Subject Index
A
Abstraction— 23, 37, 39, 49, 503, 512, 593 — and reality — 25, 34, 37, 39, 89, 92, 95, 195, 356, 480-81, 515-16, 546-49, 614 — as method of investigation — 37, 188, 196-97, 362, 368, 408, 429, 436, 440, 509, 547, 557 Agnosticism— 315-16, 340, 513-16, 519-21 See also Kant, Kantianism—agnosticism Aim
— and means — 62, 66, 94, 148, 245, 254, 266, 598-99, 635, 636 — and the result of men's activity— 105, 333, 460-62 See also Teleology Albumen— 62, 68, 71-77, 329-30, 460, 479, 492, 506, 531, 535, 573-74, 576-79, 601 Alchemy—186, 253, 320-21, 465-66 Algebra—118, 127-28, 320-21, 360, 380, 390, 430, 444, 536, 540, 542, 546, 550, 608 Algeria— 627 America—97, 462 See also American War of Independence, 1775-83; United States of America, the American War of Independence, 1775-«3 — 98, 156, 159, 177, 624-26 Anabaptists—631
Analysis and synthesis—40, 341, 503,
508-09 Anarchism— 268 Anatomy— 22, 304, 321, 326, 465, 475-
77, 501 Ancient Greece — 95-96, 149, 164, 165, 167-70, 215, 318, 319, 322, 461, 471-73, 602-03, 607, 609, 613 Ancient Rome — 95-96, 143, 148, 164, 165, 168, 300, 318, 473, 602-03, 609, 613, 617 Animals
— origin and development of — 63-70, 322, 324-25, 329, 457, 492, 495, 579-84, 585, 586, 633 — domestication and alteration of— 63, 65-66, 329, 399, 458-60, 601 — study of — 63, 322, 324-28, 476, 633 Antiquity—148-49, 168, 318-19, 458, 602, 611, 613 See also Ancient Greece; Ancient Rome Apriorism (criticism of Dühring's a priori axiomatic method)—33-43, 89-95, 99, 140, 153-54, 173-74, 208, 597, 604 Arabs, the— 22, 155, 318-20, 462, 471-73 Arithmetic— 36, 220, 320-21, 536-38, — Austrian — 626 — English — 627 — French — 119, 156-59, 625-27 — Prussian — 156-58, 200, 265, 625-26, 628-29 — Swiss — 628 — US — 156, 158, 625 See also Armaments, weapons; Artillery ; Infantry Art— 82, 168-69, 268, 318-19, 454, 458, 474 Artillery—155, 157, 615-16, 624, 625, 627 Asia
— natural features — 583 — Asian community — 149-50, 163-64, 168 — the state in Asia — 137, 163-64, 167, 168, 613 See also Arabs, the; China; Despotism, Asian (Oriental); India; Orient, the Astronomy
— its place in system (classification) of sciences — 81, 315, 317, 475, 528 — history of — 24, 53-54, 320-24, 326-28, 365-66, 465-70, 472-75, 496, 594 Atheism—16, 19, 300-02, 323, 479-80, 591, 605 Atom
— as discrete part of matter — 61-62, 358, 362-63, 371, 529-30, 534, 548, 564, 570-71 — and molecule — 56, 61-62, 71, 81, 254, 339, 358-59, 362-63, 371, 431-32, 436-37, 485-87, 524, 529-31, 534, 548, 564, 566, 568-71, 598 — motion of atoms — 56, 61-62, 362-63, 371, 451, 470, 529-31, 534, 567, 598 Atomistics— 339-42, 470, 485, 570 Australia—164 Austro-Prussian war, 1866—157 tion of its development — 27, 141, 150, 169, 257, 258, 266, 267, 611-12 — conversion of money into capital — 115-17, 119-20, 187-92 — historically transient character of — 192-95 — criticism of bourgeois conceptions of capital — 26, 187-204 "Capital" by K. Marx (general characteristics)—9, 97, 114, 117-19, 123-24, 130, 150, 188-90, 194, 195, 295, 343, 614 Capitalist mode of production
— and specific social form of labour process — 256, 257, 263, 266, 267, 279-80, 295, 642 — commodity production as its universal form — 150, 151, 190, 256, 257, 259, 260, 295, 297, 614, 639 — laws of — 139, 140, 190, 198-99, 259-60, 262, 266, 267, 269, 270, 297, 614 — antagonistic contradictions of— 20, 137-39, 145, 153, 245, 248, 249, 254, 255-58, 260-64, 266, 268, 269, 279-80, 281, 297, 460-62, 585, 636, 641, 642 — origin and development of — 20, 27, 123, 139, 150, 152, 191, 214-15, 254-55, 258 — emergence of prerequisites for its destruction under capitalism— 123-24, 138, 245, 253, 254-55, 266, 268, 269, 283-84, 303, 636, 639-40 Carbon—118, 360, 531, 571, 574-77 Catholicism— 86, 320, 325, 474 Causality
— its objective character — 373, 509-10, 515-16 — and practical activity of man— 509-11 — dialectical and metaphysical conception of — 21-24, 43-45, 129-30, 161, 482, 485, 497, 498-501, 502-03, 509-10, 532-33, 558 Cell Commerce (trade)—96, 135-36, 152, 153, 191, 245, 263 — history of its development — 96-98, 191, 319, 458, 472 Commodity
— definition of — 150, 183, 291 — dual character of — 291-93 — conditions of turning product into commodity — 149-50, 259-60, 291, 295-96, 641 — historically transient character of — 270, 294 Commodity circulation—141-42, 150, 188, 256, 259, 260, 263, 291, 292, 296, 638-39, 641 Commodity production—150, 215, 256-60, 270, 291-96, 297, 614, 641 Common sense—16, 20, 22, 48, 111-12,
486, 487, 494, 498, 503, 542, 591, 597 Communism (social formation)
— Marxist methods of foreseeing future communist society — 246, 253-54, 270, 271, 634-35 — as necessary outcome of the historical development of, human society — 124-25, 128, 144-45, 153, 169, 245, 253, 268, 271, 333-34, 585, 635, 636 — prerequisites of communist transformation of society — 106, 123-24, 139, 145, 153, 169, 245, 250, 253-71, 278-83, 303, 585, 634-36, 640-42 — communist transformation of society (period and complexity)—121, 282, 603-05 — necessity of proletarian revolution — 120-21, 125, 144-45, 153, 180-81, 245, 462, 585, 606, 610, 636, 641-42 — period of transition from capitalism to socialism — 86-88, 267, 268, 303, 603, 610, 641-42 — abolition of private property, social ownership of the means of production — 120-25, 128, 139, 180-81, 265-70, 279, 282, 294, 302, 585, 606, 641-42 — production — 114-15, 121-25, 128, 138, 139, 180-81, 186, 245, 247, 254, 264-70, 278-83, 294, 302,
