Subject Index

A

Abstraction— 37-45, 75, 80-81, 101, 107-09, 153-55, 157-58, 166, 179-81, 222-23, 229-30, 232, 253, 256, 284, 334, 353-54, 362, 412 — economic category as an abstract form of real relations — 8, 9, 38-45, 165, 179-80, 256, 354-55, 413 — abstract determinations — 223, 334 — abstract and concrete — 37-42 Accountancy and book-keeping—80, 90,

93, 96 Accumulation of capital—165-66, 205, 2.45, 268, 271, 273, 292, 298, 299, 313, 319, 320, 321, 345, 361, 373, 430, 431, 455-56, 508-10 — in the form of money — 73, 100, 118, 134, 151, 162-66, 178, 182, 184, 214, 388, 427-28, 436 — in the form of commodities — 165 — and surplus value — 370-72 — and production — 372, 373 — primitive — 245, 388, 427-28 — bourgeois economists on — 271, 274, 276-78, 296, 298, 427 Advanced capital— 306, 313, 314, 316,

319-22, 356, 357, 455 Agriculture— 43-44, 106, 188, 206-09,

225, 253-54, 287, 399, 400, 402, 405, 409, 412-16, 417, 418, 432, 450-52, 468-69, 508, 521-22 Alienation— 87, 97-98, 158, 233, 235,

248, 381, 382-83, 389-90, 412, 438, 439, 465 America— 35, 112, 120, 159, 208, 415

See also United States of America, the Anatomy—42 Antiquity— 40, 46-48, 94-96, 109-10, 127, 155-57, 158, 162-63, 176-77, 362, 401-04, 405-07, 410-11, 417, 418, 425, 435, 452-53, 523, 526 See also Rome, Ancient; Community, commune; Greece, ancient; Slavery; Tribal system Army—15-16, 40, 45, 84, 116, 117, 119,

156, 395-96, 453 See also War Art— 30, 38, 46-48, 109, 163, 212, 231,

328 Asia—116, 120, 159, 161, 163, 213, 406, 414, 455 Australia—120-21, 208

B Banknotes— 51, 56-60, 63-65, 69-71, 73, 90-92, 163 Banks— 51-52, 55-60, 62-64, 68-71. 96,

121, 130, 163, 210, 216-17, 257-58, 378 Barter— 80, 86, 87, 103, 110, 116, 127,

132-33, 135, 139-40, 149, 158, 237 Basis and superstructure—45-48, 391, 464 See also Law, legislation; Relations of production; Religion; State, the

21-852 Bill of exchange, rate of exchange—45, 51-52, 56-58, 59, 62, 69, 70, 96, 98, 171 Bourgeois political economy—5-7, 10, 11, 13-15, 17. 18, 23-28, 30-34, 37-38, 40-42, 65, 87, 106, 132-33, 165, 172, 179-82, 189, 195, 203, 204, 219, 220, 229, 247, 251-56, 259, 324, 337-39, 343, 344, 388, 428, 436, 481, 500-02, 510, 535 Byzantium— 430

C

California—121 Capital—182, 222-23, 437, 443-44 — as a relation of production — 188-89, 195, 206, 228, 229, 230, 235, 243, 480 — its physical substance and economic form — 23, 235, 236, 247, 292, 510-11 — as dominating power, in bourgeois society — 44, 256, 435, 455, 506-10 — appropriation of alien labour— 170, 255, 384-87, 390, 399, 508 — genesis of — 184, 236, 246, 387, 391-92, 396-97, 399, 412, 422, 427-36, 438, 452, 506-07 — basis of capitalist production — 234, 237-40, 243, 245, 246, 456, 459, 468, 480 — tendencies of development — 326, 337-38, 342, 424-25, 451, 463-64, 466-67 — and value — 158, 168, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 189-91, 193, 196, 199, 201, 205, 224, 229, 232, 233, 235-39, 242-44, 249, 253, 257, 264-67, 272, 278, 283, 284, 289, 292, 311, 312, 315-22, 326, 330-32, 334, 350, 351, 376, 436, 455, 458, 460-63, 465, 468-71, 528 — and labour — 189, 197-98, 202, 204-06, 208-09, 211-13, 220-25, 227-38, 242-45, 247-49, 250, 275, 282, 289-92, 331, 333, 346, 350, 382-86, 397-99, 412, 421-24, 427-30, 433, 434, 435, 439, 441, 444, 452, 457, 469, 473,

474, 498-501, 504, 507-10, 512, 514 — and surplus labour — 267, 271, 282, 289-90, 324-27, 336, 340, 345, 349, 350, 361, 381, 382, 457, 508, 535 — and surplus value — 260, 269-73, 293-96, 329, 334, 350, 369-73, 379-81, 442 — and development of productive forces — 204-06, 234-35, 250, 251, 265-66, 272, 317-21, 326, 336-38, 342, 351, 463-65, 505 — and profit — 189, 205, 260, 275, 457 — and interest — 152, 181, 205, 244, 260, 372, 378 — depreciation of — 243, 329, 330,

343, 351, 375, 376, 443, 455-56, 469-71 — and agriculture, landed property, and rent — 34-35, 44, 183, 184, 207-09, 253, 399 — and wages — 513, 514, 515 — component parts of — 279, 311-15, 317, 369-72, 376-77, 383-84, 440-42 — as a commodity — 185, 192, 330-32 — and the capitalist — 229, 242, 247, 248, 291, 390, 436, 437, 460 — necessity of increase — 259, 350-51, 448 — and labour capacity (power) — 212, 214, 292, 351, 380-81, 384-86, 444, 527 — and production costs — 244, 329 — and pre-capitalist socio-economic formations —44, 218, 223, 251, 335, 436, 464 — productive capital — 438, 454, 505 — bourgeois theories of — 182-83, 185, 188-90, 201, 235-36, 255-56, 337, 338, 341, 342, 436, 437, 470, 471, 473, 474, 475-77, 510-13, 530-31

