Name Index
A
Adams, John Couch (1819-1892)— British astronomer; in 1845, independently of Leverrier, he deduced, by calculation, the orbit of the then unknown planet Neptune and determined its position.—556
Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe (1807-1873)—Swiss naturalist, lived in the USA from 1846, opponent of Darwinism.—475, 480, 488
Aksakov, Alexander Nikolayevich (1832-1903)—Russian spiritualist, writer and translator.—352
Alexander II (1818-1881)—Russian Emperor (1855-81).—171
Allman, George James (1812-1898)— British biologist.—579
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (Asia Minor) (c. 500-428 B.C.)—Greek materialist philosopher.—630
Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-546 B. C.)—Greek philosopher.—468
Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 585-c. 525 B. C.)—Greek materialist philosopher.—468
Andrews, Thomas (1813-1885)—British chemist and physicist who studied the critical condition of matter.—598
Archimedes (c. 287-212 B. C.)—Greek
mathematician famous for his discoveries in mechanics.—465
Aristarchus of Samos (320-250 B. C.)—
Greek astronomer and mathematician, author of the hypothesis of the heliocentric structure of the solar system.—471
Aristotle (384-322 B. C.)—Greek philosopher.—21, 82, 215, 216, 339, 467-69, 485, 489, 519, 593, 609
Augustine (Sanctus Aurelius Augustinus) (354-430)—Christian theologian and philosopher.—499
Auwers, Arthur (1838-1915)—German astronomer who specialised in as-trometry.—555
B
Babeuf, François Noël (Gracchus) (1760-1797)—French revolutionary, advocate of Utopian egalitarian communism, organiser of the "Conspiracy of Equals".—19, 31, 603, 619, 631
Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans (1561-1626)—English philosopher, naturalist and historian.—22, 341, 342, 345, 557
Baer, Karl Ernst von (Karl Maximovich) (1792-1876)—Russian naturalist, of German origin; a founder of embryology, worked in Germany and Russia.—327, 475 Baudeau, Nicolas (1730-1792)—French abbot, economist, physiocrat.—231 Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882)—German philosopher, Young Hegelian.—423
Becker, Karl Ferdinand (1775-1849)— German linguist, physician and teacher, author of Organismus der Sprache and of school textbooks on German grammar.—305-06
Becquerel, Antoine César (1788-1878)— French physicist, known for his works on electricity.—440-41
Beetz, Wilhelm (1822-1886)—German physicist, author of several works on electricity.—441
Berthelot, Pierre Eugene Marcelin (1827-1907)—French chemist and statesman; researched into organic, thermal and agricultural chemistry and the history of chemistry.—436
Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1784-1846)— German astronomer.—553, 555
Bismarck-Schönhausen, Otto, Prince von (1815-1898)—statesman of Prussia and Germany, diplomat; Prussian representative in the Federal Diet in Frankfurt am Main (1851-59); am-bassador to St. Petersburg (1859-62) and Paris (1862); Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-71) and Chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90).—103, 265, 283, 302
Blanc, Louis (1811-1882)—French petty-bourgeois socialist, historian.— 30, 298, 593
Boguski, Jozefjerzy (1853-1933)—Polish physicist and chemist; in 1875 and 1876, as an assistant of Dmitry Mendeleyev, studied the elasticity of gases.—85 Boisguillebert, Pierre Le Pesant, Sieur de
(1646-1714)—French economist, pre-cursor of the physiocrats, founder of classical bourgeois political economy in France.—212, 220, 223
Boltzmann, Ludwig Eduard (1844-1906)—Austrian physicist, a founder of statistical physics and physical
kinetics, adherent of the electromagnetic theory of Faraday and Maxwell, author of works on the kinetic theory of gases and the statistical substantiation of thermodynamics.—408
Bopp, Franz (1791-1867)—German linguist, Sanskritologist, a founder of comparative historical linguistics, author of the first comparative grammar of Indo-European languages.— 305
Bossut, Charles (1730-1814)—French mathematician, author of several fundamental works on the theory and history of mathematics.—543, 607
Boyle, Robert (1627-1691)—English chemist and physicist, one of the founders of chemistry as a science; he was the first to define a chemical element, and tried to introduce the idea of mechanical atomistics into chemistry; he developed the method of qualitative chemical analysis and discovered the law of the reverse dependence of the volume of air on its pressure.—84, 85, 293, 466, 557-58
