Subject Index

(to volumes 35-37)

Absolute ground rent

— definition of— 37, 747, 749 — formation of— 37, 748-55 — essence of—37, 758

— in the extracting industry — 37, 758 Absolute surplus value

— definition of— 35, 320

— production of— 55,270-71,314-15, 510-12

— distinction between absolute and relative surplus value — 35, 512

Abstraction

— significance of abstraction in the analysis of economic forms — 35, 8

— examples of— 35, 175-76, 187,509, 565, 579-80

Abstract labour — 35, 48, 49, 53-56, 57, 59-69, 74-76, 84, 90, 99-100, 119, 209-12 Accessories —35, 191-92, 213, 566, 600, 617 Accumulation of capital

— definition of— 35, 578, 579-81, 587-91, 608-09, 610, 613-14, 615-16, 618-21, 638-40; 37, 216, 217, 243, 262, 265 — necessary conditions, sources and factors of— 35, 564-65, 579-80,

581-82, 593-95, 598, 599-604, 616-17; 37, 264-65

— results and consequences of—35, 620, 623, 626, 628-29, 639-40 — in agriculture — 35, 599

— and condition of the working class — 35, 598, 608-10, 613-15, 624-27, 629-32, 638-40, 651 — and laws of commodity production— 35, 583-84

— historical tendency of—35, 748-55 — as aim and compelling motive of industrial capital — 36, 64-65, 502-03 — hoarding as factor of accumulation— 36, 83-84, 89-90, 125, 472-

73, 488-89

— as a means to expand production of surplus value — 36, 84-85, 124-25 — as capitalisation of surplus value — 36, 86-87 — accumulation of money capital in bank deposits and securities — 36, 90, 124-25 — money reserve fund — 36, 90, 166, 174, 319, 345, 448 — and growth of productive power of labour — 36, 354; 37, 217-18, 246-49, 395, 396-97 — necessity of accumulation under capitalism — 36, 493-95 — simple reproduction as an actual factor of— 36, 390-94 — expenditure of surplus value in accumulation— 36, 495-96 — extension of business without accumulation—^, 499-500 — rate of accumulation — 36, 520 — and relative overpopulation — 37, 217, 220, 243, 247, 248, 250-53, 254-55, 262, 263 — and concentration and centralisation of capital — 37, 244-45 — and primitive accumulation — 37, 245 — and a drop in the rate of profit — 37, 248, 255, 258, 261, 264-65 Accumulation of loan capital

— and bankers — 37, 476-77 — discovery of Australian and Californian gold mines — 37, 500 — as a form distinct from actual accumulation— 37, 500, 501-02 — and the crisis — 37, 500-01 — source of— 37, 501-02, 503-04 — special forms of— 37, 503-04, 505 Acts for enclosures of commons — 35, 715 Adulteration of means of subsistence — 35,

184-85, 256-58, 597 Advance

— forms of— 37, 338, 342-43, 348 — character of— 37, 343-44 — movements of—37, 345-47 — kinds of advance — 37, 443 Advanced capital—37, 33-34, 37, 39, 40,

503 — minimum magnitude of—36, 85-86, 89, 90, 112, 124-25, 258 — time for which fixed capital is advanced—^, 164-65, 170-71 — and capital value turned over annually—^, 186 — and terms of payment — 36, 189 — and distribution of social surplus value — 36, 218 — and duration of productive acts — 36, 230, 231, 234 — and length of working period — 36, 233, 315-16

— and credit system — 36, 235, 236 — and interruptions in working period — 36, 241-43 Africa

— its division by the European powers— 37, 897 Agriculture —35, 433, 505-08, 599, 601, 636, 665, 668-70, 683-84, 698-99, 736-37 — commodity character of farmer's economy — 36, 120 — natural economy — 36, 120, 121 — production of raw materials — 36, 146-47 — expansion of production — 36, 175-76 — Quesnay on capital employed in— 36, 190-91 — working period in — 36, 237, 241-42 — difference between production time and working time in — 36, 241-42, 243, 244, 247 — condition of agricultural labour-e r — ^ , 242-43 — shortening of turnover time in — 36, 243-45 — production time and forestry — 36, 244-46, 247 — turnover cycle in — 36, 248 — and the process of reproduction — 36, 357; 37, 448 — employment of labour power in — 36, 449, 480-81 — reproduction of constant capital in — 36, 521 — change of the value of capital in the case of agriculture — 37, 115-16 — and manufacture — 37, 331-33 — features of small-peasant agriculture— 37, 608 — capitalist nature of—37, 608, 609, 611, 612 — and private property in land — 37, 611, 612 — and classes — 37, 612 — in England — 37, 623, 624 — in Europe — 37, 664 — relative overproduction in — 37, 664-65 — natural laws of—37, 669 — precapitalist — 37, 669 — slow and uneven development in — 37, 669-70, 777, 778 — organic composition of capital in — 37, 746, 747, 749, 750, 751, 753 — drawbacks of small agriculture — 37, 793, 794 Agricultural labourer

— conditions of life and labour of—

35, 259-61, 279, 505-07, 556, 596-98, 635-37, 648-51, 665-88, 694-703, 707-09, 727-29, 731-33 — class struggle of—35, 505-08 America

— as a centre of the crises of 1825-57 — 57, 75, 491 — American census — 37, 80 — Civil War in — 37, 111, 129-30 — development of production in — 37, 121, 122 — ownership in — 37, 383, 613, 790 — stock companies in — 37, 435 — trade of America with Asia — 37, 560, 561 — rate of exchange of America with England — 37, 578-79 — land speculation in — 37, 661-62 — quality of land in — 37, 756 American War of Independence — 35, 9 Anarchy of capitalist production — 35, 186,

359-62, 480, 504, 530 — and waste of productive forces —

36, 174-75 — and disturbances in production — 36, 314-15 — and overproduction — 36, 468 — and crises — 36, 494-95 See also Crises Anti-Corn Law League — 35, 15 Ami-Jacobin War— 35, 666, 739 Antiquity —35, 69-70, 90, 92-93, 101, 109,

142-43, 146, 163, 178, 181, 292, 339, 353, 370-71, 513-14, 716-18 Arabs

— effect of world trade on — 36, 42 Argentina — 37, 713

Aristocracy — 35, 15, 666, 667, 701, 712-

13, 760 Asia — 35, 151, 173, 338-39, 364

— high rate of profit in — 37, 150 — precapitalistic modes of production in — 37, 532, 591 — combination of small-scale agriculture and home industry in — 37, 332 — capitalist nations as debtors of— 37, 509-10 — export of silver to — 37, 548, 560 — rate of exchange with — 37, 554-55, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579 See also China, India Athens (Ancient)—35, 93 Australia —35, 454, 760; 37, 500, 573, 585 Austria —35, 282 Average profit — 35, 623, 632; 37, 141, 152-

53, 155, 156, 157, 158, 167, 168, 171,

172-73, 178-79, 194-96, 197, 207

B

Banks —35, 135-39, 147-49, 153-55, 156, 743 — deposits — 36, 90-91, 124-25, 343, 347, 492-93; 37, 469-70, 471 — concentration of banking operations — 36; 138 — withdrawal of deposits and money market — 36, 291 — and circulation of money capital — 36, 344, 411-12 — assets of— 36, 343, 347; 37, 538, 539, 601 — and loan capital — 37, 426 — gold reserve and the banking reserve— 37, 430-31, 432, 461-62, 469 — and issue of notes — 37, 431 — bank capital — 37, 461-62, 463, 464, 467, 468-69 — the Bank of Amsterdam — 37, 597 — the Bank of Hamburg — 37, 597 — English Bank of Credit — 37, 598 — Crédit mobilier — 37, 600 See also Bank of England Bank Act of 1844 —37, 429, 550, 551, 552,

553-54, 555, 557 Banknotes —35, 137-38, 149-50, 151, 153

— definition of — 37, 401-02, 441-42 — circulation of banknotes and the industrial cycle — 37, 456, 523-24, 525, 526, 527 — law of the circulation of—37, 519-20 — circulation of notes of the Bank of England — 37, 519-20, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525 — number of circulating banknotes and the turnover — 37, 519-20, 521, 522, 523, 524 — issue of banknotes and metal reserve— 37, 522, 523, 524 — and reserve fund — 37, 525-26, 527 — and advance of capital — 37, 535, 536 — and circulation of bills — 37, 535, 536, 537 Bank of England

— its securities — 37, 447, 448, 452, 454, 455 — circulation of its notes — 37, 449, 452, 454 — and demand for gold — 37, 449, 450, 451, 454-55, 457 — gold reserve in the Bank of England— 37, 450, 451-52, 453 — accommodations by — 37, 452, 454-55, 456 — reserve fund of— 37, 472, 473, 474, 511-12, 534 — its rate of interest in 1844-45 — 37, 509, 510-11 — inflow and outflow of notes in — 37, 526-27 — the largest capital power in London— 37, 537, 538, 539, 540 — its profits for the period from 1797 to 1817 — 57, 540, 541 — and the Bank Act of 1844 — 57, 549, 550-51 Basis and superstructure — 35, 88, 92-93, 95, 486, 488-89, 587-88, 610-11

Belgium —35, 282, 303-04, 596, 663-64 Big landowner

— and the farmer—37, 612, 613, 614, 615, 619, 620, 621 — enrichment of the landlord in the course of economic development — 37, 613, 614 — and the Corn Laws in England — 37, 620, 621 — role of big landlords in capitalist mode of production — 37, 807, 808 Bill of exchange

— definition of — 57, 398-99 — discounting bills —57, 423, 425, 483, 484 — discountingbillsandborrowingcap-ital — 37, 424, 425 — speculative bill — 37, 427 — and swindling — 37, 483, 486, 489, 490 — accumulation of money capital in the form of— 36, 90-91 Bimetallism —35, 106-07, 153-54 Bourgeoisie — see Capitalist

See also Capital; Capitalist mode of production; Classes Buying and selling —37, 179-80, 194, 280-81, 287-88, 293, 340, 341, 343-44, 345, 367, 426, 427

C

Capital

— definition of— 35, 162, 165-66, 167, 174-75, 241, 270-73, 274-75, 313-14, 569-70, 660, 748-49, 752-53; 37, 243-44, 245 — history of— 35, 157, 173-77, 179-83, 193-96, 335-36, 514, 731-32, 743, 748-51 — general formula of—35, 157-66; 37, 45 — influx and outflow from branch to branch — 35, 626, 633 — movement of— 35, 335-38, 443-45, 465-66, 504-05, 564, 635-36; 37, 27, 52 — and wages — 35, 595-99 — capital employed and capital consumed— 35, 603-04 — augmentation of capital as condition of its preservation — 36, 85-86 — as a value generating value — 36, 87-88 — characteristic features of social capital — 36, 103, 110-11 — revolutions in value of social capital— 36, 111-12, 113 — social capital as joint-stock capital of all individual capitalists — 36, 431 — magnitude of the total capital value and the magnitude of surplus value — 37, 49, 50, 51 — technical composition of—37, 49, 50 — organic composition of capital in industry — 37, 78-80 — tie-up of— 37, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117-18 — change of value of capital — 37, 112-13 — release of capital — 37, 111-12, 115-16 — as a social power — 37, 193, 262, 263 — depreciation of— 37, 234, 248, 251, 253, 254 — absolute overproduction of—37, 250, 251, 253, 254, 255 — plethora of— 37, 250, 255 — circuit of— 37, 253, 254 — exports of capital in productive and money form — 37, 255, 571, 572, 573-74, 575, 576 — merchant's capital invested in the purchase and payment of the means of circulation — 37, 285-86 — criticism of theory of the origin of capital from savings and abstention of the capitalist — 37, 436-37 — as the production relation — 37, 801, 802 — as the historically determined social form — 37, 802, 803 — fetishism of— 37, 810, 811, 812, 813

See also Advanced capital; Money; Money capital; Productive capital "Capital" by K. Marx

— subject-matter and method of— 35, 7-8, 9-10, 16-20, 23, 45, 86, 87, 88, 93, 157, 174-75, 179-80 — significance for the working class — 35, 35 — attitude of the bourgeoisie to it — 35, 16 — translations of— 35, 17, 23, 24, 27, 30, 37 — history of— 35, 1, 12-13, 17, 24-28, 30, 37-38 Capitalist

— growth of individual consumption of— 36, 74-75 — as personification of industrial capital— 36, 122-23 — and labourer — 36, 408-09, 442, 514-15 — consumption and revenue of—36, 417-19 — and circulation of money — 36, 331 — and variable capital — 36, 438, 446 — industrial capitalist and idle capitalist— 36, 480-88; 37, 368, 369 — his illusion regarding the origin of surplus value and profit — 37, 42, 45, 46, 48, 51, 137, 207-08 — and production of a commodity — 37, 45, 866-67 — and the working class — 37, 45, 196, 197, 378 — and advanced capital — 37, 45, 46 — money capitalist — 37, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 507, 508 See also Capital; Capitalist mode of production; Classes Capitalist mode of production