306-07, 331-32, 462, 619, 639-40, 641-42 — labour — 121-24, 169, 186, 187, 278-83, 294-95, 306-07, 331-32 — social relations — 268, 270, 605, 641-42 — abolition of class antagonisms and distinctions — 20, 88, 99, 106, 144-45, 267-69, 462, 604, 641-42 — abolition of antithesis between town and country — 277, 278-79, 281-83 — establishment of social equality— 20, 95, 99, 247-48, 592, 602-04 — withering away of the state — 247, 267-68, 641-42 — role of consciousness in communist transformation of society— 106, 123-24, 144-45, 169, 266-70, 294, 301-02, 331-32, 462, 604, 605 — all-round development of the individual — 139, 186, 269-70, 278-82, 307, 331-32 — genuine freedom under communism — 106, 121-22, 139, 269-70, 279, 302, 303, 641-42 Communism, scientific—8-9, 26-27, 139,
145, 168, 186, 189, 254-55, 271, 283, 630, 634-35 Communism, Utopian—12, 20, 26, 250-
53, 286, 474, 592, 632 Community (commune)—95, 136-37, 148-50, 163, 166-68, 170, 294, 296, 610, 616, 621 Concept
— as mental reflection of things, relations and processes of reality — 22-25, 35-36, 89, 593, 594, 596 — as abstraction — 25, 194-95, 503, 515-16, 533 — and dialectical thinking — 14, 22-25, 378, 503, 593, 594 — development of concepts — 132, 387, 499 Conquest (role in history)—170, 609-11 Consciousness 478 — development of — 320, 330-32, 455-56, 458, 460, 474 — idealist conception of — 26-27, 39-40, 78, 254, 342, 458, 605, 634 Consumption—150, 189-90, 259, 262-63, 269, 272-73, 294, 295, 611, 641 Content and form—36-38, 544-45, 579-82 Contradiction
— its objectivity — 110-13, 255, 606 — and opposition — 43, 46, 58, 113, 130, 254, 258, 261, 435-36, 606 — development and resolution of contradictions — 35-36, 48, 80, 111, 112, 121, 245, 248, 253-54, 261, 263, 264, 266, 282, 485, 609, 635-36, 641-42 Craft, craftsmen— 96-98, 136, 149, 152,
255-57, 259-60, 277, 319, 465 Crimean war, 1853-56—160 Cuba— 463
D
Danish war, 1864—386 Darwinism
— historical significance of — 63-70, 327, 331, 345, 475, 478, 501, 582, 599, 633 — and dialectics, dialectical understanding of nature — 11-14, 315-16, 327, 475, 478, 492, 493, 498-501, 507, 508, 533-34, 582, 633 — and scientific socialism — 353, 482, 485, 486 — and the problem of the origin of man — 452-54, 459, 478, 633 — drawbacks of Darwin's theory — 64. 65, 68, 69, 583, 584, 599 See also Heredity; Natural selection; Struggle for existence Death (its dialectical-materialist conception)—23, 112, 495, 572 Deism— 62, 67, 68 Democracy—19, 158-59, 267-68, 592, 602 Despotism, Asian (Oriental)—150, 167, 168, 611, 613 Development—11, 21-25, 159, 161, 339, 356-57, 593-94, 606-07
135-36, 140, 356-57, 361, 545-46, 595 — criticism of idealist conception of — 25, 320, 517 Dialectical materialism—8-14, 21-27, 128, 593-94, 606 Dialectics
— general characteristics — 21-28, 125, 338-44, 356-57, 492-94, 543, 593-94, 633 — definition of — 131, 315-16, 356, 545 — and logic — 26, 83, 84, 125-26, 338-39, 485-86, 491, 502-03, 520 — and natural science — 10-14, 22-27, 116-19, 248, 315-16, 321-28, 338-44, 354, 356-61, 364-65, 378, 388, 433-34, 459, 474-78, 485-86, 491, 493-94, 496-99, 500-01, 511, 520, 522-23, 527-29, 530-32, 537, 541, 544, 550, 551, 570-71, 588, 593-94, 633, 635 — its opposition to metaphysics — 21-27, 58, 111-13, 125-26, 127, 131-32, 315-16, 340-42, 356, 365, 433-34, 483, 486, 491, 493-94, 544, 545, 633-35 — laws of — 11, 12, 14, 24, 25, 110, 121, 125, 131, 161, 315-16, 354, 356-57, 545, 594 — objective and subjective — 486, 492 — spontaneous and conscious — 10-12, 21, 132, 343, 360-61, 593 — in nature — 11-14, 21-27, 110-12, 131, 132, 248, 322, 327-28, 334-35, 339, 340, 356, 357, 361, 433-34, 474-78, 484, 492, 527-29, 535, 545, 551, 552, 568-69, 572-73, 579, 588, 593-94, 606-07, 633 — in society — 11, 21-22, 24-27, 124, 128-32, 150, 158, 161, 248, 356, 361, 399, 486, 492-93, 545, 594, 606-07 — in thinking — 11, 14, 21-25, 83, 112, 113, 128, 130-32, 338-41, 354, 356, 361, 378, 388, 486, 491, 492, 502, 545, 551, 593-94, 606-07 — dialectical method — 8-9, 21-26, 114, 125, 338-39, 343, 493-94, 502-03, 593-94, 606 — Marxist — 8-13, 114, 120-25, 130, 343-44 — and scientific socialism — 120-25, 128 — opposition of materialist dialectics to idealist dialectics — 10-12, 24-26, 114, 125-26, 342-44, 486 — in history of pre-Marxian philosophy — 10, 21, 22, 23-24, 111, 322,' 327-28, 339, 340-42, 485, 502-03, 593-94 See also Hegel, Hegelianism— dialectics; Law of negation of the negation; Law of transformation of quantity into quality; Law of unity and struggle of opposites Dictatorship of the proletariat—267-68, 641-42 Distribution—136-40, 141-46, 148, 174, 186, 254, 262, 284, 294, 331, 617-19 Division of labour—117, 149, 166-69, 186, 215-16, 256, 268, 276-84, 298, 306, 319, 325, 619, 639
