Name Index

A

Adam—French worker, Blanquist; member of the Committee of the Société des proscrits démocrates et socialistes in London, supported the sectarian Willich-Schapper group.— 247, 251, 283, 292 Adelung, Johann Christoph (1732-1806)—German philologist, author of a number of works on German etymology and grammar.—62 Albert (Martin, Alexandre) (1815-1895) — French worker; a leader of secret revolutionary societies during the July monarchy; member of the Provisional Government (1848).— 168 Alexander I (1777-1825)—Emperor of Russia (1801-25).—337 Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great) (356-323 B.C.) —general and statesman of antiquity.—454 Alison, Sir Archibald (1792-1867)— Scottish historian and economist; Tory.—372 Allard, Jean Baptiste Pierre (1798-1877)—French democrat.—158 Allsop, Thomas (1795-1880)—English journalist, sided with the Chartists.—479 Arminius (Hermann)—Cheruscan leader (17 B.C.—A.D. 21).—62, 475 Attila (d. 453)—King of the Huns (433-453).—246

* Asterisks are placed before names of Ammerman—captain of the sailing vessel Reform.—481 André, Félicité—an acquaintance of En-gels in Paris in the 1840s.—153, 166 Anneke, Friedrich (1818-1872)— Prussian ex-artillery officer; member of the Communist League, a founder of the Cologne Workers' Association (1848), lieutenant-colonel in the Baden-Palatinate revolutionary army; later emigrated to the USA.—159, 183, 224 *Annenkov, Pavel Vasilyevich (1812-1887)—Russian liberal critic and journalist.—37, 64, 95-106, 150-51 Antoine, Gustave—French refugee in London in the early 1850s; son-in-law of Auguste Blanqui.— 313, 381 Arago, Dominique François Jean (1786-1853)—French astronomer, physicist and mathematician; republican politi-cian, member of the Provisional Gov-ernment (1848).—168 Arends (Ahrens), Heinrich—a German worker from Riga, a leader of the League of the Just in Paris, emi-grated to the USA early in 1843.— 59 Argout, Antoine Maurice Apollinaire, comte a" (1782-1858)—Director-General of the Bank of France (1834-57)._ 507 »pondents of Marx and Engels.— Ed. ↩

B

Baedeker, Julius Theodor (1814-1880)— German publisher and bookseller, published the journal Gesellschaftsspiegel (1845-46).—5, 23, 25-26

Bakunin, Mikhail (1814-1876)—Russian democrat, journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; subsequently an ideologist of Narodism and anarchism; opposed Marxism in the First International.—6, 18, 64, 116, 141, 526 Balliu (Baillut), Félix (b. 1802)— Belgian democrat, treasurer of the Brussels Democratic Association.— 162 Bamberger, Louis (b. 1821)—petty-bourgeois democrat, editor of the Deutsche Londoner Zeitung (1848-51).—221, 245, 266, 317, 324, 343, 396-98, 400, 409, 473, 491 Bamberger, Simon—father of Louis Bamberger.—323-24, 396, 398 Barbaroux, Charles Jean Marie (1767-1794)—active in the French Revolution, Girondist.—58 Barbes, Armand (1809-1870)—French revolutionary, a leader of secret societies during the July monarchy; prominent figure in the 1848 revolution; deputy to the Constituent Assembly; sentenced to life imprisonment for participating in the popular insurrection of 15 May 1848, par-doned in 1854.—285, 535

Barocke, Pierre Jules (1802-1870)— French lawyer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; Bonapartist; member of several cabinets before and after the coup d'état of 2 December 1851.—280 Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odilen (1791-1873)—French lawyer; leader of the

liberal dynastic opposition until February 1848; headed the monarchist coalition ministry from December 1848 to October 1849.—144, 211, 503 Bartels, Adolphe (1802-1862)—Belgian journalist, democrat, editor of the

Débat Social from 1844 to 1846.— 123, 125, 128, 130 Bartels, Jules Theodore (1815-1855)— Belgian lawyer and journalist, brother of Adolphe Bartels.—125 Barthélémy, Emmanuel (c. 1820-1855)— French worker, Blanquist, took part in the June 1848 uprising in Paris; a leader of the Société des proscrits démocrates et socialistes in London; supported the sectarian Willich-Schapper group; executed in 1855 on a criminal charge.—246, 247, 254, 280, 283, 287, 292, 298, 304, 310, 313, 315, 318-19, 380-81, 460, 505 Bastiat, Frédéric (1801-1850)—French economist and politician.—491

Bastide, Jules (1800-1879)—French politician and journalist, moderate republican; an editor of Le National (1836-46), Foreign Minister (May-December 1848).—85 Bauer, Andreas Heinrich (c. 1813-c. 1852)—German shoemaker, a leader of the League of the Just; member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; emigrated to Australia in 1851.—73, 158, 243, 245, 265, 477, 539

Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882)—German philosopher and writer, Young Hegelian.—4, 7, 8, 9, 19, 28, 112, 475 Bauer, Edgar (1820-1886)—German philosopher and writer, Young Hegelian; Bruno Bauer's brother and associate.—4, 19, 28, 474 * Bauer, Ludwig—German physician, deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848, emigrated in 1849 to England, where he joined the petty-bourgeois refugees.— 226, 234, 437, 440 Bayard, Pierre Terrail, Seigneur de (c. 1475-1524)—French knight called by his contemporaries the 'chevalier sans p«w et sans reproche'.—283 Beck, Wilhelmine (d. 1851)—Austrian adventuress who posed as a Baroness and Kossuth's political informer; paid agent of the Austrian and British police.—325, 331, 450 Becker, August (1814-1871)—German writer, a leader of Weitlingian communities in Switzerland in the 1840s; emigrated to the USA in the early 1850s.—59 *Becker, Hermann Heinrich (Red Becker) (1820-1885)—German lawyer and journalist, editor of the Westdeutsche Zeitung from May 1849 to July 1850; member of the Communist League from 1850; one of the accused in the Cologne communist trial in 1852; subsequendy a national-liberal.—185, 230, 251, 266, 267, 273, 282, 284, 308, 310, 314, 320, 342, 355, 365, 366, 432, 489, 560 Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-1886)— German revolutionary, participant in the democratic movement of the 1830s-40s in Germany and Switzerland and in the 1848-49 revolution; commanded the Baden people's militia during the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; prominent figure in the First International in the 1860s; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—222, 334 Becker, Max Joseph (d. 1896)—German engineer, democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, emigrated to Switzerland and then to the USA.—214, 296, 406

Beckerath, Hermann von (1801-1870)— German banker, moderate liberal; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre) in 1848; Minister of Finance in the Imperial Government (August and September 1848).—390, 428

Bern, Jôzef (1795-1850)—Polish general, participant in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 and in the 1848 revolutionary struggle in Vienna;

one of the commanders of the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49); emigrated to Turkey.—285, 289, 371 Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832)—English sociologist, theoretician of utilitarian-ism.—11, 27 Béranger, Pierre Jean de (1780-1857)— French democratic poet and author of political satirical songs.—58 Bergenroth, Gustav Adolf (1813-1869) — German historian and journalist, democrat; participant in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated in 1850.—23, 24 Bermbach, Adolph (1821-1875)— Cologne lawyer, democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly, witness for the defence at the Cologne communist trial (1852).—388, 392 Bernard, Simon François (Bernard le Clubiste) (1817-1862)—French politician, republican; refugee in England in the 1850s.—507 Bernays, Josephine—wife of Karl Ludwig

Bernays.— 55 Bernays, Karl Ludwig (Lazarus Ferdinand Coelestin) (1815-1879)—German radical journalist, an editor of Vorwärts! (Paris) in 1844; emigrated to the USA after the 1848-49 revolution.— 4, 18, 25, 32, 40, 43, 53, 56, 60, 62, 64, 68, 72-73, 88-89, 90, 107, 108, 109, 113, 114, 115, 117, 119, 135, 157 Berryer, Pierre Antoine (1790-1868)— French lawyer and politician, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Legitimist.—484, 504 Berthold, Otto—Prussian ex-non-commissioned officer; was connected with Willich and Schapper in the early 1850s.—483, 487 Bettziech, Heinrich (pseudonym Beta) (1813-1876)—German journalist, refugee in London, supported Gottfried Kinkel.—432

Beust, Friedrich von (1817-1899)— Prussian officer, member of the committee of the Cologne Workers' Association (1848); an editor of the Neue Kölnische Zeitung (September 1848-February 1849); delegate to the Second Democratic Congress in Berlin (October 1848); took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland and later to the USA.—191 Biedermann, Friedrich Karl (1812-1901)—German historian and liberal journalist; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Centre) in 1848.—66 Biringer, Carl—subscriber to the Neue Rheinische Zeitung and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue in Höchst.—226 Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis (1811-1882)— French petty-bourgeois socialist, historian; member of the Provisional Government and President of the Luxembourg Commission in 1848; pursued a policy of conciliation with the bourgeoisie; emigrated to England in August 1848.—94, 115, 133, 135, 136, 137, 142-43, 144, 145, 146, 149, 152, 154, 156, 157, 168, 279, 282, 283, 285, 286, 292, 294, 295, 297, 302, 303, 304, 309, 310, 313, 318, 319, 321, 337, 381, 382, 425, 435, 502, 505, 506, 507, 508, 511, 513

Blank, Friedrich (b. 1846)—son of Marie Blank (née Engels) and Karl Emil Blank.—35 Blank, Fritz—brother of Karl Emil Blank.—37 Blank, Hermann—brother of Karl Emil Blank.—171, 254, 515 Blank, Karl Emil (1817-1893)—German merchant in London, closely connected with socialist circles in the 1840s-50s; married Frederick Engels' sister Marie.—3, 19, 33, 35, 36, 46, 165, 175, 176, 207, 252, 265, 515, 543 Blank, Marie—see Engels, Marie Blank, Wilhelm (1821-1892)—school-mate of Frederick Engels, subsequently a merchant.—5 Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881)— French revolutionary, Utopian communist; organised several secret

societies and plots; adhered to the extreme Left of the democratic and proletarian movement during the 1848 revolution.—285, 313, 314, 318, 319, 343, 381 Blind, Karl (1826-1907)—German democratic journalist; took part in the revolutionary movement in Baden in 1848-49; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois emigrants in London in the 1850s; became a national-liberal in the 1860s.—199, 216, 239, 474, 478 Bloss, Rudolph Cuno—German en-graver, took part in the democratic movement in the 1840s.—163, 165 Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von (1742-1819)—Prussian field marshal; took part in the war against Napoleonic France.—540 Bodelschwingh, Ernst, Baron von (1794-1854)—Prussian conservative politician, Minister of Finance from 1842; Minister of the Interior from 1845 to March 1848; deputy to the Second Chamber (Right wing) from 1849.—70 Böhler—German refugee in London in the 1850s.—437 Bohnstedt—German lawyer, democrat; a shareholder of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848.—174 Borkheim, Sigismund Ludwig (1826-1885)—German journalist; participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising (1849); emigrated, was a merchant in London from 1851.—437 Born, Stephan (real name Buttermilch, Simon) (1824-1898)—German type-setter, member of the Communist League; leaned towards reformism during the 1848-49 revolution.—139, 149, 153, 539

Börne, Ludwig (1786-1837)—German critic and writer; advocated Christian socialism towards the end of his life.—38 Bornstedt, Adalbert von (1808-1851)— German journalist; founder and editor of the Deutsche-Brüsseler-Zeitung (1847-48); a leader of the German Democratic Society in Paris;

member of the Communist League until his expulsion in March 1848; a secret agent of the Prussian police in the 1840s.—120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 138, 145, 153, 154, 155, 156, 162, 165, 540 Bernstein, Arnold Bernhard Karl (18(/8-1849)—German democrat; a leader of the volunteer legion of German refugees in Paris.— 540 *Börnstein, Heinrich (1805-1892)— German democratic journalist; founder and editor of Vorwärts.' (Paris); emigrated to the USA in 1849, editor of the Anzeiger des Westens (St. Louis).—8, 14, 15, 31, 55, 88, 107, 108, 114, 115, 135 Bourbons—royal dynasty in France (1589-1792, 1814-15 and 1815-30).— 116 Boyen, Leopold Hermann Ludwig von (1771-1848)—Prussian general, Minister of War (1814-19 and 1841-47).—70 Bracht—member of a political club in Elberfeld (1848).—175 Bray, John Francis (1809-1897)— English economist; Utopian socialist, follower of Robert Owen, developed the theory of 'labour money'.—109 Brehmer, Hermann—founder of the Workers' Association in Breslau in