See also Accumulation of capital; Advanced capital; "Capital in general"; Circuit of capital; Circulation of capital; Constant capital; Exploitation of the worker under capitalism; Export of capital; Fixed capital; Industrial capital;

Joint-stock (share) capital; Money as a form of capital; Organic composition of capital; Reproduction; Technical composition of capital; Variable capital; Wealth "Capital in general"— 236, 272, 334,

378, 443, 444 Capitalist relations of production—see Capital; Relations of production Caucasus—109 Chemistry— 237, 286, 451 China—10, 59, 119, 120, 445 Circuit of capital— 439, 440, 460-61

Circulation—131-32, 136-37, 138, 143, 184, 245, 448, 458, 460 — conditions of — 123, 457, 458 — simple (of commodities and money)—51-52, 56-57, 61, 64, 70, 121-23, 128-33, 135-37, 143, 148-54, 156, 157-58, 160-63, 165-70, 172-74, 177-78, 179, 184-86, 189-93, 196-97, 198-99, 203-05, 212-14, 227, 237-38, 241, 242, 244-46, 271, 272, 291, 329, 330, 333, 334, 393-96, 439-41, 445, 460 — of capital — 152, 166, 168, 184-85, 190-93, 198, 237-38, 244, 245-46, 291, 329-31, 332, 333, 338, 428, 439-43, 461, 462, 463, 466-70, 472, 502, 503, 522 — and production — 152, 167, 168, 186-88, 331, 333, 335, 341, 379, 391, 435-45, 447, 458, 459, 466, 469, 470, 472, 513 — and relations of production — 60, 61, 172-76, 178-80, 447, 448 — and exchange — 36,44,151-52, 333 — circulation time and labour time — 457, 462-63, 466-70, 471, 472, 480 — and value — 167-68, 187, 193-94, 196-97, 233, 241-42, 440, 443, 460, 461-63, 470, 471 — and surplus value — 246, 334, 463, 468, 470-72 — and circulation (turnover) of capital, circulating capital — 441, 445, 460, 522 — and credit — 52, 447, 459, 466, 467, 469 Circulation of capital—439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 445, 462, 521, 522

Civil society—17, 18, 45 See also Society, bourgeois Classes— 45, 71, 96, 101, 195, 217, 249, 328, 345, 362, 396, 425, 467, 516, 517 See also Working class Classical bourgeois political economy—6, 34, 175, 251-53, 256, 258, 259, 274-78, 279, 473, 474, 476-84, 515-17 See also Bourgeois political economy Coin— 69, 89, 90, 121, 137, 159-60, 161, 162, 169, 171, 199, 214, 268-70, 274, 278-80, 334, 357, 359, 361-66, 367-68, 374, 377 Colonisation—157, 208, 484 Commodity— 78-84, 87-88, 90-91, 102-07, 109, 110, 132, 143, 148-54, 157-59, 161, 163-66, 168, 191-92, 197-99, 202, 204-05, 227, 246, 331, 333, 445, 446, 458-60, 461 See also Realisation Communism (socio-economic formation)

— presuppositions of — 95-96, 108-09, 250-51, 337, 389, 390, 464, 466 — necessity of socialist revolution— 60, 72, 96, 101, 160, 337 — social relations — 95, 96, 98 — character and organisation of production and labour — 90, 92-93, 95, 108-09, 149, 250-51, 433-34, 530 — absence of money relationships— 90, 149 — law of economy of time — 109 — development of the productive forces — 439, 464, 466 — reproduction process — 250, 298 — wealth — 250, 411 — science under — 250 — consumption — 108, 291 — development of the individual — 131-32, 251, 411, 439, 465 Community, commune—13, 18, 25, 41, 43, 94, 96, 106-07, 139, 159, 184, 333, 393, 399-411, 414-21, 423-24, 426, 433, 448-49 Competition— 8, 10, 17, 93, 96, 138, 173, 212, 265, 349, 361, 363, 364, 376, 444, 454, 457, 471, 475, 478, 480, 487, 499 See also Reproduction Concentration and centralisation of capital— 8-9, 60, 96, 194, 205, 210, 435, 454, 505, 506, 507, 509, 510 Concept(ion)— 27, 38, 46, 256 Conquest, role in history—25, 33, 34-35 Consciousness— 38, 45, 131, 337, 390-91, 464 Constant capital—279-91, 316 Consumption— 26-32, 36-37, 86, 97-98, 106, 108, 113, 136, 148, 164, 194, 203, 204-05, 211, 213, 215-17, 219, 227, 231-33, 237-38, 242, 246, 286-88, 290, 291, 312, 331-34, 335, 339-40, 345, 346, 349, 350, 351, 365-66, 368-73, 394-97, 454, 459, 508, 513, 519, 527 Content and form—152, 154, 170, 171, 173, 176, 184, 188, 191, 202-03, 228, 230, 235-36, 238, 239, 258, 285, 286, 449-50, 459-60 Cooperation-- 96, 504-06, 527 Costs of circulation, of exchange—447-48,

458, 459, 472 Credit— 52, 60-63, 96, 292, 343, 447,

459, 466, 467, 469, 472

D

Demand and supply—15, 57, 61, 71, 75, 82, 88, 90, 95, 100, 102, 107, 112, 133, 135, 166, 232, 334, 339, 345-46, 349, 352, 364, 395, 436, 470 Dialectics— 36-42, 45, 46, 181, 257-58, 386, 438 See also Abstraction; Content and form; Freedom ; Generality—Particulari ty— S/ngularity; Hegelianism; Quality and quantity Disposable, free time— 325, 327, 531

Distribution— 25, 26, 32-36, 60, 90, 165, 340, 353, 362, 364, 378, 470, 471, 514 Division of labour—15, 36, 39, 83-84, 87, 95-96, 108, 134, 135, 179, 188, 255, 307-08, 327, 336, 393-94, 441, 450, 452, 471, 478, 487, 504, 505, 527 Dual character of labour—81, 107-09, 222-23, 230, 292

