NOTES AND INDEXES

Notes

Residual editorial notes

34 editorial note entries had no resolved in-text occurrence and remain here so no source note definition is discarded.

[33] The passage from p. XIII — 718 of the manuscript has been placed here in accordance with its substance.—135

[42] This insertion, which opens p. 720 of the manuscript, has been placed here in accordance with its substance.—150

[48] Marx apparently believed that here Ricardo was referring to the speech he had made in the House of Commons on December 16, 1819 with regard to William de Crespigny's proposal that a commission be set up to discuss Robert Owen's plan for the elimination of unemployment and an improvement in the situation of the lower classes. In this speech Ricardo stated that "machinery did not lessen the demand for labour" (The Times, No. 10804, December 17, 1819).—181

[49] The reference is to the revolution of 1688 (the overthrow of the Stuart dynasty and the enthronement of William III of Orange), after which the constitutional monarchy was consolidated in England on the basis of a compromise between the landed aristocracy and the bourgeoisie. The enclosures—the forced eviction of peasants from their land by the feudal lords (the land was then surrounded with fences, ditches, etc.). This practice took its classical form in England between the late 15th and early 19th centuries. It led to the abolition of communal land and the demise of the class of small landowners.— 208

[50] According to the Poor Laws which existed in England from the 16th century, a special tax was levied in each parish to benefit the poor. Those parishioners who were unable to provide for themselves and their families received assistance through the poor relief fund.—208

[55] Ricardo's failure to analyse the origin of surplus value and his inability to solve the exchange of labour for capital were shown by Marx on pp. XII — 650-652 and XII — 655-656 of the manuscript (see this volume, pp. 32-36, 40-43).—210

[73] On the difference between production time and labour time which occurs particularly in agriculture, and on the peculiarities in the development of capitalism in agriculture connected with it, see K. Marx, Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy (present edition, Vol. 28, pp. 521-22, Vol. 29, pp. 58-60).— 262

[74] See J. Mill, Elements of Political Economy, London, 1821, p. 74. Here, Marx is probably quoting this passage from the book by Samuel Bailey, A Critical Dissertation on the Nature, Measures, and Causes of Value, London, 1825, p. 202 where it is likewise regarded as being directed against Torrens. Cf. this volume, p. 287.-266

[78] The piece from the words "Mill's passage..." to "p. 99" was written by Marx on the left margin of p. XIV — 792 of the manuscript and placed here in accordance with the insertion mark.— 276

[80] A detailed critique of the practice of bourgeois economists of splitting up the object under study into production, distribution, exchange and consumption is given by Marx in the "Introduction" to the Economic Manuscripts of 1857-58 (see present edition, Vol. 28, pp. 17-48).—278

[82] In the list of printer's errors appended to MacCulloch's book Discours sur l'origine..., "élever (to raise)" is corrected to "éluder", so that the phrase should be translated as: "the farmer who rents this last acre, cannot evade paying the corresponding rent".—293

[83] Marx is referring to Say's note on Chapter 7 "On Foreign Trade" of Ricardo's book Des principes de l'économie politique, et de l'impôt. Traduit de l'anglais par F. S. Constancio, avec des notes explicatives et critiques, par Jean-Baptiste Say, T. 1, Paris, 1819, p. 209, in which Say gives the example of sugar imported by France from the Antilles and costing less than would sugar produced in France itself.—294

[84] In the first of his Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy (London, 1844), "Of the Laws of Interchange between Nations; and the Distribution of the Gains of Commerce among the Countries of the Commercial World", John Stuart Mill remarks: "We may often, by trading with foreigners, obtain their commodities at a smaller expense of labour and capital than they cost to the foreigners themselves. The bargain is still advantageous to the foreigner, because the commodity which he receives in exchange, though it has cost us less, would have cost him more" (pp. 2-3).—294

[85] What Marx means here by fictitious capital is the capital of the debt owed by the state, since the state (be it bourgeois or bourgeois-landowner) spends the loans it has received not as capital and pays interest on them from the taxes it has collected from the population. See K. Marx, Capital, Vol. Ill, Ch. XXIX (present edition, Vol. 37).—299

[88] Chapter 19 in Ricardo's Principles... is called "On Sudden Changes in the Channels of Trade", with trade being taken to mean not only trade as such but also productive activity in a given country. Cf. this volume, p. 129.—309

[89] Marx is referring to one of the notebooks in which he made notes on political economy. The first 63 pages of notebook VII, which Marx mentions here, contain the end of the economic manuscript of 1857-58 (see present edition, Vol. 29, pp. 85-253). Starting from page 63a (on which Marx wrote "Begun on February 28, 1859") notebook VII contains excerpts from works by Luther, Linguet, Galiani, Verri, Paoletti, Malthus, Richard Jones and others. On page 134 of notebook VII, Marx copied from An Inquiry into Those Principles... (pages 110 and 112) a number of passages in which an anonymous author criticises and makes fun of Say.— 310