1848-49; correspondent of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; editor of the Schlesische Volkszeitung (October 1849-March 1850).—196 Bremer, Fredrika (1801-1865)—Swedish novelist.—94 Brentano, Lorenz Peter (1813-1891)— Baden lawyer, democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; headed the Baden Provisional Government in 1849; emigrated to Switzerland and then to the USA.—426

Breyer, Friedrich Albert (1812-1876)— German liberal; physician in Brussels in the 1840s, member of the Brussels Democratic Association.—118, 162, 164, 528

Bricourt, Jean Joseph (1805-1857)— Belgian legal officer; democrat;

member of the Chamber of Representatives (1847-48).—164 Brockhaus, Heinrich (1804-1874) — publisher and bookseller, owned a big publishing and bookselling business in Leipzig from 1850.—68

Broglie, Achille Charles Léonce Victor,

duc de (1785-1870)—French statesman, Prime Minister (1835-36), deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51), Orleanist.—484

Brüggemann, Karl Heinrich (1810-1887)—German journalist, moderate liberal; editor-in-chief of the Kölnische Zeitung (1846-55).—337, 451 Bruhn, Karl von (b. 1803)—German

Journalist, member of the League of Outlaws and subsequently of the Communist League, from which he was expelled in 1850; belonged to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group, later a Lassallean.—196, 197, 407, 549

Brunswick, Duke of—see Karl Friedrich

August Wilhelm Brutus, Marcus Junius (c. 85-42 B.C.)— Roman politician, republican; an initiator of the conspiracy against Julius Caesar.—285, 338, 456 Bucher, Lothar (1817-1892)—Prussian official and journalist; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848; a refugee in London; later a national-liberal and supporter of Bismark.—296, 317, 321, 440, 446

Bûchez, Philippe Joseph Benjamin (1796-1865) — French politician, historian, Christian socialist.— 58 Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert (1784-1849)—Marshal of France, Orleanist.—169 Buhl, Ludwig Heinrich Franz (1814-c.1882)—German journalist; Young Hegelian; editor of the Berliner Monatsschrift in Mannheim (1844).— 11 Billow, Dietrich Heinrich, Baron -Jon (1757-1808)—Prussian officer and military writer.—329 Bülow, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von Dennewiss (1755-1816)—Prussian general, took part in the wars against Napoleonic France.—329 Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias, Baron von (1791-1860)—Prussian diplomat, writer and theologian; ambassador to London (1842-54).—401 Bürgers, Heinrich (1820-1878) — German journalist, an editor of the

Neue Rheinische Zeitung, member of the Communist League and of its Central Authority (from 1850); one of the accused in the Cologne communist trial (1852).—9, 14, 25, 28, 49, 61, 69, 111, 128, 159, 171, 185-86, 251, 341, 346, 351, 365, 366, 373, 384, 390, 491, 526, 529 Burns, Lydia (Lizzy, Lizzie) (1827-1878)—Irish working woman, sister of Mary Burns; Frederick Engels' second wife.— 266 Burns, Mary (c. 1823-1863)—Irish working woman, Frederick Engels' first wife.—37, 153, 266, 273, 369, 530 Butz, Gustav—publisher in Hagen in the 1840s.—16

C

Cabet, Etienne (1788-1856)—French writer, Utopian communist, author of Voyage en Icarie.— 53, 114. 136, 169, 423, 534 Caesar, Gains Julius (c. 100-44 B.C.)— Roman general and statesman.— 288 Campe, Johann Julius Wilhelm (1792-1867)—German publisher and bookseller, from 1823 co-proprietor of the Hoffman 8c Campe Publishing House, Hamburg.—7, 34, 343, 475 Camphausen, Ludolf (1803-1890)— German banker; a Rhenish liberal bourgeois leader; Prime Minister of Prussia (March-June 1848).—176 Canute (Cnut), 'Canute the Great' (c. 995-1035) —King of Denmark (1014-35) and also of England (from 1017) and of Norway (from 1028).—93

Capefigue, Jean Baptiste Honoré Raymond (1801-1872)—French journalist and historian; monarchist.—116 Caperon, Paulin— French emigre, member of the Société des proscrits démocrates et socialistes in London in the early 1850s.—247, 249, 254, 560 Carlier, Pierre Charles Joseph (1799-1858) — Prefect of the Paris police (1849-51); Bonapartist.—479, 484 Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881)—British writer, historian, philosopher, Tory; preached views bordering on feudal socialism up to 1848; later a relent-less opponent of the working-class movement.—4, 461 Carnap, Johann Adolph von (born c.

1793)—Prussian official, Chief Burgomaster of Elberfeld from 1837 to 1851.—24 Carnot, Lazare Nicolas (1753-1823)— French mathematician; political and military figure in the French Revolution, Jacobin; took part in the Thermidor coup in 1794.—505 Cassel—Brussels banker.—158, 164 Castiau, Adelson (1,804-1879)—Belgian lawyer and politician; democrat; member of the Chamber of Representatives (1843-48).—159, 164 Cato, Marcus Porcius (Cato the Elder) (234-149 B.C.)—Roman statesman and writer.—442 Caussidiire, Marc (1808-1861)—French democrat, took part in the Lyons uprising of 1834; Prefect of the Paris police after the February 1848 revolution; deputy to the Constituent Assembly; emigrated to England in June 1848.—337, 505

Cavaignac, Louis Eugène (1802-1857) — French general, moderate republican; took part in the conquest of Algeria; War Minister of France from May 1848; directed the suppression of the June uprising; head of the executive (June-December 1848).—355, 357, 360-61, 363, 367, 466, 469, 484-85, 503 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547-1616)—Spanish writer.— 397 Changarnier, Nicolas Anne Théodule (1793-1877)—French general and politician, monarchist; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies; commander of the Paris garrison and the National Guard after June 1848; took part in dispersing the demonstration of 13 June 1849 in Paris.—357, 360, 363, 479, 484, 503, 504 Christ, A.— German journalist, author of a pamphlet on protective tariffs.— 376, 402

Christian VIII (1786-1848)—King of Denmark (1839-48).—70

Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (106-43 B.C.)—Roman orator, statesman and philosopher.—316 Clark, Thomas (d. 1857)—a Chartist leader, Fraternal Democrat (1847), reformist after 1848.—272, 285 Clausewitz, Karl von (1780-1831)— Prussian general and military theoretician.—372 Clouth, Wilhelm—owner of the Cologne printshop where the Neue Rheinische Zeitung was printed from 1 June to 27 August 1848.—175 Cluss, Adolph (1825-1905)—German engineer; member of the Communist League; emigrated in 1848 to the USA, where he was a member of German-American workers' organisations; one of the first propagandists of scientific communism in America.—496, 519 Cobbetl, William (c. 1762-1835) — English politician and radical writer.—140 Cobden, Richard (1804-1865)—English manufacturer and politician; a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League.—205-06, 211, 281, 347

Cohen— wife of Karl Blind.—474, 478

Confucius (550 or 551-479 B.C.) — Chinese philosopher and statesman.—429

Considérant, Victor Prosper (1808-1893)—French journalist, Utopian

socialist, disciple and follower of Fourier.—94, 411

Cooper, Thomas (1805-1892)—English poet and journalist; Chartist in the early 1840s; subsequently a non-conformist preacher.— 537 Costa Cabrai, Antonio Bernardo da (1803-1889)—Portuguese statesman, leader of the bourgeois-monarchist party, head of government (1842-46 and 1849-51).—358 Cotta, Johann Georg (1796-1863)— German publisher.—398, 476 Crémieux, Isaac Moïse (called Adolphe)

(1796-1880)—French lawyer and politician; liberal; member of the Provisional Government (February-May 1848); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies.— 167 Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)—leader of the English revolution; Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1653.—284, 323, 535 Crüger, Friedrich (1820-c. 1857)— member of the Communist League and the German Workers' Society in Brussels.—122, 123, 124, 127-28 Culpeper, Sir Thomas (1578-1662) — English economist, advocate of mer-cantilism.—494

D

Damm—German democrat; President of the Baden Constituent Assembly in 1849; emigrated to England.—436 Dana, Charles Anderson (1819-1897) — American journalist, an editor and editor-in-chief (1849-62) of the New-York Daily Tribune.—403, 457, 480, 497, 506, 518, 519 Daniels, Amalie (née Müller) (1820-1895)—wife of Roland Daniels.— 472, 548 Daniels, Roland (1819-1855)—German physician; member of the Communist League and of its Cologne Central Authority from 1850; one of the accused in the Cologne communist

23-1543 trial (1852); friend of Marx and Engels.—48, 61, 68, 110, 159, 217, 302, 326, 330, 338, 341, 343, 365, 366, 368, 369, 372, 384, 393, 477, 529, 548 Dante, Alighieri (1265-1321)—Italian poet.—474 Danton, Georges Jacques (1759-1794) — prominent figure in the French Revolution, leader of the Right-wing Jacobins.—58, 505 Darasz, Albert (1808-1852) —active in the Polish national liberation movement, took part in the insurrection of 1830-31; a leader of the democratic organisations of Polish emigrants; member of the Central Committee of European Democracy.—255 Darheck—police inspector in Brussels in 1848.—159 Daul, A.—German democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849.—222 Davoine—Bern bookseller.—221 Decker—German democrat, an organiser of the German refugees' legion in London.— 540 Decker, Karl von (1784-1844)—German general and military writer.—331, 405 Delessert, Gabriel Abraham Marguerite (1786-1858)—Prefect of the Paris police (1836-48).—90, 91 Dembinski, Henryk (1791-1864)—Polish general, took part in the insurrection of 1830-31; commander-in-chief of the Hungarian revolutionary army in February-April 1848; emigrated first to Turkey and then to France.— 206, 328 Demidov, Anatoly Nikolayevich (1813-1870)—Russian aristocrat, owner of a number of mines and steel works.—363 Demuth, Helene (Lenchen) (1820-1890)— housemaid and devoted friend of the Marx family.—315, 548 Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of (1799-1869)—British statesman, Tory leader, Prime Minister (1852, 1858-59 and 1866-68).— 296

Desmoulins, Lucie Simplice Camille Be-

noist (1760-1794) — French journal-

ist, figure in the French Revolution, Right-wing Jacobin.—73 Dickens, Charles John Huff am (1812-1870)—English novelist.—243 Dietz, Bernhard (d. 1850)—German journalist, democrat, editor of the Cologne Freie Volksblätter (1848-49), was persecuted by the authorities.— 195 Dietz, Oswald (c. 1824-1864)—German architect; refugee in London; member of the Communist League, belonged to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group; subsequently took part in the American Civil War.— 247, 255, 265, 442,- 467, 473-74, 477, 483, 484, 498 Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881)—British statesman and author, Tory leader; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59 and 1866-68), Prime Minister (1868 and 1874-80).—296 Döbler, Ludwig (1801-1864)—Austrian conjurer, showed 'misty images'.— 367 Doherty, Hugh—Irish philologist and philosopher, follower of Fourier, editor of the Démocratie pacifique in 1846.—55 Dolleschall, Laurenz (b. 1790) — police official in Cologne (1819-47), censor of the Rheinische Zeitung.—355 Dominicus, Adolf—German merchant, uncle of Ernst Dronke.—173 Donovan, Daniel—Lancashire Chartist leader in the 1840s-50s.—263, 264 Dronke, Ernst (1822-1891)—German writer, at first a 'true socialist', later a member of the Communist League and editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; emigrated to Switzerland and later to England.—163, 164, 172, 173, 178. 179, 190, 191, 200, 201, 203, 207, 208, 212, 233, 235, 237, 250, 256, 263, 271, 296, 301, 304, 319, 336, 342, 347, 380, 457, 459, 475, 481, 482, 561

Dronke, Ernst Friedrich Johann (1797-1849)—father of Ernst Dronke, teacher, gymnasium headmaster in Fulda from 1841.—173 Drucker, Louis—German journalist, democrat, publisher of the London humorous weekly How Do You Do? (1851).—418, 432 Dubourg-Butler, Frédéric, comte (1778-1850)—French general, took part in the 1830 revolution.—319