E

Economic categories—9, 38-45, 165, 179-

80, 256-57, 413 Economic crises— 63-68, 70, 86, 98, 133-

35, 160, 165, 215, 217, 290, 338-40, 344, 351-52, 375-76, 462, 503, 520 Economic laws—69, 73, 75, 77, 109,

354, 388-89, 397-98, 475, 480 Economic relations—18, 40, 44, 45, 160

See also Relations of production Egypt— 47, 120, 452 England (Great Britain)—6-7, 9, 46-47, 119, 151, 433 — domination on the world market — 8, 9, 188, 445 — industry and railways — 454, 507 — agriculture and landed property — 35, 207-08 — Bank of England — 13, 58, 63, 69, 71, 90 See also Ireland; Scotland Etruria—452 Europe — 6, 9-10, 46, 159, 161, 455 Exchange

— necessity, conditions, forms of— 85-87, 93, 94, 108, 132-35, 158, 174, 448 — development of — 87, 139,158,527

— of activities — 36, 80, 94, 96, 108, 451-52 — between communities — 40, 96, 106, 139, 159, 160, 184, 187, 332-33 — in pre-capitalist socio-economic formations — 96, 345, 431 — simple (of commodities and money) —78-85, 90, 104-06, 197-98, 204-05 — and money — 102-03, 121, 151, 152, 154 — in bourgeois society — 83, 86-89, 95, 96, 99, 100, 179-80, 345, 376 — and surplus value — 351 — between capital and labour — 204-05, 211-14, 216-18, 219-23, 224-29, 231, 232-34, 247-50, 259, 261, 268-69, 270, 289, 313, 325, 326, 329, 332-33, 345, 353, 368, 377, 379, 381, 382, 383-87, 391-92, 397, 412-13, 422, 427, 440, 443, 444, 452-54, 469, 473, 474, 476, 482, 483, 485, 497-99, 506, 507, 509, 512, 513, 515-17, 519, 528 — between capitalists — 362, 365, 368-74, 377, 469 — of equivalents — 170, 173-82, 185, 214, 216, 238, 275, 286, 352, 386, 428, 433, 438, 439, 476, 482 — non-equivalent — 428, 433, 438, 474, 481, 515 — and circulation — 36, 37, 151-52, 332-33 — and production — 26, 36, 112, 249, 448, 451, 460 — and division of labour — 36, 83-84, 95, 108, 450 — and consumption, needs — 79, 81-82, 84-86, 112, 174, 175, 177, 451, 452, 456, 459 — and value — 139, 275, 352, 376, 451 — of revenue — 203, 394-97 — and means of communication — 129, 448, 454 Exchange value—see Value Exploitation of the worker under capitalism— 220, 469-71, 474, 499-500 See also Capital; Surplus labour; Surplus value; Worker; Working class Export of capital—58-59

F

Factory—435 Family— 38, 39, 94, 399-400, 531 Fantasy, imagination—17, 47 Feudalism— 6, 7, 13, 17, 44, 94-96, 208, 406, 413-15, 421-22, 424, 428-30, 433, 434-35, 464, 530 Fixed capital— 447, 457, 487 Formations, social—14, 25, 39-45, 95, 132-33, 188, 195, 464, 465 See also Antiquity; Communism (socio-economic formation); Community, commune; Feudalism; Pre-capitalist socio-economic formations; Slavery; Tribal system France — 1, 9-11, 35, 51, 55, 57-59, 62, 63, 89, 120, 414, 437 Freedom— 46, 175-81 French Revolution, 1789-94 — 180

G

General (average) rate of profit—363-68, 442, 470, 475, 478

Generality—Particularity—Singularity—

23-26, 40, 41, 194, 201-02 Gold and silver

— as a commodity — 64, 70-74, 105-07, 110-13, 114-21, 124, 127, 128, 135, 138-39, 140-42, 159-60, 169, 269,- 272, 362, 363, 365-66, 370 — as money — 65, 68, 70-74, 89-90, 103, 105-07, 143, 148, 151, 152, 161, 166, 169, 171, 172, 202, 253 — gold standard of money — 69, 70,

71, 72-73 — bullion reserves — 51, 52, 55-60, 63, 69 — deposits and extraction of — 106, 120-21, 157, 169, 269, 334 — natural properties — 110-12 — as a form of wealth — 106, 113, 162-65 — accumulation of — 151, 162-66 — luxury articles — 151, 162-63, 171, 269, 336, 362, 451-52 — and economic crises — 64-65, 68,

72, 159, 165 — value ratio of gold and silver— 115-21 See also Money—in the form of gold and silver; Wealth—in the form of gold and silver Greece, ancient— 46-4«, 404, 436, 525

H

Hegelianism — Sl, 38-39 History— 43, 46, 180, 183 Holland— 208, 253

I

Idealism—46 Ideas (as expression of social relations)—101 India— 7, 34, 401, 414, 452 Individual

— in bourgeois society — 17, 195-96, 336, 351, 411-12 — his social nature — 18, 175, 420 — his historical development — 47-48, 525 — and development of productive forces — 351, 465 — his reproduction — 413, 416, 523, 525, 526 — need in labour — 530 — in ancient society — 411-12 — under communism — 131-32, 251, 411, 439, 465 Industrial capital— 207, 244, 253, 257,

428, 443, 454 Industry — 44, 157, 207-08, 251, 255, 434-35, 442, 451, 480, 505, 506, 527 Instruments of production—33-34, 103, 110, 112, 113, 115, 120, 150-52, 161, 164, 210, 235-237, 238-240, 247, 249, 268, 287, 288, 297, 301, 312, 355-57, 461, 510, 511 Interest (econ.)—83, 152, 181, 185,205,

210, 217, 244, 260, 371-72, 377, 445, 448, 454 Interests— 93, 95, 96 Ireland—34 Italy—115, 120