— general definition of—35, 14-15, 18-19, 45, 69-71, 92, 103, 111-12, 142, 153, 156, 174-77, 178-82, 186, 206-09, 225-27, 270-71, 306-07, 324-26, 336-39, 425-26, 489-91, 492, 509-10, 530, 532-33, 539-41, 542, 614-15, 616, 619, 623-24, 628-29, 638, 651-52, 749-51, 754-55 — decisive aim of—35, 161-66, 196, 200-06, 226, 238-39, 240-41, 302-04, 312, 335-37, 509-10, 587-88, 590-91, 614, 616 — starting-point and premises of— 35, 157, 178-81, 326-27, 339-40, 358, 570-71, 619, 705, 706, 748-51, 759; 37, 195, 589, 590, 609, 610, 611 — contradictions of— 35, 8, 15, 19-20, 122-23, 186, 295-97, 336-37, 361-62, 410-11, 435, 443-45, 446-50, 464-65, 480-83, 503-04, 506-07, 509, 530, 639-40, 651-52, 749-50; 36, 315-16; 37, 89-90, 121-22, 243-44, 247-48, 249, 255, 256, 257, 262, 263, 265, 284, 285-86, 567-68, 569 — and feudalism — 35, 706 — historical necessity of—35, 339-40, 516-17 — as a passing historical phase — 35, 10-11, 14-15, 34,489, 581,587-88, 748-51 — purchase and sale of labour power as a basic condition of—36, 20-21, 36, 42-43, 81-82, 88-89, 121-22, 343, 351, 383-84 — and separation of labour power from means of production — 36, 38 — and commodity production — 36, 42, 115, 121, 494-95, 499-500; 37, 179, 180, 181 — labourers and means of production as factors of production — 36, 40-41 — and revolutionisation of economic structure of society — 36, 42, 62-63 — compelling motive of—36, 63-65, 74-75, 84-85, 102, 124-25, 157, 349, 383-84, 444, 502-03 — vulgar political economy on capitalist process of production — 36, 73 — and technique — 36, 42, 62-63, 83-84, 112, 172-73 — continuity of capitalist production— 36, 107-08, 110, 280-81 — and evolution of agricultural labourer into wage labourer — 36, 121-22

— mode of production and mode of exchange —iff, 121-22 — and market — 36, 154-55; 37, 111, 265 — anarchy of production and waste of productive forces — 36, 174-75, 315-16, 468-69 — crisis and abnormal conditions of process of production — 36, 317-18 — unproductive expenses (faux frais)

of — 36, 135, 140, 142-43, 152-53, 344 — and credit — 36, 344 — and condition of working class —

36, 409-10 — and foreign trade—36, 469-70 — method of analysing — 36, 508, 509 — as a synthesis of the processes of production and circulation — 37, 28, 45, 813, 814 — its distinction from the mode of production based on slavery — 37, 33 — and economy of constant capital —

37, 87-88, 89 — and development of the productive power of labour—37, 88-89, 256, 257, 258, 265 — and social character of production— 37, 91-92, 93, 191, 265, 567-68, 569 — as immediately preceding the socialist mode of production — 37, 92, 434-35 — classes under capitalist mode of production — 37, 194, 851-52, 853 — and the process of accumulation — 37, 215, 216, 217, 264, 265 — and relative overpopulation — 37, 216, 220, 227, 235 — production of surplus value and profit as purpose of—37, 239-40, 241, 242, 243, 244, 250, 255, 256, 863-64 — historical character of—37, 240, 256, 257, 258, 262, 614, 615, 801, 802, 866 — barriers of production under — 37, 248-49, 256, 257, 262, 505 — and agriculture — 37, 610, 611, 643-44, 668-69, 670, 787-88, 796-97, 798, 799 — and impoverishment of the direct producers — 37, 612 — and the price of land — 37, 796-97, 798, 799, 800 — and large landed property — 37, 798, 799, 800, 807 — and precapitalist production relations— 37, 818 — and reproduction of production relations— 37, 857-58, 859, 865 Capitalist reproduction

— replacement of constant capital — 37, 821-22, 823 — its conditions — 37, 187 — two departments of the social capital— 37, 823, 824 — exchange between two departments— 37, 824, 825 — scheme of simple reproduction — 37, 824-25 — reproduction of capitalist production relations — 37, 826 — and advanced capital — 37, 825, 826 — and revenues — 37, 826 Capital of circulation

— as opposed to productive capital — 36, 193-94, 197-98, 200-01, 206, 208 See also Circulation; Commodity capital; Money capital Cartels — 37, 122, 434-35, 436 Castes — 35, 345 Cattle-breeding —36, 237, 238-39, 246, 247 — use of replacement fund to expand production in—36, 175-76 — means of reducing working period in— 36, 238-39, 243-44, 245, 246 See also Agriculture Centralisation of capitals

— one-sided accumulation and centralisation of money capital and productive capital — 36, 348 — scale of production and — 36, 354

— as a changed distribution of individual capitals — 36, 354 See also Concentration Centralisation of production and capital —

35, 314, 338, 619-23, 742-43, 749-51, 759-60 Chartism —35, 286, 288, 290 Chemistry —35, 189, 191, 313, 601 China —35, 137, 141, 384, 739, 740

— effect of capitalist world trade on — 36, 42 — Chinese artisans — 36, 107 — commodity production of Chinese peasants — 36, 115 — precapitalist mode of production in — 37, 331-32 — imports of European and American goods to — 37, 331-32, 333, 405, 564 — English opium trade in — 37, 405, 548, 573 Circuit of capital

— purpose and outcome of—36, 53, 63, 105 — interruptions in circuit of capital — 36, 57, 108 — fixation of capital for certain lengths of time in various phases of— 36, 57 — as a unity of circulation and production—^, 65-66, 105, 108 — disturbances in it and reserve fund — 36, 91 — three formulas of—36, 105 — as unity of its three forms — 36, 105, 108-09 — and its turnover—36, 158, 306-07 — in production of precious metals — 36, 325 — circuit of social capital — 36, 350, 352 Circulating capital—35, 606

— money form of— 36, 91, 281 -82; 37, 78-79 — circulation of capital value — 36, 160-61, 170-71 — additional investment of—36, 233, 238, 258-59 — and methods to reduce time of turnover in agriculture — 36, 243-45 — changes in amount of—36, 258 — turnover of constant and variable part of— 36, 293-94 — and the cost price — 37, 34, 37-38 — and value of the commodity product— 37, 109-10 — and development of the productive forces of labour — 37, 258 — loan of— 37, 341-43 Circulation

— and the metamorphoses of commodities— 35, 114-16, 118-22 — simple circulation — 35, 167-69 — difference from the direct exchange of products — 35, 121-23 — identity of sale and purchase — 35, 122-23 — and capitalism — 35, 157, 356-58 — of money — 35, 124-28, 130-31, 144-45, 146, 149-50; 36, 413, 477 — production of commodities and circulation of commodities — 36, 39 — of surplus value and capital value— 36, 48, 50, 73-74 — of capital as part of general circulation of commodities — 36, 65-66, 75-76 — of surplus value in simple reproduction— 36, 71-72, 73, 75-77 — and formation of a fund for purchase and payment — 36, 82-83 — money capital and speed of—36, 114 — of industrial capital and world market — 36, 115 — amount of money required for — 36, 118, 284, 323, 327, 329-30, 339, 343 — as a phase of reproduction process — 36, 30-31, 132-33, 349; 37, 278-79, 288, 813, 814 — and formation of supply — 36, 147, 148, 151 — improvement in means of transportation and time of— 36, 252, 253 — credit and metallic circulation — 36, 499-500

— seeming derivation of surplus value from circulation — 37, 43-44, 47, 137, 814 — time of circulation — 37, 47, 74-75, 84, 278-79, 301, 814 — and the value of commodities — 37, 279 See also Exchange Civil War in America —35, 9, 292, 296,

305-06, 424, 436, 437, 574, 760 Clan —35, 718-20 Classes

— capitalist reproduction as reproduction of class of wage labourers and class of capitalists—36, 39, 378, 390-91, 414-15 — exploitation of working class under capitalism — 36, 43, 353, 509, 515-16 — industrial capital and class antagonism between capitalists and wage labourers — 36, 62-63 — working class and crises of overproduction— 36, 316-17, 409-10 See also Capitalist; Peasantry Classical bourgeois political economy

— general definition of—35, 14, 91, 440, 533, 537, 541, 562, 606, 611-12 — analysis of economic categories and processes — 35, 30-34, 56-57, 90-91, 154-55, 159, 177, 180-82, 214-15, 310-12, 353, 359, 366-67, 390-91, 510, 517-18, 520-25, 537-40, 541, 584-87, 590-92, 595, 602, 604-05, 609-10, 616-17, 625-26 — Ricardo on the correlation of the prices of production and values of commodities — 37, 177-79 — Ricardo on the ground rent — 37, 182, 642-43, 671, 673, 743-44, 758 — Ricardo on the influence of foreign trade on the general rate of profit— 37, 236-37 — Ricardo on the rate of profit — 37, 239, 240, 241 — Newman on the correlation of commerce and industry — 37, 278 — Ricardo and Smith on industrial capital — 37, 322 — Ricardo and Smith on merchant's capital — 37, 322 — Tooke on interest, credit and money— 37, 368, 369, 398, 399, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444 — Smith on manager's salary — 37, 381 — Smith on the role of capital in money lending — 37, 471 — Ricardo's theory on the value of money — 37, 542-43, 544-45 — Smith on ground rent — 37, 609, 754, 755, 758, 759-60, 761, 773 — Petty on ground rent — 37, 770 — its merits — 37, 817, 818 — its limitations — 37, 818, 822-23 — criticism of Smith's dogma — 37, 827, 828, 829 — Ricardo and Smith's dogma — 37, 827, 828 Class struggle of the working class — 35, 15, 288, 556-57 — for shorter working day — 35, 242, 259, 276, 288, 297, 299, 301, 303, 305-06, 412 — for limitations in the employment of women and children — 35, 285-86, 288, 296-97, 398 — Chartism — 35, 286, 288, 290 — revolts of workmen against machines— 35, 431 — growth of indignation and organisation of the working class with the development of capitalism — 35, 648, 750 — great service of English factory workers to international working-class movement — 35, 303-04 — struggle of agricultural labourers— 35, 260, 506 Coin —35, 135-40, 150; 37, 442 Colonial system —35, 454, 515, 739-42, 745; 37, 326-27, 330-31, 332, 586, 587, 784, 895, 896 Colonies

— high rate of profit in — 37, 149, 150, 235-36, 237-38

— role of the commercial capital in — 37, 328, 329-30 — profit on capital invested in — 37, 577, 586 — lack of private ownership of land in colonies — 37, 610, 723, 743, 744 — differential rent in — 37, 644, 669, 670 — difference of the modern colonies from those of ancient times — 37, 662-63, 664 — agricultural — 37, 741-42, 743 — seizure and exploitation of colonies by the European powers at the end of the 19th century — 37, 896, 897 See also India Colonisation — 35, 751-61 Commerce

— foreign — 37, 235, 236 — size of— 37, 323 — and the development of production— 37, 323-24, 328, 329, 330, 331-32, 333-34, 335 — role of the revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries in — 37, 331 Commercial capital

— as a special function of capital — 37, 266, 268, 269, 271-72, 276-77, 461 — two forms of—37, 266 — its movement — 37, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273 — as a form of the social division of labour— 37, 271 — as a portion of industrial labour— 37, 273 — and the process of reproduction — 37, 273-74, 275 — as the oldest state of existence of capital — 37, 323, 324, 334-35 — and commercial profit — 37, 327, 328 — its role in the transition from feudalism to capitalism — 37, 332-33, 334 See also Merchant's capital Commercial credit

— foundation of credit system — 37, 478 — its tools — 37, 478 — its circuit — 37, 478, 479 — its limits — 37, 479, 480 — and the reproduction process — 37, 480, 481, 486, 487 — and actual money credit — 37, 483 — and interest — 37, 509-10 — and circulation bills — 37, 518-19 Commercial knowledge of commodities—35,

46 Commercial labour — 37, 296-99 Commercial prices — 37, 305-07 Commercial profit

— source of— 37, 279-84 — definition of— 37, 284-85, 286, 300 — and the industrial profit — 37, 284-85, 286 — source of merchant's income — 37, 289 — limits determining commercial profit— 37, 305, 306 Commodity

— general definition — 35, 7-8, 45, 50, 81-82, 83-84, 93 — its twofold nature — 35, 45-51, 57, 70-71, 84, 98, 114, 123-24, 196 — twofold character of labour embodied in it — 35, 51-58, 84-85, 90, 209-12 — conditions and prerequisites of conversion of product into commodity— 35, 49-54, 57, 71-72, 81-85, 95-99, 178-81; 37, 630-32 — value of— 35, 46-50, 55-56, 59-62, 67, 70-72, 74, 93, 111-13, 196-97, 211, 535, 601-02 — fetishist character of—35, 81-83, 85-86, 93 — historical character of—35, 72, 85, 86-87, 90-91 — and money — 36, 20, 35, 53, 352; 37, 180 — universal character of commodity production under capitalism — 36, 38,42, 120-21, 139-40, 147,494-95, 500-01 — and division of social labour — 36, 42 — transformation of commodity pro-

duction into capitalist production— 36, 42, 115 — as element of commodity capital — 36, 43, 46, 99, 146-47 — hoarding in production of—36, 89 — commodity production in precapitalist modes of production — 36, 115, 383-84 — purchase and sale with small independent producers of commodities— 36, 134, 136 — commodity production and capitalist production with Adam Smith — 36, 387 — its origin — 37, 176-77 — as the use value — 37, 183, 629, 630 — metamorphosis of— 37, 323, 324 — as the unity of use value and exchange value — 37, 640, 641 See also Circulation; Commodity capital; Commodity production Commodity capital

— and money capital — 36, 52-53, 86-87 — as a functional form of industrial capital — 36, 54-55, 62-63, 86-87 — general formula of its circuit — 36, 92, 100 — its circuit and that of surplus value— 36, 93, 98, 102 — and discrepancy between price and value — 36, 97 — circuit of commodity capital and its reproduction — 36, 97 — consumption as condition of its cir-c u i t — « , 98, 102, 391-92 — depreciation of— 36, 114 — and commodity supply — 36, 140, 143, 146 — speedy growth of—36, 500-01 See also Commodity Commodity market—35, 157

See also Expropriation Foreign trade

— and capitalist mode of production — 57, 235, 236, 322 See also Trade Formal subjection of labour to capital—

