REFERENCES TO MY OWN NOTEBOOKS
[B"-28] Notebook C,[109] pp. 37-39. Aristotle. C — M — C; M — C — M.
Notebook A[a]" (pp. 22, 23, 24) (world market, etc.). Social relationships. Personal (ibid.) (23, 24). (See the same, something about bourgeois independence, etc.) (Ideas.)
Notebook B': Manifestation of the law of appropriation in the simple circulation. Why does property in one's own labour and its alienation, i.e. one's own labour, appear as the basis of property? (p. 17) (18). Attendant contradictions (18). Realm of bourgeois freedom and equality (18 et seq.). First law. Appropriation through one's own labour. Second law: Alienation or transformation of the product into a social form (I.e.). Division of labour (I.e.) (19). English farmer and French peasant (I.e.). (Division of labour. The particularly useful labours, etc.) (20, 21). (Division of labour as realisation of freedom and natural individuality. Ibid.) Freedom of the person (21). (Equality) ibid. (21 bottom). The continuation:
Notebook B" (this notebook[3]): (See money in same, la[111]) (the equality connected with it). Equality (1, 2). (Property. Freedom. Equality.) The harmonists (3). The simple circulation, phenomenon of a process going on behind it (4). Historical transition from circulation to capital (5). (Circulation) (6, 7). Money as the product W-^J^ZJ^Xiyt' J .V;]
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N O T E S
Residual editorial notes
36 editorial note entries had no resolved in-text occurrence and remain here so no source note definition is discarded.
[16] The page Marx is referring to is in the Paris Notebook (spring 1844).— 78, 127
[17] Marx is referring to Notebook VI (London, February 1851).— 78, 96, 112
[21] The author's views on the origin of surplus value, expressed in the anonymously published socialist pamphlet The Source and Remedy of the National Difficulties (London, 1821, p. 6), were described by Marx as an "important advance on Ricardo". Marx gave a detailed examination of this pamphlet in his Economic Manuscript of 1861-63 (see present edition, Vol. 32).— 92
[22] Marx is referring to Excerpt Notebook XI (London, July 1851).—95
[26] Marx presumably has in mind the passage in Hegel's Encyclopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse. (Th. I, Die Logik, Werke, Vol. 6, Berlin, 1840, p. 382,)that he later reproduced in the footnote to Chapter VII of Volume I of Capital, i.e.: "Reason is just as cunning as she is powerful. Her cunning consists principally in her mediating activity, which, by causing objects to act and re-act on each other in accordance with their own nature, in this way, without any direct interference in the process, carries out reason's intentions."—119
[28] The promulgation of the 1534 Act of Supremacy, which proclaimed the king head of the church, was followed in England by the confiscation of Catholic Church lands and property in favour of the king and the dissolution of the monasteries, sanctioned by the Parliamentary acts of 1536 and 1539.—122
[31] The law of apprenticeship was adopted in England in 1563. It envisaged a seven-year period of trade or craft instruction. It was consistent with the level of British industry at the time, the mediaeval guild-craft structure being in many ways preserved (manufactory was just beginning to appear), with some division of labour and semi-patriarchal relations between master and appren-tices. The laws of apprenticeship declined at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and the development of the factory system in the second half of the eighteenth century, but were repealed formally in the wool industry only in 1809 and in all other branches of industry in 1814. On these laws and why they were still in force in the period of manufactory see Chapter XIV of Volume I of Capital (present edition, Vol. 35).—153
[32] Marx is referring to Benjamin Thompson (also known as Count von Rumford), author of Essays, political, economical, and philosophical, Vol. I (London, 1796) which contained recipes for preparing food from cheap substitutes, instead of the more expensive foodstuffs. These recipes were meant for the workers and the poor. A soup prepared from bones and substitutes was ironically called Rumford broth. Marx presents the essence of Rumford's recommendations to lower the reproduction costs of labour power in Chapter XXIV of Volume I of Capital (present edition, Vol. 35).—159
[35] The source of this quotation has not been ascertained.—175
[38] Marx is referring to his Excerpt Notebook XIV (London, August-September 1851).—212