J Jamaica—251 Japan—120 Joint-stock (share) capital—206, 210, 455

— joint-stock companies — 45, 60, 96, 257

L Labour—40, 41

— as substance of value — 66, 67, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 105, 109, 345 — alienation of, under capitalism— 158, 233, 235, 247-48, 381, 382-83, 389-90, 438, 439 — as use value — 197-99, 204, 224, 232, 233, 237, 292, 497, 498 — individual and social — 140, 149, 195, 325, 398-99, 438, 441, 530 — industrial and agricultural — 253-54, 328, 459 — simple and skilled — 249, 265, 531 — living and objectified — 189, 194, 202, 222, 224, 226-29, 233, 245, 246-47, 262-63, 266, 273, 275, 278, 280, 281, 282, 284-86, 288-90, 299, 326, 330-31, 333, 334, 363, 373,375-77, 379-83,384-86, 389-91-, 392-94, 396, 425-26, 430-31, 434, 438, 440, 446, 452, 453, 473, 476, 481-83, 487, 490, 493, 494-97, 532 — forced and free — 176, 251, 530

— in pre-capitalist socio-economic

formations — 176-77, 223, 506, 507, 530 — under communism — 109, 149, 250, 251, 433-34, 531 — conditions and prerequisites of— 281, 282, 286, 289, 290, 379-82, 384, 389-91, 398-99, 409, 420-22, 427-34, 435-36, 438, 439 — as self-realisation of the individual — 530 — and wealth — 222, 233, 381-84, 386-87, 389-90, 433 — and property — 221-22, 249, 292, 381, 382, 384, 386-87, 425-26, 433, 435, 438 — "price of labour"—246, 250, 261-62 — and labour capacity (power) — 390, 391, 513 — bourgeois economists on labour under capitalism — 398, 529-31, 532, 533 See also Division of labour; Dual character of labour; Necessary labour; Productive labour; Property; Services; Surplus labour; Wage labour Labour capacity (power)—197, 204, 210-14, 215, 218, 220, 221, 224, 233, 247-50, 259, 264, 267, 268, 270, 288-90, 292, 298, 321, 322, 350, 351, 353, 358-59, 361-62, 375, 379-86, 390-93, 396-97, 425-26, 427-28, 432-35, 444, 450-52, 456, 457, 467, 483, 490, 491, 497-99, 510, 513, 514, 519, 522, 527-28 Labour money—61, 74, 97 Labour time — 66, 72-74, 76-78, 97, 104-07, 109, 139-40, 186, 246-47, 292, 441, 462, 463, 467-70, 471, 472, 480, 521, 522 See also Labour Landed property— 34-35, 43-44, 101, 183, 184, 206-09, 253, 259, 394-95, 399-411, 414-17, 420-24, 426, 432, 438, 476, 478, 516 Language—18, 23, 59, 99, 400, 414, 416 Law—see Economic laws Law, legislation— 26, 35, 45, 69, 129, 146, 175, 177, 178, 203, 245, 381, 386, 387, 392, 397, 401, 438 Loans— 59, 210, 244, 378 M

Machinery— 307-10, 315, 444, 451, 487,

499-500, 514 Malthusianism—279, 328, 344, 346, 487-99, 517-19, 524-27 Manufacture— 207-08, 253, 429, 434,

435, 505, 507, 508 Market— 63, 66, 75-78, 182, 205-06,

210-11, 431-32, 434-36, 444, 445, 448, 458, 463, 465 See also World market Mathematics— 69, 74-76, 379 Means of communication—122, 129, 445-50, 451-58 Mediation— 27, 28, 29, 257-58, 526 Mercantilism—65, 157, 159, 165, 253 Merchants—134, 136, 428, 432-34, 459, 509 Method of political economy—17, 18, 34,

37-45, 181, 305, 307, 308, 322, 354, 387-88, 485-87 See also Political economy (Marxist) Mexico—171, 401 Middle Ages—see Feudalism Mode of production— 33-35, 188, 418-19 Monetary system—40, 148, 157, 161, 165, 253^ 520 Money— 40, 65, 74, 78-83, 84, 86, 87,

99, 104-06, 109, 343 — as a relation of production — 61, 82-84, 97, 150, 154-56, 158, 171, 172, 182, 185 — and development of productive forces — 156, 158 — as a hoard — 151, 163-64, 460, 520 — as a universal commodity — 77, 79, 83, 127 — and division of labour — 87, 134, 135 — as an instrument of production — 150-52, 156-57, 444-45 — in the form of gold and silver— 64-65, 68-69, 70-74, 103, 106, 117-20, 121, 124, 138-39, 141, 142-49, 150-55, 159-60, 161, 163, 166, 169, 171, 202 — bimetallism — 71 — depreciation of — 70, 72, 74, 135, 147 — and exchange value — 83, 88, 90, 94, 97, 102-04, 123-25, 134, 147,

149, 152-54, 155, 177, 185, 193, 196, 198, 199, 227, 257, 274, 377, 379 — amount of in circulation — 53, 64,

70, 129-31, 135, 143, 147-48, 169, 503, 504 — money relationships — 84, 89, 95, 97-98, 100, 110, 133, 148-49, 150, 177, 180 — and exchange — 102-03, 121, 151-52, 153, 154 — and prices — 116, 154, 169 — and commodity — 87-88, 102-07, 110, 143, 148-51, 153, 154, 159-60, 161, 166, 168, 199, 444, 459, 460, 461 — and wage labour — 156-57, 158 — and contradictions in bourgeois society — 83-84, 87-89, 97, 102, 132-34, 135, 158, 166-67, 171-72, 343 — during economic crises — 63-68, 71, 135, 165, 520 — in pre-capitalist socio-economic formations — 40-41, 158, 432 — quantitative theory of money in bourgeois political economy — 64, 127, 148, 160-61, 253, 256 Money as a form of capital—83, 151-52, 182, 184, 185, 190, 192-94, 200-02, 222, 224, 232, 245, 272, 274, 283, 284, 291, 292, 330, 362, 376, 377, 379, 387, 428, 430, 432, 434, 435, 437-38, 443, 469, 503, 505, 507, 508, 519 Money as a form of wealth—134, 137, 138, 141-42, 144, 145, 149-69, 171, 178, 185, 190, 191, 200-02, 214, 226, 253, 259, 271, 272, 273, 274, 277, 292, 428-32, 435, 436, 460, 505, 509-10, 519 Money as a means of circulation—77, 123, 129-31, 132-35, 137, 138, 142-53, 154, 156, 158-62, 165-67, 169, 185, 190, 204-05, 214, 218, 219, 221, 227, 377, 394-95, 503, 520 Money as a means of payment—130, 131, 152, 168, 503 Money as measure of value—77, 109-10, 123, 124-28, 131, 138, 142, 147-48, 150, 151, 156, 160-62, 166-67, 169, 171, 177, 190-91, 377 N

