protestantism—381 Proudhon, Proudhonism—147, 257, 260-

61, 381 See also Credit—in Proudhon's theory Prussia

— economy — 307 — home policy development — 5, 56 — and Austria — 5, 56, 143, 195, 286, 307 — and England — 440 — and France — 5, 12, 307, 494, 524 — and Russia — 5, 143 See also Bourgeoisie—Prussian; Danish-Prussian war, 1848-52; Schleswig-Holstein question, the R

Railways— 388 Reform, bourgeois—44, 68 Religion—327, 332, 340, 381 See also Christianity; Islam; Judaism; Monotheism Rent of land

— as a product of capitalist mode of production — 381, 382, 392 — conditions giving rise to — 382-84 — source of — 382-83 — and difference in location and fertility of land — 348, 381-83, 392 — relation between wages, profit (interest) and rent — 378, 383-84 — in Ricardo's theory —378, 381-83, 392 — in Carey's theory — 62, 378, 384 Republic, bourgeois

— and working-class movement— 308 Revolution—164, 334, 388 See also Adventurism (political)— voluntarist attitude towards revolution, 'play at revolution'; French Revolution (18 century); Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic; Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe; Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Spain—bourgeois revolutions in Spain, 19th cent. Revolutionary League in America (1850s)—141, 150, 153-57, 161-62, 166, 167, 173 Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic— 388, 474 Revolution, proletarian, socialist

— prerequisites for — 308 See also Period of transition from capitalism to communism (socialism) Revolution of 1848-49 and national liberation war in Hungary—77, 101, 104, 105, 128, 158, 159, 249, 308, 309-11, 424, 460, 586 Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe— 306, 308 Revolution of 1848 in France. Second Republic (1848-52)— 51, 157, 200, 308, 509 Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany—37, 56, 90, 307, 308, 424, 449, 45_8 Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states—

307-08, 458 Ricardo, Ricardian school—62, 345, 383

See also Rent of land— in Ricardo's theory Rome, ancient—527 Russia (Russian Empire)

— population — 53, 306 — agriculture — 164 — trade — 53, 295, 514 — revolutionary movement — 305 — relations between Marx and Engels and Russian revolutionaries in the 1840s-50s — 306, 359-63 — and revolutionary movement in Europe — 305-06, 308, 334, 361, 495 — annexation of the Caucasus — 395, 432, 487 — tsarist policy in Poland — 489 — and Austria — 5, 143, 461, 546 — and England — 53, 285, 288, 432-33, 446, 456-57, 487, 490 — and France — 5, 11-12, 45, 277, 414, 456, 487, 492, 495, 496 — and Germany — 361, 365, 392-93 — and Greece — 285, 447, 456 — and Prussia — 5, 143 — and Turkey — 285, 288-89, 487; see also Russo-Turkish war, 1828-29; Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, 1833 See also Army—Russian; Campaign of 1812 in Russia; Crimean war, 1853-56; Emigration, emigrants—Russian; Navy—Russian; Nobility, aristocracy— Russian; Peasantry—Russian Russo-Turkish war, 1828-29 — 394

S

Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonists— 195 Schleswig-Holstein question, the

— London protocol of 1852 — 456 Science

— and politics — 425 — and philosophy — 104, 260 See also Military science Scotland—512, 519 Serbia— 404, 419, 431 Seven Years' War (1756-63)— 487-88 Shares, joint-stock companies—111, 165, 253 Slavery, slave trade—527

— in the USA — 346 Slavs— 67, 447

See also Community—old Slav; Literature—Slav; Pan-Slavism Social-Democratic Refugee Committee (late 1840s-early 1850s) —345 Social estates—473 Social relations—62 Social system—500 Society—192

— and mode of production —191 — and classes — 62, 65 — bourgeois — 62, 65, 191, 192, 381, 382, 392 — feudal — 191, 192 See also Social relations; Social system Spain

— Spanish nation, national character — 500, 504 — social system — 500 — bourgeois revolutions in Spain, 19th cent.—480, 484, 500 — first Spanish revolution (1808-14) and struggle against Napoleonic rule — 53, 500 — second Spanish revolution (1820-23) and French intervention— 492-97 — first Carlist war (1833-40)—456, 490 — fourth Spanish revolution (1854-56)—469, 479, 485 — and England — 53, 496 — and France — 490, 492-97 See also Nobility, aristocracy—Spanish Speculation (in money, in stock)

— speculation fever — 165, 197, 263, 306 — in raw materials — 111, 165 — Stock Exchange as the centre of speculation and corruption — 162, 257, 388 — and economic crises — 197 — in railway stock — 162, 257, 306, 388 Spinozism—144 Slate, the (oriental)— 333, 339-40, 346-48

— Asiatic despotism — 347 Statistics—189-90, 511-12 Stock Exchange—162, 257, 286, 388, 518

Switzerland—12, 346

— Swiss mercenaries — 541 Syria — 295

T

Tartars, the—327 Taxes, taxation system—122, 388 Theory and practice—263, 308 Tories (England)

— general characteristics, class character of the party — 49, 53-54, 56, 69, 105, 135, 143, 145, 197, 306, 518 — and free trade — 53-54, 84, 143, 253 — and foreign policy of England — 54 Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, 1833—412, 432, 456, 457 Turkey

— Turks, national character — 285 — specific features of historical development— 333 — decline of the Ottoman Empire — 288-89, 444 — trade — 294-95 — and European civilisation — 285, 289 — Christian population, oppression of — 278, 444, 447; see also Greece—insurrection in Greek provinces of Turkey — and England —285, 288, 432 — and France — 277, 288, 456-57 — and Russia — 285, 288, 487; see also Russo-Turkish war, 1828-29; Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, 1833 See also Army—Turkish; Crimean war, 1853-56; Eastern Question, the; Islam; Navy—Turkish

U

Ukraine, Ukrainians—306 United Diet (Germany) — 475 United States of America

— development of capitalism — 62, 111, 162-63, 306, 346 — industry —57-58, 320 — agriculture — 320 — trade — 54, 57, 82-83, 111, 320, 374, 514 — social system — 62, 191 — classes and class struggle — 62 — home policy — 514 — protectionism — 146, 147, 346 — political parties — 145-47, 154-55, 262 See also California; Slavery, slave trade—in the USA; US-Mexican war,

1846-48 Urquhartism, Urquhartists—284-85, 373,

395, 412-13, 422, 430, 439-40, 448, 455 US-Mexican war, 1846-48 — 498, 500-01, 503-04

W

Wages— 62, 378, 384, 388, 513, 561 Wallachia— 295, 419, 426, 431, 464 War(s)— 410-11, 425-26

— influence on economic and social development — 340 — threat of European war in the 1850s — 7, 9-10, 11-12, 53, 409, 411 See also Army; Military science; Navy Weitling, Weitlingians—122, 275, 296, 449

Whigs (England)—49, 56, 89, 129, 135-36, 145, 306 Working class

— position in bourgeois society— 191, 384 — world-historic role — 65 — concentration of workers in industrial centres — 388 — in England — 42, 44, 67-68, 72, 513, 561; see also Working-class movement in England — in France — 47, 59, 197, 261, 300, 307, 320, 388 Working-class movement in England—57,

512-13, 539, 541, 561 See also Chartism; Labour Parliament (England); Preston strike, 1853-54 Working-class movement in Germany—

308-09, 365, 367 World market

— expansion of — 57, 82-83, 84, 165, 253

Y

Yemen—340 Young Hegelianism, Young Hegelians—

87, 449, 534-35, 562-63 Young Italy—458