Duchâtel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, comte

(1803-1867) —French statesman, Orleanist; Minister of Trade (1834-36), Minister of the Interior (1839 and 1840-February 1848).—90, 154 Dufaure, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881) — French statesman, Orleanist; Minister of the Interior (October-December 1848) in the Cavaignac Government.—211 Dulon, Rudolph (1807-1870)—German minister, a leader of the Friends of Light movement opposing the official church; emigrated to the USA in 1853.—267, 268, 398 Dumas, Alexandre (Alexandre Davy de la

Pailleterie) (1802-1870)—French novelist and dramatist.—294 Dumon, Pierre Sylvain (1797-1870)— French lawyer and statesman, Minister of Public Works (1843-47) and Minister of Finance (1847-48).— 54 Dumouriez, Charles François du Périer

(1739-1823)—French general, commanded the northern revolutionary army in 1792-93; betrayed the revolution in March 1793.—470 Dupin, André Marie Jean Jacques (1783-1865)—French lawyer and politician, Orleanist; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49), President of the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); subsequently Bonapartist.—503 Dupont de l'Eure, Jacques Charles (1767-1855)—French liberal politician, participated in the French revolutions of 1789-94 and 1830; close to the moderate republicans in the 1840s; President of the Provisional Government in 1848.—167 Dureau de la Malle, Adolph Jules César Auguste (1777-1857)—French philologist and archaeologist.—425, 433 Dust—non-commissioned officer in the Cologne garrison.—192

E

Ebner, Hermann Friedrich (1805-1856)— German journalist; secret agent of the Austrian police in the 1840s-50s.—398, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 475, 482, 491, 493, 495, 499-502, 520 Eccarius, Johann Friedrich—German tailor; member of the Communist League; emigrated to London in 1851; brother of Johann Georg Eccarius.—491 Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889)— German tailor; prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; member of the League of the Just and later of the Communist League; member of the General Council of the First International; subsequently joined the British trade-union movement.— 250, 266, 285, 491, 519 Eisen, Franz Carl—Cologne bookseller, distributed the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue.— 229, 232, 560 Eisermann—German joiner, member of the League of the Just in Paris in the 1840s.—61, 63, 71, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 90, 115 Eisner, Karl Friedrich Moritz (1809-1894)—Silesian radical journalist, an editor of the Neue Oder-Zeitung in the 1850s.—321 Enfantin, Barthélémy Prosper (nicknamed

Père Enfantin) (1796-1864)—French Utopian socialist, disciple of Saint-Simon; after his death headed the Saint-Simonist school.— 57 Engels—Prussian colonel, after 1851 general, commandant of Cologne in the 1840s-50s.—192, 194, 347 Engels, Anna (1825-1853)—sister of Frederick Engels.—23, 171 Engels, Elisabeth Franziska Mauritia (née

van Haar) (1797-1873)—mother of Frederick Engels.—19, 23, 29, 35, 36, 166, 171, 181, 452, 540, 541, 543-46

Engels, Elise (1834-1912)—youngest sister of Frederick Engels.—35, 546

23» Engels, Friedrich (1796-1860)—father of Frederick Engels.—19, 22, 25, 29, 30, 36, 46, 166, 171, 173, 178, 179, 181, 251, 253, 255, 263, 281, 302, 327, 378, 379, 384, 452, 540, 541, 543, 545

Engels, Hedwig (1830-1904)—sister of Frederick Engels.—23, 29, 546 Engels, Hermann (1822-1905)—brother of Frederick Engels.—5, 36, 449, 451, 452, 455, 546 Engels, Marie (1824-1901)—sister of Frederick Engels, married Karl Emil Blank in 1845.—3, 32, 33, 167, 171, 176, 254, 514 Engels, Rudolf (1831-1903)—brother of Frederick Engels.—29, 546 Ermen, Anton—a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.— 170 Ermen, Gottfried—a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.— 250, 253, 281, 378 Ermen, Peter (Pitt) (b. 1810)—a partner in the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels.—250, 253, 255, 281, 325, 378, 395, 509 Ernsf, Augustus (1771-1851)—King of Hanover (1837-51).—389, 392 Eschweilers—an acquaintance of Mrs Marx in Cologne.— 548 Esselen, Christian (1823-1859)— German writer, democrat; a leader of the Workers' Association in Frankfurt in 1848; emigrated to Switzerland and later to the USA.—214, 222 Esselens, Prosper Joseph Antoine (1817-1878)—Belgian democrat, publisher and editor of the Liège newspaper Le People.—154, 163 Esser, Christian Joseph (born c. 1809) — German worker, member of the Cologne Workers' Association.—450 d'Ester, Karl Ludwig Johann (1813-1859)—German socialist and democrat, physician; member of the Cologne community of the Communist League; became a member of the Central Committee of Democrats in Germany (October 1848), played a prominent part in the Baden-

Palatinate uprising of 1849; later emigrated to Switzerland.—6, 17, 69, 159, 174, 200, 215, 301, 500, 501 Ewerbeck, August Hermann (1816-1860)—German physician and man of letters; leader of the Paris communities of the League of the Just, later member of the Communist League (till 1850).—3, 6, 18, 52-53, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 65, 69, 71, 72, 80,83,89,90, 111, 115, 116, 119, 170, 173, 190, 435, 475, 478, 484, 525,526, 542

F

Fabricius, Franz—Frankfurt merchant, democrat.—375 Faider, Victor—Belgian lawyer and politician, moderate democrat.—163, 164 Fanon—French émigré, member of the committee of the Société des proscrits démocrates et socialistes in the early 1850s.—247, 249, 254, 560 Faucher, Julius (Jules) (1820-1878) — German journalist and economist, Young Hegelian; professed indi-vidualistic, anarchist views in the early 1850s; an emigrant in England in 1850-51.—355-56, 358, 418, 425, 426, 431 Faucher, Léon (1803-1854)—French writer and politician, Malthusian economist, Orleanist; Minister of the Interior (December 1848-May 1849 and 1851); later Bonapartist.—367, 479, 484 Faulenbach—an acquaintance of Mrs Marx in Cologne.— 547 Fenner von Fenneberg, Daniel (1820-1863)—Austrian officer, commanded the Vienna National Guard in 1848, later commander-in-chief and chief of staff of the Palatinate insurgent army, emigrated.—191, 400 Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872)—German philosopher.—12, 22, 23, 54, 68, 75-76, 77, 78, 79, 251, 448, 474, 478 Fickler, Joseph (1808-1865)—German democratic journalist; member of the Baden Provisional Government (1849); emigrated to Switzerland and then to England and the USA.— 385, 386, 391, 403, 408, 428, 436, 437, 438, 439-40, 499

Fieschi—refugee in London in the 1850s.—251 Fischer—German democratic journalist, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, emigrated to the USA.—334, 336, 339, 433, 438, 443, 444, 446, 485, 487, 488

Fischer, F.—member of the Communist League and the German Workers' Society in Brussels.—127 Fix, Théodore (1800-1846) —French economist and journalist, contributor to the Journal des Économistes.—66, 67 Flocon, Ferdinand (1800-1866) — French politician and journalist, democrat; an editor of La Réforme; member of the Provisional Government in 1848.—135, 136, 137, 139, 143, 152, 156, 158, 161, 166, 168, 169, 382 505 Florencourt, Franz von (François Chassot de) (1803-1886)—German writer, editor of a number of periodicals; first liberal and later conservative.— 338 Foucault, Léon (1819-1868) —French physicist.— 343 Fould, Achille (1800-1867)—French banker and politician, Orleanist, subsequently Bonapartist; Minister of Finance several times from 1849 to 1867.—166 Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837)—French Utopian socialist.— 13, 25, 26, 27, 55, 57, 95, 104 Francis Joseph I (1830-1916)—Emperor of Austria (1848-1916).—355 Franck, Gustav (d. 1860)—Austrian democrat, a refugee in London in the early 1850s.—436, 440 Franck, Paul—German democratic journalist; emigrated to the USA in the early 1850s.—347 Frank, A.—Paris publisher.— 8, 142, 143, 144, 149

Frederick II (the Great) (1712-1786) — King of Prussia (1740-86).—329 Frederick William IV (1795-1861)— King of Prussia (1840-61).—70, 141, 160, 249, 355, 376 Freiligrath, Ferdinand (1810-1876) — German revolutionary poet, member of the Communist League, an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49.—178, 191, 198, 204, 205, 206, 207, 216, 217, 224, 225, 230, 346, 354, 359, 365, 366, 373, 377, 382, 385-86, 388, 403, 409, 418, 431, 432, 443, 444, 474, 480, 482, 490, 500, 520, 521, 531, 558, 562 Freiligrath, Ida (1817-1899)—wife of Ferdinand Freiligrath.—206, 217, 521 Fröbel, Julius (1805-1893)—German radical writer and publisher.—19, 49, 74

G

Galeer, Albert Frédéric Jean (1813-1851)—Swiss teacher and man of letters, democrat; took part in the war against the Sonderbund (1847) and in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849.—319, 380 Gamier-Pages, Louis Antoine (1803-1878) — French politician, moderate republican; member of the Provisional Government and Mayor of Paris in 1848.—167 Gebert, August — Mecklenburg joiner, member of the Communist League in Switzerland and later in London, belonged to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group in 1850.—247, 320, 334, 374, 382 Gehrke—German refugee in London in the 1850s.—437 Geiger, Wilhelm Arnold—Prussian police official; in 1848 examining magistrate, then Chief of Police in Cologne.—189, 192 Gigot, Charles Philippe (1819-1860)— participant in the Belgian working-class and democratic movement, member of the Communist League and of the Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee.—38, 39, 89, 118, 126, 130, 153, 158, 159, 162, 165, 178, 179, 544 Girardin, Emile de (1806-1881)— French journalist and politician, editor of La Presse; notorious for his lack of principles in politics; moderate republican during the 1848-49 revolution, later Bonapartist.—357, 360, 363, 444, 448, 484 Glaise—an acquaintance of Mrs Marx.— 525 Godwin, William (1756-1836)—English writer and philosopher, one of the founders of anarchism.—27 Goegg, Amand (1820-1897)—German democratic journalist; member of the Baden Provisional Government (1849); emigrated after the defeat of the revolution.—240, 356, 358, 385, 391, 403, 428, 436, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 446 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet.—18, 68, 110, 264, 474, 500 Gbhringer, Carl (born c. 1808)—Baden innkeeper, member of the Communist League, belonged to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group.—334, 343, 359, 437, 475, 477, 483, 486, 492 Goldheim—Prussian police officer, a secret agent of the Prussian police in London in the early 1850s.— 349 GSrgey, Arthur (1818-1916)—a commander and, from April to June 1849, commander-in-chief of the Hungarian revolutionary army; War Minister from May 1849; voiced the conservative sentiments of the nobility; advocated agreement with the Habsburgs, and later capitulation.— 206, 328 Gottfried—see Kinkel, Gottfried Gottschalk, Andreas (1815-1849)— German physician; member of the Cologne community of the Communist League; President of the Cologne Workers' Association (April-June 1848); exponent of 'Left' sectarian tendencies in the German working-

class movement.—142, 159, 183, 352 Goûté—French émigré, member of the Committee of the Société des proscrits démocrates et socialistes in London in the early 1850s.—247, 249, 254 Graham, Sir James Robert George (1792-1861)—British statesman, a Whig at the beginning of his career and later a Peelite; Home Secretary in Peel's Cabinet (1841-46).—349 Greppo, Jean Louis (1810-1888) — French socialist, took part in the Lyons uprisings in 1831 and 1834; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic — 310 Grey, Sir George (1799-1882)—British Whig statesman, Home Secretary (1846-52, 1855-58 and 1861-66) and Secretary of State for the Colonies (1854-55).—349

Gross, Magnus—German democratic journalist; emigrated to the USA in the 1850s.—262, 269, 271 Grouchy, Emmanuel, marquis de (1766-1847)—Marshal of France, took part in the Napoleonic wars.—169 Grün, Karl Theodor Ferdinand (pen-name Ernst von der Haide) (1817-1887)—German journalist, 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s; petty-bourgeois democrat during the 1848-49 revolution; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly.—9, 39, 52, 53, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 71, 72, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 110, 112, 115, 116, 117, 384, 532

Gsell—the Marxes' landlady in Paris.— 56, 65, 161

Gubitz, Friedrich Wilhelm (1786-1870)— German writer and wood engraver; editor of Gesellschafter from 1817.— 432 Guerrier—French socialist.—6, 18

Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874)—French historian and statesman; practically directed France's foreign and home policy from 1840 up to the February revolution of 1848.—54, 199, 525 Gümpel, Johann Heinrich—Hamburg worker, member of the Communist League; a refugee in London in the early 1850s.—498

Günther, Georg—German democratic journalist; a refugee in London in the 1850s.—284 Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400-1468)— German inventor of printing.—447 Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand (1811-1878)— German writer, member of the Young Germany literary group.—38

H

Habsburg—see Francis Joseph I Hagen, Theodor (1823-1871)— Communist League member in Hamburg, took part in publishing and distributing the Neue Rheinische Zetung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue.— 222, 228, 230, 231-32 Hain, August—German refugee in London, member of the Communist League.—397, 404 Hansen, Heinrich—Cologne joiner, member of the Communist League.—547 Harney, George Julian (1817-1897) — prominent figure in the English labour movement, a leader of the Chartist Left wing; editor of The Northern Star, Democratic Review, Friend of the People, Red Republican.— 88, 91, 92, 135, 144, 158, 171, 211, 217, 242, 243, 244, 251, 264, 266, 268, 272, 279, 285, 287, 289, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 299, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 309, 311, 313, 314-15, 346, 360, 380, 399, 476, 479, 481, 488, 533, 534, 535, 536-38, 539, 560 Harney, Mary (née Cameron) (d. 1853)—wife of George Julian Harney.—266, 285, 295, 302, 346, 533 Hassenpflug, Hans Daniel Ludwig Friedrich (1794-1862)—German statesman; Minister of Justice and the Interior of Hesse-Cassel (1832-37),

head of the Hesse-Cassel Ministry (1850-55).—405 Hatzfeldt, Sophie, Countess von (1805-1881)—German aristocrat; broke with her husband and later became a friend and follower of Lassalle.— 140, 204 Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg, Edmund, Count von (b. 1798)—husband of Sophie Hatzfeldt.—140 Haude—participant in the German democratic movement in the 1840s, member of the Communist League, belonged to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group, was its emissary in Germanv in 1850.—250, 251, 374, 382, 561 Haug, Ernst—Austrian army officer, democrat; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; emigrated to England; an editor of the weekly Der Kosmos.— 319, 342, 345, 355, 359, 425, 427, 428, 437, 440 Haupt, Hermann Wilhelm (born c. 1831)—German business clerk, member of the Communist League; was arrested with other Cologne communists, gave evidence compromising them and was released before the trial; fled to Brazil.—266, 392-93, 407, 474, 477, 483, 484, 486, 487, 491, 552, 553 Haussy, François de—Belgian Minister of Justice in 1848.—164 Haynau, Julius Jakob, Baron von (1786-1853)—Austrian general; took part in suppressing the revolution in Italy (1848-49) and Hungary (1849-50).— 298, 502 Hébert, Michel Pierre Alexis (1799-1887)—French lawyer and statesman, Orleanist; Chief Public Prosecutor from 1841, Minister of Justice (1847-February 1848).—114 Hecker, Karl—German democrat, a leader of the Elberfeld uprising in 1849.—171, 174 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.—12, 13, 97, 251, 422, 494, 505

Heilberg, Louis (1818-1852)—German journalist, refugee in Brussels, member of the Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee in 1846 and later of the Communist League.—122, 123, 124, 125, 128, 144, 245

Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—German revolutionary poet.—21, 30, 31-32, 37, 65, 107-108, 112, 139, 145, 153, 211, 265, 418, 430, 493, 508, 513, 516, 526 Heine, Mathilde (née Mirât) (1815-1883)—wife of Heinrich Heine.—21, 31

Heinemann—Prussian police agent in England.—450 Heimen, Karl (1809-1880)—German radical journalist, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland, later to England, and in the autumn of 1850 to the USA.—48, 122, 126, 139, 153, 181, 220, 222, 296, 317, 341, 342, 343, 362, 376, 388, 399, 402, 407, 408, 417, 439, 447, 448, 458, 473, 483, 489, 499, 515-16, 549 Heise, Heinrich (1820-1860)—German democratic journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, later emigrated to England.—284 Henricus—see Bürgers, Heinrich Hentze, A.—German army officer, member of the Communist League, belonged to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group; witness for the prosecution at the Cologne communist trial (1852).—220 Hertle, Daniel (b. 1824)—German journalist, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to the USA in 1850.—440

Herwegh, Emma (née Siegmund) (1817-1904)—wife of Georg Herwegh.— 121, 142

Herwegh, Georg Friedrich (1817-1875) — German democratic poet, an organiser of the German legion in Paris in 1848.—21, 31-32, 43, 118, 119, 120, 121, 140, 142, 154, 162, 526, 540

Hess, Moses (1812-1875)—German radical writer, a 'true socialist', member

of the Communist League, was associated with the sectarian Willich-Schapper group.—4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 16, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 64-65, 66, 68, 79, 81, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 117, 121, 126, 127, 138, 153, 154, 155, 158, 164, 173, 382, 529, 532, 542

Hess, Sibylle (née Pesch) (1820-1903)— wife of Moses Hess.—46, 47, 56, 64, 153, 382, 561 Hetherington, Henri (1792-1849)— American publisher.— 535 Hill—employee at the Manchester firm of Ermen & Engels in the 1850s-60s.—253, 326 Hine, L. A.— German democrat, refugee in the USA in the 1850s.—271 Hirsch, Wilhelm—Hamburg business clerk; Prussian police agent in London in the early 1850s.—498 Hochstetter—German refugee deported from Belgium.—192 Hody, Alexis Guillaume, Baron (1807-1880)—chief of political police in Brussels in the 1840s.—32-33 Hoff, Heinrich (1810-1852)—German publisher, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, later emigrated to the USA.—447, 454 Hoff gen, Bernhard Robert—founder and owner of the Illinois Staats-Zeitung (from 1848).—339

Hoffstetter, Gustav von (1818-1874)— Swiss army officer and military writer; took part in the war against the Sonderbund, fought in Garibaldi's force in 1849.—405 Hollinger—German refugee in London.—441, 442 Homer—semi-legendary epic poet of ancient Greece, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey.—444 Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65-8 B.C.)—Roman poet.—78, 357 Hover—non-commissioned officer in the Cologne garrison.—194 Howitt, William (1792-1879)—English writer.—367 Hühnerbein (Hünerbein), Friedrich Wilhelm (born c. 1817)—German tailor, member of the Communist League; took part in the Elberfeld uprising in 1849.—306 Hunt, Thornton Leigh (1810-1873)— English radical journalist; took part in the Chartist movement in the

1840s-50s.—497 Hurst, Ambrose—Chartist; a reformist after 1848.—272

I

Imandt, Peter (b. 1824)—German teacher; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League; emigrated to London in 1852; supporter of Marx and Engels.—191 Imbert, Jacques (1793-1851)—French socialist, took part in the Lyons uprising of 1834; a refugee in Belgium in the 1840s; Vice-President of the Brussels Democratic Association; commandant of the Tuileries after the February 1848 revolution.— 123, 124, 126, 129, 169

J

Jacobi, Abraham (1830-1919)—German physician, member of the Communist League; one of the accused in the Cologne communist trial (1852), acquitted; later emigrated to the USA.—369 Jacoby, Johann (1805-1877)—German radical writer and politician; a Left wing leader in the Prussian National Assembly (1848).—133, 393 James I (1566-1625)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1603-25).—70 Jenni, Samuel Friedrich (1809-1849)— radical journalist and publisher in Bern.—88 Jerrold, Douglas William (1803-1857) — English writer and dramatist.—533 Johnston, Alexander Keith (1804-1871)—

British traveller, geographer and car-tographer.—476 Johnston, James Finlay Wier (1796-1855)—British chemist, author of works on agricultural chemistry.— 476 Joinville, François Ferdinand Philippe Louis Marie, Prince de (1818-1900)— Duke of Orleans, son of Louis Philippe; emigrated to England after the February revolution of 1848.— 169 Jomini, Antoine Henri, baron de (1779-1869)—Swiss-born general in the service of France and then Russia; military theoretician and historian.— 372 Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-1869)— prominent figure in the English working-class movement, proletarian poet and journalist, Left-wing Chartist leader; friend of Marx and Engels.—158, 243, 244, 251, 263-65, 272, 285, 294, 297, 304, 307, 312, 322, 346, 380, 399, 401, 498, 502, 539 Jottrand, Lucien Leopold (1804-1877)— Belgian lawyer and journalist, President of the Brussels Democratic Association (1847).—123, 124, 129, 132-33, 160, 162 Julius, Gustav (1810-1851)—German democratic journalist, publisher of the daily Berliner Zeitungs-Halle (1846-49).—67, 69, 296, 317, 398, 432 Jung, Georg Gottlob (1814-1886)— German democratic writer, Young Hegelian, a manager of the Rheinische Zeitung; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848.—9, 21, 22, 225, 548

Junge (Jungen), Adolph Friedrich— German worker, member of the League of the Just in Paris, member of the Communist League (from 1847); emigrated to the USA early in 1848.—62, 71, 83, 85, 90, 111, 126, 127, 130 Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis) (c. 60-c. 140)—Roman satirical poet.—285, 440 K

Kapp, Friedrich (1824-1884)—German lawyer, historian and politician, democrat; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to the USA in 1850.—190, 191, 404, 447, 454 Karl Friedrich August Wilhelm (1804-1873)—Duke of Brunswick (from 1823), was deposed and emigrated to England in 1830; maintained contact with democratic refugees in the 1840s-50s; financially supported the Deutsche Londoner Zeitung.— 251, 427 Kots, Jacob (1804-1886)—Belgian worker, prominent figure in the working-class movement, influenced by Utopian socialism.—123, 125

Kendall—headmaster of a school in Manchester.—404 Kiessling—Brussels bookseller.— 79 Kinkel, Gottfried (1815-1882)—German democratic poet and journalist, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising in 1849; emigrated in 1850 to England, where he became a leader of the petty-bourgeois émigrés, opposed Marx and Engels.—203, 250, 296, 317, 322, 323, 331, 334, 342-43, 345, 355, 357, 359-60, 362, 367, 376, 385, 398, 403, 426-31, 433, 437-43, 444-47, 453, 456, 459, 468, 473, 483,485, 497, 499-502

Kinkel, Johanna (née Meckel) (1810-1858)—German writer, wife of Gottfried Kinkel.—355, 359, 362, 427, 428 Kirchmann, Julius Hermann von (1802-1884)—German lawyer and philosopher; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848; later member of the Progressist Party.—357

Klapka, György (1820-1892)—general in the Hungarian revolutionary army in 1848-49, emigrated in 1849; maintained contact with Bonapartist circles in the 1850s.—230 Klein, Johann Jacob (born c. 1818-d. between 1895 and 1897)—Cologne

physician, member of the Communist League, one of the accused in the Cologne communist trial (1852), acquitted.—551 Klein, Karl Wilhelm—German worker, member of the Communist League, took part in the Elberfeld and Solingen uprisings of 1849, emigrated to the USA in 1852; an organiser of workers' associations, later a prominent figure in the First International.—239 Kleist-Retiow, Hans Hugo von (1814-1892)—Prussian conservative politician, a founder of the Neue Preussische Zeitung.—390 Klose, G.—German refugee in London, member of the Communist League.—387, 389 Koch, Eduard Ignaz—German Catholic priest, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to the USA in the 1850s.—481 Köhler, J.—Geneva banker in the 1840s.—178 Köhler, J. E. M.—owner of the Hamburg printing-house where the first issues of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue were printed in 1850.—219, 228 Koppen, Karl Friedrich (1808-1863)— German writer and historian, Young Hegelian; took part in the 1848-49 revolution.—177 Korff, Hermann—Prussian ex-officer, democrat; manager of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); later emigrated to the USA.—181, 190 Körner, A. F.—German artist, acquaintance of Engels in Paris in the 1840s.—91, 116, 145 Kossuth, Lajos (1802-1894)—leader of the Hungarian national liberation movement, head of the Hungarian revolutionary government; emigrated first to Turkey and later to England and the USA.—325, 328, 473, 475, 488, 492, 498, 502-03, 508, 520 Köttgen, Gustav Adolph (1805-1882) — German artist and poet, took part in the working-class movement in the 1840s, was close to the 'true socialists'.—24, 30, 108 Kriege, Hermann (1820-1850)—German journalist; 'true socialist'; founder and editor of the New York refugees' newspaper Der Volks-Tribun.—22, 23, 25, 79-80, 84, 86, 87 Krug, Wilhelm Traugott (1770-1842)— German philosopher.— 316 Krummacher, Friedrich Wilhelm (1796-1868)—German preacher, Calvinist minister, leader of the Wuppertal pietists.—4 Kühtmann—German publisher.—79, 93, 109, 112, 114