Natural science— 336-37, 389 See also Science Nature — 6, 23, 110-12, 151, 255, 285, 336, 337, 388, 399, 400, 402, 404, 409, 412-13, 421, 441, 443, 466, 478, 508, 525-26 Necessary labour— 260-68, 278, 284, 325-28, 330, 342, 343, 351, 353, 450-51, 456, 457, 478, 490, 491, 496 Needs— 26, 29-31, 79, 81, 85, 95, 100, 134, 148, 153, 158, 174, 175, 177, 184, 187, 197-98, 214, 215, 216, 217, 220-21, 250, 331, 335, 336, 337, 451, 452, 455, 456, 530

O

Organic composition of capital—315, 316,

318-23, 363, 364, 372, 487, 500, 501, 502 Orient, the— 400-03, 418-19 Overproduction— 338-40, 342, 343, 345,

346, 352, 372, 462 See also Economic crises

P

Paper money — 64, 69-70, 74, 103, 147-48 Pauperism— 522, 523, 528 Peru— 40, 171, 401, 414 Petty-bourgeois socialism—7, 15, 73, 74,

134, 176, 229, 234-35, 339-40, 436 See also Proudhonism Physiocrats— 40, 41, 252-55, 508 Poland—155, 208, 397 Political economy (Marxist)—17-37, 110,

183-84, 246, 388-89, 421 — method of advancing from the abstract to the concrete — 37-42, 45, 181, 354 — historical approach in research — 17, 18, 34, 39-41, 388-89 — economic category as an abstract form of real relations — 8, 9, 38-45, 165, 179-80, 256, 354-55, 413 — working out of the plan of economic analysis — 24, 43-45, 88-89, 138, 160, 182, 194-95, 205-06, 209-10, 211, 217, 225, 245-46,

256, 266, 287, 292, 312, 315-16, 328, 330, 334, 354, 359, 364, 376-77, 378-79, 420-22, 441, 442, 444, 447, 451-54, 456, 463, 487, 503, 514, 519, 529, 532 — critique of bourgeois political economy — 65, 203, 204, 432-33 See also Method of political economy;

Science; Subject of political economy Population— 37, 273, 274, 277, 278,

325-28, 346, 409-10, 417, 452, 463, 523-29 Practice and theory— 41, 42, 57, 69, 183,

482 Pre-capitalist socio-economic formations

— social relations — 94-96, 98-101, 176-77, 412, 413, 424, 426, 431-33 — character of labour — 176-77, 223, 392-93, 419, 506, 509, 510 — development of productive forces — 95, 342, 423, 464, 465 — production and consumption— 213, 362, 412, 414, 436 — reproduction in — 438, 465 — surplus product — 361, 401, 404, 431 — wealth — 253, 254, 411, 412, 431-32, 464 — forms of property — 416-17, 421, 432, 433, 438, 499, 523-24 — handicraft labour — 421-23, 426, 430, 435, 451, 452, 453, 507 — guild system — 94, 428, 429, 432, 438 — patriarchal system — 94-96, 451 — Asiatic societies — 395 — landed property — 101, 183, 399-411, 414-17, 421-23, 424, 426, 432, 438 — progress in agriculture — 44, 106, 253 — development of money relations and exchange — 95, 96, 100, 133, 134, 345, 431-32 — emergence of wage labour — 13, 253 — disintegration of — 397, 421-24, 425-26, 428-33, 464 — and capitalist mode of production — 42, 43, 45, 218, 223, 335, 336-37, 389, 392, 396, 397, 436, 464, 465 See also Ancient Rome; Antiquity; Community, commune; Feudalism; Greece, ancient; Slavery; Tribal system Price— 74, 98, 147-48, 152, 188

— and value — 74-78, 93, 124-28, 139, 141, 142, 240-41, 271, 272, 353-54, 361-62, 364, 395 — and money — 116, 154, 169 — and growth of productive forces — 267-68, 360 — and demand and supply — 58, 66, 68, 75, 232, 395, 470 — realisation of, in exchange — 122-23, 129, 130, 133, 144-48, 233 — average —68, 72, 75 — market — 75 — and circulation — 122, 129, 145-48, 168, 440 Production—36-37

— social character of — 17, 18, 23, 83-84, 413 — and development of productive forces — 441, 442, 466 — barriers (immanent limits) to— 265-66, 278, 331-35, 337-52 — instruments and means of production — 103, 150-52, 237, 238, 240, 268, 288, 297, 301, 312, 461, 510-12 — "production in general" — 23, 26, 225, 245-46, 454-57, 459 — branches of — 23-24, 336, 444, 450, 451, 459, 470 — industrial — 157, 251, 480 — in agriculture — 225, 253-54, 418, 521-22 — physical content and social form of — 25-26, 238-39 — historical character of — 245-46, 412-13 — conditions of — 24-25, 26,413, 415-16, 443, 448, 458, 533 — and nature — 6, 23, 255, 415-16, 441, 451 — aims of — 86, 391-92, 519 — continuity of — 459, 461, 462, 469, 472 — capitalist — 9, 23, 34, 95, 108, 187, 207, 223, 226-31, 233, 234, 236-39, 242-43, 245-46, 250, 256-57, 331, 334, 335, 338, 339-43, 345, 346, 349-50, 378, 387-88, 391-92, 398, 411-13, 433, 435-37,