35, 335, 511, 726 Form of value —35, 58, 68-70, 164, 602-

03 — two poles of— 35, 58-59, 76-79 — its development alongside development of exchange — 35, 75-76 — elementary — 35, 58, 70-73, 75-77, 78, 80-81, 104-05 — total — 35, 73-76, 78, 104-05 — general — 35, 75-76, 78-84, 95-97, 104-05, 117-18 — money — 35, 58-59, 80-81, 86-87, 103-56, 602-03 See also Equivalent form; Exchange value; Relative form of value France —35, 10, 15, 35, 151, 155, 276, 283-84, 304, 314, 358, 396, 466, 684, 712, 726, 727, 730-31, 733 — silk industry in —57, 332-33 — and the Panama swindle — 37, 437 — increase of the rental in — 37, 623 — improvement of land fertility in — 37, 756 — peasant proprietorship of land parcels in —57, 792-93 Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 — 35, 155 Freedom, bourgeois — 35, 178, 179, 180-81,

185-86, 403, 540, 582, 634-36 Free trade —35, 15, 35, 71, 186, 248, 262,

286-88, 296, 299, 483, 670, 737 French bourgeois revolution at the end of the

18th century —35, 99, 611, 730-31 French materialism of the 18th century — 35,

101-02, 605 G

General law of capitalist accumulation — 35, 611-12, 614-16, 634, 638, 639, 647-48, 651-52, 654-55, 683-84; 37, 220 See also Accumulation of capital; Intensification of labour; Pauperism; Relative overpopulation General or average rate of profit

— its formation — 37, 153-67, 172-73 — its definition — 37, 156, 157, 171-72, 364-65 — factors determining the general rate of profit—37, 161, 165, 167, 168 — its amount and the value of the commodities— 37, 165 — and the degree of labour exploitation— 37, 165, 196 German "Arbeiter-Verein" in Brussels — 35,

578 Germany —35, 9, 10, 13-14, 15-16, 28, 35,

245, 278, 314, 377, 384, 396, 431, 433, 466, 504, 721, 728 "Glorious revolution" of 1688-89 — 35, 713-14 Gold

— as money commodity — 35, 80-81, 99-100, 109-10, 118-19, 124-28, 140-41 — special natural properties of—35, 99-100 — doubling of use value of—35, 100-01 — value of— 35, 100-02, 127-30 — parallel functioning as money — 35, 105-07 — ratio of value — 35, 105-06, 154 — change in value of gold and influence on its function as money — 35, 107-08, 127-28 — increase of power of gold along with extension of commodity production— 35, 141, 142 — production of— 36, 53-54, 324, 469-70 — circuit of capital in production of precious metals — 36, 62-63, 325-26 — expenditure of labour power and social means of production for pro-

duction of gold and silver as circulating media — 36, 344, 355 — annual reproduction of gold and silver—36, 469-70 — as universal money — 37, 315, 316 — demand for — 37, 429, 430, 431, 455, 457, 458 — sources of production — 37, 559-60 — as the expression of the social character of wealth — 37, 568 See also Money; Precious metal Greece (Ancient)—35, 69-70, 92, 142 Gross profit

— and the national income — 37, 538 — and interest — 37, 583, 584 Ground rent —35, 245, 524, 534, 564-65,

733 — rate of— 37, 240, 762-63 — as the surplus over the average profit— 37, 241, 769, 786, 787, 788 — characteristics of ground rent — 37, 612, 618, 619, 627, 628 — its distinction from interest on capital incorporated in the land — 37, 612, 618 — as the obstacle to a rational development of agriculture — 37, 614 — and the rate of interest — 37, 617 — and farm labourers' wages—37, 621, 624 — confusion of surplus product with ground rent — 37, 626 — and rent in kind — 37, 628 — and money rent — 37, 631, 783-84, 788 — cause of the increase in the price of products — 37, 748, 749 — monopoly ground rent — 37, 749, 819, 820 — building site rent — 37, 759-62 — mining rent — 37, 759, 762 — and the amortisation of capital — 37, 760-61 — and production relations — 37, 762-63 — and the price of land — 37, 762-68 — and the price of the agricultural product — 37, 762, 763-64, 774-76, 796-97 — growth of its mass — 37, 763 — rent in kind — 37, 773-75, 780-83 — labour rent — 37, 776-80 — and the state as landowner — 37, 777 — and ownership of land parcels — 37, 790-91, 792-93 See also Corvée; Quit rent; Rent Guild system —37, 313, 327, 345, 364, 369, 706, 738, 739

H

Handicraft production —35, 303, 327, 339, 342-55, 362-64, 369, 372-73, 384-87, 425, 452-53, 468-74, 475-76, 493, 504 Hired labour

— as feature of capitalism — 35, 180-81 — general relations between capital and hired labour at various levels of workers' receipts — 35, 553-54 Hoard—see Money Holland — 35, 276, 378, 384, 396, 515, 726, 739, 740, 743 Holy Alliance —35, 15 Home market —35, 696-97, 734-37

I

Identity —35, 123, 583 Impoverishment of the working class — 35, 613, 615-16, 646-48 — absolute — 35, 434-35, 484-85, 489, 505-08, 595-97, 610, 611, 613, 634, 638-39, 651-53, 750 — relative — 35, 608-11, 638-39, 651-53 See also Adulteration of means of subsistence; General law of capitalist accumulation Income

— of a capitalist — 37, 78-79, 80, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 817 — of a labourer—37, 78-79, 80, 807-18 — as a fund for accumulation and as

a fund for consumption — 37, 196, 197 — result of actual accumulation — 37, 501-02 — of a landowner — 37, 807-18 — gross — 37, 827, 828 — net —57, 827, 828 — Say on the net and gross income — 37, 828, 829 Independent peasant — 37, 224, 333-34, 643-

44, 668, 785-86, 790, 792-93, 862, 882-83, 886-87, 892 See also Small landowner India —35, 52, 98, 141, 145, 333, 362-63,

384, 395, 435, 454, 515, 594, 739, 740-41 — effect of capitalist world commerce on — 36, 41-42 — commodity production of Indian ryots — 36, 115 — bookkeeping in Indian community— 36, 138 — influence of American Civil War on Indian economy — 36, 144 — famine of 1866 — 55, 144 — famine and cattle-breeding in—36, 238-39 — trade and credit relations with England— 36, 253 — export of English cotton goods and yarn to—36, 316-17 — as the centre of the crises of 1825-57 — 57, 75 — precapitalist mode of production in — 37, 214, 330, 331, 332, 714, 773, 777, 864 — peasant in—37, 214, 714 — English rule in —57, 330, 331, 332, 575, 587, 783 — swindling in Anglo-Indian trade — 37, 406, 407, 409-10, 418 — export of capital from England to — 37, 548, 571, 572, 573, 574 Individual value —35, 206, 321-25, 409 Industrial capital

— general definition of and forms of its circuit — 35, 164, 173-74, 748-51; 36, 57-58, 84-85 — genesis of— 35, 706-07, 731-48 — transformation of money capital into industrial one— 35, 165-66, 175-76, 196-209, 312-15, 334-36, 619-23, 739, 742-46, 758 — concentration and centralisation of— 35, 313-15, 741-46, 748-51, 760 — and capitalist character of production — 55, 62-63, 66-67 — and other kinds of capital — 36, 62, 63 — and money capital — 36, 112 — commodity circulation — 36, 114— 15 — world market and circulation of— 36, 115, 120 — its extended operation without changing its magnitude — 36, 506 Industrial cycle

— general definition of—35, 29, 35, 457, 481, 613-15, 627-28, 631, 660-61 — crisis of 1825 as beginning of the cyclic development of industry under capitalism — 35, 15, 35 — periodic change of the cycle and the condition of the working class — 35, 458-62, 615, 627, 647-49, 661-63 — cyclic development of the English industry — 35, 458-60, 462-63, 660-61 — in Britain — 37, 404, 498, 499 — in times of prosperity — 37, 444, 445, 487, 488 — and the crisis — 37, 446, 488, 489 — and the depression — 37, 484, 485, 486, 488, 489, 493, 494 — change in the time of cycle with the development of industry — 37, 488, 489 See also Economic crises; Overproduction of capital Industrial revolution of the 18th century —

35, 375-82, 385-89, 432, 476-77 Instruments of labour — 35, 214, 335-36,

358, 368-69, 375-77, 425-27, 595-96, 618

— general definition of—35, 188-94, 206-07 — as factor of labour productivity — 35, 346 — in the process of the formation of value — 35, 389-97 See also Means of production Insurance

— insurance companies — 36, 141 — insurance of destructions — 36, 179-80 — insurance fund intended for reproduction— 36, 362 Insurance offices — 35, 214 Intensification of labour — 35, 345-46, 412-

20, 524-31, 636 Interest —35, 533-34, 564-65, 592

— its definition — 37, 343-49, 351, 352 — as the price of capital — 37, 352, 353 — and competition — 37, 354, 355, 360, 361, 367-68 — and profit — 37, 356, 357, 358 — and the average rate of profit — 37, 358, 508, 510 — as the fruit of owning capital — 37, 371-72, 373 — its nature — 37, 373-74, 375 — and wage labourers — 37, 380 — and the relationship between two capitalists — 37, 380 — its movement — 37, 583 — usurer's interest — 37, 590, 591, 592 — in the Middle Ages — 37, 592, 605, 606-07 See also Rate of interest Interest-bearing capital

— its movement — 37, 338, 339, 340 — its distinction from the commodity capital — 37, 340, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348-49 — its specific character — 37, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 462 — as a specific form of money-dealing capital — 37, 342, 351-52, 604 — and the process of production — 37, 361-62 — and the functioning capital — 37, 369-70 — as a property and as a function — 37, 372-73, 376, 377, 378 — its general formula — 37, 388-89, 390 — and the development of labour productivity — 37, 394-95, 396 — its fetishism — 37, 395, 816 — and usury — 37, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598 — and capitalist mode of production — 37, 601, 602 See also Loan capital; Usurer's capital International Working Men's Association — 35, 38, 305 Ireland — 35, 259, 274, 688-703, 718, 745; 37, 104, 121, 126, 128, 522, 619 Italy —35, 35, 466, 707; 37, 21, 334, 773, 784, 787, 888-89, 890, 891

J

Japan —35, 151, 708; 37, 103 Joint-stock capital — 35, 314, 339, 743

— as part of social capital — 36, 102, 432 — nature of stocks — 36, 164-66, 347 — joint-stock companies as associated capitalists — 36, 235, 476-77 — house-building stock companies — 36, 235-36 — stock companies and money market— 36, 355 — circulation of titles of ownership in shape of stocks — 36, 164-66, 212

I,

Labour (general propositions)—35, 51-52, 76, 187-95, 204-09, 210-11, 212, 314-15, 537, 541-42, 565-66, 603 — and creation of value — 36, 19-20, 21-22, 23, 35, 384-85 — and labour power — 36, 20-23, 121 — capitalist society and wage labour — 36, 110-11, 121-22, 342 — character of labour performed in sphere of circulation — 36, 133-36

— labour process as measured by time — 36, 297-98 — twofold character of labour — 36, 375-76, 381-82 — purposive nature of labour — 37,31 — social combination of—37, 82-83, 84, 85 — universal — 37, 106 — co-operative — 37, 106 — intensity of—37, 196 — agricultural and industrial — 37, 626, 627 — natural productivity of agricultural labour — 37, 626, 753 — and the monopolisable force of Nature— 37, 638 — enforced labour — 37, 780 — forced character of—.36", 38, 235, 384-85, 478-79; 37, 806 — as the general agent in production— 37, 810 — labour process as process between man and Nature — 37, 812 See also Exploitation of labour; Productive power of labour Labourer

— and the social character of his labour — 37, 84 — and the economy in his labour conditions— 37, 89-90, 91, 92 — labour conditions of the labourer in the factory — 37, 91-99 — exploitation of— 37, 141, 142, 195,

196, 230, 231, 233, 236, 242, 243, 245, 246-47, 254, 255, 256, 383 — and the rate of profit — 37, 175, 179 — living conditions of—37, 187 — and the capitalist — 37, 195, 196,

197, 378 — commercial worker — 37, 290, 291, 298, 299 — agricultural labourer — 37, 612, 785-86 — as the seller of his individual labour power — 37, 808 Labour fund — 35, 568, 604-07, 608 Labour market

— conditions necessary to form market of labour power — 35, 177-82, 504, 706 — and industrial cycle — 35, 504, 631-32 — in "free colony" — 35, 756-61 Labour money — 35, 104 Labour movement—see Class struggle of the

working class Labour power

— definition of— 35, 177-78, 182-86, 212-13, 225-26, 570-73, 585, 598-99, 604 — transformation into commodity — 36, 36; 37, 350 — conditions of its selling as commodity— 35, 177-79, 182-86, 337-38, 581-82, 614 — value of— 35, 181-84, 185-86, 218-19, 223-26, 239-40, 271-72, 307, 317, 320, 355-56, 397-98, 519, 523, 526-27, 558, 595, 614-15, 663, 729; 36, 22-23, 119-20, 378-79, 380-81, 382; 37, 32, 33, 350, 383, 390 — change of its value — 37, 115-16, 117, 204 — specific character of its use value —

35, 177-78, 195, 203, 240-42, 364-65, 519, 540-41, 574-77, 583 — process of its consumption — 35, 185, 195, 338, 519 — limits of its cheapening — 35, 181-84, 355-56, 473, 595-97 — reproduction of— 35, 180-84, 218-19, 226-27, 425, 570-75, 576-77, 580, 608-10, 614; 36, 41, 64-66, 98, 166-67, 207, 350 — purchase and sale of, as basic condition of capitalist production — 36, 20-21, 34, 42, 80-81, 87-88, 111, 119-21, 342, 351, 383-84 — ratio of investment in labour power and means of production—36, 32 — transformation into capital — 36, 43, 93-94, 118-19, 207, 369, 376-77, 378-79, 438 — and self-expansion of value — 36, 42-44, 80-81, 213, 217 — and evolution of agricultural pro-

ducer into wage labourer — 36, 120-22 — its exclusion from productive capital by Adam Smith — 36, 206-07, 212-14 — its absolute increase with the development of capitalism — 37, 218-19 — and the development of productive power of labour — 37, 245 — determination of the value of labour power — 37, 291, 464, 728, 808, 809, 845 — under a slave system — 37, 464 — and profit — 37, 511 — and rate of interest — 37, 510-11 — unproductive labourers — 36, 409 — employment of labour power in agriculture — 36, 449, 479-80 See also Reserve army of wage labourers Labour productivity — 35, 56, 319-20, 338,