E
Economic crises—138-39, 151, 263-65, 269, 270, 271-74, 280-81, 301, 331, 464, 584, 641 Economic laws—135-36, 141, 144, 198, 259, 266, 270, 281, 297, 584, 613-14, 618 Economy and politics—96-99, 137, 140-42, 146-53, 160-61, 169-71, 180, 202, 246-47, 255, 611-14 Education
— in bourgeois society — 278 — under communism — 187, 249, 269, 278-82, 303-07 Egypt— 465, 619 Embryology— 69, 304, 326, 475, 477,
501-02 Energy—13, 357, 363, 364, 366-72, 388,
437-40, 450-51, 477, 563 England (Great Britain)—19, 101, 102, 165, 592 — economy — 123, 149, 160, 208, 213, 227, 245, 248-49, 273, 283, 610, 611 — classes — 152, 209, 248; see also Bourgeoisie—English; Working class—of England
See also Army—English; English philosophy; English revolution of 1640-60 English philosophy—15, 21-22, 341-42, 345, 593 English revolution of 1640-60—19, 145, 152, 592, 631 Enlightenment, French philosophers of the
18th century—16, 19-20, 139, 244-45, 247, 249, 484, 591-93, 632 Equality (social)—19-20, 95-99, 592, 602-04 Essence and appearance—81-82, 198-99,
485, 504-05, 525, 586-87 — Hegel's doctrine of essence — 43, 113, 485, 494, 519-21, 523 Ether— 324, 363, 398, 407-08, 523, 524,
548, 554, 563-64 Europe— 26, 96-97, 158, 163-64, 168,
461-63, 466, 471, 623 Evolutionary theory—11-14, 62-64, 327,
477-78, 486, 492, 493, 508, 585 See also Darwinism Exchange
— and production — 87, 135-42, 150, 254, 256, 259-60, 263, 266, 463, 606, 641-42 — and division of labour — 149, 169, 256, 639 — and emergence of money — 136, 293-94, 296 — under communism — 138, 245, 266 Experiment— 344, 355, 376, 402-03, 408, 410-11, 412, 415, 422-24, 437, 442, 451, 466, 503, 510, 574 Exploitation — 27, 143-44, 169, 194, 269, 272, 641 — of the labour power by capital— 123-24, 141-42, 143-44, 181, 262, 266, 272, 280-81, 639
F
Factory, factory system— 256, 261, 280-82,
306 Family and marriage—90, 167, 180, 187,
245, 249, 251, 257, 259, 262, 302-04, 307-09, 459, 638 Feudalism— 96, 255, 259, 613, 640-41
— feudal, medieval mode of production — 115, 123, 164, 191, 255-59, 640-41 — classes, class struggle — 19, 98-99, 136, 151-52, 155, 316, 473-74, 592 — emergence of capitalist relations, of the classes of bourgeois society — 19, 96-99, 139-40, 151-53, 155, 191, 193, 244, 255-60, 318, 474, 592, 602-03, 610, 640-41 See also State, the—feudal Force— 55-60, 371, 372, 374, 558-59, 561 — criticism of the concept of force— 12, 13, 317, 325-26, 334, 363-68, 369-77, 404, 407, 437-40, 450-51, 477, 526, 558-61, 562, 567 Force (coercion)
— its role in history — 92, 137, 146-55, 161, 169-71, 200-01, 609-15 — and economic development — 141-42, 146-55, 159-61, 168, 169-71, 188-89, 200-01, 242, 609-15 — criticism of Dühring's idealist theory of force — 91, 141-42, 146-54, 159-62, 165, 169-71, 200-01, 242, 609-15 France—102, 471, 493, 626
— economy — 241, 245, 636-37 — classes — 245-46, 636-38; see also Bourgeoisie—French; Working class—of France See also Army—French Franco-Prussian war, 18 70- 71 —154, 157-58, 628-29 Freedom—105, 106, 194, 269-70, 461, 605, 642 — and necessity — 99, 105-06, 270, 461, 586, 605 — of science — 6-7, 315-16, 320, 337 — real freedom under communism — 106, 120-22, 139, 269-70, 280, 302, 642 French philosophy—16-21, 25, 27, 244-45, 319, 323, 476, 478, 482, 490, 499-501, 529, 532-33, 591-93, 634 See also Enlightenment, French philosophers of the 18th century French Revolution (18th cent.)—19, 95, 98-99, 101, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158-60, 170, 177, 244-46, 248, 603, 610, 626, 627, 630-31, 636-37
G
Geographical discoveries—96-97, 260, 462, 466, 472 Geographical environment—456-57, 458-61, 510-11, 583 Geography— 321, 324, 326, 475 Geology— 82, 475, 496, 530
— its place in system (classification) of sciences — 475 — and dialectics — 82, 84, 126, 131, 324-25, 328, 475-77, 496 — history of — 321, 324-25, 328, 466, 475-77 Geometry—127'-28, 320, 321, 400, 430,
468, 469, 497, 509, 540-42, 543, 546, 596, 598, 608 German philosophy — 6-7, 10, 21, 24-26,
125, 134, 336-37, 340-44, 475-77, 479-80, 482, 592-94 See also Hegel, Hegelianism; Kant, Kantianism; Neo-Kantianism German Social-Democracy—5, 7, 171, 337 Germans, the (ancient)—96, 150, 300,
301, 399, 471, 511, 610 Germany— 7, 92, 102, 163, 164, 171,
337, 482, 511, 595 — economy — 26, 63, 160, 165, 171, 209-10, 273, 296, 340, 610 See also Germans, the (ancient); Prussia; Working class—of Germany God, gods— 41, 301, 346, 480-81, 605 Gravitation—12, 71, 322, 374, 523, 541-52 Greco-Persian wars, 500-449 B.C.—148-49 Greek philosophy— 21-22, 82, 111, 128, 212, 215, 319, 322, 327, 339-42, 372, 467-69, 479, 485, 489, 502-03, 520, 558, 593, 606, 609, 630-31
H
Hegel, Hegelianism
— Hegel's system — 12, 24, 25, 343, 356, 517, 594, 595, 597, 633 — Hegel's method — 21, 24-25, 343, 593 — idealism — 12, 24-25, 34, 35, 40-41, 125-26, 133, 342-43, 356, 485, 487, 545, 566, 595, 634 — dialectics — 11-12, 21, 24-25, 43, 110, 113-22, 125-26, 129, 130, 132, 248, 315, 339-44, 356, 359-61, 434, 482-87, 502-04, 529, 532-33, 545, 593-95, 634 — logic — 34, 38, 42-43, 61-62, 116,