L

Ladenberg, Adalbert von (1798-1855)— Prussian official, Minister of Religious Worship, Education and Medicine (November 1848-December 1850).—186 Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de (1790-1869)—French poet, historian and politician; a leader of the moderate republicans in the 1840s; Minister of Foreign Affairs and virtually head of the Provisional Government in 1848.—134, 137, 146, 165, 166, 167-68 Lamennais, Hugues Félicité Robert de (1782-1854)—French priest, writer, Christian socialist.—448 Landolphe—French socialist, refugee in London; belonged to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group in 1850.— 283, 285, 286, 292, 295, 298, 303, 307, 310, 311, 313, 316, 317, 321 Lannoy, Jean Baptiste (b. 1790)—owner of the hotel in Brussels where Marx stayed on several visits to Belgium.— 52 Laroche—see Lehmann, August Friedrich

Gottlieb La Sagra, Ramon de (1798-1871)— Spanish economist, historian and naturalist, liberal.—156 Las Cases, Emmanuel Augustin Dieudon-né, comte de (1766-1842)—French historian, accompanied Napoleon to St. Helena (1815-16); published

Mémorial de Sainte Hélène (1822-23).—464 Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864)— German writer and lawyer, petty-bourgeois socialist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; founder of the General Association of German Workers (1863); an initiator of the opportunist trend in the German Social-Democratic movement.—204, 216 Lautz—banker in Trier.—323 Laverriire—acquaintance of Engels in Barmen.—174 Leach, James—English weaver; took part in the labour movement, a leader of the Chartists in Lancashire in the 1840s; later a reformist.—263, 264, 272 Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874)—French journalist and politician, a leader of the petty-bourgeois democrats; editor of La Réforme; Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government (February-May 1848), deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (leader of the Montagnards); emigrated to England after the demonstration of 13 June 1849.—152, 166, 168, 249, 254-55, 279, 282, 283, 287, 292, 293, 294, 304, 309, 337, 360, 380, 411, 437, 439, 448, 484, 500, 506, 508, 510, 526

Lehmann, Albert—German worker resident in London, member of the League of the Just and of the Communist League, member of the Central Committee of the sectarian Willich-Schapper group.—245 Lehmann, August Friedrich Gottlieb (b. 1819)—German shoemaker, democrat; was connected with Willich; convicted on a charge of high treason in 1851.—362 Lenchen—see Demuth, Helene Leopold I (1790-1865)—King of the Belgians (1831-65).—107, 471 Leroux, Pierre (1797-1871)—French journalist, Utopian socialist; deputy to the Constituent (1848-49) and Legislative (1849) Assemblies.—57, 219 Leske, Karl Friedrich Julius (1821-1886)—owner, from 1845, of the publishing house founded by C.W. Leske in 1821 in Darmstadt.—16, 21, 26, 48-52, 68-69, 74, 86, 87, 88, 208 Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910)— German tailor, member of the Communist League, where he was known as Karstens; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; defendant at the Cologne communist trial (1852); member of the General Council of the First International; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—399

Liebig, Justus von, Baron (1803-1873)— German chemist.—476

Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Communist League; one of the founders and leaders of the German Social-Democratic Party; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 257, 317, 330, 334, 385, 387, 391, 397, 433, 442, 457, 474, 562

Lièvre Eugène—French democrat; refugee in the USA; supported Hermann Kriege in the 1840s.—406 List, Friedrich (1789-1846)—German economist, advocated protection-ism.—11, 28, 79 Löllgen (Löllchen), Johann Adam— innkeeper in Cologne in the 1840s.—6 Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon III Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)—Duke of Orleans, King of France (1830-48).— 68, 120, 169, 316, 533 Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans, Count of Paris (1838-1894)—Louis Philippe's grandson, pretender to the French throne.—205 Lovetl, William (1800-1874)—English radical, Chartist; advocated the theory of 'moral force' and collaboration with the bourgeoisie.—538 Löwe, Wilhelm (1814-1886)—German democrat; Vice-President of the Frankfurt National Assembly (known

as Löwe von Calbe after the Prussian district of Calbe in which he was elected); leader of the Assembly's 'rump' in Stuttgart; emigrated; later a Progressist.—500, 503, 507

Löwenthal, Zacharias (pseudonym Carl

Friedrich Loening) (1810-1884)— German publisher in the 1840s-50s.—18, 31, 68, 475, 491, 493, 494-95, 514 Loyd, Samuel Jones, Lord Overstone (1796-1883)—English banker, economist, leader of the 'Currency Principles School'.—270, 274 Lubliner, Ludwik Ozeasz (1809-1868) — Polish lawyer, revolutionary, refugee in Brussels; member of the Brussels Democratic Association.—159

Lucius—German lawyer and journalist.—359 Lüders, Wilhelm—German democratic journalist, refugee in London.—439 Liining, Louise—see Weydemeyer, Louise

Lüning, Otto (1818-1868)—German physician and writer; a 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s; editor of Das Westphälische Dampfboot and the Neue Deutsche Zeitung; later a national-liberal.—68, 163, 201, 212, 213, 233, 238, 246, 539, 559 Lupus—see Wolff, Wilhelm Luther, Martin (1483-1546)—German theologian and writer; leader of the Reformation; founder of Protestant-ism (Lutheranism) in Germany.— 400

M

MacCulloch, John Ramsay (1789-1864) — British economist, vulgarised David Ricardo's doctrine.—480 Macfarlane, Helen—Chartist on the staff of the Democratic Review (1849-50) and the Red Republican (1850); translated the Manifesto of the Communist Party into English.—295-96, 560 McGrath, Philip—Chartist, member of the Executive Committee of the National Charter Association.—272 MacGregor, Jonn (1797-1857)—British statistician, Free Trader.—480 Majer (Mayer), Adolph (bojn c. 1819)— member of the Communist League in London, belonged to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group, its emissary in France.—247 Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)— English clergyman and economist, founder of a misanthropic population theory.—258, 261, 425 Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron von (1805-1882)—Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (November 1848-November 1850), Prime Minister (1850-58).—418 Mantle, George Joseph—Chartist, delegate to the Chartist Conference in Manchester and the Chartist Convention in London (1851).—272 Maria U, da Gloria (1819-1853)— Queen of Portugal (1826-28 and 1834-53).—358 Marie de Saint-Georges, Alexandre Pierre Thomas Amable (1795-1870)—French lawyer and politician, moderate republican, member of the Provisional Government (1848).—167 Marrast, Armand (1801-1852)—French writer and politician, a leader of the moderate republicans; editor of Le National; member of the Provisional Government and Mayor of Paris (1848), President of the Constituent Assembly (1848-49).—85, 116, 167, 169 Martens, Joachim Friedrich (1806-1877)—German joiner, member of the League of the Just in Paris, a leader of the Workers' Educational Society and the Communist League community in Hamburg.—389, 436 Martin du Nord, Nicolas Ferdinand Marie Louis Joseph (1790-1847)—French lawyer and politician, Minister of Justice and Religious Worship from 1840.—114 Marx, Edgar (Musch) (1847-1855)—son of Karl Marx.—251, 361, 365, 540, 556, 558, 562

Marx, Franziska (1851-1852)—daughter of Karl Marx.—326 Marx, Heinrich Guido (Fawksy) (1849-1850)—son of Karl Marx.—220, 241-42, 250, 549-50, 556, 557 Marx, Henriette (née Pressburg) (1787-1863)—mother of Karl Marx.—151, 314, 323, 529 Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881)—wife of Karl Marx.—6, 9, 20, 21, 31, 47, 121, 140, 142, 151, 162, 163, 196, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 209, 210, 213, 216, 218, 220, 226, 238, 239, 241, 242, 244, 251, 256, 265, 268, 269, 281, 283, 295, 323, 324, 326, 330, 335, 338, 344, 349, 379, 398, 402, 403, 444, 481, 482, 497, 517, 518

Marx, Jenny (1844-1883)—Karl Marx's eldest daughter; journalist, active in the international working-class movement; married Charles Longuet in 1872.—241, 525, 529, 530, 540, 556, 557, 558, 562

Marx, Laura (1845-1911)—Karl Marx's second daughter, married Paul Lafar-gue in 1868, active in the French working-class movement.—42, 530, 540, 556, 557, 558, 562

Masters, J. W.—innkeeper in London.—521 Maurer, Friedrich Wilhelm German (1811-1885)—German democratic writer, member of the League of the Outlaws and later of the League of the Just.—53, 66, 80, 112 Maynz, Karl Gustav (1812-1882) — German lawyer, Professor of Brussels University, member of the Brussels Democratic Association.—159, 162-63, 164 Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—leader of the national liberation movement in Italy, an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London (1850).—249, 250, 254-55, 267, 279, 287, 292, 293, 309,319, 321, 337, 349, 352, 360, 361, 363,380,384, 391, 426, 427, 437, 439, 448, 454-55, 456, 459, 484, 488, 500-01, 508 Mellinet, François Aimé (1768-1852) — Belgian general, took part in the Belgian revolution of 1830, Honor-ary President of the Brussels Democratic Association.—123 Menenius, Agrippa (d. 493 B.C.)— Roman patrician.—417

Mettemich, Germain (1811-1862)—army officer from Mainz, man of letters, political refugee in Switzerland from 1842, returned to Germany in 1848, member of the Communist League, headed the people's militia during the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; emigrated to the USA after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution.— 247, 407

Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens Wenzel Lothar, Prince von (1773-1859)— Austrian statesman and diplomat; Minister of Foreign Affairs (1809-21), Chancellor (1821-48), an organiser of the Holy Alliance.—247

Meyen (Mayen), Eduard (1812-1870)— German writer, Young Hegelian; emigrated to England after the 1848-49 revolution.—19, 212, 355-56, 358, 360, 382, 418, 425, 426, 437, 438,441, 446, 486, 500, 501-02 Meyer—innkeeper in Elberfeld in the 1840s.—5 Meyer, Julius (1817-1863)— Westphalian businessman and writer; 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s.—48, 49, 53, 68, 72, 75, Meyerbeer, Giacomo (Jacob Liebmann Beer) (1791-1864)—composer, con-ductor and pianist, one of the creators of French opera.—190 Michel, Louis Chrysostome (1797-1853)— French democratic lawyer and politician.—448 Michelet, Jules (1798-1874)—French historian.—154 Mieroslawski, Ludwik (1814-1878)— prominent figure in the Polish national liberation movement, took part in the Polish uprising of 1830-31 and in the 1848-49 revolution; later a leader of the moderate Polish democratic emigres.— 222

Mignet, François Auguste Marie (1796-1884)—French historian.—116 Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)—English economist and positivist philosopher.—270 Miquel, Johannes (1828-1901)—German lawyer, politician, banker; member of the Communist League up to 1852, later a national-liberal.—345, 352, 374, 384, 388, 389, 392, 393

Mirbach, Otto von (born c. 1800)— retired Prussian artillery officer, democrat; took part in the revolution of 1848-49; commandant of Elberfeld during the May 1849 uprising; emigrated after the uprising was defeated.—306 Molikoy, P.— Hungarian refugee, member of the Hungarian Democratic Society in London in the early 1850s.—247, 255 Moll, Joseph (1813-1849)—German watch-maker; a leader of the League of the Just, member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; was killed at the battle of the Murg.—73, 158, 539 Montalembert, Charles Forbes René de

Tryon, comte de (1810-1870)—French politician and journalist; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (1848-51); Orleanist; supported Louis Bonaparte during the coup d'état of 2 December 1851, but soon joined the opposition.—288 Montecucculi (Montecucoli), Raimondo, Count of, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Melfi (1609-1681)—Austrian general and military writer.—371 Montez (Montes), Lola (1818-1861)— Spanish dancer; favourite of Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1846-48; after his abdication emigrated to London and in 1851 to the USA.—112, 114, 492 Moras, Cäsar—German refugee in Brussels in 1847.—122-24, 128 Moreau de Jonnes, Alexandre (1778-1870)—French economist.—481 Morelly (18th cent.)—French advocate of Utopian egalitarian communism.— 27 Moses—see Hess, Moses