512-14, 559, 600-01, 616-19, 638-39 — conditions determining its level — 35, 48-50, 51, 330-31, 333-34, 336-40, 345-46, 512-15, 528-29, 530, 558-59, 618-19 — influence of its changes on commodity value — 35, 47-50, 55-56, 211-12, 323-26, 600-02 — influence of its changes on the value of labour power and surplus value— 35, 319-20, 520-21 — as factor of accumulation of capital— 35, 600-01, 616-17, 619-20 Labour Statutes —35, 276-79, 555, 727-30 Labour time — 37, 629, 638, 838 Land

— universal subject of human labour— 35, 188, 190, 604 — instrument of labour — 35, 188-89 — source of wealth — 35, 53, 507, 598-99 — and capital incorporated in it — 37, 612, 613 — use of land for building purposes — 37, 615 — nationalisation of land under capitalism— 37, 615, 616, 653 — value and price — 37, 616, 617, 618, 627, 640-41, 661-62, 765, 766 — sale and purchase of—37, 630 — monopoly of—37, 638 — natural fertility of—37, 643, 644, 660-61, 662, 663, 731, 733, 756, 766, 767, 798-99, 800, 802 — extending cultivated land — 37, 661, 662 — its exploitation under capitalist mode of production — 37, 797, 798 — material element of every process of production — 37, 803 Landed property —35, 11, 15, 93, 157, 564-65, 591, 666, 667, 702-03, 708, 711, 731-33, 734 Landlord, landlordism — see Big landowner; Large landed property Language—35, 85 Large landed property

— its precapitalist forms — 37, 608, 609, 610, 618 — under capitalist mode of production— 37, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 796, 797, 798, 802, 807, 808 — criticism of Hegel's views concerning— 37, 610, 611 — and the surplus profit — 37, 641 — limitations to the investment of capital in the land — 37, 733, 734, 750 — its role in the development of capitalist mode of production — 37, 798-99, 800, 807, 808 — fetishist character of—37, 810, 811, 812 Law

— Roman law — 35, 101, 292, 717 — in Middle Ages — 35, 101, 733 — bourgeois — 35, 94-95, 178, 186, 242, 294, 296-97, 300-02, 303, 304-05, 306-07, 400-01, 426-30, 581-83, 597 "Law" of diminishing returns — 35, 507 Law of population — 35, 624-26 Law of value —35, 83, 111-12, 175-76, 310, 324, 361, 536, 559, 581-83; 37, 13-23, 175-76, 178, 179, 629, 630, 638, 866-67, 876, 878, 881, 882, 883, 884, 886

Laws against Trades' Unions — 35, 458,

728, 729, 730 Laws of capitalist production — 35, 8, 320-

21, 322-23, 581-83, 584, 587-88, 613-

15, 632-34, 637, 638, 726 Lease

— term of— 37, 613, 614, 667 — and the interest on capital incorporated in the land — 37, 613, 614 — share cropping — 37, 664 — and fixation of rent — 37, 667 — lease money — 37, 618, 619, 742 — and wages of the agricultural labourers— 37, 621, 622, 742, 743 — and rent — 37, 741-42 Legislation against vagabondage—35, 723 Loan —35, 744

— its definition — 37, 471-72 Loan capital

— its function in the process of circulation— 37, 340, 341 — as a commodity of a special kind — 37, 339, 340, 341, 342, 348-49, 351-52, 353, 354, 363, 364-65 — its use value — 37, 349-50, 351, 352 — sources of its origin — 37, 399-400 — fictitious character of the loan capital— 37, 505, 506 — and the crisis — 37, 509-10, 511 — and the period of renewed activity— 37, 510 See also Interest-bearing capital Luddite movement — 35, 432

M

Machinery

— general definition of—35, 347, 375-77, 387-89, 464-65 — history of— 35, 352-54, 375-82, 385-89, 431 — as material basis of the capitalist mode of production—35, 374, 385-87, 388-91, 409-10, 415, 453-54 — as an element in the formation of value and as a constituent element of a new product — 35, 214, 390-91 — limits of use — 35, 396-97 — effects of use under capitalism — 35, 395-420, 421-29, 433, 435-36, 437-40, 443-46, 447-48, 457, 464-65, 632-34, 639 — measure of productiveness of machines— 35, 394 — as a means of increasing labour productivity — 35, 406-07; 37, 259 — material wear and tear and moral depreciation — 35, 214-16, 407, 574-76, 600-01, 603; 36, 172-73, 174, 448; 37, 114-15 — and structure of social product — 35, 447-49 — distinctions between the cooperation of machines of one kind and a complex system of machines — 35, 381-85 — automatic system of machines — 35, 384, 435-36, 438-39 — revolts of workmen against machines— 35, 430-32, 435 — employment in communist society— 35, 396 — employment of, and productive power of labour — 36, 144-45 — as commodity capital and as fixed capital — 36, 162-63, 193-95, 227 — peculiarity of turnover of its value— 36, 166-67, 196-97 — use of replacement fund for improvement of—36, 174-75 — labour of cleaning of—36, 176-77 — repair work -36, 176-78 — employment of, and working period — 36, 234 — reproduction of the value of—37, 81, 84-85, 109-10, 114-15, 118-19, 263, 264 — introduction of new machines under capitalism — 37, 115, 261 — relative overproduction of—37, 121 See also Means of production; Technique and technology Malthusianism — 35, 173, 357, 508, 529, 611, 628, 641, 695, 700

Man (as productive force of society) —35, 52-53, 82, 187-88, 193, 212-13, 331, 375, 509, 599 Manufacture

— essence of— 35, 30-34, 327, 341, 350-52, 353-55, 372-73, 430-31, 736-38 — starting-point of—35, 364-65, 374 — ways of its rise — 35, 341-43, 369, 372-73, 735, 738-39 — capitalistic character of—35, 364-73 — fundamental forms of—35, 347-55 — and division of labour — 35, 341, 343, 347-49, 350-51, 352-53, 355-56, 366-71, 381-82, 384 — and use of machinery — 35, 347-48, 352-53, 380-81, 384-87 — and labour productivity — 35, 345-46 — manufactory, detail labourer — 35, 342-55, 358-62, 364-70, 373, 385, 423 — as the starting-point of a factory —

35, 384-85, 745 Market

— world market and circulation of industrial capital— 36, 114 — development of world market and magnitude of supplies — 36, 146-47 — and period of selling — 36, 248 — transport and concentration of—

36, 249-50 — transport and world market — 36, 250-51 — crises on money market and abnormal conditions in process of production— 36, 317-18 See also Trade Market value —37, 177, 178, 179, 180-85, 189, 190, 191 Materialist conception of history — 35, 9-10, 91-92, 189, 302-03, 375, 489-92, 587-88, 604-05, 610 Material wear and tear of instruments of labour — 35, 193, 214, 407-08, 600, 603 Means of production — 35, 315-16, 320-21, 330, 694 — definition and composition of—35, 179, 190-95, 219-20, 314-15, 600, 705 — as material factor of living labour and material element of fresh products— 35, 188-95, 216-17, 565-66 — and labour power as elements in labour process — 35, 213-17; 36, 86, 87, 166-67 — and the process of creating value — 35, 196-202, 209-13, 214-18, 219, 583, 601 — as means and material for intelligent productive activity — 35, 314-15, 509 — as factor of productive power of labour— 35, 50, 602, 617 — their conversion into capital — 35, 178-81, 314-15, 705, 752-54 — social fetters upon their development— 35, 749-51 — transfer of value of instruments of labour to product —36; 58-59, 159-60, 161 — instruments of labour and fixed capital— 36, 162-63 — degree of fixity and durability of instruments of labour— 36, 162-63 — confusion by bourgeois economists of properties of instruments of labour in their bodily form with properties of capital — 36, 163-64, 199-201 — locally fixed instruments of labour— 36, 163-64, 211 — revolutions in instruments of labour-Jo', 172-73, 187 — more effective use of instruments of labour without additional outlay of money — 36, 353 — products of department I and revenue— 36, 363-64, 366 — capitalist as owner of—37, 45 — and surplus value — 37, 49, 50 — economy in — 37, 86-87 — cheapening of—37, 87-88 — as means of exploiting labour — 37, 88-89 — as social property — 37, 436-37

— as capital — 37, 801, 802, 811, 867 Means of subsistence

— classification of means of subsistence of labourers by Adam Smith as circulating capital — 36, 213 — consumed by labourer and capitalist — Jo-, 226-27 — consumer necessities and articles of luxury — 36, 402, 410 — crisis and consumption of luxuries — JS, 409 — consumption of necessities of life by unproductive labourers — 36, 409 Medium of circulation

— and credit — 37, 439-40 — and the industrial cycle — 37, 524 — and the rate of interest — 37, 527 — and foreign trade — 37, 529-31 Mental and manual labour—35, 188, 426, 485-86, 509-10 Mercantilism —35, 71, 154-55, 165-66, 516-17; 36, 12, 64-66, 68, 103-04; 37, 335, 770, 771 Merchant's capital—35, 157, 160-61, 166,

175, 426, 511, 738 — wholesale trade and mass production — Jo', 80-81, 115 — and commodity production — 36, 115 — its functions and economy of working time of society — 36, 135 — exploitation of trade workers — 36, 134-36 — as the independent part of the industrial capital — 37, 274, 289, 290, 307, 309, 322 — role of merchant's capital in capitalist reproduction — 37, 274, 290, 309, 322, 323, 324 — criticism of bourgeois economists' views on the nature of—37, 278 — and the turnover — 37, 274, 286, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306-07, 308, 309, 310 — and the formation of average profit— 37, 285, 306-07, 308 — and the commercial profit — 37, 286, 295, 308 — under precapitalist modes of pro-auction — 37, 309 — the pure form of merchant's capital in wholesale trade — 37, 287, 288 — forms of— 37, 321 See also Commercial capital; Money-dealing capital; Purchase and sale; Trade Method of Marxist political economy

— general characteristic of—35, 18-20, 23 — methodology of— 35, 7-8, 12, 45, 51-52, 54, 57, 86-87, 93, 157, 174-77, 180 See also Abstraction; Dialectics Mexico — 35, 178, 741 Middle Ages— 35, 88, 146, 148, 313, 327, 339, 344-45, 364, 393, 431-32, 433, 511, 706-07, 731-32, 738, 739, 741-42 Mode of production — see Socio-economic formation Modern industry —35, 382-84, 385-87, 388-89, 391-92, 447-48, 452-55, 462-63, 464, 491-93 — history of— 35, 14-15, 190-93, 374, 397-98, 744-45 — significance of— 35, 374, 397-98, 488-92 — technical basis of—35, 489-90 — and division of labour — 35, 486-87 — its influence on agriculture — 35, 507, 736-38 — and home market — 35, 736-37 Monetary system — 35, 93 Money

— definition of— 35, 7-8, 68, 71, 80, 100-02, 103, 118-19, 140, 143, 148-49, 157 — history of— 35, 99-100, 103, 108-10, 135 — as form of existence and measure of values — 35, 103-13, 118-19, 128; 36, 63-64, 65; 37, 457, 513, 514, 850 — as standard of price — 35, 106-08, 109-10 — as a means of circulation — 35, 124-40, 145, 147-49, 152-53; 36, 340; 37, 318-19, 336, 337, 528, 529 — quantity of circulating money —

37, 443, 444

— as form of hoard — 35, 140-45; 36, 72, 83, 84, 89, 151-52, 319-20, 323 — as means of payment — 35, 145-53; 36, 117, 188-89 — as universal equivalent — 35, 153-56; 36, 34-35, 48-49, 50; 37, 513 — paper money — 35, 136-40 — credit money — 35, 136-38, 150; 36, 116; 37, 432-33, 513, 514, 533 — as a form of capital — 37, 416, 440,

443, 446 — conversion of money into capital —

35, 157-86, 203-05, 311-14, 564, 570, 583, 705; 36, 19-21, 35-37, 42, 51-52; 37, 336, 337 — fetishism of— 35, 103 — illusion created by money form of wages — 35, 535-41, 567; 36, 413 — commodity and — 36,20-21,34-35, 53-54, 352-53 — functions of money and functions of capital — 36, 33-34, 36-37, 51-52, 82-83 — and use form of commodities — 36, 53-54, 63-65 — money-making as compelling motive of capitalist production — 36, 63-64 — money reserve as premiss of money circulation — 36, 151-52 — laws governing circulation of commodities and money — 36, 117, 327, 329-30 — money market — 37, 363-64, 365, 366, 508-09, 527 — and reproduction — 36, 489-90; 37,

444, 445 — expenses of producing or buying money — 36, 355 — mass of circulating money and banks — 36, 411-12 — quantity of money accumulated — 36, 472-73 — fluxes and refluxes of money and credit system — 36, 478-79 — and exchange among various component parts of the social capital— 37, 527, 528-29 — as the expression of the social character of wealth — 37, 568 — as the expression of the social character of labour — 37, 602 See also Circulation; Coin; Gold; Reserve fund; Universal equivalent Money capital

— formula of its circuit — 36, 31 — stages of its circuit — 36, 31-54, 57-58, 59 — and commodity capital — 36, 53-54, 57-58, 86-87 — and industrial capital — 36, 57-58, 62-63, 86-87; 37, 286, 461 — circulation and circuit of—36, 66-67 — form of hoard as function of— 36, 82-84, 89-90 — within the circuit of industrial capital — 36, 83-84 — latent — 36, 84-85, 89-90, 320-21, 347, 449 — tying-up and setting free of—36, 112-14 — and credit system — 36, 281-82, 343 — plethora of money capital after crisis— 36, 282-83 — and annual social production — 36, 320-21 — scale of capitalist production and functioning of—36, 353 — and banks — 36, 411-12 — potential (virtual) —36, 489-90, 491, 492-93, 495-500, 501-03 — formation of new money capital — 36, 509 — its concentration with the development of capitalist mode of produc-, tion — 37, 385-86 — demand for — 57,416-17,418, 421, 431, 513 — and value of commodity capital and productive capital — 37, 419 See also Advanced capital Money crisis — 35, 148-49 Money-dealing capital