133, 356, 482-86, 494-95, 500-07, 520 — philosophy of nature — 11-12, 25,
34, 323, 342, 343, 372, 403, 404, 406, 488, 523, 524, 529-30, 549, 552, 558, 561, 566, 594 — philosophy of history — 24-25, 105, 517, 594-95, 634 — philosophy of state and law — 94, 299 — history of philosophy — 467-69, 532-33 — history of Hegel's philosophy— 340, 342 — place of Hegel's teaching in the history of philosophy — 21, 24-26, 323, 342, 343, 359-61, 502, 520, 545, 593, 595, 597, 633, 634 — and Marxism — 24-26, 114-24, 343, 344, 595, 634 Heredity — 6S-64, 66, 67, 492-93, 545, 578, 583, 600 Historical and logical, the—460, 503 Historical materialism, materialist conception of history—10, 25-28, 254, 597, 605, 634-35 History
— historical laws, objective character of historical development — 24, 25, 170 — historical development (historical process, course of history)—24, 87, 105-06, 107, 331, 401, 493, 544 — as human activity — 269-70, 330 — as struggle of classes — 26-27, 585, 634 See also Historical materialism, materialist conception of history; Idealism—idealist conception of history History (as science)—21, 26-27, 82, 147, 491 Holland— 177 Holy Alliance, the—8 Human activities
— and material conditions of life of society — 270, 476, 510-11
— material, productive, practical— 329-31, 461, 462, 510-11 — and consciousness — 255, 372, 510 Hungary—471 Hypothesis
— and thinking, cognition — 405-08, 422-24, 512, 520, 535 — and dialectics — 365, 368, 520, 535 — and proof, verification of — 53, 59, 422-24, 510, 535, 567
I
Idealism
— and reality — 25, 34, 342-43, 485, 594-95, 605 — and materialism, their opposition — 10-11, 25-27, 34, 35, 128, 458-59, 476, 478, 479, 520-21, 544-45, 597, 606, 613 — and religion — 128, 478, 606 — and natural science — 345, 354-55, 459, 478-79 — idealist conception of history — 26, 27, 147, 479, 597, 605, 634 — history of — 10-11, 24-27, 128, 342-43, 458, 476, 478-79, 594-95, 606, 634 Ideology (as idealist conception of reality)—35, 38, 40, 89-90, 459, 490, 597 India— 97, 137, 150, 163, 166-68, 294, 300, 611 Individual, the—
— origin and development of — 93, 106, 129, 139, 186, 247-50, 260-61, 270, 277-83, 307, 322-23, 329-31, 452-54, 478, 490, 492, 503, 510-11, 516, 584-85, 633 — and animal — 14, 63, 65-66, 79-80, 93, 106-07, 129, 166, 168, 180, 260-61, 270, 327-29, 399, 452-60, 476, 477, 492, 503, 511, 584-86, 588, 596-97, 613, 633 — activity of — 330-31, 372, 374, 452-64, 510-11 See also Nature—and the individual, society; Society—and the individual Individual, particular, and universal, the— 487-88, 504-08, 513-14 Induction and deduction—345, 486, 503,
506-09 Industrial revolution—248-49, 462 Industry— 96, 149, 152, 155, 160, 165,
168, 245, 260, 279, 282-84, 510 Infantry—155-56, 158, 623-29 Infinity
— as contradiction — 44, 47-48 — finite and infinite — 47-48, 56, 363, 514-17 — of the universe, space and time— 44-49, 56, 332, 334, 363, 515-17, 545-46 — and cognition — 36, 80-81, 112, 512-17, 588 Instruments of labour—330, 453, 457 Internal and external
— internal as essence and external as phenomenon — 24, 199, 485, 587 — their dialectical correlation — 112, 150-51, 198-99 — and cognition — 513, 560 — internal and external world of man — 25, 36, 37, 38, 106, 372, 374, 459, 460, 578, 596 Inventions—154, 399, 472, 623 Iran—148, 167, 300 Ireland—101, 163, 462, 611 Italy—164-65, 195, 318-19, 466, 617
J
Joint-stock companies— 264-66, 639, 642
K
Kant, Kantianism
— idealism — 521 — dialectics — 12, 24, 46-47, 53-54, 248, 323-24, 327, 342, 364, 366, 475, 484, 487 — agnosticism — 58, 316, 340, 519-21 — "thing-in-itself" (the main concept of Kant's philosophy)—58, 340, 520-21 — and natural science — 12, 24, 53-54, 248, 323-24, 326, 327, 342, 364, 366, 378-80, 392, 394, 395, 475, 594 Knowledge, cognition
— dialectical character of — 20-26, 79-86, 112, 593-94 — infinity of — 25, 36, 60, 79, 80,
112, 315-16, 337, 512-21, 594-95, 597 — relativity of — 35-36, 79-86, 107, 112, 292-95, 337, 373, 514, 519, 521, 597 — organs, instruments and means of — 60, 80, 503-04, 513, 515, 516, 519-20 — historical development of — 25, 35, 79-80, 84, 88, 112, 362, 461, 476-77, 504-06, 520, 594-95
L
Labour— 83, 297, 510, 616
— and nature — 330, 452, 455, 459-64, 476, 510-11 — its role in the development of man — 316, 330-32, 452-60, 476, 588 — development of — 121-23, 141, 150-51, 168, 169, 186, 187, 255-70, 277-80, 294-95, 306, 331-32, 455, 456, 611-12 — productivity of — 166, 168-70, 180, 280-81 Labour power
— as commodity — 27, 97-98, 186, 189-94, 295, 297, 615 — value (price) of — 115-16, 167, 187, 189-90, 203, 295, 297 — and means of production — 258, 264, 294 Labour time— 98, 169, 175, 178-79, 185,
190, 193, 262, 280, 292-93, 294-97 Landed property—128, 148, 150, 162-64,
173, 208, 243, 296, 463, 610-11 Language— 78, 305, 340, 454-56, 458,
471 Law— 26, 82, 89, 96, 140, 153, 169,