[90] Marx is referring to notebook XII of his excerpts on the cover of which he wrote "London, 1851, July". Page 13 of this notebook carries excerpts from pages 97, 99, 103-04, 106-08 and 111 of the anonymous Inquiry into Those Principles... A reference to landowners whose rent lowers capitalist profit is to be found in the excerpt from pp. 54-55 of An Inquiry..., which is located on p. 12 of Marx's notebook XII.—310

[91] Prior to this, on p. 110, the anonymous author gave a quotation from Say's book Lettres à M. Malthus, Paris, 1820 (p. 46) containing the proposition that "products are bought only for products". This proposition had previously figured in Say's book Traité d'économie politique, 2 éd., T. 2, Paris, 1814 (p. 382). See also this volume, pp. 124-25, 132, 307.—311

[92] The first edition of this book appeared in 1844. The pages indicated by Marx for the quotations in this volume accord with this edition.—311

[107] By "surplus produce" Wakefield means that part of the produce which exceeds what is necessary to "replace capital with ordinary profits" (Wakefield's commentary to Volume II of his edition of An Inquiry into the Nature and of Nations by Adam Smith, London, 1835, p p . 215 and Causes of the Wealth 217).—371

[110] The section "Revenue and Its Sources" features as an "episode" on the cover of notebook XIV (see this volume, p. 8). But Marx deals with this issue in notebook XV of the manuscript, in connection with his critique of vulgar political economy (see this volume, p. 499 et seq.). Marx wrote about "Price's fantasy" at a later stage, on p. XVIII — 1066 of the manuscript (present edition, Vol. 33).—376

[111] and the performance of all kinds of services for the owners of capital or property. See this volume, p. 396.—394

[112] The reference is to the conquest of England in 1066 by William, Duke of Normandy, who became known as William the Conqueror and was enthroned as William I of England, thus founding a new Norman dynasty. Although the process of feudalisation had made considerable progress in England by this time, a major part of the peasantry remained free and the feudally dependent landholders had not yet merged to form a single stratum of serfs, and the feudal estate did not yet exist everywhere, nor had it taken on its classic form. The Norman Conquest played a crucial role in completing this process.—396

[115] Later, in a letter to Engels of June 16, 1864, Marx gave these quotations which he had found in Chavée (see present edition, Vol. 41, pp. 540-41).—430

[122] Here Marx uses the term "capital in itself" ("Capital an sich") for the first time. However, he had already examined questions related to this concept in the Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy (see present edition, Vol. 28, pp. 171-204).—458

[123] By "this general section" Marx means the section on "capital in general" which, according to the plan Marx had worked out when preparing the economic manuscript of 1857-58, was to begin the book on capital. See also Note 30.—458

[125] The first edition of Child's book appeared in London in 1668 as a small pamphlet. In 1669-70 ten additional chapters were written following which the book was republished on several occasions. The first edition of Culpeper's discourse appeared in London in 1621; from 1668 it was printed as an appendix to Child's book.—463

[128] Marx digresses here to the analysis of different forms of capital. He dealt with this subject in more detail in Capital, Volume Three. The interrupted passage is continued on p. XV — 902 of the manuscript (see this volume, p. 469).—467

[129] Below Marx examines the separation of certain parts of surplus value into different forms of revenue.—471

[132] Below Marx continues his interrupted discussion on the separation of certain parts of surplus value (see this volume, p. 478).—482

[139] In terms of substance, the passage enclosed by Marx in oblique lines belongs to p. XIV — 850a of the manuscript (this volume, p. 370).—508

[146] Laws of the Twelve Tables—an ancient memorandum on Roman law. They were compiled in the mid-5th century B.C. as the result of the battle between the plebs and the patricians and were a record of the common law valid in Rome; these laws reflected the social relations in Roman society during the period when the slave-owning system was being consolidated. On the one hand, they protected private property and, on the other, they retained vestiges of the gentile system. The laws set out the stipulations on debts in great detail.— 541

[147] In this same notebook XV, Marx first gives an analysis of loan capital and a critique of vulgar political economy, which bases its apologetics on making a fetish of revenue and its sources as they appear on the surface; and then he goes on to analyse commercial capital. Marx does not return to the critical historical part of his work until pp. XVIII — 1086-1157 of the manuscript (present edition, Vol. 33).—541

[151] Page 862a is the inside front cover of notebook XV and was numbered by Marx after he had filled in the notebook in question. This page carries the table of contents of notebook XV (see this volume, p. 8). The passage given below is separated from the table of contents by a line.— 543 37-733