— as an individualised part of industrial capital — 37, 313, 314, 315

— its metamorphosis — 37, 313, 314 — its movement — 37, 313, 314, 315 — its origin — 37, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320 — and formation of a hoard — 37, 317, 318, 319, 327, 328 — and commercial capital — 37, 319, 320 — profit of— 37, 320 See also Merchant's capital Money market —37, 364, 365, 508-09

— and rise in prices — 36, 295-96 — and speculative railway schemes — 36, 314-15 — crises on, and abnormal conditions in process of production — 36", 317-18 — and joint-stock companies — 36, 355 See also Credit Monopoly

— in industry — 37, 193, 195, 198, 223, 236, 305, 312, 435, 436 — of landed property — 37, 613, 614, 615, 618, 632, 737-38, 740, 744, 749, 750, 759-60, 770, 846-48 — large-scale production as its basis — 36, 112 Moral depreciation of instruments of labour — 35, 407, 575, 600-01

N

National debt —35, 742-45 Natural economy —35, 87-89, 140-41, 736;

36, 119-20, 121, 477-78; 37, 111, 781-82 Nature (as primary factor of creating

a product and material elements of capital)— 35, 187-90, 193-94, 380-81, 389-91, 509, 599, 601 Necessary labour

— definition of— 35, 225-27, 239, 269-70 — and working day — 35, 239-40, 317-18 — in the conditions of capitalism and the corvée system — 35, 245-47, 319-20 — surplus labour as its function — 35,

532-33 -— in communist society — 35, 530 Nominal wages — 35, 542-45, 559

O

Opium wars — 35, 739 Organic composition of capital—35, 309-

12, 445-46, 453, 608, 617-18, 623-25, 627, 726 — its definition — 37, 144, 145, 153, 740, 749, 750 — and distribution of social surplus value — 36, 218 — as ratio of constant to variable capital —36, 218 — and process of circulation — 36, 218 — conditions for the growth of—36, 514-15 — and the rate of profit — 37, 154 — capital of higher composition — 37, 163, 746 — capital of lower composition — 37, 163, 746 — capital of average composition — 37, 163, 746 — and the development of the productivity of labour — 37, 211, 212, 214 — in the extractive industry — 37, 746 — in the mining industry — 37, 746 — in agriculture — 37, 747, 751, 752, 753,^754 — in industry — 37, 752, 753 Overproduction — see Crises Overproduction of capital

— relative — 37, 184, 255, 256 — absolute — 37, 250, 251, 254 — depreciation of capital — 37, 251, 253, 254 — and the function of money as a medium of payment — 37, 253 — credit system as the main lever of— 37, 437-38 See also Economic crises; Industrial cycle; Value composition of capital

P

Panama swindle — 37, 437 Pauperism —35, 434-35, 544-45, 636-37,

647, 683-84, 711 Peace of Utrecht — 35, 747 Peasant proprietorship of land parcels—37,

789, 790, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799-800 See also Small landed property Peasantry—35, 51, 89, 279, 339

— expropriation of peasants in the period of primitive accumulation of capital — 35, 707-23, 744-45, 748-49 — medieval peasants — 35, 51 — corvée peasants—35, 245-47, 568-69 — transformation of small peasants into wage labourers with the development of capitalism in the country— 35, 736 — feudatory peasants in European countries — 35, 708 — independent peasants in England in the 15th century — 35, 731-32 — independent peasantry of England in the epoch of Cromwell — 35, 713 — Russian peasantry at the end of the 16th century — 35, 713 — commodity production based on serfdom — 36, 112-13, 119 — capitalist production and evolution of agricultural producer into wage labourer — 36, 120-22 — supplies in peasant economy — 36, 143-44 — disarrangements caused among small farmers and peasants by prolongation of turnover — 36, 238 — domestic peasant industries — 36, 242-43 — combination of agriculture with subsidiary industries — 36, 242-43 Peasant War in Germany — 35, 245 Peloponnesian war—35, 370 Peonage —35, 178 Persia — 35, 515 Petty-bourgeois political economy — Proudhon on loan capital — 37, 343-44, 345, 346 — Proudhon on the perpetuation of commodity production without money — 37, 602, 603 Petty-bourgeois socialism — 35, 79, 95, 97 Physiocrats —35, 93, 174, 201, 325-26, 510, 534, 586, 752; 36, 357-60 — circuit of commodity capital as a basis of Quesnay's Tableau écono-mique— 36, 105 — Quesnay on the difference between fixed and circulating capital — 36, 190-92, 199-200 — origin of surplus value according to —36, 214, 221 — simple reproduction according to Quesnay's Tableau économique — 36, 357 — system of, as first systematic conception of capitalist production — 36, 358 — analysis of reproduction by — 36, 357-58 — avance (advance) in — 36, 'ill, 495 — their doctrine — 37, 599, 743, 744, 770, 771, 772 — Turgot on ground rent and interest— 37, 616 Piece wages—35, 550-58

— general characteristic of—35, 551-52, 554-55, 558 — irrational character of their form — 35, 551-52 — history of—35, 554-55 — as means of intensifying labour and prolonging the working day — 35, 551-56 — as means of decreasing average wages — 35, 554-55 — and time wages — 35, 550-52, 553-54 — and productivity of labour — 35, 556-58 — and individual differences of the workers — 35, 353-54 Political economy

— history of— 35, 370-71, 611-12 — subject of— 35, 8, 10

— method of Marxist political economy— 35, 7-8, 12, 16-20, 23, 45, 52, 54, 57-58, 86-87, 93, 157, 174-76, 179-80 — general characteristic of bourgeois political economy — 35, 13-14, 15-17, 604-07, 611-13, 627, 752 Political economy, bourgeois

— criticism of Rodbertus' views on surplus value — 36, 11-22 — Mercantilists on source of surplus value — 36, 12 — Adam Smith on surplus value and its origin — 36, 12-13 — Ricardo on value and surplus value— 36, 15-16, 20-21, 218-19, 388 — communism of Owen is based on Ricardo's economic theory — 36", 17 — on purpose of capitalist production — Jo", 74-75, 97 — fetishism peculiar to — 36, 128-29,

225, 296 — confusion of categories of constant and variable capital with categories of fixed and circulating capital— 36, 162-63, 213, 218, 219, 226, 227, 436 — confusion of properties of things as such with properties of capital — 36, 162-63, 202-03 — confusion of money capital and commodity capital with circulating part of productive capital — 36, 168-69, 205 — Adam Smith on fixed and circulating capital— 36, 190-215, 358, 359-60 — Ricardo on fixed and circulating capital — 36, 217-28 — Ricardo's theory of profit — 36, 225 — analysis of reproduction with Physiocrats — 36, 358 — analysis of reproduction with Adam Smith — 36, 358-87, 433-36 — Smith's mistake as regards component parts of price of commodities— 36, 358-59, 367-68, 370-71, 387-89 — revenue as original source of exchange value in Adam Smith — 36, 369, 381, 386 — identification of commodity production with capitalist production in Adam Smith — 36, 387 See also Mercantilism; Physiocrats Polytechnical schools — 35, 491 Poor Laws (in England)— 35, 434, 458,

641, 666, 674, 712 Population

— growth of the labouring population— 37, 217-18, 247 — growth of population and poverty— 37, 217-18 — excessive population — 37, 217-18, 243, 247 — and productive power of labour — 37, 217-18, 222, 239-40, 265 — reduction of the agricultural population with the development of capitalism— 37, 631 — and means of existence — 37, 663 — and the development of agriculture— 37, 756, 757 Portugal — 35, 739 Precious metal

— movement of — 57, 318, 319, 559-60, 561-62, 563, 564, 565 — determination of its reserve fund — 37, 561, 562, 563 — magnitude of a hoard of a country— 37, 562-63 — export and import of—37, 564, 565, 566, 580 — amount of precious metals under the credit system — 37, 566, 567, 600 — as expression of the social character of wealth —57, 568 See also Gold; Money; Silver Price

— general characteristic of—35, 104-05, 106, 108-13, 115, 116-17, 118, 127, 167-69, 170-73, 175-76, 181-84, 200-02 — definition of — 57, 352, 353 — of commodities and amount of

money in circulation — 36, 117, 284, 322, 337-38 — market, prices and acts of purchase and sale — 36, 291, 315-16 — wages and price of production — 36, 335-36 — wage increases and rises in prices — 36, 337-38 — divergence of prices from values, and movement of social capital — 36, 390-91 — rise of prices in periods of prosperity— 36, 409 — and the cost price—37, 42 — monopoly price — 37, 166, 744, 749, 752, 754, 758, 762, 819, 820, 837, 848 — average market price — 37, 189, 190 — market price —57, 189, 190, 354 — and the rate of interest — 37, 581, 582, 583 Price of land

— its definition —57, 794, 795 — and the monopoly price — 37, 762, 796-97 — and the price of the agricultural product — 37, 763-64, 766, 796-97 — its role in the case of small-scale agriculture — 57, 793, 794, 795, 798-99 — and the rate of interest — 37, 786, 787 — and the form of private landownership — 57, 799-800 Price of product

— its definition —57, 156, 157, 164, 282-83, 284 — as the converted form of value —

37, 158, 159, 162, 163, 171-72, 173, 177-78, 193, 195, 825, 826 — and the cost price — 37, 164 — conditions affecting changes of its amount — 57, 164, 204, 205 — and the value of commodities — 37, 171-72, 175-76, 204-05, 206, 207, 633-34, 635, 741-42, 744 — centre of gravitation of market prices —57, 177-78 — its definition by bourgeois economists— 37, 197 — effects of wage fluctuations on price of production — 37, 198, 199, 200, 201 — and the value of agricultural product — 37, 747, 749, 750, 751, 752 — and the price of agricultural product— 37, 751, 752 See also Law of value Primitive accumulation of capital

— general characteristic of—35, 569, 619, 704-07, 711-12, 726, 747-48, 760-61 — factors and main aspects of—35, 705-07, 738-39, 742, 743, 744 — eviction of peasants from land — 35, 432-33, 707-23, 755 — usurpation by landlords of communal property — 35, 713-18 — general characteristic of its methods— 35, 723, 738-40, 747-48, 759-60 Primitive slate of humanity — 35, 88-89, 187-

90, 356-57, 513, 610 Private labour — 35, 52-53, 68-69, 77, 83-

86, 104, 123 Private landed property — see Large landed

property Private property

— and the capitalist mode of production— 37, 265, 433, 600 — and communism — 37, 762, 763 Product

— and demand — 37, 649, 650 — value of the annual product — 37, 808, 809, 825, 826, 831, 832, 839, 840, 852-53, 854 — gross product — 37, 822-23 See also Surplus value Product, half-finished — 35, 190-91 Production —35, 187-95, 326-27, 361-62, 509-10, 536, 566-68, 748-49 See also Capitalist mode of production; Reproduction Production relations —35, 121-23, 611

— in the ancient world — 35, 90, 178 — under the slave system — 35, 339, 748-49; 37, 762, 818, 867

— in feudal society—35, 88, 151, 339, 707-09, 748-49 — under capitalism — 35, 86-87, 91-92, 102-03, 177-78, 283, 304-07, 335-40, 426-27, 488-89, 537, 549, 613-16, 639-41, 705-06, 747-50, 752-53; 37, 49, 87, 88-89, 388-89, 633-34, 801, 802, 804, 805, 862 — in communist society — 35, 88-90; 37, 762-63 — reproduction of— 35, 570-72, 609-10, 615-16; 37, 779-80 — contradiction between the productive forces and — 37, 248, 249, 256, 257, 262, 437, 870 — correspondence of the production relations to the character of productive forces — 37, 779-80 — under the exploiting modes of production— 37, 779-80 Productive capital

— and creation of value and surplus value — 36, 33-34, 54-58, 80-81 — distribution of elements of production—^, 38 — general formula of circuit of—36, 70, 91-92 — productive consumption and circuit of— 36, 80-81 — formula of reproduction on an enlarged scale — 36, 85-86 — its division into fixed and circulating capital — 36, 160-61, 169-70, 190, 196-97, 198-99, 202-03 — difference in behaviour of its elements in labour process — 36, 196-98 — constantly functioning quantity of— 36, 267-68 — multiplication of its elements without additional money capital — 36, 352 — production of additional productive capital — 36, 496-97 Productive forces —37, 240-41, 247-48, 249, 256, 262, 437-38, 870 — elements of— 35, 187-95, 364,66, 507-08, 570-72 — significance of instruments of labour for characterising a given society— 35, 189-90 — under capitalism — 35, 489, 506-07, 530, 639-41 See also Man; Means of production Productive labour

— in the simple labour process — 35, 190-91, 210-11, 215-17, 509-10 — from the viewpoint of Physiocrats— 35, 510 — in the capitalist sense — 35, 190-91, 509-10, 584-86 Productive power of labour

— and continuous change in value relations — 35, 78-79 — growth of, and cheapening of elements of production — 36, 98-99 — capitalist mode of production and — 36, 143-44 — methods of increasing of—36, 143-44 — and mass of means of production —

36, 143-44 — and transportation of goods — 36, 152-53 — and continuity of production — 36, 279-80 — and expansion of production — 36, 319; 37, 245-46 — and scale of production — 36, 354 — and accumulation of capital — 36", 354; 37, 246-47, 248 — and growth of organic composition of capital — 36, 513-14 — as the productive power of capital— 37, 49, 770 — and saving of constant capital —

37, 80-81, 83, 84, 85-86 — and the rate of profit — 37, 88-89, 90, 261, 262, 263 — and the production of machines — 37, 110, 259, 260 — and the increase of the organic composition of capital — 37, 161, 211, 212, 215, 248, 745, 746 — degree of its development — 37, 162 — and value of the commodity — 37, 169-70, 171, 189, 190, 259, 260, 263, 264, 635, 636