278, 458, 605, 614, 616, 634 — and morality — 78, 88, 89, 100, 104, 133, 138, 140, 142, 144 — Roman — 96, 104 — English — 102, 104, 163 — French — 100-01, 104, 163 — German — 163 — Prussian — 101-04, 133, 213, 284 Law(s)
— objective character of — 144, 198, 259-63, 281, 297, 373, 618, 641-42 — as a form of universality — 513-14 — as abstraction — 37, 130-31, 356, 503 — concreteness of — 503 — cognition, study of laws of nature, society and thinking — 11, 24, 70-71, 105-06, 132, 259, 266, 321, 326, 328, 330, 339, 344, 361, 372-73, 461, 497, 505, 514, 520, 545, 595 Law of conservation and transformation of energy — IS, 50, 315, 339, 363, 364, 370, 405-06, 411-12, 421-22, 424, 429, 430-31, 432-33, 439, 443, 450-51, 477, 499-500, 503-06, 518-19, 558, 562-63, 570 Law of negation of the negation—120-32, 315, 356, 472, 502, 606-08 Law of transformation of quantity into quality— 42-43, 61, 115-19, 122, 315, 356-61, 494, 513, 530, 531-32, 538, 564, 570-71 Law of unity and struggle of opposites— 23, 47, 54, 110-13, 315, 354, 356, 374, 433-34, 463-64, 492-502, 539, 606-07 Law of value— 97-98, 199, 297-98, 615 Life— 74-77, 578, 601-02
— as a form of motion of matter— 55, 61-62, 112, 332, 357-58, 362, 506, 511, 525-28, 599 — origin and development of — 61-62, 68, 70, 73-74, 112, 328-30, 334-35, 474-75, 477-80, 495, 525, 530, 573-85, 602 — and metabolism — 23-24, 74-77, 112, 495, 578-79, 601-02 — and death — 23-24, 112, 495, 572-73, 594 — other-worldly — 490, 574-77 Light— 62, 325, 332, 372-74, 398, 401,
405, 407, 477, 508, 510, 511, 528, 534, 548, 552-54, 556, 565-66 Linguistics—305, 497-98 Literature—319, 471 Logic
— as science of thinking — 26, 84, 338-39, 491, 520 — historical character of — 84, 338-39, 356, 503-04, 520 — and formal — 26, 125, 339, 491, 503-04, 520 See also Dialectics—and logic; Hegel, Hegel ian ism— logic
M
Machines (machinery)—145, 175, 255-56,
261-62, 278 Malthusianism— 63-64, 70, 583, 584 Manufacture — 97, 117, 152, 211, 248, 255-57, 260, 278, 319, 641 MarkeL-27, 180, 188-89, 215, 256, 258-60, 262-63, 272, 295 Marxism (general characteristics)—145,
168-69, 254-55, 271, 630, 634-35 — theoretical sources of — 12, 16, 26, 591, 630 — component parts of — 8-10, 26-28, 33, 135, 138-39, 244 — emergence and development of—
9, 26-28 — as theoretical basis for the proletarian movement — 255, 271, 634-35 — dissemination of its ideas — 9, 15, 145 See also Communism, scientific; Marxist philosophy; Marxist political economy Marxist philosophy
— essence of — 10, 14, 24-26, 35-36, 128, 131, 356, 491, 545, 593, 604 — its place in the history of philosophy — 8-15, 25-27, 128, 606 — and scientific communism — 26-27, 606 See also Dialectical materialism; Dialectics ; Historical materialism, materialist conception of history Marxist political economy—135-40, 211-15, 291-92, 616-18 — and materialist conception of history — 26-28 — and scientific communism — 26-28, 189, 190 Materialism
— materialist outlook — 128, 469-70, 479, 489 — and idealism, their opposition—
10, 25-27, 34, 35, 128, 459, 476-77, 479, 480, 521, 544-45, 597, 606, 612-13 — and natural science — 10-11, 25-26, 41, 128, 322, 340, 342-43, 346, 353-54, 459, 467-70, 476-82, 488, 499, 501, 521, 528, 533, 634 — and religion, atheism — 35, 319, 346, 476, 480, 606 — history of — 10, 25-27, 55, 128, 319, 323, 340, 341, 469-70, 476-80, 482, 606 See also Dialectical materialism; Historical materialism, materialist conception of history; Matter Mathematics— 33, 36-38, 315, 354, 468, 469, 495, 536, 544-50, 588, 597-98 — its place in system (classification) of sciences — 81, 315, 317, 475 — history of — 37-38, 81, 113, 125, 127-28, 319-21, 465, 466, 476, 485-87, 537, 545 — and dialectics — 11, 80-82, 111-13, 125-28, 131, 132, 315, 317, 484-86, 495, 536-50 Matter
— matter in general — 511-12, 515-16, 522-23, 533-34, 570-71 — conception, abstraction of matter and reality — 515-16, 522, 533 — forms of its existence — 334-35, 362, 515, 525, 570-71 — composition of — 522-24, 530-31, 533-34, 548-51, 564-65, 570-71 — uncreatability and indestructibility of — 56, 60, 332-35, 363, 514, 523, 531-32, 562-63 — and consciousness, thinking, spirit — 34-35, 128, 322, 334-35, 362, 461, 474-77, 479-80, 487-88, 502-03, 511-12, 515-16, 527, 544-45, 588-99 — cognition of — 511-12, 515-16, 527 See also Motion—and matter Mechanics— 82, 367-68, 374, 377, 517, 550 — as a science dealing with the motion of terrestrial and celestial bodies — 61, 358, 362, 397, 398, 528-30 — its place in system (classification) of sciences — 61, 81, 316, 317, 358, 362, 475, 476, 524-29, 534 — history of — 12, 37, 316, 319, 320, 362-63, 372, 465-66, 471-77, 485 Mechanism— 25, 316, 324, 476-77, 489,
499-501, 513, 527, 529-34 Metabolism — 23, 75-77, 112, 457, 493, 576, 601-02
Metaphysics
— metaphysical thinking — 15, 21-24, 53, 111-13, 131, 134, 340-41, 365, 434, 449-50, 493-95, 551, 593 — and natural science — 14, 22-24, 25, 27, 113, 316, 321-27, 340-42, 354, 365, 434, 485-86, 491-99, 513, 532, 543, 544, 551, 557, 593, 633, 635 See also Dialectics—its opposition to metaphysics Militarism—158, 160-62 Military science