[44] S=C (l+i) n is the formula for compound interest, where S is the sum of capital and the interest on it, C — the initial capital, i — the rate of interest, and n — the number of years the process lasts.—219
[46] By "producing class" J. St. Mill here means the industrial capitalists.—230
[49] A reference to the English law on the resumption of the obligatory convertibility of bank notes into gold. In fact, exchange was fully resumed in 1821. Until that time, the Bank Restriction Act of 1797 remained in force. It established a compulsory exchange rate for bank notes and cancelled their convertibility into gold.—237, 247
[51] A reference to Napoleon I's decrees on the blockade of the British Isles, signed in Berlin on November 21, 1806 and in Milan on November 23 and December 17, 1807. They initiated the so-called Continental Blockade, which prohibited France and her European allies from trading with England.—247
[54] Marx's manuscript Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy begins with Chapter II ("Chapter on Money"). Judging from the text on page 63 of Notebook VII, which gives an outline of the beginning of Chapter I, Marx intended to entitle this Chapter "Value". Later on, however, when preparing his economic work for publication, he entitled it "The Commodity".—252
[55] A reference to A. Haxthausen's Studien über die innern Zustände, das Volksleben und insbesondere die ländlichen Einrichtungen Rußlands, Parts 1-3, Hanover-Berlin, 1847-52. The author was a Prussian official and writer who, in the 1840s, tra-velled in Russia. Marx criticises the author's attempts to attribute the remnants of communal property he discovered in the Russian agrarian system to the natural specifics of the Slavonic peoples.—253, 275
[57] In February 1858, Marx started seeking an opportunity to have his economic work based on the Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy published in Germany. He intended to do this with Lassalle's help. The anticipated structure of this work was based on the plan he had formulated in the "Introduction" (see present edition, Vol. 28, p. 45). As Marx wrote to Lassalle on February 22, 1858, the plan envisaged a work consisting of six books: " 1 . On Capital (contains a few introductory chapters). 2. On Landed Property. 3. On Wage Labour. 4. On the State. 5. International Trade. 6. World Market" (see present edition, Vol. 40, p. 270). In March 1858, it became known that Duncker, a Berlin publisher, had undertaken to bring out this work. By arrangement with the publisher, from May 1858 onwards, at intervals of several months, Marx was to send him completed parts of his work to be printed in separate small instalments. However, for various reasons, among them his liver trouble, only at the end of May did Marx begin to prepare material for the first instalment, having interrupted his work on the rough manuscript, which remained unfinished. This first instalment was to consist of three chapters: " 1 . Value, 2. Money, 3. Capital in General (the process of production of capital; process of its circulation; the unity of the two, or capital and profit; interest)" (see Marx's letter to Lassalle of March 11, 1858, present edition, Vol. 40, p. 287). It took Marx a long time to examine and systematise the collected material. In the course of this work, he compiled two drafts of the "Index to the 7 Notebooks". His work was greatly hindered by material hardships, which became especially acute in the summer of 1858, and by his wife's illness. From August to October 1858, Marx prepared the preliminary text of the first two chapters of the first part: "The Commodity" (as he decided to entitle the first chapter, instead of the contemplated "Value") and "Money"—and the beginning of the third chapter: "Capital". Only a fragment of this original text, containing the end of the chapter on money and the beginning of that on capital, is extant (in this volume it is included in the section "From the Preparatory Materials"). In subsequent months, after greatly improving his manuscript, Marx prepared the final version of the first part. On January 26, 1859 the manuscript was sent to Berlin; the Preface to it followed in February 1859. The first part grew to 12 printer's sheets instead of the five or six originally contemplated and consisted not of three chapters, as had been planned, but of two: "The Commodity" and "Money or Simple Circulation". Marx did not include here the material of the two sections of the original text of the chapter on money: "The Manifestation of the Law of Appropriation in the Simple Circulation" and "Transition to Capital". He now intended to deal with all these issues, as well as