439-40, 455, 458, 466-70, 472, 500-01, 504, 527 — and distribution — 25-27, 32-36, 90, 514 — and exchange — 26, 36, 112, 249, 448, 451, 460 — and consumption — 26-31, 36-37, 97-98, 108, 148-49, 213, 217, 226-27, 286, 312, 416, 426, 436 — and satisfaction of needs — 29-30,

336, 451, 452, 456 — and circulation — 152, 167, 168, 186-88, 331, 333, 334, 341, 379, 391, 439-45, 448, 458, 459, 466, 469, 471, 513 — and wealth — 342, 465 — in pre-capitalist socio-economic formations — 213-14, 362, 412, 414, 436, 451 — under communism — 90, 92-93, 95, 108-09 — bourgeois economists on production and distribution — 25, 165, 338, 339-40, 474, 475, 480 Production costs—139, 150, 239, 241-44,

256, 329, 359, 455, 458, 472, 507 Productive capital—444, 454, 505 Productive forces

— social character of — 325, 452-53 — development of — 208, 527 — and relations of production — 45-46, 223, 426, 464, 465 — and development of the individual — 351, 465 — and division of labour — 255, 308, 327, 478, 504, 527 — material and spiritual — 156, 426 — science as a productive force— 207, 336, 464, 478, 527 — revolution in — 373, 465 — of bourgeois society — 17, 207, 250, 251, 265-66, 278, 279, 336, 337, 342, 343, 351, 452-53, 464, 465, 504 — and capital — 204-06, 234-35, 250, 251, 265-66, 272, 317-21, 326, 336-38, 342, 351, 463-66, 505 — and circulation — 273, 458, 468 — and wealth — 275, 277, 464, 465 — and means of communication — 447, 454, 455 — in pre-capitalist socio-economic formations — 95, 342, 419, 420, 423, 464, 465 — under communism — 439, 464-65 Productive labour— 40-41, 203-04, 231,

234-35, 254, 255, 327, 418, 455-57 Profit—151, 189, 205, 217, 241-42, 244, 252, 255, 256, 259, 260, 284, 296, 298, 300, 301, 306, 307-11, 313, 314, 361, 363, 367-70, 428, 442, 449, 454-57, 493, 500, 515-17, 533 Proletariat—see Working class Property

— historical character of — 245 — as appropriation — 388, 400-01, 409-10, 415-16, 417, 418, 424, 425-26, 433, 438 — as a condition of production — 24-25, 208, 415-18, 523 — laws of — 388, 397 — origin of — 209, 412-13, 415, 416, 419 — and development of productive forces — 207, 523-24 — and labour — 221-22, 249, 292, 381, 382, 384, 386-87, 425-26, 433, 435, 438 — forms of — 25, 44 — pre-capitalist forms of — 13, 25, 42-44, 399, 408, 413-22, 423-24, 426, 432, 433, 438, 499, 523-24 — private — 25, 170, 175, 399-400, 402, 405, 408, 409-10, 433 — capitalist — 170, 233-34, 397, 422, 523-24 — separation of, from labour — 221-22, 249, 380-83, 384, 386-87, 390, 398-99, 421-23, 425-26, 427, 433, 435-36, 438 — of labourer in the instruments of labour — 420-24, 426 — in conditions of labour — 433-34, 438, 439, 465 — state property — 402, 403, 408, 409-10 — title to — 129, 146, 386-87, 438 See also Landed property Proudhonism—18, 51, 52, 55-65, 67, 71-77, 89-92, 96-97, 108-09, 142, 163, 172, 180-82, 195-96, 236, 237, 244, 339, 352-54, 362, 412, 468-70, 531 Prussia— 70

Purchase and sale— 85, 123, 128-35, 137, 158, 160, 183, 184, 232, 368, 461

Q

Quality and quantity—76-77, 88, 109, 136-38, 200-01, 205, 212-13, 247, 284, 288-90, 332, 334, 335, 355, 375

R

Railways—see Means of communication Rate of profit— 268, 297, 311, 322, 366-67, 478, 487, 508, 516 See also General (average) rate of profit Rate of surplus value— 297, 299-306, 307-11, 313, 314, 323, 324, 357, 358-60, 366, 367, 372-74, 486-88 Raw material— 225-26, 228, 229, 237, 238, 240, 249, 268, 287, 288, 356, 461 Realisation

— of value of commodity — 82, 85, 87, 97, 101-03, 104, 105, 133, 138, 139, 143, 144, 177, 232, 233, 330-31, 334, 363, 369-70, 443-45, 454, 457, 502-04 — of value of capital — 329, 330-31, 332-34, 338, 339, 342, 350, 362, 369, 373, 374, 376-77, 442, 444-46, 449, 456, 467, 503, 520 — of surplus value, of profit — 246, 331-34, 363, 369-71 Relations of production

— and productive forces — 45-46, 223, 426, 464, 465 — genesis and development of— 207-08, 388-89, 412-13 — in bourgeois society — 6, 8, 15, 17, 18, 42, 93-95, 97, 99, 100, 101, 171-73, 177, 179-82, 197-98, 204-05, 207, 217, 218, 220-21, 223-26, 228-29, 235, 236, 243, 245, 248, 250, 253-54, 256-57, 282, 318, 336, 339-40, 346, 385-87, 388-89, 391, 392, 397, 398-99, 412-13, 422, 425, 427-28, 431-32, 438, 439, 462, 465, 466, 475, 476, 480, 481, 499, 515 — objectification of — 94, 95, 97-98, 100, 101, 171 — value as a relation of production — 78, 93, 94 — expressed in money — 61, 82-84, 97, 150, 154-56, 158, 171, 172, 182, 185 — in pre-capitalist socio-economic formations — 42, 94-96, 98-101, 158, 176-77, 412, 413, 424, 426, 431-33 — under communism — 95, 96, 99 — bourgeois economists on relation between labour and capital — 461, 462, 476, 500, 502, 512-13, 515-17 See also Economic relations Religion— 38, 43, 46, 162, 257, 464 Rent— 42, 206, 208, 209, 254 Reproduction