MSsin—see Hess, Sibylle Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791)—Austrian composer.—109 Müller, Wilhelm (pen-name Wolfgang Müller von Königswinter) (1816-1873)—German poet; physician in Düsseldorf in the 1840s.—5, 23 Müller-Tellering, Amalie von—German actress, wife of Eduard von Müller-Teilering.—182, 189 Müller-Tellering, Eduard non (born c. 1808)—German lawyer and writer, democrat; contributed to the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to England; slandered Marx and Engels in the press.—182, 189, 223, 227, 229, 230, 234, 263, 268 Musch—see Marx, Edgar

N

Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick (1785-1860)—British general and military historian.—301, 302, 316, 333, 371 Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—301, 323, 329, 332, 336, 337, 347, 351, 370, 467, 471, 504, 505, 535 Napoleon III {Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—Prince, nephew of Napoleon I, President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—205, 280, 288, 293, 357, 360-61, 363, 367, 411, 479, 484, 504, 505, 507, 509, 512, 513, 516, 517, 519, 521 Naut, Stephan Adolf—Cologne merchant, manager of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49.—26, 196, 198, 210, 228, 229, 232, 234, 238, 557, 559, 560 Nauwerck (Nauwerk), Karl Ludwig Theodor (1810-1891)—German writer, Young Hegelian.—19

Neubeck, Philipp—teacher in Mainz, member of the Communist League (1848).—154, 173

Neuhaus, Karl (1818-1866)—physician from Thüringia; commanded a detachment in the Baden-Palatinate revolutionary army in 1849.—337

Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—247, 355, 462

Niggeler, Niklaus (1817-1872)—Swiss lawyer and politician, radical; editor of Berner-Zeitung (1848-50).—186

Nohl, Eduard—Barmen merchant, shareholder in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung.—175 Nothjung, Peter (1821-1866)—German tailor; member of the Cologne Workers' Association and the Communist League; one of the accused at the Cologne communist trial (1852).— 366, 389, 436

O

Obermeyer—owner of a house in Elberfeld where communists held their meetings in 1845.—24 O'Connor, Feargus Edward (1794-1855)—a Left-wing Chartist leader, editor-in-chief of The Northern Star; reformist after 1848.—139-40, 145, 160, 211, 264, 272, 294, 337,497, 534, 536 Oehlenschläger, Adam Gottlob (1779-1850)—Danish writer.—94 Ohnemans, Engelbert (born c. 1819) — German craftsman, member of the Communist League in Brussels.— 130 Oppenheim, Heinrich Bernhard (1819-1880)—German democratic politician, economist and journalist; refugee in 1849 and 1850; subsequently a national-liberal.—284, 317, 342, 425, 426, 437, 438, 502 Osy—Belgian aristocrat, speculated in corn in the 1840s.—120 Otterberg, W.—German democrat from Barmen, member of the German Workers' Society in Brussels in 1847.—122, 337 Otto—German refugee in New York, an editor of the Deutsche Schnellpost in the early 1850s.—447 Overstone, Samuel—see Loyd, Samuel Jones, Lord Overstone Owen, Robert (1771-1858)—British Utopian socialist.—27, 255, 360

P

Palafox y Melci, José de Rebolledo, Duke of

Saragossa (1776-1847)—Spanish general, directed the defence of Saragossa in 1808-09.—320 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount (1784-1865)—British statesman; Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41 and 1846-51); Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58 and 1859-65); at the beginning of his career a Tory and from 1830 onwards a Whig.—171, 211, 288, 325, 349, 521 Pardigon, François—French socialist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated to England; a leader of the Société des proscrits démocrates et socialistes in London in the early

1850s.—235 Paris, Count of—see Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans Passos, Manuel da Silva (1801-1862) — Portuguese politician, Left-wing liberal leader.—358 Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850)—British statesman, moderate Tory; Prime Minister (1841-46); repealed the Corn Laws in 1846.—333, 537 Pellering, Jean (1817-1877)— shoemaker; participant in the working-class movement in Belgium, member of the Brussels Democratic Association.—124, 125, 159 Peto, Sir Samuel Morton (1809-1889)— English businessman and politician, MP, liberal.—279 Pettie, John—English Chartist.—488 Petty, Sir William (1623-1687)—English economist and statistician, founder of

the classical school of political economy in Britain.—261, 494 Petzler, Johann (d. 1898)—German democrat; refugee in London in the 1850s.—437 Pfänder, Karl (c. 1818-1876)—German artist; refugee in London from 1845, member of the Communist League and later of the General Council of the First International, friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—236, 243, 245, 249, 265-66, 477 Philips, Jacques—cousin of Karl Marx.— 149 Philips, Lion (1794-1866)—maternal uncle of Karl Marx.—132, 239 Pieper, Wilhelm (born c. 1826) — German philologist and journalist, member of the Communist League, refugee in London; in 1850-53, was close to Marx and Engels.—252, 266, 269-70, 286, 298, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 312, 321, 323, 343, 344, 345, 349, 350, 352, 353, 397, 474, 478, 482, 485, 490, 493, 495, 496, 497, 498, 507, 508, 510, 514 Pinto, Isaac (1715-1787)—Dutch stock-jobber and economist.—376 Pitt, William (1759-1806)—British statesman, Tory; Prime Minister (1783-1801 and 1804-06).—211 Plasman (Plasmann)—owner of a Cologne stationery firm in the 1840s; shareholder of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung.—178, 190, 196, 544, 545 Porter, George Richardson (1792-1852)— English economist and statistician.— 480 Post, Carl (b. 1819)—public prosecutor in Iserlohn, Karl Marx's acquaintance in the 1840s, leader of the uprising in Iserlohn (10-12 May 1849), emigrated to the USA in 1850.—201 Pettier, Eugene (1816-1887) —French revolutionary and poet, later member of the Paris Commune (1871); author of the proletarian anthem the Inter-nationale (June 1871).—246 Praslin, Altarice Rosalba Fanny (née Sèbastiani) (1807-1847)—wife of Charles Praslin, Duke of Choiseul.— 135 Praslin, Charles Laure Hugues Theobald,

duc de Choiseul (1805-1847) — French aristocrat; his trial in 1847 for murdering his wife had political repercussions; committed suicide.— 135, 157 Price, Richard (1723-1791)—English radical journalist, economist and philosopher.—423 Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)— French writer, economist and sociologist, a founder of anarchism.— 38, 40, 53, 61, 62, 63, 70, 71, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 94, 95-105, 109, 134, 151, 156, 181, 201, 219, 252, 255, 325, 399, 401, 409-16, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 433, 434, 435, 444, 449, 453, 459, 476, 478, 486, 488, 490-91, 493, 494, 495, 507, 511, 519 Püttmann, Hermann (1811-1894)— German radical poet and journalist; a 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s.—16, 23, 28, 30, 68, 70, 87, 89, 93, 109

R

Radetzky, Josef, Count of Radetz (1766-1858)—Austrian field marshal; suppressed the Italian national liberation movement in 1848-49; Governor-General of the Kingdom of Lombardy and Venetia (1850-56). —464 Radowitz, Joseph Maria von (1797-1853)—Prussian general and statesman; Right-wing leader in the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848-49.— 360, 427 Ramboz—the name Karl Marx used to receive his mail in Paris in 1849.— 200, 208, 209, 212, 213 Raucourt, François Chevalier Wyns de— Burgomaster of Brussels (1848).— 160 Raveaux, Franz (1810-1851)—German politician, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848-49; one of the five Imperial Regents; member of the Baden Pro-

visional Government; emigrated.— 185, 237, 347, 389, 486 Reden, Friedrich Wilhelm Otto Ludwig, Baron von (1804-1857)—German statistician and politician.—481 Reich, Franz Joseph (born c. 1812) — German lawyer, democrat; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated to France and in 1851 to the USA.— 473, 490 Reichet, Joseph (1801-1856)—Austrian opera singer.—109 Reichenbach, Countess von—wife of Eduard von Reichenbach.—446 Reichenbach, Eduard, Count von (1812-1869)—German democrat; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; later a Progressist.— 317, 446 Reichenbach, Oskar, Count von (b. 1815)— Silesian landowner, democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848-49; in 1850 emigrated to England and later to America.—317, 437, 446, 456, 499 Reichhelm—German refugee in New York, co-proprietor of the New-Yorker Staatszeitung.—402 Reinhardt, Richard (1829-1898)— German poet; refugee in Paris; Heinrich Heine's secretary; friend of Marx and Engels.—65, 142-44, 146, 467, 507, 510, 512

Rempel, Rudolph (1815-1868)—German manufacturer, a 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s.—48, 49, 53, 68, 72, 75

Renouard, Jules—French publisher in the 1830s-40s.—31 Reynolds, George William MacArthur (1814-1879)—English politician and journalist, democrat; publisher of Reynolds's Newspaper.—265, 294 Ricardo, David (1772-1823)—English economist.—258, 262, 271, 274, 325, 357 Riedel, Richard (1804-1878)—German upholsterer; refugee in Brussels, member of the Communist League from 1847.—130 Rings, L. W.—member of the Communist League, refugee in London in the early 1850s, supporter of Marx and Engels.—251 Rittinghausen, Moritz (1814-1890)— German democratic journalist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; later member of the German Social-Democratic Party.—411 Roberts, William Prowting (1806-1871) — English lawyer; connected with the Chartist and the trade union movement.—243 Robertson—English Chartist, friend of George Julian Harney.— 264 Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de (1758-1794)—prominent figure in the French Revolution, Jacobin leader, head of the revolutionary government (1793-94).—409, 425, 435, 505, 535 Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Johann Karl (1805-1875)—German economist; Left Centre leader in the Prussian National Assembly (1848); subsequently theoretician of 'state socialism'.—357, 403 Rogier, Charles Latour (1800-1885)— Belgian statesman, moderate liberal; Minister of the Interior (1848-52).— 160 Rohde, Johann Karl Adolph (b. 1818)— German merchant, participant in the democratic and working-class movement in Hamburg in 1848-49.— 196 Rollin—see Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste

Ronge, Johannes (1813-1887)—German clergyman, initiator of the 'German Catholics' movement; participant in the revolution of 1848-49, after its defeat emigrated to England.—91, 267, 345, 355, 357, 377, 385, 427, 428, 437, 440, 446, 483 Röser, Peter Gerhard (1814-1865)— German cigar-maker; Vice-President of the Cologne Workers' Association (1848-49); member of the Communist League and from 1850 of its Cologne Central Authority; one of the accused in the Cologne communist trial in 1852; later a Lassallean.— 365, 366

Rösing, Johannes (b. 1791)—Bremen merchant; leader of the Democratic Society in Bremen from 1848.—195 Roth, Richard (1821-1858)—Elberfeld friend of the young Engels, later a factory owner.— 5 Rothacker, Wilhelm (1828-1889)— German democratic journalist; member of the Communist League; emigrated to the USA in 1850; an editor of Der Hochwächter and from 1853 of the weekly Die Menschenrechte (Cincinnati).—334

Rother, Christian von (1778-1849) — Prussian statesman, Minister of Finance (1836-48).—69

Rothschild, Jacob (James), baron de (1792-1868)—head of the Rothschild banking house in Paris.—71, 73, 109, 144 Rothschilds—dynasty of bankers with branches in many European countries.—474, 482, 507

Rotteck, Karl Wenzeslaus Rodecker von

(1775-1840)—German historian and politician, liberal.—322 Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778)— French philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment.—409, 425, 435

Rovigo, Duke of—see Savary, Anne Jean Marie René, duc de Rovigo Rüge, Arnold (1802-1880)—German radical journalist and Young Hegelian philosopher; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in England in the 1850s.—10, 15, 18, 48, 58, 109, 135, 200, 249, 255, 265-68, 279, 285, 287, 296, 317, 321, 334, 342, 345, 355, 359-60, 376, 377, 384-88, 391, 397, 399, 402, 403, 408, 409, 417, 425, 426-31, 433, 437-41, 446, 447-48, 449, 497, 499, 501, 532 Riihl—acquaintance of Joseph Weydemeyer in Frankfurt.— 209 Rumigny, Marie Hippolyte Cueilly, mar-quis de (1784-1871) —French diplomat, envoy to Switzerland, Piedmont and Belgium.—115 Rumpf, E.—German tailor, member of the Communist League; emigrated to London in 1851; supporter of Marx and Engels.—442 Russell, John Russell, Earl (1792-1878) — British statesman, Whig leader, Prime Minister (1846-52 and 1865-66), Foreign Secretary (1852-53 and 1859-65).—279, 296, 521 Rutenberg, Adolf (1808-1869)—German journalist, Young Hegelian; member of the editorial board of the Rheinische Zeitung in 1842.—19