the problem of capital as a whole, in the second part. In June 1859, A Contribution to the Critique of the Political Economy came off the presses. The subtitles "Book One. On Capital" and "Section One. Capital in General" indicate that the author considered it as the beginning of the first of the six books planned. By the publication of his economic work, as he wrote to Joseph Weydemeyer on February 1, 1859, Marx wanted "to win a scientific victory for our party" (see present edition, Vol. 40, p. 377). Once the first part had appeared, Marx began to prepare the second pan for publication. Soon, however, other party work, such as editing the newspaper Das Volk and the polemics with Vogt (see Vol. 17 of the present edition), distracted him from the economic studies he considered necessary in order to clarify all aspects of the problem of capital. Only in 1861 was Marx able to resume his systematic studies of political economy. While preparing the second part, he drew up References to My Own Notebooks and Draft Plan of the Chapter on Capital (both works have been included in this volume, in the section "From the Preparatory Materials"). Subsequent work on this part substantially exceeded the set limits, however. Between 1861 and 1863, he wrote a voluminous manuscript representing the first more or less systematised version of the three theoretical volumes of Capital and containing the only version of its fourth, historical and critical volume: The Theories of Surplus Value. Marx's plans regarding the structure and form of the publication of his economic work changed as he wrote this manuscript. The structure of the second part, devoted to "Capital in General", with its division into three aspects (the process of the production of capital, the process of the circulation of capital and the unity of the two) now formed the basis of the whole work, which Marx correspondingly intended to publish in three books, supplemented by a fourth, historico-critical one. An important landmark in the realisation of this new plan was the publication, in September 1867, of Volume I of Capital, in which the main problems of the first part of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy were also presented more profoundly. Official scientific circles met Marx's book with a prolonged conspiracy of silence. Nevertheless, it attracted the attention of progressive scholars. For example, I. K. Babst, a professor at Moscow University, expounded its contents in detail in his lectures on political economy in the winter of 1860. Engels was the first to popularise Marx's work among proletarian revolutionaries. In August 1859, he published two sections of his review of the book in the newspaper Das Volk. The third section was not published because the newspaper closed down. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy was not reprinted in Marx's lifetime. Marx made unsuccessful attempts to have the book published in English in Britain or the USA. Only the Preface was published in the newspaper Das Volk on June 4, 1859, in a somewhat abridged form. An extract (from Chapter Two), devoted to the critique of Gray's Utopian theory of "labour money", was supplied by Engels for the German 1885 and 1892 editions of Marx's The Poverty of Philosophy. Subsequently, the book was published several times, in many languages. It was published in English for the first time in the USA, in 1904 (K. Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, translated by N. I. Stone, Charles H. Kerr & Company, Chicago, 1904). Translated by Salo Ryazanskaya and edited by Maurice Dobb, it was published by Progress Publishers (Moscow), Lawrence & Wishart (London) and the International Publishers (New York) in 1970. The present publication is based on the text of the first German edition of 1859, prepared for publication by the author himself. The amendments made by Marx in his own copy of the book are reproduced here in footnotes, with appropriate comments. The amendments and notes he made in the copy he presented to Wilhelm Wolff on August 19, 1859 are also taken into account. Engels used some of these amendments and notes in preparing Volume III of Capital for publication. Taking certain quotations from A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Engels cited them as amended and specified by Marx. Photocopies of the above-mentioned books, with Marx's amendments and notes, are kept in the Archives of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the CPSU Central Committee. Some other misprints found in the original have also been corrected. In the 1859 edition, the quotations are, as a rule, given in the German translation, but in the author's notes they are, with certain exceptions, in the language of the quoted source. In the present edition, all quotations are in English, with editorial notes indicating the language, unless it is German in the original.— 257