— conditions of — 526, 533 — simple — 243 — expanded — 390 — of capital — 240-43, 268, 281, 282, 283, 330, 383-84, 462, 465, 467, 500, 522, 529 — of wages — 283, 291, 299, 300 — of labour capacity (power) — 220, — 269, 278, 350, 357, 358, 359, 361, 362, 380, 381, 391, 428, 456, 490, 491, 499, 518, 528, 529 — relationship of labour and capital — 387, 389-90, 412 — of individuals as members of society — 413, 416, 523, 525-26 — and development of productive forces — 499, 500 — and circulation of capital — 440, 522 — of pre-capitalist relations under capitalism — 500 — in pre-capitalist socio-economic formations — 438, 465 — under communal system — 401, 404, 408-11, 414, 415, 416-19 — under communism — 250, 298 — in nature — 285, 526 Revenue— 203, 394-97, 437, 455-57, 513, 514 Revolution— 33, 157, 160, 373 Revolution, socialist—60, 61, 64, 72, 96-97, 101, 160, 256-57, 337, 338, 389, 390, 463-64 Rome, Ancient— 35, 40, 61, 119, 151,

156, 177, 200, 404-05, 410-11, 417, 430, 436, 453, 498, 523 Russia— 8, 35, 452

Savings banks—215, 216 Science— 43, 99, 207, 250, 328, 336,

337, 449, 451, 454, 464, 478, 505, 527, 530 See also Anatomy, Chemistry; History;

Mathematics; Natural science; Political economy (Marxist) Scotland—69, 71 Services— 202, 203, 221, 393-97 Slavery— 33, 35, 157, 176, 328, 362,

391, 413, 415, 417, 419, 443, 507, 509, 526 Social formations—see Formations, social Society, bourgeois

— relations of production in — 6, 8-9, 15, 17-18, 93-95, 97, 99, 100, 101, 171-73, 176-77, 179-82, 197-98, 204-05, 207, 217, 218, 220-21, 223-26, 228-29, 235, 236, 243, 245, 248, 250, 253-54, 256, 318, 336, 340, 346, 385-87, 388-89, 391-92, 397, 398-99, 412-13, 422, 425, 427-28, 431, 438, 439, 462, 465, 466, 475, 476, 480, 481, 499, 515 — structure and contradictions of— 6-10, 42, 44, 61, 70-71, 77, 83-89, 96-98, 102, 105-07, 132-33, 134, 135, 147, 157, 160, 163, 166-67, 169, 171-73, 178-81, 195, 206, 207-08, 217, 218, 234, 245, 247, 255, 256-57, 265-66, 277, 327-28, 333, 334, 337, 338, 340-43, 346, 349-52, 354, 382-83, 398-99, 424-25, 452, 459, 460, 463-69, 471, 472, 516 — competition — 10, 17, 93, 96, 138, 265, 340, 376 — and capital — 44, 256-57, 337, 373, 435-36, 455, 507-10 — and wage labour — 158, 207 — classes — 45, 101, 516 — domination of value relationships — 93-96, 187, 277, 433, 438, 448, 462 — development of productive forces — 17, 207, 250, 251, 265-66, 336, 337, 342, 343, 351, 452, 464, 465, 504 — and the state — 6-8, 45, 160, 195, 257, 455 — and law — 177 — and pre-capitalist relations — 6, 13, 17-18, 42, 157, 389, 392 — social needs — 95, 157, 336, 451, 452, 456, 457 — in bourgeois political economy— 6-10, 34, 45, 165, 480-81, 516, 517 See also Civil society Spain—157 Speculation—134, 135 State, the— 6-8, 26, 45, 102, 157-58, 160, 161, 195, 209, 257, 280, 282, 292, 298, 315, 362, 400, 407, 431, 449, 452, 453, 455, 457 Statistics—98 Stocks— 361, 388 Subject of political economy—17-37, 41, 110, 183-84, 198-99, 202, 246, 345, 388-89, 421 See also Political economy Surplus labour— 250, 260-69, 271, 277-78, 282, 284, 289-90, 312, 313, 316, 324-27, 336, 342, 349-51, 361, 364, 368, 373, 379-81, 383-84, 401, 404, 446, 452, 456, 457, 473, 478, 488, 523, 531

Surplus value

— source of — 241-42, 246, 251-52, 253-55, 258, 290, 300, 357, 359, 381-82, 383-84, 488 — and capital — 259, 269-73, 293-96, 329, 334, 350, 369-73, 379-81, 442 — and capitalist production — 268, 273, 290, 329 — relative and absolute — 293, 334, 335, 351, 441, 508, 519 — realisation of — 246, 331-35, 369-71 — distribution of — 362, 364, 368, 470, 471 — and exchange value — 246, 250, 273, 326, 355-57, 481 — and working day — 250, 259-68, 270, 285, 292-93, 297, 298, 299-306, 308-09, 323-24, 342, 351, 441, 463, 473-74 — and surplus labour — 262, 264, 312, 342, 343, 349-50, 373, 379, 397, 446, 456, 473, 488 — and profit — 311, 442, 477, 485, 486, 515

— and rate of profit — 357, 363-64, 478 — and general rate of profit — 363-64, 470, 471 — and development of productive forces — 259-72, 312, 314, 335, 336, 342, 343, 351 — and circulation — 246, 334, 463, 468, 469, 470, 471 — and costs of circulation — 471 — bourgeois economists on genesis of_251-52, 254-56, 480-83, 515 — identification of surplus value and profit in bourgeois political economy — 296, 475-78 System of protection—148

T

Taxes— 70, 450, 452, 454, 456 Technical composition of capital—321 Thinking— 38-39, 80 Town and country— 36, 44, 122, 207-09,