— material base of — 154-61, 615, 623-29 — and production — 154-55, 167 — military art — 155-60, 615-16, 623-29 — military training — 159, 609-10 See also Army; Navy; War, wars Molecule
— as discrete part of matter — 55, 61-62, 358, 362-63, 373, 524, 527-29, 544, 546-49, 564-65, 570-71, 598-99 — and mass — 52, 55, 61, 281, 358, 362-63, 368, 371, 388, 395, 399-400, 529-30, 534, 541, 546-47, 563, 564, 569, 598 — motion of molecules — 13, 52, 59-60, 61-62, 81, 281, 315, 357, 358, 362-63, 368, 371, 386, 388, 395, 397-98, 407, 495, 523, 524, 527, 529-32, 534, 541, 548, 558, 563, 564, 569, 598 See also Atom—and molecule Monarchy—152, 155, 157, 316, 472, 588 Money— 66, 188, 216, 225-27, 263, 290
— origin and development of — 187, 293, 295-96, 616 — metallic — 136, 187, 288-90 — paper — 177, 220-21 — conversion of money into capital — 115-17, 120, 187-92 Monopoly—123, 143, 145, 151, 160, 176-77, 179, 193, 269, 639 Monotheism—128, 301, 604 Morality— 78, 86-88, 89, 99, 104, 134, 138, 140, 142, 144, 603-04 Motion
— as the mode of existence of matter — 55, 362, 525, 532-33, 598-99 — and matter — 25, 54-56, 60, 112, 133, 320-22, 326-28, 332-35, 342, 343, 357, 362-65, 371-72, 404-08, 468, 474, 475, 489, 490, 509, 511, 515-16, 522-34, 541, 542, 558, 559, 562-63, 567, 598-99 — universal character of — 21-25, 53, 55, 56, 327, 369, 459, 492, 518-19, 593-94 — eternity, uncreatability and indestructibility of — 13, 55, 60, 61, 315, 326-28, 332, 334-35, 363, 364, 366, 475, 516, 524-25, 532-33, 559, 562-63, 594 — laws of — 11, 13, 24, 25, 131, 161, 320, 321, 326, 328, 334-35, 356-57, 394-95, 474, 475, 499-500, 505, 545, 594 — basic forms of — 55, 61, 112, 317, 325-26, 332, 362-65, 476-77, 511, 526-32, 588, 599 — conversion of motion from one form into another — 13, 59, 325-26, 329, 332-34, 357, 359, 369-71, 384-85, 387-89, 395, 397, 398, 409, 410, 450, 451, 476-78, 501, 503, 509, 526-29, 558, 559, 568, 570, 587 — in nature — 21-25, 53, 55, 131, 320, 321, 327-28, 362, 395, 459-60, 474-76, 485, 492, 494, 500, 509-11, 545, 593, 594 — in society, history — 21-25, 131, 320, 474, 485, 493, 509-10, 545, 593-94 — in consciousness, thinking — 21-25, 131, 320, 474, 485, 492, 494, 504, 545, 593-94 — cognition of — 21-25, 112, 198-99, 342, 343, 362-63, 505, 509-11, 515-16, 527, 531, 550, 593-94, 632, 633
N
Napoleonic wars— 92, 119, 157, 200, 244, 247, 627 Nation— 87, 91, 96, 97, 305, 318, 458 Natural science—342, 527
— as history of nature — 25, 474, 633
— empirical — 11-14, 338, 341-42, 476, 515 — theoretical — 7, 10-14, 23-24, 332, 338-43, 357, 476 — and philosophy — 10-14, 21-27, 41, 50, 55, 116, 128, 248, 315-16, 318-28, 332, 338-46, 353-55, 363-65, 378, 388, 400, 403, 406, 459, 467-71, 473-89, 493-94, 496-99, 500-01, 507, 510-11, 520-21, 522-25, 527-29, 532, 544-45, 549, 592, 593-95, 633, 635 — and material production, industry — 321, 461, 465-66 — and political economy — 63, 116, 315-16 — and religion — 320, 322-23, 325, 473-75, 479-81 — history of — 12-14, 21-23, 25, 41, 50, 69, 128, 248, 318-28, 337-44, 362, 370, 372, 443, 450, 461, 465-81, 485, 500-01, 511, 523-25, 527, 529, 594, 633 — under communism — 107, 331 Natural selection— 63-66, 69, 70, 133,
345, 353, 533, 583, 599 Nature
— dialectical-materialist conception of — 11-14, 22-26, 131-32, 311, 321-28, 339-41, 356-57, 363, 434-35, 459, 478, 485, 492, 528, 545, 548, 569, 579, 588, 593-94, 633 — and the individual, society — 33-35, 64, 105-06, 117, 131, 153, 162-63, 166, 260, 266-67, 270, 300-01, 327, 330-31, 334, 356, 361, 372, 374, 399, 402, 452, 454, 458-61, 501-02, 510-11, 518, 547, 584-86, 596, 597, 598, 633, 642 — criticism of idealist and metaphysical conception of — 13, 22-23, 24-25, 27, 33-35, 38, 63, 66, 323-27, 341, 342, 356, 434, 461, 475, 487, 516-17, 594, 633, 634 Navy — 155, 158-61, 609 Necessity and chance—11, 24, 151, 268,
281, 316, 326, 331-32, 497-503, 582, 594-95 Neo-Kantianism— 340, 342, 373 New Zealand—164 Nobility—19, 98, 151-53, 155, 173, 200,
232, 246, 268, 318, 473, 592 Normans—472 O
Organism (biological)—14, 454, 494-95, 529, 560 — development of organisms — 23, 25-26, 63-70, 324-27, 477, 495, 496, 502, 516, 573-74, 576, 577-79, 582, 583, 594 — study of — 14, 22, 82, 325-27, 477, 563-64 Orient, the—164, 472, 609, 613
P
Palaeontology— 69, 321, 324-27, 466, 475-77, 501 Pantheism—62 Part and the whole— 21-23, 35-36, 38-39,
56, 324, 341, 449-50, 454, 494, 632 Party, proletarian—171, 609-10 Peasantry— 98, 149-50, 158-59, 164-65,
172-73, 255, 256, 258-60, 318, 475, 611, 617, 635 Peasant war in Germany, 1524-25—19-20, 99, 145-46, 318, 603, 631 Philosophy—14-15, 18, 24-27, 35-36, 82,
128, 254, 338, 491, 519, 597, 606, 634 — history of — 12, 14-15, 21-27, 111, 128, 318-27, 336-44, 473-74, 476-80, 482, 510, 519, 532, 565 See also Dialectics; English philosophy;
French philosophy; Greek philosophy; Idealism; Marxist philosophy; Materialism Philosophy of nature—6, 11-12, 15, 34,