[60] The German Workers' Society in Brussels was founded by Marx and Engels at the end of August 1847 for the political education of German workers living in Belgium and for the popularisation of the ideas of scientific communism among them. Under the leadership of Marx, Engels and their associates, the Society became the legal centre rallying German revolutionary proletarians in Belgium. The Society's best members belonged to the Communist League. Soon after the February Revolution of 1848 in France, the Society ceased its activities because its members were arrested and deported by the Belgian police. Marx's work Wage Labour and Capital (his lectures to the German Workers' Society) was published as a series of articles in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, in the spring of 1849, but not in full, because the newspaper ceased publication (see present edition, Vol. 9, Note 183).—264
[6 3] The monetary system, an early form of mercantilism, a system of economic views and economic measures applied by European states in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Its advocates equated wealth with money and favoured economic measures that ensured an inflow of money into the country by maintaining an active trade balance and imposing protective tariffs.—276
[64] The glorious revolution—this is how English historians refer to the coup d'état of 1688-89, as a result of which the Stuart James II was overthrown and William HI of Orange was proclaimed King of England. It led to a limitation of the king's powers in the interests of the commercial and financial bourgeoisie and the circles of the landed aristocracy connected with them.— 294
[6 6] The Theory of Exchange is the title of the fourth chapter in H. D. Macleod's work The Elements of Political Economy, London, 1858.—301
[68] Leges barbarorum (barbarian laws)—records of the common law of various Germanic tribes, compiled between the fifth and ninth centuries.— 312
[72] A reference to J. Mill's Commerce Defended. An answer to the arguments by which Mr. Spence, Mr. Cobbett, and others, have attempted to prove that commerce is not a source of national wealth, London, 1808.—333
[80] This quotation is from Lectures on Gold for the Instruction of Emigrants about to Proceed to Australia, London, 1852. Marx took many excerpts from this book for his Economic Manuscript of 1857-1858, "Chapter on Money" (see present edition, Vol. 28, pp. 113-15).—387
[83] The Historical School of Law—a trend in German historiography and jurisprudence in the late eighteenth century. The representatives of this school, Gustav Hugo, Friedrich Karl Savigny and others, sought to justify the privileges of the nobility and feudal institutions on the basis of the inviolability of historical traditions.— 398
[84] John Law, the Scottish economist and financier, sought to implement in France his financial projects, based on the erroneous idea that a state can increase the country's wealth by issuing bank notes without security. Backed by French ruling circles interested in his projects, in 1716 Law founded a private bank that, in 1718, was turned into a state bank. In addition to implementing the unlimited emission of bank notes, Law, who had been appointed Controller General of Finance in 1720, withdrew metallic money from circulation and supported various speculative undertakings, such as the opening of shady trading companies, the issue of fictitious shares, etc. The fuss aroused by Law's activities culminated, at the end of 1720, in the final collapse of the bank and "Law's system".—400
[88] As can be seen from Marx's letters, once the first part of his work had been published, he intended to proceed immediately with preparing the second part, which was to contain the chapter "Capital in General". As he wrote to Ludwig Kugelmann on December 28, 1862, however (see present edition, Vol. 41, pp. 435-36), a number of circumstances prevented him from carrying out his intention at once. Only in August 1861 did he begin his work on the second part, giving it the general title: A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. The extant covers of the 23 notebooks containing the rough manuscript bear this title. The covers of the first two notebooks have the subtitle: "Chapter Three. Capital in General".—417
[97] chapters on the commodity and on money.