401-03, 405-08, 417, 418, 429-30, 434-36 Trade— 34, 40-41, 44, 45, 80, 86, 88,

96, 97, 134, 136, 137, 155-56, 159,

161, 182, 184-85, 187, 188, 208, 210, 211, 242, 251, 257, 275, 335, 343, 411, 433-35, 448, 451, 478 See also Barter Transport and communication—see Means of communication Tribal system—18, 39, 94, 400-03, 404-

06, 407, 409, 410, 413-17 Tribute—42

U

United States of America, the—6-10, 41, 46, 71, 157, 436, 500 Urals, the—112 Use value—113, 148, 197-200, 202, 227, 232, 237, 241, 244, 246, 259, 274, 280, 284-89, 292, 331-34, 335, 336, 343, 352, 355, 359-61, 376, 443, 446, 450, 457, 460, 465, 495 Usury—185, 428, 433, 459

V Value

— as an economic category — 38, 88, 91, 184-85, 362 — determination of, by labour time — 66, 72-73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 97, 104-06, 109, 112, 139-40, 141-42, 152, 186, 194, 197, 202, 224-25, 229, 233, 243-44, 270, 290, 375, 438, 449, 456, 462, 471, 479, 490, 491, 495, 531, 533 — and contradictions of bourgeois society — 97, 171-72, 178-79 — as a social relationship — 78, 94 — evolution of — 139-40, 179, 431-33 — as a basis of bourgeois society— 93-96, 277, 433, 438, 448, 469 — and development of productive forces — 77, 273-75, 310, 311 — and division of labour — 179, 450, 471 — and price — 74-78, 124-28, 139, 141, 142, 240-41, 271, 272, 353-54, 361-62, 363-65, 375, 395, 479 — and money —82-83, 88, 90-91, 94, 97, 102-03, 123-25, 134, 147, 149, 152-54, 155, 177, 185, 193, 196, 198, 199, 227, 257, 274, 377, 379 — and capital — 158, 168, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 189-91, 193, 196-99, 201, 205, 224, 229, 232, 233, 235-39, 242-44, 249, 253, 257, 264-67, 272, 278, 283, 284, 289, 292, 311, 312, 315-22, 326, 330-32, 334, 350, 351, 376, 436, 455, 458, 460-63, 465, 468-71, 528 — and capitalist production — 186-88, 238-42, 379, 433, 448 — and surplus value, and profit— 246, 250, 273, 326, 355-57, 359, 480, 481 — real and nominal — 70, 75-77 — average — 74-76, 129 — expression of — 93, 95, 128, 140-41 — rarity as an element of — 112 — law of — 75, 124 — and use value — 199, 200, 237, 241, 331, 334, 342, 343, 352, 376, 457, 460, 465 — and exchange, and circulation — 139, 167-68, 186-87, 193-94, 196-97, 233, 241-42, 275, 352, 376, 440, 442-43, 451, 458-60, 462-63, 470-72 Variable capital— 246-47, 316

Vulgar bourgeois political economy—6-15, 18, 23

W

Wage labour—13-14, 15, 61, 84, 156, 157, 158, 180, 206-09, 248-49, 251, 252, 253, 255, 292, 328, 331, 333, 391, 393, 394-95, 396, 397, 399, 412-13, 422, 426, 427, 430, 431, 434, 435, 436, 453, 456, 459, 495, 498, 509-10, 512, 530 Wages

— level of — 15, 212, 215-16, 266, 354-55 — and exchange between labour and capital — 220-21, 354-55, 491 — military pay — 15, 45, 84, 395-96 — and value of the product — 244, 356-57 — and prices — 353-55 — and demand and supply — 15, 368 — and capital — 511, 513, 514 — and production — 461-62, 513 — and productive forces — 479, 491, 496, 497, 498-99, 518 — reproduction of — 283, 291, 299, 300 — and labour capacity (power)—15, 215-17, 279, 352, 354, 490, 498, 513, 514 — and necessary labour — 342, 353,

478, 487, 490, 491, 495, 496 — and profit — 353-55, 365-68, 478,

479, 500, 516, 517 — and consumption — 290, 513 — bourgeois theories of — 11-16, 181, 255, 256, 278, 515-17 Wages fund— 316, 317, 318, 323 Wales— 414 War— 66, 163, 401, 402, 404, 406, 408,

411, 414, 415, 417-18 See also Army Wealth—156, 411 — and capital (exchange value) — 222, 251, 253, 332-33, 342, 376-78, 384, 427-30, 454, 456, 465, 466, 509, 510 — social form and material content of — 103, 154, 274, 411, 451 — production and distribution of— 342, 465 — concentration and accumulation of — 162-63, 165-66, 454, 508 — monetary — 133-34, 137, 138, 141-42, 144, 145, 149-69, 171, 178, 185, 190-91, 200-02, 214, 226, 253, 259, 271-74, 277, 292, 428-32, 435, 436, 505, 509, 520 •— in the form of gold and silver— 106, 113, 162-65 — and labour — 222, 233, 381-84, 386-87, 389, 433 — and productive forces — 275, 277, 464, 465 — as mediator between use value and exchange value — 257, 275 — under communism — 250, 411 — in pre-capitalist socio-economic formations — 253, 254, 411, 412, 431-32, 464

— quest for enrichment — 155-57, 162-64, 199-200, 250, 251, 253, 266 — bourgeois concept of — 251-52, 256, 258, 259, 274, 276-78 Worker—15, 158, 197, 204, 212-18, 219-21, 223, 226, 229-30, 232-36, 243, 247-50, 283, 299, 345, 346, 349-51, 353-54, 355-59, 361, 364-66, 368-72, 381, 392, 398, 399, 412, 420, 422, 425-32, 434, 435, 438, 439, 457, 463, 475, 499-502, 508, 513, 518, 522, -526, 528, 533 See also Working class Working class— 249, 467, 517, 528 See also Worker Working day— 220, 259-68, 269, 279-81, 283, 284, 297, 326, 327, 361 World market— 8-10, 66-67, 96, 97-98, 159, 160, 210, 335, 436, 451, 465