318, 323, 327, 336, 342-43, 345, 353, 403, 474, 488, 549, 552 Physics—11-13, 81, 358, 363, 397-98, 403-05, 485-88, 491, 569 — its place in system (classification) of sciences — 61, 81, 315, 317, 358, 362, 475, 476, 526-31, 534-35 — history of — 12, 13, 56-57, 319-26, 339-40, 343-44, 400-01, 404, 465-66, 474-77, 508-09, 531, 532, 570 Physiocrats—15, 138-39, 229-38, 243-44 Physiology— 23, 108, 321, 326, 327, 465-66, 475, 477, 485, 495, 535, 561, 572, 586-87, 601 Plants— 73-74, 457, 492, 529, 583, 601
— emergence and development of— 63-69, 126, 131, 322, 324-26, 330, 457, 459, 495, 579-83, 633 — study of — 63, 322, 323-27, 475, 633 Poland— 466, 471 Political economy—135-36, 138-40, 179, 192, 211, 212, 220, 227, 293, 463 — and dialectics — 114, 343 — and natural science — 63, 116, 316, 391, 486, 586-87 — bourgeois — 26, 97, 139-41, 166-
67, 194, 211, 212, 218-19, 266-67, 301-02, 613 — classical bourgeois — 15, 139, 179, 194-95, 211-12, 463, 613 — vulgar bourgeois — 6-7, 179-80, 194, 211, 241-42, 337 See also Marxist political economy Politics
— political superstructure — 21-27, 82, 89, 91, 97-98, 148, 152-53, 155, 161, 170-71, 202, 247, 254, 461, 605, 610, 634 — withering away of the political superstructure under communism — 247, 268 See also Economy and politics; State, the Population—64, 165, 167 Production
— and nature — 330, 460-61 — and individual — 139, 186, 259, 267, 269-70, 278, 281, 330-31, 584-86 — and society — 26-27, 89-90, 139, 148, 255, 259, 267, 330-31, 462, 606, 634 — and property — 123, 124, 128, 149-51, 256, 257-58, 260-61, 266-68, 641 — and classes — 26-27, 87, 136-37, 143, 245-46, 255, 267-69, 463, 634, 641-42 — laws of — 135-36, 138, 139, 259-63, 641 — means of — 120-21, 143, 151, 180, 193-94, 255-58, 264, 266-70, 277, 279, 283, 294, 297, 301, 640-41 — and exchange, distribution, consumption — 87, 135-42, 148, 150, 157-59, 174, 186, 254, 256, 259-
60, 263, 266, 331, 463, 606, 640-42 — development of — 123-24, 128, 135-40, 148, 150-53, 154, 167, 186, 254-56, 261-64, 267-70, 277, 281, 296, 472, 609, 619, 641-42 See also Capitalist mode of production; Communism—production; Productive forces; Relations of production Productive forces—106, 146, 153, 159, 166, 169-70, 250, 254, 255, 269, 280, 283, 613 — under capitalism — 139, 146, 153, 245, 250, 255-56, 263-67, 269, 280, 584-85, 635, 641-42 — under communism — 106, 254, 264-66, 269, 280, 282, 283, 584-85, 641-42 Profit—177, 179-81, 194-201, 208-11, 225-26 Progress — 24, 36, 319, 514, 516, 517,
593 — historical, social — 12, 107, 129, 180, 268, 400, 492, 517 Property—120-21, 123, 124, 128, 143, 149-51, 193, 255, 257-58, 261, 264-70, 279-80, 283, 290, 294, 301, 642 — historical forms of — 19, 83, 87, 121, 124, 143, 149-51, 163, 243, 606; see also Communism— abolition of private property, social ownership of the means of production Protestantism^-86, 319-20, 474 Prussia— 38, 92, 102-04, 157-58, 200,
493, 628 See also Army—Prussian
Q
Quality and quantity—13, 37, 126-27, 332, 358-59, 485, 512-13, 531-32, 534, 537-38, 563, 570-71 See also Law of transformation of quantity into quality
R
Reality
— materialist conception of — 25, 34, 41-42, 255, 342-43, 483 — criticism of idealist conception
of — 25, 34, 35, 39-40, 89, 92, 149, 151, 342, 343, 485, 614-15 — and possibility — 81, 112, 269-70, 539 — cognition of — 198-99, 403, 515-16, 549, 596 Reason—16-21, 24, 36-37, 105, 244, 502-04, 511, 591-93, 594, 630-31 Reformation—19, 145, 318-20, 472, 474, 592, 631, 637 Relations of production—26, 141, 255, 611, 634 Religion—16, 26, 68, 86, 91, 166, 300-02, 304, 319, 320, 459, 474, 479, 480, 569, 591, 605, 634, 636 See also Buddhism; Christianity; Church; God, gods Renaissance (epoch)—318-20, 466, 474 Rent of land—177-78, 181, 195, 197-98, 207-13, 222-23, 234-35, 615 Revolution—171, 254, 267-68, 274, 462, 493, 637, 642 — bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic— 152-53, 158-59, 245-46, 636 — proletarian, socialist — 120, 122-24, 138-39, 145, 153, 180-81, 462, 585, 606, 610, 636, 642 See also English revolution of 1640-60;
French Revolution (18th cent.) Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe—158,
171, 342, 476, 493 Russia—168, 171, 177, 296, 607, 612, 613
S
Scandinavia—471 Scepticism— 347', 350, 424, 510, 521 Science
— its tasks — 513, 530 — and production — 123-24, 128, 168-69, 247, 269, 282, 306, 325, 458-59, 465-66, 637 — and social relations, social system — 82, 140, 167-68, 246-47 — and religion — 320, 322, 481-83, 499, 637 — history of — 22, 24, 35-38, 69, 107, 135-36, 137-39, 163, 168, 211-15, 220, 227, 238, 304, 316, 318-28, 338-39, 361, 362, 370, 403, 404, 408-09, 465-83, 485, 489, 519, 528-29, 531-33, 594 128-29, 169, 269, 282, 306, 331 See also Classification of sciences; Natural science Slavery— 98, 136, 143, 148-49, 168-70,
173, 258, 267, 603, 609-11 Slavs — m, 164, 294, 301, 471, 610, 617 Socialism (theories and trends)—16, 20,
26-27, 29, 271, 591-95, 630, 632, 634-35 — scientific — 20, 27, 189, 271, 284,
592, 606 — Utopian — 19-20, 26-27, 30-31, 137, 245-46, 253-54, 278-79, 303, 593, 595, 632, 634-35 Society