— its significance for the capitalist society— 37, 196, 197 — and profit — 37, 196, 197, 198, 228, 229, 235, 236 — and accumulation — 37, 216, 217, 218 — and wages — 37, 218-19 — and population — 37, 221, 222, 246-47, 248, 249, 265 — price of the individual commodity— 37, 224, 225, 228, 229, 263 — and employment of labour power— 37, 245 — and the mass of use values — 37, 247, 264 — and the disproportion in its development— 37, 258 — and circulating capital — 37, 259 — and fixed capital — 37, 259 — its increase — 37, 259 — and the communist mode of production— 37, 260, 806, 807, 808 — and the relative decrease of the number of wage workers — 37, 262 — and competition — 37, 263, 264 — and the wear and tear of fixed capital— 37, 264 — and the material elements of capital— 37, 264 — Nature's productive power of labour— 37, 732-33 — and the wealth of society — 37, 806 Proft~35, 33-34, 162, 224, 524, 534, 564-65, 632, 748 — definition of— 37, 39, 40, 41, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52 — law of value and average rate of— 36, 22-23 — equalisation of general rate of—36, 216 — Ricardo's theory of— 36, 224-25 — Malthus' theory of—37, 43 — Ramsay's theory of—37, 43 — Torrens' theory of—37, 42, 43 — and surplus value — 37,51,53,165, 172, 173, 178-79 — and the prolongation of the working day — 37, 80-81 — average profit — 37, 141, 152, 155, 156, 157, 158, 166, 168, 170-71, 172, 173, 178-79, 194, 196, 208, 209 — and capital — 37, 151, 152, 168 — source of— 37, 166, 167, 168, 209 — capitalists' conception of the origin of— 37, 166, 168, 209, 228, 229 — bourgeois political economy on — 37, 167, 212 — industrial — 37, 281-82, 295 — money dealers'—37, 320 — in the stock company — 37, 433 — as the appropriation of national labour— 37, 538 — average profit as a regulator of capitalist production — 37, 769 — limits of profit — 37, 846-47, 848 See also Surplus value Profit of enterprise

— and the rate of interest — 37, 369-70, 371, 372 — and the interest — 37, 370-71, 375-76, 377, 378, 379 — as the capitalist conceives it — 37, 378, 379, 380, 381, 386 — and the wages of management — 37, 385, 386, 387 Proletariat

— its historic role as grave-digger of capitalism — 35, 14-15, 749-51 — its growth with the accumulation of capital — 35, 457, 507, 608-10, 613, 618, 683, 749-51 — economic sense of the term "prole-tarian"— 35, 609 — lumpenproletariat — 35, 637 See also Agricultural labourer; Class struggle of the working class; Impoverishment of the working class; Working class Property

— communal — 35, 88-89, 245-46, 339, 362-64, 707-08, 714-16 — private property based on the personal labour of producers — 35, 87-89, 708, 749-50, 751, 760 — private property based on exploitation of other people's labour — 35, 194-95, 582-83, 651-52, 704-06, 707-10, 711-12, 713, 748-51, 760

— social — 35, 748-51 — in communist society — 35, 88-90, 750-51 See also Landed property Protectionism —35, 35, 561, 736-37, 739,

744-45, 752-53 Protective tariffs — 37, 435 Purchase and sale

— scale of reproduction and time of realisation — 36, 46, 140-41 — transfer of functions of purchase and sale to merchant — 36, 134 — volume of supply and volume of sales — 36, 148-49 — period of selling and fluctuations of market —36; 249-50 — distance from market and time of selling —36; 249-50, 316-17 See also Merchant's capital; Trade

Q.

Quantitative theory of money — 35, 133 Quit rent —35, 51, 708

R

Railways — see Transport Rate of exchange

— as a barometer for the international movement of money metals — 37, 318, 569, 570, 571 — and crisis — 37, 563, 564 — of England with Asia — 37, 571-72, 579 — and export of capital — 37, 571, 572, 574-75, 576, 577, 578, 579 — and the interest rate — 37, 574-75, 576, 584, 585, 586 — and conditions which determine its changes — 37, 587, 588 Rate of interest

— and the average rate of profit — 37, 357, 358, 360, 361-62, 363 — and the industrial cycle — 37, 358-69 — its tendency to fall — 37, 359 — average rate of interest — 37, 360-63 — its volume — 37, 363-66 — market rate of interest — 37, 364 — in 1847 — 57, 418 — in 1856 — 57, 419 — and the rate of profit — 37, 419-20, 421, 422 Rate of profit

— definition of— 37, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 114-15 — and the rate of surplus value — 37, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54-55, 72, 73, 137, 138, 139, 140, 165, 210 — and the rate of interest — 37, 355, 356, 360 — its measurement — 37, 50 — and differences between fixed and circulating capital — 37, 51, 150, 151 — value of money — 37, 53-54 — and the turnover of variable capital— 37, 53-54 — and labour productivity — 37, 53, 54, 84-85 — and variable capital — 37, 55-56, 57, 58-59, 146, 147 — and the turnover — 37, 73-74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 — and the time of production — 37, 73-74, 75 — and the time of circulation — 37, 75 — and the constant working day — 37, 80, 81 — and the prolongation of the working day — 37, 80 — and the value of constant capital — 37, 83-84 — and quality of raw materials — 37, 86 — and the adulteration of elements of production — 37, 86-87 — and economy in labourer's living conditions — 37, 90 — and fluctuations in the price of raw materials — 37, 106-07, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114 — and foreign trade — 37, 108 — and the organic structure of capi-

tal— 37, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152 — comparison of national rates of profit— 37, 142, 149, 213, 214 — and the value of advanced capital— 37, 196 — stimulus of capitalist production — 37, 239-40, 241, 257, 258 — and its reduction — 37, 244-45 — and formation of new capitalist enterprises— 37, 257 — Ricardo on — 37, 258 — as the starting-point of the historical development of capital — 37, 888, 889, 890 Rate of surplus value

— definition of— 35, 224, 227, 533; 37, 46, 52-53, 232 — formulas of — 35, 531-34 — method of calculation — 35, 227-30, 238-39 — conditions of raising — 35, 226-28, 595, 599-600 — mass of surplus value — 35, 307-13 — and surplus value — 37, 47 — and the rate of profit — 37, 47, 51, 52, 53-54, 72, 73, 137, 138, 139, 210 See also Exploitation of labour Raw materials— 35, 188, 191, 192-93, 199-200, 211-14, 365 — quality of raw materials and the rate of profit — 37, 86 — component part of the constant capital— 37, 108, 113-14 — influence of the price of raw materials on the rate of profit — 37, 108, 109-10, 113-14, 137 — and the value of the product — 37, 109-10, 113-14 — and the productive power of social labour — 37, 109-10 — component part of the circulating capital — 37, 109-10, 111 — influence of changes in prices of raw materials on the process of reproduction— 37, 110-11, 118-23 — available supplies of—37, 113-14 Real subordination of labour to capital — 35, 305-07, 313-15, 334-37, 510-12, 616, 726-27, 755-57 Real wages —35, 527-29, 559-60 Reformation—35, 711-13 Relative form of value

— essence of—35, 59-63 — quantitative determination of— 35, 63-64 — influence of changes in magnitude of value of commodities on magnitude of relative value — 35, 63-65 — and equivalent form — 35, 55-61, 63-64, 65-66, 76-77, 98-99 Relative overpopulation — 35, 634-36; 37, 217, 220, 222, 243-48, 249, 250, 254, 255, 262, 264, 623 — essence and causes — 35, 274, 434, 453-55, 529, 624-26, 628, 629-31, 755-56 — forms of— 35, 634-38 — its role — 35, 454, 490-91, 626-31, 632-34 — and phases of industrial cycle — 35, 627-28, 631-32, 634-35 Relative surplus value

— concept of— 35, 317-18, 319-20 — methods of its production — 35, 317-18, 319, 321-23, 325-26, 413, 510-12 — and absolute surplus value — 35, 511-12 — influence of its production on technical labour processes — 35, 510-11 — and productive power of labour — 35, 321-24, 413 — and relation between necessary and surplus labour — 35, 317-19; 321-24, 325-26, 510-11 — and manufactory division of labour— 35, 367-70 Religion — 35, 83, 89-92, 270, 375, 612,

616, 733 Rent — 35, 733

— Rodbertus' conception of—36, 10-11, 14-15, 16-17 — Adam Smith's definition of—36, 14

— Ricardo's conception of—36, 15-16 — speculative building and growth of— 36, 235 Repairs

— cost of— 36, 122-23, 175-76, 177, 178, 444 — calculation of cost of—36, 177-78 — ordinary and substantial — 36, 178-79 — repairs proper and replacement — 36, 179-81 — intermingled with partial reproduction— 36, 182 Replacement of capital

— and extension of production — 36, 172-73 — and repairs — 36, 179-81 — size of— 36, 181-82 — and previous accumulation of money— 36, 182-83 — replacement of fixed capital — 36, 172-73, 184, 448-51 — replacement of means of production and moral depreciation — 36, 187 — replacement of wear and tear of a hoard — iff, 323-24 — and process of reproduction — 36, 391-92 See also Reproduction; Wear and tear Reproduction —35, 151-52, 565-66, 593-94, 601-02 — peculiarity under capitalism—35, 566, 627-28 — of production relations—35, 151-52, 564, 570-73, 576-77, 579-80, 608-10, 615-16, 705-06 — of labour power—35, 180-84,217-19, 225-27, 320, 355, 570-71, 576-77, 580, 609-11, 613-14 — peculiarities in different branches of economy — 35, 598-99, 601 — capitalist reproduction as reproduction of class of wage labourers and class of capitalists — 36, 40, 379-80, 390-91, 414-15 — and circulation — 36, 46-47, 150-52, 201-02, 349-51 — and separation of realised capital into capital value and surplus value — 36, 49-50 — as a periodical renewal of functioning of productive capital — 36, 70, 97 — and consumption — 36, 81-83 — and crises — 36, 82-83, 466-67, 493-94 — formation of reproduction fund — 36, 98 — effect of changes in values of means of production on scale of reproduction— 36, 111-13 — and unproductive functions — 36, 134 — credit and real movement of—36, 150-51 — time of reproduction of living instruments of labour— 36, 172-73 — in agriculture — 36, 244-45, 357 — reduction of reproduction period and annual rate of surplus value — 36, 313-14 — and two departments of social product— 36, 366, 393-95 — and replacement of value and substance of component parts of social product — 36, 390-91, 392 — and hoarding — 36, 450 — annual reproduction of gold and silver — 36, 468-69 See also Replacement of capital; Reproduction on an extended scale; Simple reproduction Reproduction on an extended scale

— essence of— 35, 580, 583, 587-89, 593-94, 608-10, 614 — in different socio-economic formations— 35, 593-94 — of production relations — 35, 609-10, 615-16 — of fixed capital — 35, 600-01 — and degree of exploitation of labour— 35, 615-16 — and increased individual consumption— 36, 81-82 — and its proportions — 36, 83-84, 495-96, 514

— and latent money capital — 36, 83-84, 319-20 — and productivity of labour — 36, 98, 99, 104 — and fall in value of means of production— 36, 112 — and accumulation — 36, 112, 319, 500-01 — and money reserve fund for replacement of capital— 36, 174-75 — and simple reproduction — 36, 495-96, 504-06, 517 Reserve army of wage labourers — 36, 315-16, 409, 500-01, 513-14 See also Labour power; Relative overpopulation Reserve capital — see Supply Reserve fund—37, 469 — and surplus value — 36, 91, 344 — and bank deposits — 36, 342 Revenue

— net revenue and consumption fund — 36, 361-62 — value of annual product of revenue of society — 36, 363, 366 — derivative revenues — 36, 370 — Adam Smith's erroneous views on — 36, 370, 387 — and capital in Adam Smith — 36, 376-83 — of labourer — 36, 376, 377-78, 379, 380, 386 Revolution, bourgeois, in England, in the 17th century —35, 711, 712, 713, 736-37 Revolution of 1848-49 — 35, 13-14, 15, 290, 304 Rome (Ancient)—35, 92, 109, 146, 151, 173, 243, 292, 353, 366, 573, 706, 717 Russia —35, 246, 466, 560-61, 674, 713

— study by Marx of agrarian relations in Russia — 36, 7; 37, 714 — transition from serf system to capitalism— 36, 39-40; 37, 332 — landownership of village community— 36, 40 — commodity production under serfdom — 36, 115 — domestic industries in agriculture— 36, 241-43 — foreign trade of— 37, 128, 332, 714 — circulation of banknotes in — 37, 521

S

Science — 35, 23, 30-35, 189, 389-90, 605

— its application and role in production— 35, 387-91, 426, 464-65, 489, 507, 600-01, 617-19, 639 — capitalist appropriation of science— 35, 366-67, 390, 593-606, 750 See also Chemistry Securities

— title of ownership — 37, 476 — component parts of—37, 461, 462 — in the period of crisis — 37, 467 — depreciation of—37, 467 — title to future production — 37, 468 — their quotation on the stock exchange— 37, 476 — and the development of capitalist production — 37, 476, 477 See also Stock Serfdom

— production relations — 35, 88, 539-40, 567-68, 705, 706-07, 708-09 — peculiar form of surplus value — 35, 539-40, 567-68 — in England — 35, 707-10, 713-14 — in Italy — 35, 707 — in Russia — 35, 713 — in the Danubian principalities — 35, 245 — state production based on — 36, 115 — labour of peasant serf—36, 383-85 Silver — 37, 315, 318, 548, 554, 560, 561,