S

Saint-Just, Antoine Louis Léon de Richebourg de (1767-1794)—a Jacobin leader in the French Revolution.— 505 Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825)—French Utopian socialist.—57, 358, 434 Saldanha, Joäo Carlos, Duke of (1790-1876) — Portuguese statesman, marshal, member of the big bourgeoisie, Prime Minister (1847-49, 1851-56 and 1870).—358 Sandkuhl—railway employee, member of the German Workers' Society in Brussels (1847).—122, 127 Sarrans, Bernard (1795-1874)—French journalist and politician, moderate republican.—279 Sasonow, Nikolai Ivanovich (1815-1862)— Russian journalist, democrat and radical, emigrated in the early 1840s.— 475, 478 Savary, Anne Jean Marie René, duc de

Rovigo (1774-1833) —French general, politician and diplomat, took part in the wars of Napoleonic France, Minister of Police (1810-14).—336, 337 Sawaszkiewiecz, Leopold—Polish émigré,

member of the Permanent Committee of the London section of Polish democrats in the early 1850s.—247, 254 Schabelitz, Jacob Christian (1804-1866)— Swiss publisher and bookseller, father

of Jakob Lukas Schabelitz.—215, 221 Schabelitz, Jakob, Lukas (1827-1899)— Swiss publisher and bookseller, member of the Communist League; was connected with Marx and Engels in the late 1840s-early 1850s.—214-16, 221-22, 266, 409, 438, 446 Schapper, Karl (c. 1812-1870)— prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, leader of the League of the Just, member of the Communist League Central Authority; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; a leader of the sectarian group that broke away from the Communist League in 1850; later member of the General Council of the First International.— 73, 203, 247, 251, 255, 282, 283, 284, 285, 292, 303, 304, 310, 311, 313, 320, 321, 334, 343, 374, 375, 376, 380, 381, 382, 385, 391, 402, 403, 407, 442, 443, 445, 452, 459, 467, 473, 492, 498, 507, 516, 539, 561

Schdrttner (Scherttner), August (1817-1859)—cooper in Hanau; active in the 1848 revolution and the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to London; member of the Communist League; belonged to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group (1850), member of its Central Committee.—247, 388, 407, 437, 483, 507 Scheidler, Karl Hermann (1795-1866) — editor of the Preussische Lithographische Correspondenz in the 1850s.—437 Schenk, Michael (1783-1867)—notary in Cologne, then Counsellor of Justice, Deputy Burgomaster of Cologne.— 337

Scherzer, Andreas (1807-1879)—German tailor; member of a Paris community of the Communist League which sided with the sectarian Willich-Schapper group in 1850; later emigrated to London, contributed to Das

Voit — 161 Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von

(1759-1805)—German poet, dramatist, historian and philosopher.—66, 475 Schily, Victor (1810-1875)—German lawyer, democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising in 1849, emigrated to France; member of the First International.—203 Schimmelpfennig, Alexander (1824-1865)—Prussian army officer, democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising in 1849 and later emigrated to the USA, joined the sectarian Willich-Schapper group; fought in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners— 334, 359, 361, 362, 437, 439, 442, 499-502 Schlüpfer, Johann Michael (1822-1885)— Swiss publisher.—88, 93, 109, 114 Schleicher, Robert (d. 1846)—physician in Trier, contributed to the Trier'sche Zeitung.—528, 532 Schlöffel, Gustav Adolf (1828-1849) — German student and journalist, took part in the 1848-49 revolutions in Germany and in Hungary; killed in action.—184 Schmidt—railway guard.—482 Schmidt, Simon—German tanner, an organiser of the League of the Just in Switzerland, supporter of Weitling.—59 Schmölze, Karl Heinrich (1823-1859) — German cartoonist and poet; took part in the 1848-49 revolution, emigrated after its defeat.—437 Schnake (Schnaake), Friedrich (b. 1822)— German writer; a 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s, editor of the Gesellschaftsspiegel.— 173 Schnauffer, Karl Heinrich (1823-1854)— German democratic poet and journalist, took part in the 1848-49 revolutionary movement in Baden; emigrated, lived in the USA from 1851, editor of the Baltimore Wecker.—334

Schoelcher, Victor (1804-1893)—French politician and journalist, Left republican.—448 Schaler, Bertha—sister of Caroline Schöler.—548

Schaler, Caroline (1819-1891)—teacher in Cologne, friend of the Marx family.—202, 546-48 Schöler, Julie—sister of Caroline Schöler.—548 Schramm, Conrad (c. 1822-1858)— prominent figure in the German working-class movement, emigrated to London in 1849, responsible editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue ; member of the Communist League and of its London Central Authority; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 223, 225, 226, 242, 244, 245, 250, 257, 265, 267-68, 269, 272, 284, 298, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 310, 311-12, 313, 314, 315, 320, 321, 343, 349, 354, 380, 396, 397, 399,409,457, 459, 463, 467-68, 473, 477, 492, 548, 550, 557, 562 Schramm, Rudolf (1813-1882)—brother of Conrad Schramm, democratic journalist, deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; emigrated to England; supporter of Bismarck in the 1860s.—234, 242, 244, 267, 296, 317, 397, 403, 409, 441, 442, 443, 446 Schuberth, Julius—German publisher; published the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-ökonomische Revue in Hamburg in 1850.—228, 231, 252, 266, 560

Schulter, Carl Maximilian—publisher in Düsseldorf in the 1840s.—491

Schulz, Louis—Cologne merchant, democrat, publisher of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung.—178, 384, 388, 394

Schurz, Karl (1829-1906)—German democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, emigrated to Switzerland and in 1852 to the USA, later a US statesman.— 428, 437, 438, 441, 473, 485, 499, 502 Schuster, Theodor—German socialist, follower of Sismondi; a leader of the League of the Outlaws in the 1830s; gave financial aid to German refugees in the 1850s.—236, 240, 319, 380, 408, 457, 459 Schütz, Jacob Friedrich (1813-1877)— German democrat, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, represented the Baden Provisional Government in Paris, later lived as an emigre in England, Switzerland and the USA.—199

Seel, Johann Richard (1819-1875)— German cartoonist, an acquaintance of Engels in the 1840s.— 5 Seiler, Sebastian (c. 1810-c. 1890) — German journalist, member of the Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee in 1846, member of the Communist League, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, refugee in London in the 1850s.—47, 59, 122, 123, 125, 128, 138, 144, 223, 242, 244, 245, 316, 323, 402

Semmig, Friedrich Hermann (1820-1897)—German writer, a 'true socialist' in the mid-1840s.—109 Semper, Gottfried (1803-1879)—German architect, took part in the May 1849 uprising in Dresden, refugee in London in 1851-55.—446

Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)— English dramatist and poet.—140, 283, 507 Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792-1822)— English romantic poet.—23

Sigel, Albert (1827-1884) —Baden army officer, journalist; democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolutionary movement in Baden; a refugee in London in the 1850s and later in the USA; fought in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—436, 441

Sigel, Franz (1824-1902)—Baden army officer; democrat; a military leader of the Baden-Palatinate uprising in 1849; then a refugee in Switzerland, England and, from 1852, in the USA; fought in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—334, 359, 362, 385, 409, 418, 425, 428, 437-41, 445, 446, 456

Simonyi, Ernö (1821-1882)—participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary, member of the Hungarian Democratic Society in London in the early 1850s.—247, 255 Smith, Adam (1723-1790)—Scottish economist.—98, 325 Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, duc de Dalmatic (1769-1851)—French marshal and statesman, War Minister (1830-34 and 1840-45), Foreign Minister (1839-40) and Prime Minister (1832-34, 1839-40 and 1840-47).—169 Southey, Robert (1774-1843)—English poet and writer; Tory.—302 Soyer—restaurant owner in London.— 361 Spanoghe, E.—examining magistrate in Brussels.—120 Spilthoorn, Charles Louis (1804-1872)— Belgian lawyer; republican, member of the Brussels Democratic Association, President of the Ghent Democratic Association.—124 Stanley—see Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of Stechan, Gottlieb Ludwig (born c. 1814)— joiner in Hanover, member of the Communist League, belonged to the sectarian Willich-Schapper group, but in December 1851 went over to Marx and Engels; headed the Workers' Society in London from January 1852.—467, 468, 473-74, 483, '487, 498 Stehely—owner of a Berlin café where members of 'The Free' used to meet in the 1840s.—19 Stein, Karl—Cologne banker, witness for the defence at the Cologne communist trial (1852).—548 Steuart, Sir James, afterwards Denham (1712-1780)—English economist, one of the last representatives of mercan-tilism.—494 Stevens—captain of the schooner Cor-nish Diamond, in which Engels sailed from Genoa to London in 1849.— 217 Stewart—see Steuart, Sir James Stiebel—a creditor of Marx in London.—236, 323 Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882)—Prussian police officer, an organiser of and chief witness for the prosecution at the Cologne communist trial (1852); later chief of the Prussian political police.—183, 349 Stieler, Adolf (1775-1836)—German cartographer.—372, 406

Stifft, Andreas (1819-1877)—Austrian democratic journalist, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Austria; Vienna correspondent of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1849.—197

Stirner, Max (real name Schmidt, Johann

Caspar) (1806-1856)—German Young Hegelian philosopher, an ideologist of individualism and anarchism.—11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 19, 109, 113, 393, 397, 422, 444, 532 Strodtmann, Adolf (1829-1879)— German democratic writer, took part in the revolutionary movement in Schleswig-Holstein in 1848; emigrated in 1850, admirer and biog-rapher of Gottfried Kinkel.—428, 437 Strücker, F. W.—Elberfeld friend of Frederick Engels.—5, 6, 14 Struve, Amalie (d. 1862)—wife of Gustav Struve, took part in the democratic movement in Germany in 1848-49.-334 Struve, Gustav von (1805-1870)— German democratic journalist, a leader in the Baden uprisings in 1848 and 1849; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in England; fought in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—222, 233, 234, 265, 296, 317, 322, 334, 341, 427, 436, 549 Stumpf, Paul (1826-1912)—German mechanic, member of the German Workers' Society in Brussels (1847), member of the Communist League, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, member of the First International.—154, 467 Stupp, Heinrich Joseph (1793-1870)— Prussian official, clerical, in the early

1850s Chief Burgomaster of Cologne.—338, 347 Suchsland, Friedrich—publisher in Dessau.—476, 483 Sue, Eugene Marie Joseph (1804-1857)— French writer, author of sentimental social novels.—7

T

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de

(1754-1838)—French diplomat, Foreign Minister (1797-99, 1799-1807 and 1814-15), represented France at the Vienna Congress (1814-15).—247, 347

Tausenau, Karl (1808-1873)—Austrian democrat, took part in the 1848 revolution in Austria, emigrated to London in 1849.—285, 317, 426, 437-41 Techow, Gustav Adolf (1813-1893)— Prussian army officer, democrat, Chief of the General Staff of the Palatinate revolutionary army; emigrated to Switzerland and in 1852 to Australia.—437, 438, 441, 446, 463-66, 468, 469, 470, 471, 499, 501, 508 Tedesco, Victor André (1821-1897)— Belgian lawyer, socialist, a founder of the Brussels Democratic Association; associate of Marx and Engels in 1847-48; member of the Communist League.—143, 146, 160, 163 Teilering—see Müller-Tellering, Eduard von Fessier du Monthay—French socialist, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; member of the Société des proscrits démocrates et socialistes in London in the 1850s.—292, 294 Thieme—German publisher in Hagen in the 1840s.—16 Thierry—French refugee, member of the Committee of the Société des proscrits démocrates et socialistes in London in the 1850s.—247 Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin (1795-1856)—French historian.—116 Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877) — French historian and statesman, Prime Minister (1836 and 1840); head of the Orleanists after 1848; organised the suppression of the Paris Commune (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73).—85, 108, 144, 205, 301, 337, 363, 372, 503, 504 Thomas, Albert Theodor—owner of a publishing house in Leipzig, agent of Carl Georg Vogler.—42 Thomas, Clement (1809-1871)—French general, moderate republican, publisher of Le National; took part in suppressing the June 1848 uprising in Paris; shot by Paris insurgents on 18 March 1871.—85 Thomis—member of the German Workers' Society in Brussels in 1847.—126 Thompson, Thomas Perronet (1783-1869)—English politician and economist, Free Trader.—211 Tolstoi (Tolstoy), Grigori Mikhailovich (1808-1871)—Russian liberal landowner, acquaintance of Marx and Engels in Paris in the 1840s.—64, 73, 107, 141 Tolstoi (Tolstoy), Yakov Nikolayevich (1791-1867)—Russian émigré in Paris; secret agent of the Tsarist government from 1837.—64, 73 Tooke, Thomas (1774-1858)—English economist, adherent of the classical school in political economy.—275, 480