— conditions of its existence — 97, 138 — laws of — 131, 171, 270, 356, 361, 584 — and nature — 64, 117, 131, 153, 260, 266, 270, 300-01, 356, 361, 454, 584-86, 596, 642 — and production — 26, 138-39, 254-55, 259, 267, 268-69, 292, 293, 294, 296-97, 454-56, 461-64, 584-85, 606, 634 — and classes — 16, 87-88, 106, 137, 166-70, 173, 194, 249, 255, 267-69, 591 — and the state — 37, 83, 95-97, 137, 166-67, 168-70, 265-68, 613, 639-40 — and the individual — 82, 95-96, 267, 269-70, 279-80, 282-83, 295, 296-97, 300-02, 456-57, 459, 461-64 — emergence and development of— 82-83, 88, 107-08, 131, 169, 170, 180, 248-49, 255, 268, 291, 356, 361, 455-57, 459, 545, 603, 606, 638 — primitive — 82, 149-50, 166-69 — slave-owning — 148-49, 168, 609 — feudal — 16, 19, 96-98, 255, 259-60, 267, 591, 640-41 — bourgeois — 20, 97-99, 153, 179, 183, 190, 209, 215, 227, 244-45, 249, 255-56, 259, 264-66, 277, 291-93, 296, 301, 318, 463, 585, 592, 603, 635-36, 637-38 See also Communism (social formation)
327-28, 332-35, 342, 366, 371-77, 480, 496, 500, 523, 528, 546, 548-49, 552, 570-71, 594 Space and time
— as the basic forms of being — 48-49, 515-16 — and matter — 49, 332, 515-17, 524, 564-65 — and motion — 43, 48-52, 524 Spain—170, 319, 471 Spirit
— and matter, material — 36, 320, 335, 401, 474, 475, 477-78, 558, 598 — and nature — 461, 502, 517 — and religion — 319, 461, 473-74 — physical and intellectual in man— 36, 105-06, 269-70, 278-80, 460, 461 — cultural and intellectual development — 12, 24, 180, 269, 320, 460, 474, 477-78, 517, 594 Spiritualism— 40-41, 66, 91, 345-55, 606 State, the
— as superstructure — 161, 268-69 — and society — 19, 37, 82, 94-97, 137, 141-42, 167, 168-70, 265-68, 592, 613, 640 — and mode of production — 26, 202, 266, 267, 611, 634 — origin of — 137, 166-67, 458, 613 — slave-owning — 96, 168, 215, 268, 613 — feudal — 268, 613 — bourgeois — 265-68, 640, 641-42 — its withering away under communism — 247, 267-68, 641-42 See also Asia—the state in Asia; Democracy; Dictatorship of the proletariat; Monarchy Stock exchange—135, 265 Struggle for existence
— in organic nature — 63-65, 70, 133, 260, 269, 331, 486, 582-87, 609 — in class society — 260-61, 268, 269, 331, 486, 584-85, 587, 609 — criticism of social Darwinism— 315-16, 484, 486, 584-87 Substance—12, 489, 490, 515, 522, 527, 548, 559 Surplus-value
— as the basis and aim of capitalist production — 27, 115-16, 190-95, 465 — its production and distribution — 115-16, 188-89, 190, 191, 196-99, 203-05 — Marx's elaboration of the theory of surplus-value — 27, 176, 181, 188-91, 194, 202-03, 242, 287 System
— nature as a system — 25-26, 35-36, 53, 363, 476, 478, 512-13, 597
T
Technology and engineering—107, 128, 400, 467-68, 472, 623 Teleology— 62, 66-67, 322, 476, 489-90,
533, 599 Theory and practice—16, 19-20, 26, 37,
83, 87, 98-99, 208-09, 238, 246, 301-02, 306-07, 339, 463, 465-66, 518, 591, 630 — practice as a criterion of truth— 16-17, 510-11 Thirty Years' War, 1618-48 — 92, 171 Thought
— as a form of motion of matter— 362, 527, 598 — as a product of development of matter — 34-35, 335, 476, 478, 488, 585, 598 — and brain — 34, 335, 455-56, 478, 480, 488, 527, 606 — as reflection of reality — 22-23, 25, 36, 255, 459, 492, 593, 594, 606 — and being — 33-41, 128, 342, 492, 544, 549, 596 — and practice — 338-39, 456, 458-59, 504-11 — laws of — 11, 14, 24-26, 34-35, 37-38, 84, 131, 338-39, 356, 361, 505, 544-45, 595, 596, 606-07 — forms of — 21, 34, 338-39, 491, 504, 519, 595, 596 — contradictions of — 79-81, 112, 494, 514, 604-07 — criticism of idealist conception of — 25, 33-41, 344, 358, 361-62, 544-45, 595, 596 Town—152, 276, 277, 282-84
try and its abolition — 152, 276-80, 282-84, 613, 637-38 — in slave-owning society — 215-16, 610, 613 — in Middle Ages — 255, 260, 465, 472-74, 613 — under capitalism — 137, 249, 282, 283-84, 637-38 Trusts— 639-40, 642 Truth
— and cognition — 20, 25, 79-86, 592 — absolute and relative — 20, 25, 79-86, 592 — "eternal"—19, 78-88, 99, 107, 139, 254, 339, 341-42, 485, 594, 603-04, 631
U
United States of America, the—96, 98, 101, 102, 149, 156, 159, 164, 177, 609, 617, 625 Universe, the— 23, 41, 56, 362-66, 370-71, 468, 517, 525, 533, 562-63, 594
V
Value—116, 119, 174-87, 188-92, 218-19, 225-27, 292-97 See also Law of value; Surplus-value
W
Wage labour—123-24, 141, 149-51, 169-70, 257, 258, 264, 295, 611 Wages— 64, 115-16, 179-82, 185, 187, 202-03, 208-10, 257, 261-62, 297, 587 War, wars—159, 167, 260; see also American War of Independence, 1775-83; AustrwPrussian war, 1866; Crimean war, 1853-56; Danish War, 1864; Franco-Prussian war, 1870-71; Greco-Persian wars, 500-449 B.C.; Napoleonic wars; Thirty Years' War, 1618-48 Working class
— essence of — 191, 194, 642 — emergence and development of— 19-20, 26, 123, 137, 146, 153, 462, 474, 592-93, 595, 603 — world historic role of — 146, 261, 267, 270, 641-42 — and revolutionary theory — 8-9, 255, 270 — of England — 137 — of France — 98, 246, 637 — of Germany — 7, 337 See also Dictatorship of the proletariat; Revolution—proletarian, socialist
145, 251, 595 World market—177, 191, 260, 272, 290
Z
Zoology— 69, 207, 304, 319, 327, 345, 353-54, 465-66, 501