562, 573, 586-87 See also Precious metal Simple reproduction

— essence of— 35, 565-67, 569-72, 579-80 — production relations — 35, 569-71 — and variable capital — 35, 569 — and surplus value — 35, 569-70 — and individual consumption of cap-

italist— 36, 72, 75-76, 322, 394-95, 407-08, 410 — and circulation of surplus value — 36, 72, 73-76 — and production of new constant capital value—36, 366, 425, 437 — as an actual factor of accumulation— 36, 393-94 — and two departments of social production— 36, 393-94 — and crises — 36, 467 — and storing up of money — 36,471-72 — and reproduction on an extended scale — 36, 495-96, 504-06 Simple unskilled labour—35, 54-55, 208 Skilled labour —35, 54-55, 181-83, 206-09 Slavery, slave economy

— general propositions — 35, 99, 207, 226, 243-44, 272, 339, 512, 540, 542, 613, 700; 37, 790 — in Ancient Rome — 35, 292, 573 — in the island of Java — 35, 704 — in America — 35, 178, 243, 272-73, 305 — purchase and sale of slaves — 36, 38 — commodity production based on —

36, 115, 119, 384-85; 37, 175-76, 323 — capital invested in purchase of labour power under — 36, 477-78 — and natural economy — 36, 478 — direct physical compulsion under — 36, 478 — and the capitalist mode of production— 37, 33, 338 — role of commerce in the development of the slave economy — 37, 329 — work of supervision — 37, 382, 383 — and the usurer's capital — 37, 588, 589, 590 — spoliation of the soil by the slave-owners in the United States — 37, 613 — and landed property — 37, 627-28 — production relations under — 37, 762, 818, 867 — and the slave's labour conditions — 37, 776-77 — price of slaves — 37, 795 — antagonistic form of surplus labour in the slave system — 37, 806 Slave trade —35, 272-73, 740, 746-48 Small landed property

— form of landed property for small-scale operation — 37, 608, 793 — causes of decay of small-scale landed property — 37, 793 — and the development of productive power of labour — 37, 793 — and price of land — 37, 794, 796, 797, 798-99 — illusions created by — 37, 796 — and exploitation of land — 37, 798-99, 800 See also Peasant proprietorship of land parcels Small landowner — 37, 785, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792 Small producer, small production — 37, 174, 175-76, 214, 331, 332, 333, 608, 681-82, 776, 777, 778, 779, 780, 781, 782, 784-85, 793, 796-98, 881, 883 Social product

— two departments of—36, 366, 393-95 — replacement of value and substance of component parts of—36, 391-92, 393 — composition of—36, 428-30 — as capital and as revenue — 36, 435 Socialised production — see Communist society Socialism — see Communism; Communist mode of production Socialist revolution — 35, 16, 35, 491, 504-07, 749-51; 37, 263, 438 Socially necessary labour time

— definition of— 35, 49, 82, 220-21, 329-30, 551-52 — as substance of value — 35, 49, 55-56, 82-83, 196-97, 198-99, 205-07, 220-21, 321-24 — and competition — 35, 350

Society

— its wealth — 37, 354, 437-38, 568, 807 — its economic and political structure— 37, 778-79, 805 Socio-economic formation

— character of its development — 35, 10 — division of labour in different formations of society — 35, 364-65 — reproduction, simple and on an extended scale in different formations— 35, 594 — form of surplus value as a distinguishing feature of antagonistic social formations — 35, 226-28, 243-45 — capitalist relations as the product of the downfall of previous forms of society — 35, 179-81 — significance of means of labour for the investigation of extinct economic forms of society — 35, 189-90 — instruments of labour as a distinguishing feature of social formations— 35, 188-89 Spain —35, 35, 515, 739, 747 Speculation —35, 160-61, 202, 219-20, 275, 589, 660-61, 742-43, 759-60 State

— the weapon of capital — 35, 276, 290-91, 314, 367-68, 610-11, 641-42, 726-31, 739-40 — state "regulation" of economic life — 35, 246-48, 276-78, 283-302, 303-05, 492-98, 502-05, 562 — and import and export of precious metal — 37, 318 — as owner of the surplus product in the precapitalist societies — 37, 328 — national debt — 37, 392-93, 394, 462, 463, 523-24 — government bonds — 37, 400-01, 406, 455, 456, 467, 475, 476, 500-01, 795 — and differential rent — 37, 654 — as a landowner — 37, 779 See also Factory legislation State capital

— functions of industrial capitalists performed by governments — 36, 102 — state production under precapitalist systems — 36, 115, 234 — government securities as outstanding claims on annual product of nation— 36, 347 Statistics, bourgeois — 35, 277, 423 Stock

— and gambling on the stock exchange— 37, 437 — and contradiction between the social character of production and individual appropriation — 37, $"51 — as a title of ownership, a fictitious capital — 37, 464, 467 — circulation and market value of— 37, 467, 468 — preferred and deferred stocks — 37, 470 Stock capital

— and the general rate of profit — 37, 238-39 — as capital of associated individuals— 37, 434 — contradiction of—37, 434, 435, 436 — as a mere phase of transition to a new form of production — 37, 435, 436, 437-38 Stock company

— and falling of the general rate of profit — 37, 261, 435 — and the separation of the capital function from the capital ownership in the process of reproduction— 37, 384, 385, 433, 434 — the separation of wages of management from profits of enterprise — 37, 385, 386, 433 — profit in stock companies — 37, 386, 433, 434 — and competition — 37, 434, 435 — as the next high stage in development of capitalist production — 37, 434, 896 — parasitic nature of—37, 436

— organisation of—37, 435-36 — United Alkali Trust — 37, 435, 896 — development of stock company during the second half of the 19th century — 37, 896 Slock exchange~37, 436-37, 507, 896

— marginal transactions — 36, 341 Storage

— costs of— 36, 126-27, 139-40, 249 See also Supply Subject of labour — 35, 188, 200-01, 210,

212, 214-15, 320-21, 509, 598-99 Suez Canal and world trade — 36, 253 Supply

— formation of—36, 140-46 — commodity supply proper — 36, 145-51 — productive supply and continuity of process of production — 36, 124-25, 140, 147, 189-90 — commodity capital and commodity supply —iff, 140, 141, 146-49, 189-90 — Adam Smith on formation of—36, 143-44 — forms of— 36, 143-44 — and consumption fund — 36, 143 — volume of — iff, 143-45, 148-49, 150, 151 — costs of formation and preservation of — 36, 146-52 — social concentration of—36, 147-48 — formation of, and commodity circulation — 36", 147-50 — and stagnation of circulation — 36, 149-50, 151-52 — renewal of— 36, 149-51 — in socialised production — 36, 467-68 — bulging size of commodity supply — iff, 151-52 — volume of, and repetition of purchases — iff, 189-90 — in agriculture — 36, 245-46 — size of productive supply and turnover of capital — 36, 246-47 — working period and productive supply —iff, 290 — analysis of annual reproduction and commodity supply — 36, 504-05 Surplus labour

— definition of— 35, 226-28, 238-39, 531-34, 615-16 — as a distinguishing feature of socio-economic formations — 35, 226-28, 244 — conditions, means and ways of getting surplus labour — 35, 255, 317-21, 322-25, 355, 510-16, 599-600; 37, 210 — determination of its magnitude — 35, 317-21 — forms of surplus labour — 35, 245-47, 510-11; 37, 776, 777, 778-79 — as source of profit — 35, 548-50; 37, 681-82 — limit of its diminution under capitalism — 35, 614-16; 37, 778 — and the cost price — 37, 48 — its natural basis — 37, 626 — ground rent as the product of unpaid surplus labour — 37, 628, 776, 777, 778, 779 — as a non-historical category — 37, 806 — compulsory character of surplus labour under capitalism — 37, 806 — and necessary labour — 37, 808, 819-20, 821 — and the general rate of profit — 37, 861-63 See also Surplus value Surplus product —35, 32, 238-39, 579-81,

594, 613, 626, 694 See also Surplus value Surplus profit

— its formation — 37, 196, 198, 634-42, 643, 714-20 — for waterfalls — 37, 635-42 — transformation of surplus profit into rent — 37, 638-42, 714-25, 750-51 — in industry — 37, 748 Surplus value — 35, 165-66, 567

— definition of— 35, 161-62, 218-19, 221-22, 224-28

— formation of — 57, 38, 39 — origin of— 35, 175-76, 218, 223-25, 409-11, 579, 591-92; 37, 41-43, 44, 48, 137, 814 — vulgar theories of its origin — 35, 168-75, 200-05, 215-16, 217-18, 226-27, 233-38, 521-22, 587-94, 602-04 — as a distinguishing feature of economic formations of exploiter society— 35, 224-28 — its production as purpose of capitalist production— 35, 161-64, 165-66, 196, 200-07, 226-27, 238-39, 241-42, 243-46, 302-03, 334-36, 409-10, 509-10, 587-89, 614 — dependence of its magnitude on the value of labour power — 35, 519-31 — annual rate of— 35, 224-26, 227-29, 238-39, 240, 307-08, 409-11, 511-12, 523-24, 531-34, 595-96, 601, 603-04 — mass of— 35, 307-08, 409-11, 601, 603-04; 36, 295, 301-03, 313-14, 319 — forms of— 35, 32-35, 93, 161-64, 226-28, 243-47, 510, 522-24, 533-34, 564-65, 584-87, 591, 593-96, 694-95, 747-48; 37, 819, 820, 821, 827, 828, 833-35, 839-40 — capitalisation of—35, 578-81, 584-87, 639 — theory of, pith and marrow of political economy — 36, 6, 11 — Mercantilists on source of—36, 12 — criticism of Rodbertus' views on it — 36, 11-12, 21-22 — Adam Smith on it and its source — 36, 13 — Ricardo on — 36, 15-18, 21-23, 224-26 — as a general form of value appropriated without equivalent — 36, 14 — anti-capitalist English literature of 1820s and 1830s on — 36, 15-16 — Marx's theory of, a revolution in political economy — 36, 17-20 — circulation of, in simple reproduction— 36, 71-72, 73-76 — capitalisation of— 36, 84-90, 112, 124-25, 319, 502-03 — circuit of— 36, 92-93, 97-99, 102 — division of, into revenue and part to be accumulated — 36, 103, 502-03 — difference between constant and variable capital and formation of— 36, 222-23, 226-27 — magnitude of variable capital and quantity of — 36, 296-97, 298 — accumulation of, and expansion of business — 36, 319-20 — distribution of— 36, 221-32, 409-10, 420 — and potential money capital — 36, 489-90, 491 — source of— 37, 38, 148 — as the transmuted form of profit — 37, 39, 40, 41 — Proudhon on the origin of—37, 44 — and the time of circulation — 37, 47, 278, 279, 814 — and the profit — 37, 52-53 — and the wages — 37, 54-55, 56 — and the length of the working day — 37, 54, 55, 56 — and the turnover of capital — 37, 73-74 — its seeming origin from total capital— 37, 165, 166 — relative surplus value — 37, 217 — factors determining surplus value— 37, 246 — conditions for its existence — 37, 628-29 — its division in capitalist society — 37, 807 — historical development of—37, 890-92 See also Absolute surplus value; Extra surplus value; Profit; Relative surplus value Sweden — 35, 714 Switzerland—35, 35

T

Taxes — 35, 562

— forms of— 35, 150-52 — as means of primitive accumulation of capital — 35, 739-40, 743-45 — and surplus value — 35, 522 — in Roman Empire — 35, 150-52 — in Asia — 35, 151 — in France — 35, 150-51 — in England — 35, 711-13 — in USA — 35, 760 Technical composition of capital—35, 617-

20, 621-22, 623 Technique and technology — 35, 375, 488-

89, 600-01, 605-06, 626 — capitalist mode of production and revolutions in — 36, 43, 62-63, 111, 171-72, 185-86 — and expansion of production — 36, 83-84 — introduction of technical improvements and accumulation — 36, 123-24 See also Machinery; Means of production Tendency of rale of profit to fall, law of

— as the result of the development of the productivity of labour — 37, 211, 212, 214, 215, 218, 257 — and the rising of the organic composition of the capital — .97, 211-16, 237 — and bourgeois political economy — 37, 212, 222, 223 — as the law of capitalist production— 37, 212 — and growth of absolute magnitude of the surplus value — 37, 216, 217-19, 221-23, 246-47 — and relative overproduction — 37, 217, 220, 222, 234 — and the increasing intensity of exploitation— 37, 230, 231, 237 — and technological progress — 37, 231, 232 — and depression of wages below the value of labour power — 37, 233 — and counteracting agencies — 37, 230-39, 248 — and cheapening of elements of constant capital — 37, 233-34 — and foreign trade — 37, 235-37 — and the productive labour — 37, 237 — and stock capital — 37, 238-39 — and the capitalist mode of production— 37, 240 — and the competitive struggle — 37, 252-53, 254-55 Terminology, scientific — 35, 30-35, 225,

587 Thirty Years' War — 35, 721, 728 Time of circulation

— and productive capital — 36, 127-28 — and sale — 36, 129-30, 249 — and change of prices — 36, 253 See also Purchase and sale Time of production — 37, 74, 301

— and period of labour process — 36, 125, 126, 239-40 — and time of functioning of means of production — 36, 125-26 — and velocity of turnover of capital — 36, 233-34, 240-41 — difference between production time and working time in agriculture — 36, 241-42, 243, 244 — and timber-growing — 36, 244-45 Time wages — 35, 542-50

— general characteristic — 35, 542-43, 550-52, 553-54, 698 — conditions determining their size — 35, 543-44, 547-49, 558-59 — unit measure — 35, 544-45 — profitability for capitalist — 35, 544-45 Tithe —35, 51, 88 Town —35, 506, 636, 652-57, 706-07

— role of commerce in the development of towns — 37, 330 — and countryside — 37, 785-86, 787 Trade —35, 159-61, 170-71

— exchange — 35, 102, 179-80 — retail — 35, 149-50 — world — 35, 153-56, 580, 740-41, 742