U

Utmer, Johann—member of the Communist League, refugee in London in the early 1850s, supporter of Marx and Engels.—388, 440-43, 467 Uttenhoven, von (d. 1849)—Prussian army officer, killed during the May 1849 uprising in Elberfeld.— 193

V

Vauban, Sébastien le Prestre de (1633-1707)—French marshal and military engineer.— 371 Vaulabelle, Achille Tenaille de (1799-1879)—French historian and politician, moderate republican.—116 Veltheim, Werner von (1817-1855)— German landowner related to the Westphalen family, friend of Edgar von Westphalen.—131 Venedey, Jakob (1805-1871)—German radical writer and politician; liberal after the 1848-49 revolution.—137

Véron, Louis Désiré (1798-1867)— French journalist and politician, Orleanist until 1848, then Bonapartist; owner and publisher of Le Constitutionnel (1844-52).—484

Victor Emmanuel II (1820-1878)—Duke of Savoy, King of Sardinia (1849-61), King of Italy (1861-78).—471 Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 35, 478 Vidal, François (1814-1872)—French economist, petty-bourgeois socialist, supporter of Louis Blanc.—149

Vidil, Jules—French army officer, socialist, member of the Committee of the Société des proscrits démocrates et socialistes in London; supported the sectarian Willich-Schapper group.—247, 304, 310, 318, 319, 321, 381 Virgil (Vergil) (Publius Vergilius Maw) (70-19 B.C.)—Roman poet.—197, 219 Vogler, Carl Georg (born c. 1820)— German publisher and bookseller in Brussels.—42, 47, 79, 114, 117, 162 Voigt, H. G.—publisher.—228 Volk—German democrat, an organiser of the German Legion in Paris in 1848.—540 Voltaire, François Marie Arouet (1694-1778)—French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlightenment.—18 Voswinkel, Ernst—physician in Westphalia, correspondent of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1849.—187

W

Waldeck, Benedikt Franz Leo (1802-1870)—German lawyer and radical politician; Left-wing leader and Vice-President of the Prussian National Assembly in 1848; subsequently a leader of the Progressist Party.— 393 Wallau, Karl (1823-1877)—German refugee in Brussels, President of the German Workers' Society in Brussels (1847), member of the Communist League Central Authority in 1848, Chairman of the Workers' Educational Society in Mainz.—123-28, 129, 158, 539 Walthr, Friedrich (b. 1810)—German journalist, sided with the 'true socialists' in the 1840s; editor and publisher of the Trier'sche Zeitung (1846-51).—72 Warskiroski, Konstantin—Polish émigré, member of the Permanent Commission of the Polish Democratic Section in London in the 1850s.—247 Watts, John (1818-1887)—English Utopian socialist, follower of Robert Owen.—63, 255, 281, 405, 435 Weber, Georg (1816-1891)—German physician, democrat; contributed to

Vorwärts!; an organiser of the Communist Correspondence Committee in Kiel (1846); took part in the 1848-49 revolution.—69 Weerth, Georg (1822-1856)—German proletarian writer and poet, member of the Communist League, editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49).—Ill, 125, 128, 150, 165, 178, 190, 207, 219, 222, 223, 269, 272, 314, 315, 342, 382, 389, 391, 406, 435, 444, 474, 477, 483, 486, 487, 488, 489, 493, 516, 519, 533, 536, 561 Weill, Alexander (1811-1899)—German democratic journalist, emigrated to France in the 1840s.—54, 526

Weiss, Siegfried (b. 1822)—German democratic journalist.—271-72 Weiss, Theodor (1813-1890)—Austrian official, police superintendent in Vienna in the 1850s.—473 Weitling, Wilhelm Christian (1808-1871)—German tailor, one of the early leaders of the working-class movement in Germany; a theoretician of Utopian egalitarian communism.—56-57, 59, 66, 79, 84, 87, 91, 296, 334, 519, 530, 531, 537 Welcker, Karl Theodor (1790-1869) — German lawyer, liberal writer, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre) in 1848-49.—322 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852) —British general and statesman, Tory, Prime Minister (1828-30), Foreign Secretary (December 1834-ApriI 1835).—302, 332, 333, 347, 353 Wengler—supporter of Willich in London.—561 Werres, F.—book-keeper and expedition clerk at the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, witness at the Cologne communist trial.—195 Westphalen, Caroline von (née Heubel) (1780-1856)—mother of Mrs Marx.—323, 482, 525, 530 Westphalen, Edgar von (1819-1890) — brother of Mrs Marx; member of the Brussels Communist Correspondence Committee (1846).—6, 117, 323, 481, 525, 527, 528, 529 Westphalen, Ferdinand Otto Wilhelm Hen-ning von (1799-1876)—stepbrother of Mrs Marx, Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (1850-58).— 338, 355, 432 Weydemeyer, Joseph (1818-1866)— prominent figure in the German and American working-class movement, 'true socialist' in 1846-47, adopted scientific communism under the influence of Marx and Engels, became their close associate, was a member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, after its defeat emigrated to the USA.—41-

44, 50, 53, 68, 72, 198, 201, 208, 209, 210, 218, 221, 225, 230, 232,233,234, 237, 238, 240, 250, 331, 369, 370-73, 375-77, 388, 399, 400, 401-03, 405, 425, 453-55, 473, 480-82, 488, 489-90, 496, 498, 515-16, 517, 518, 519, 539, 548, 549, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559,560, 562

Weydemeyer, Louise (née Lüning) (b. 1822)—wife of Joseph Weydemeyer.—44, 209, 220, 226, 231, 233, 237, 241, 403, 455, 481, 482, 518, 540, 555, 558, 560 Wiedecker, Friedrich—participated in the Frankfurt uprising of 1848, emigrated to London.—191 Wigand, Otto (1795-1870)—German publisher and bookseller, owner of a firm in Leipzig which published works of radical authors.—11, 25, 26, 49, 58, 74

Wilhelmi, Franz—German democrat, took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, after its defeat emigrated to the USA, fought in the American Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—271 William 1 (1797-1888)—Prussian prince, King of Prussia (1861-88), Emperor of Germany (1871-88).— 337 Willich, August (1810-1878)—Prussian officer, resigned from the army on account of his political convictions, member of the Communist League, took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849, a leader of the sectarian group which broke away from the Communist League in 1850; fought in the American Civil War.—163, 202-03, 204, 208, 215, 217, 219, 223, 230, 247, 251, 265-66, 273, 280, 282, 283, 284, 285, 287,297, 298, 304, 308-09, 310, 311, 313, 315, 317, 320, 321, 323, 334, 343, 347, 356, 358, 359-62, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 380, 381-82, 385, 391, 402, 403, 407, 418, 426, 428, 430, 437-39, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 456, 458, 459-60, 463, 466, 468, 469, 473, 483, 487,498, 499, 501-02, 507, 560-61

Willisen, Karl Wilhelm, Baron von (1790-1879)—Prussian general and military theoretician, commanded the Schleswig-Holstein army in the war against Denmark in 1850.—372

Winkelried, Arnold von (d. 1386)—hero of the Swiss war of liberation against the Habsburgs; sacrificed his life to secure victory in the battle of Sem-pach (1386).—296, 359 Wiss, Georg Eduard—German physician and journalist, Young Hegelian; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, in the early 1850s emigrated to London and then to the USA, editor of Der deutsche Correspondent (Baltimore).—497 WohlStraus, Jeannette (1783-1861)— friend of Ludwig Börne.— 38 Wolff, Ferdinand {Red Wolf) (1812-1895)—German writer, member of the Communist League, an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; emigrated from Germany; associate of Marx and Engels.—126-28, 153, 207, 212, 219, 222, 223, 257, 284, 305, 313, 317, 321, 383, 409, 474, 478, 504, 519, 561 Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864)— German teacher, proletarian revolutionary; a leader of the Communist League; editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 117, 123, 125, 128, 138, 144, 149, 153, 158, 159, 190-91, 207, 213, 222, 301, 333, 336, 339, 346, 361, 373, 380, 385, 386, 391, 397, 398, 400, 402, 404, 406, 418, 431, 435, 453, 467, 489, 490, 496, 516, 519, 539 Worbs—acquaintance of Mrs Marx in Trier.—529 Worcell, Stanislaw (1799-1857)—Polish revolutionary, took part in the Polish uprising of 1830; a leader of the democratic wing of Polish refugees.— 542 Wrangel, Friedrich Heinrich Ernst, Count von (1784-1877)—Prussian general, took part in the November 1848 coup d'état in Berlin.—542 Wurm, Gustav (1819-1888)—school-mate of Frederick Engels, later a philologist.—4

Z

Zalewski, Konstantin— Polish refugee, member of the Brussels Democratic Association in 1847.—125

Adonis (Greek myth.)—a youth of remarkable beauty, favourite of Aphro-dite.—272, 376 Ananias (Hananiah or Ananiah) (Bib.)—a member of the first Christian community who was punished with sudden death for concealing money from the apostles.—84 Atta Troll—a bear, title figure in a satirical poem by Heine, epitome of the philistine dabbler in politics, primitive in his arguments.—265

Caudle, Mrs—main character in Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures (1846) by D. W. Yerrold, a series of humorous sketches printed in Punch.—533 Christ, Jesus (Bib.)—323, 423, 483 Crispin—character in Juvenal's Satire 4. —285

Eulenspiegel (Ulenspiegel), Till—character in German folk tales and numerous literary works based on them.— 251

Hector (Greek myth.)—son of the Tro-jan King Priam, defender of Troy; one of the main characters in Homer's Iliad.—447 Heracles (Hercules) (Greek and Roman myth).—son of Zeus, famous for his strength and courage.—157, 528

Zimmermann—democrat; member of the Prussian National Assembly in 1848, later emigrated to London.— 321

Zulauf/, Heinrich (b. 1810)—Elberfeld merchant, emigrated to the USA after the 1848-49 revolution.— 111, 174

Jesus Christ—see Christ, Jesus

John, Saint, the Baptist (Bib.) — precursor of Jesus Christ.—483 Joshua (Bib.)—leader of the Israel-ites.—460 Judas Iscariot (Bib.)—one of the twelve apostles, betrayed Christ for thirty pieces of silver.—429

Krapülinski (Crapulinski)—character in Heine's poem Zwei Ritter, a spendthrift Polish nobleman (the name comes from the French crapule meaning glutton, hard drinker, base scoundrel, idler).—508, 513, 516

Lady Macbeth—character in Shakespeare's Macbeth.—530

Moor, Karl—main character in Schiller's drama Die Raiiber personifying a noble highwayman.—66 Moses (Bib.)—prophet.—460

Orlando (or Roland) Furioso—title character in Ariosto's epic poem.— 202

Paul, the Apostle (Bib.)—488

INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES Sancho Panza—character in Cervantes' Don Quixote.—397 Sapphira (also Saphira) (Bib.)—wife and accomplice of Ananias.—84 Sarastro—character in Mozart's opera Die Zauberflöte; a good magician.— 109 Sibyl—a prophetess in ancient times.—

494 Siegfried—one of the main characters in an ancient German epic and in the medieval epic Nibelungenlied.—153

Tuck—a monk in the Robin Hood ballads.—245 Tupman, Tracy—character in Dickens' Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club.— 343, 350, 352, 497

Uriah (also Urias) (Bib.)—a Hittite officer in the army of David; husband of Bathsheba. David ordered Joab, his general, to secure Uriah's death by abandoning him in the heart of battle.—467