[99] of Chapter Two and the beginning of Chapter Three (two concluding passages
[100] of Chapter Two and the beginning of Chapter Three were not included in the final version). The surviving text is in two notebooks that Marx marked B' and B". Notebook B' starts with the end of a sentence. It was preceded by Notebook C which has not survived and most probably contained the chapter on the commodity (originally entitled "Value") and the beginning of the chapter on money. On the cover of Notebook B' Marx wrote five short notes referring to the chapters on money and on capital. In this volume they are published after the original text, as an addition to it. The editorial heading, in square brackets, of Section 2 (its beginning was contained in Notebook C) was formulated on the basis of the extant fragment. Given in square brackets are also the letters denoting notebooks, and the page numbers in these notebooks. Footnotes indicate the language in which Marx quotes, unless it is German. Extremely long passages have been divided into shorter ones for the reader's convenience.—430 96 Nexus rerum— "the link between things". In one of his excerpt notebooks of 1851, entitled "The Completed System of Money Relations", Marx describes money (p. 41) as the "nexus rerum et hominum" (the link between things and people) and refers this quotation to p. 34 which has not survived. Unfortunate-ly it has been impossible to establish which work he meant. In calling money the "nexus rerum et hominum", Marx means the state of society that resulted from the disintegration of all the formerly dominant social links: patriarchal, feudal, family, religious, all of which were superseded by the rule of "cash". In the "Chapter on Money" of the 1857-1858 manuscript, Marx applied this expression to exchange value (see present edition, Vol. 28, p. 155). In the final text of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, he designated money as the "social nervus rerum", the initial or motive force of all things (see this volume, p. 365).—430 97 Here Marx quotes in German from the Greek writer and compiler Athenaeus, Deipnosophistarum libri quindecim, Edidit Schweighaeuser, Tomus II, Argen-torati, 1802, p. 121. Below Marx gives this quotation in Greek (see this volume, p. 451).—435 98 Marx quotes Körner's treatise in English from Lectures on Gold for the Instruction of Emigrants about to Proceed to Australia, pp. 94-95 (see Note 80). In his note to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, he gives this quotation in German (see this volume, p. 387).—441 99 Marx is quoting Luther's treatise from A. L. Schlözer, Briefwechsel meist historischen und politischen Inhalts, Siebender Theil, Heft XXXVII-XLII, Göttingen, 1780, pp. 265-66.-449 100 The Code of Manu (Mänava Dharma-Cästra)—an old Hindu compendium of laws and precepts, the product of an early attempt to codify common law in accordance with the needs of the ancient Hindu state and the dogmas of Brahmanism. It is attributed to Manu ("man" in Sanskrit), the mythical progenitor of human beings. The laws and precepts making up the Code of Manu accumulated over the centuries and were given their more or less definitive formulation at about the beginning of the Christian era. They reflected the specific nature of early class society in India, which retained many survivals of the primitive communal system.—460
[101] Marx's footnote made at the bottom of the page, but not marked in the text, presumably refers to the passage where Smith's name is mentioned.—463
[105] Marx wrote these notes on the cover of Notebook B': the first note is on its right side, the other four on its reverse. The third note largely reproduces the text on page 4 in Notebook II, the "Chapter on Money" of the 1857-1858 manuscript (see present edition, Vol. 28, pp. 161-62).—508
[106] The draft plan of Part Two of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, which was to contain Chapter Three ("Chapter on Capital"), is in a separate small notebook (without number or letter designation) and has no general title. (In this edition, the pages of the notebook are given in editorial square brackets and the author's brackets are replaced by oblique lines.) In the draft, the problems treated in notebooks II-VII of the 1857-1858 economic manuscript are divided into three sections: I. The Process of Production of Capital, II. Circulation Process of Capital, III. Capital and Profit. The draft plan ends with the section "Varia", which includes mainly issues of the history of political economy. Many points of the plan are separated from one another by big spaces; on pp. 13 and 15 there is no text at all (the former has drawings of geometrical figures and the latter logarithmic formulae that have nothing to do with this work). In the course of his further economic studies, Marx used the structure of Chapter Three fixed in this plan as a basis for generally dividing his future work into three theoretical parts, though later the contents of each of them, especially the third, were considerably extended. In references to the 1857-1858 manuscript Marx uses Roman numerals to denote notebooks and Arabic ones to denote the relevant pages.—511
[109] subsequent parts of A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, primarily
[110] on its third chapter, devoted to capital. "A week ago I made a serious start on
[111] my book," he wrote to Engels on June 10, 1861 (see present edition, Vol. 41,