— and accounts in trade transactions proper — 35, 149-50 — slave trade — 35, 272, 747-48 — and industry — 35, 742 — development of, as premiss of capitalist production — 36, 39, 42, 115 — effect of world trade on peoples of the East — 36, 42 — as function of merchant's capital — 36, 115, 135, 136 — world trade and development of transportation facilities — 36, 251-53 — capitalist production and foreign trade — 36, 467-68, 469-70 — foreign trade and analysis of reproduction— 36, 469-70 See also Market; Merchant's capital Trade profit —35, 564 Trade unions —35, 260, 305, 634, 691-92;

36, 338 Trade wars —35, 739, 741-45 Transport —35, 387-88, 454, 482, 740

— useful effect of transport industry — 36, 61-62, 162 — production and consumption in transport industry — 36, 61-62, 161-62 — formula of circuit for transport industry— 36, 63 — development of transport facilities and supplies — 36, 146 — costs of transportation — 36, 151-55 — transport industry as continuation of process of production within process of circulation— 36, 155 — transport industry, an independent branch of production — 36, 155 — moral depreciation in transport — 36, 172-73 — development of, and new centres of production — 36, 250 — development of, and turnover of capital —36", 251, 252 Transport industry — see Transport Tribe and family —35, 88-91, 356, 492 Truck system — 36", 516 Turkey — 35, 151, 466 Turnover of capital

— circuit and turnover of capital — 36, 158 — turnover time — 36, 158-59 — formula for number of turnovers — 36, 159 — peculiarity of turnover of fixed capital — 36, 165-66 — and difference between fixed and circulating capital — 36, 169-70, 190, 201-02, 277-78 — different turnover times of different elements of fixed capital — 36, 171-72 — aggregate turnover of advanced capital — 36, 185 — cycle of turnovers — 36, 186-87, 253-54 — velocity of turnover — 36, 233-34, 240-41, 251-52 — reduction of turnover time in agriculture— 36, 243-46 — and development of transportation—^, 250-51 — and relation between capital advanced and capital employed — 36, 301 — accelerated turnover and accelerated currency — 36, 340-41 — shortening of turnover period — 36, 354-55 — turnover period and material nature of process of production — 36, 355 — and the rate of profit — 37, 54, 73-80, 151, 226, 227 — and surplus value — 37, 73-74 — of merchant's capital and mercantile prices — 37, 274-77, 301, 310, 311, 313 — of industrial capital—37, 275, 301, 302, 307, 308, 311 — rate of turnover and the amount of merchant's capital — 37, 111 — and the commercial profit — 37,

312, 313

U

Unemployment

— and crisis of overproduction — 36, 315-16, 409 See also Relative overpopulation United States of America — 35, 9-10, 244, 262, 277, 305, 387, 396, 398, 424, 447, 463, 506, 574, 703, 741, 744, 747, 751, 754, 760 — Civil War — 36, 144 — export of cotton to England — 36, 146-47 — production of gold and silver — 36, 469 — slavery — 36, 478-79 Universal equivalent — 35, 78-81, 96-97, 99-101, 102-03, 116 See also Money Use value —35, 46, 47-50, 51-54, 55-57,

95-99, 163-164, 166-68, 169-71, 190-93, 198-99, 202-04, 205, 217-18, 579 — of money commodity — 35, 100-01; 37, 278 — of labour power—35, 177-79, 183-86, 187-88, 194, 202-05, 206-07, 328-29 — and value — 35, 46, 55-56, 205-06, 211-15, 216-17, 219-20 — commodity as — 36, 65-66, 81-82 — and time of circulation of commodities— 36, 79-80, 130-31 — of machinery — 37, 83-84 — and the capitalist mode of production — 57, 194, 569 — of money serving as capital — 37, 337, 341, 349, 350, 353, 389-90 — as the bearer of exchange value — 37, 639-40, 641 Usurer's capital — 35, 157, 174, 511, 738

— historical form preceding the capitalist mode of production — 37, 588-89 — developed to its highest point in Ancient Rome — 37, 588 — in precapitalist formations — 37, 589, 590-91 — and capitalist mode of production— 37, 590, 591, 592, 605, 606 — its influence on precapitalist modes of production — 37, 591, 592 — and the generating of capital — 37, 592 — and the functions of money as a means of payment — 37, 594 — opposition to — 37, 595-98 — and preconditions for the development of industrial capital — 37, 605 See also Interest-bearing capital Usury — see Usurer's capital Utopian socialism — 35, 87-88, 104, 304,

486, 504, 592, 725

V

Value

— definition of— 35, 49, 55, 59-62, 73-75, 93-94, 535 — as social relation — 35, 57, 67, 93-94 — as most general form of bourgeois mode of production — 35, 90-91 — and exchange value — 55,46-49,71 — use value — 35, 55-56, 211-13 — determination of its magnitude — 35, 48-51, 55, 73-75, 111-12, 198-99, 535 — change of its magnitude with the change in labour productivity —

35, 48-51, 55-56, 601-02 — average rate of profit and law of—

36, 22-23 — purchase of labour power and transformation of value into capital—.36, 33-34 — changes in value relations — 36, 78-79, 109-10, 391-93 — revolutions in value of social capital — Jo', 109-10, 111 — its identification with exchange value by Bailey — 36, 111 — of social product and its material constituents — 36, 428-29 See also Equivalent form; Exchange value; Form of value; Individual value; Relative form of value; Surplus value

Value composition of capital—35, 607-08, 618 — its effect on magnitude of capital value — 36, 73-74 — its change with the growth of capital— 36, 88 — and minimum size of capital to be . advanced — 36, 88, 89 See also Organic composition of capital Value of commodity

— definition of— 37, 46, 89-90, 139, 140, 149, 848-51, 867-68 — and the cost price — 37, 28 — and the average rate of profit — 37, 152 — and the price of production — 37, 175-76, 847, 880-93 — conditions determining the sale of commodities at their value — 37, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 186-87 — and market value — 37, 176, 177, 178, 663-64, 853-55 — individual value — 37, 177, 180-81, 182, 183 — average value — 37, 183 — and the commodity price — 37, 191-92, 856, 857-58 — its social character—37, 664 — and the monopoly price — 37, 848 — Loria on — 37, 876, 877 — Sombart on — 37, 881 — Schmidt on— 37, 881, 882 Variable capital — 37, 33, 34, 54, 55-56,

116, 117, 118, 144, 145, 146, 170-71, 528, 839 — definition of— 35, 218-21, 223-25, 232-33, 307, 309-11, 410, 440-41, 565-69, 585-86, 608-09, 623-24 — as category first introduced by Marx — 35, 606 — its form of existence in the production process — 35, 224-28, 232-33, 364-65, 533, 565-69, 606, 608-09, 618-19, 623 — necessary condition for functioning— 35, 224-25 — interdependence of the amount of variable capital advanced and the mass of the surplus value — 35, 307-13 — its magnitude and the number of labourers — 35, 307-14, 623, 726-27 — transformation of means of subsistence of a section of agricultural population into material elements of variable capital — 35, 726-27, 733-34 —• and accumulation of capital — 35, 618-19, 628-29 — labour power as — 36, 166-67,208, 367-69 — Adam Smith's erroneous views on variable capital — 36, 207-08, 214-15, 221 — turnover of constant and variable part of circulating capital — 36, 293 — advanced and employed — 36, 298-99 — time for which it is advanced — 36, 413 Vulgar bourgeois political economy — 35, 71, 160-61, 164, 167-70, 172-73, 193-94, 195, 202-03, 309, 440-50, 561-63, 584-85, 603-06, 614-15, 753 — general characteristic of—35, 16-17, 65, 90-92, 123-24, 167-70, 186, 201-03, 216, 311-12, 537,538,630-35, 704-05 — its theories of surplus value — 35, 169-74, 217-18, 226-27, 232-38, 521-23, 587-94, 602-03 — Malthus on the regulation of the cost of production by demand and supply — 37, 190 — criticism of the methodology of vulgar economists — 37, 229, 772, 804-05, 814 — Say on the correlation of commerce and production — 37, 278 — vulgar economists on mercantile profit, commodity capital and money capital — 37, 321, 322 — Roscher on commodity capital — 37, 322

— Bosanquet on interest — 37, 368 — vulgar economists on profit — 37, 11-13, 386 — vulgar economists on capital — 37, 391 — "Currency Principle" school — 37, 415, 416, 449, 543-44, 545-48, 550, 558-59 — Overstone's confusion over capital — 37, 417, 418, 419, 427-32 — Fullarton on capital — 37, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 455, 456, 457, 461 — criticism of the theory of abstinence—-?/, 505-06 — vulgar economists on the crises of overproduction — 37, 549 — John Stuart Mill on the Bank Act of 1844 — 37, 551-52 — John Stuart Mill's theory of money— 37, 551-52 — little-shilling school — 37, 555 — Carey on the capitalist mode of production — 37, 616 — Rodbertus on rent — 37, 765 — criticism of Malthus' theory of diminishing returns — 37, 652, 663-64 See also Malthusianism

W

Wages — 35, 180-86, 194-95, 535-42, 613-15 — definition of— 35, 538-42, 558, 595-97 — national differences in — 35, 180-83, 558 — and tendency of capital — 35, 595-97 — limits of— 35, 180-84, 614-16; 37, 845 — and accumulation of capital — 35, 608-09, 614-16 — and industrial cycle — 35, 630-32 — and working day — 35, 538-41, 546-50 — and commodity prices -,— 35, 547-49; 36, 337, 339; 37, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202 — legislative "regulation" of—35, 726-31 — creation by Marx of first rational theory of— 36, 19-20 — and value of product — 36, 20-21, 76-77 — as the converted form of value and the disguised form of price of labour power — 36, 35-36, 118; 37, 33, 38, 115-16, 463, 464, 804, 805, 806, 845-47, 856-58 — and intensification of exploitation— 36, 353 — as form of labourer's revenue — 36, 386-87 — role of money advanced for wages in circulation — 36, 412-13, 477-78 — and the rate of profit — 37, 54, 55-56, 59-60, 61, 68, 69, 106-07, 177-78, 179, 198, 511, 841 — and introduction of the ten-hour working day — 37, 109 — and labour productivity — 37, 218, 843 — depression of wages below the value of labour power — 37, 233, 253 — and the requirements of the labourers— 37, 244 — of commercial labourer — 37, 296, 297 — and the supply and demand of labour power —37, 354, 849-51 — for skilled labour — 37, 384 — and ground rent — 37, 618-19 — of farm labourers — 37, 621, 622, 623, 625, 626 — and labour — 37, 801,802, 809,810 — as the basis of the limitation of revenues— 37, 845 — and competition — 37, 850, 851 — basis of wages common to all modes of production — 37, 867 See also Nominal wages; Piece wages; Real wages; Time wages Wars and usury — 37, 593

Waste

— its usage —37, 83, 103, 104-05 Wealth, material

— sources of— 35, 51-54, 506-08, 570-71, 598-99 — elements of— 35, 143-44, 178-79, 190-95, 219, 601, 705 — social manifestation of—35, 140-42, 143, 154-55 — appropriation of—35, 163-64 — its transformation into capital — 35, 570-71 — conditions of its reproduction — 35, 565-66 — national — 35, 742-43 Wealth of society

— its antagonistic character under capitalism —37, 354-55, 437 — its social nature —37, 437-38, 568 — and labour productivity — 37, 806, 807 Wear and tear

— and costs of repairs — 36, 124 — moral depreciation of means of production — 36, 172-73, 187 — sinking fund — 36, 182-84 — of fixed capital and price of products— 36, 198-99 — replacement of wear and tear—36, 452-56 See also Replacement of capital Worker, working class — see Classes; Labour power Workhouses (in England)— 35, 280-82,

647-48 Working class

— condition of workers under capitalism— 35, 183-85, 303-06, 426-27, 435-36, 457-58, 459-60, 510-11, 601-02, 613, 655-56, 659-60, 726-28 — competition among workers in capitalist conditions — 35, 544-46, 547-49, 629-30, 633-34 — worker as a means of production most indispensable for the capitalist— 35, 570-72, 616, 753-54 — reproduction of— 35, 180-84, 218-19, 225-27, 570-74, 576-77, 580 — individual consumption of workers— 35, 570-73 — productive consumption of workers— 35, 570-72 See also Agricultural labourer; Proletariat Working day

— component parts of—35, 239-40, 530, 532, 533, 539 — maximum limit of—35, 239-40, 545-47; 37, 814, 845-46 — prolongation of working day and magnitude of surplus value — 35, 519-30, 547-49; 37, 115, 231 — and economy in labour under capitalist production —35, 325-26, 483-84 — and intensification of labour — 35, 412-17, 524-30, 552-53 — compulsory shortening of working day — 35, 247-48, 275-78, 283-89, 290-92, 295-99, 306, 412, 546-48 — striving of capital to overstep the moral and purely physical limits of working day — 35, 271, 274-77, 283, 285, 288-89, 293, 294-95, 297, 302-03, 409-11; 37, 196, 214 — workers' struggle for shorter working day — 35, 185-86, 237-38, 242-43, 259, 275-77, 284, 287-89, 294-97, 412-13; 37, 807 — and wages — 35, 547-48, 549-50 — under socialism and communism— 35, 530 — and working period — 36, 230

— length of, and employment of fixed capital — 36, 238 — and production of surplus value —

36, 383-84 — its length and the rate of profit —

37, 54-55, 68, 69, 728-29 — division of the working day into necessary labour and surplus labour— 37, 819-21 Working period

— undertakings requiring a long working period — 36, 232-34 — means of reducing it — 36, 234, 235 — time of production and working time — 36, 238-46 — and fixed capital — 36, 276-77 — and material conditions of production — 36, 315-16, 355 Work of management and supervision

— necessity of—37, 381-83 — Mommsen on — 37, 382-83 — Aristotle on — 37, 383 — its origin — 37, 383, 384 — and wages — 37, 383, 384 World market — 35, 135-36, 153-56, 157, 243-44, 387-88, 454-55, 559, 595-97, 642, 647-48, 706-07, 738, 750 — basis of capitalist production — 37, 112 — competition in — 37, 121-22 — creation of— 37, 265, 331 — struggle for supremacy in — 37, 334-35, 489 See also Circulation; Market; Trade