Bradley, James (1693-1762)—British astronomer, third director of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich (1742-1762); especially famous for his discovery of the aberration of light, and his demonstration of the nutation of the earth's axis.—552
Bruno, Giordano (1548-1600)—Italian thinker, materialist and atheist, developed Copernicus' teaching on the structure of the universe.—320, 474
Buch, Christian Leopold von (1774-1853)—German geologist, geographer and palaeontologist.—576
Büchner, Ludwig (1824-1899)—German physiologist and vulgar materialist philosopher.—340, 482, 486
Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert (1784-1849)—Marshal of France (from 1843); author of several works on military subjects; during the Peninsular war (1808-14) com-manded a unit of the French army.— 627
Butlerov, Alexander Mikhailovich (1828-1886)—Russian chemist, founder of the theory of the structure of organic compounds.—352
C
Calvin, John (real name—Jean Chauvin) (1509-1564)—Swiss theologian, Protestant reformer.— 320, 499
Camphausen, Ludolf (1803-1890)— German banker; a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie; Prussian Prime Minister (March-June 1848).— 100
Cantillon, Richard (1680-1734)—British economist, forerunner of the physiocrats.—227
Carey, Henry Charles (1793-1879)— American vulgar economist, protec-tionist; advocated harmony of class interests in capitalist society.—179, 208, 241, 614
Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881)—British writer, historian, philosopher, Tory; preached views bordering on feudal socialism up to 1848.—635
Carnot, Nicolas Léonhard Sadi (1796-1832)—-French physicist and engineer, a founder of thermodynamics and the author of Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et les machines propres à développer cette puissance (1824).—344, 400, 509
Carolingians—royal and imperial dynasty of the Franks; replaced the Merovingians in 751 and ruled France (till 987), Germany (till 911) and Italy (till 887).—498
Cassini, Giovanni (Jean) Domenico (1625-1712)—French astronomer of Italian descent, the first director of the Paris Observatory (from 1669). He organised and led numerous geodetic surveys of France.—488
Cassini, Jacques (1677-1756)—French astronomer and geodesist, the second director of the Paris Observatory; son of Giovanni Domenico Cassini.—488
Cassini de Thury, César François (1714-1784)—French astronomer and geodesist, the third director of the Paris Observatory; son of Jacques Cassini.—488
Cassini, Jacques Dominique, comte de (1748-1845)—French astronomer and geodesist, the fourth director of the Paris Observatory; son of César François Cassini de Thury.—488
Catelan, François (died after 1719)— French abbot and physicist, follower of Descartes.—382
Catherine II (1729-1796)—Empress of Russia (1762-96).—611
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547-1616) —Spanish novelist.—58, 298
Charles the Great (Charlemagne) (c. 742-814)—King of the Franks (768-800) and Holy Roman Emperor (800-814).—472
Child, Sir Josiah (1630-1699)—English economist, mercantilist; banker and merchant.—226
Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (106-43 B. C.)—Roman statesman, orator and philosopher.—467, 468
Clapeyron, Benoît Paul Emile (1799-1864)—French physicist and engineer, author of several works on thermodynamics.—400
Clausius, Rudolf (1822-1888)—German physicist, known for his works on the fundamentals of thermodynamics and on the kinetic theory of gases; the first to formulate the second law of thermodynamics (1850); introduced the concept of entropy (1865).—313, 386, 390, 391, 397, 398, 400, 497, 524, 551, 558, 562-64
Cobbett, William (1763-1835)—English radical politician and writer.—228 Cohn, Ferdinand Julius (1828-1898)— German botanist and micro-biologist.—575
Colding, Ludwig August (1815-1888)— Danish physicist and engineer, determined the mechanical equivalent of heat independently of Mayer and Joule.—370, 387, 477, 505
Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506)— Genoese-born navigator, discoverer of America.—462
Comte, Auguste (1798-1857)—French philosopher, founder of positivism.— 313, 529
Confucius (K'ung Fu-tse) (c. 551-479 B. C.)—Chinese philosopher.—242
Copernicus, Nicolaus (Mikolaj Kopernik) (1473-1543)—Polish astronomer, founder of the heliocentric theory.— 53, 320, 322, 474
Coulomb, Charles Augustin (1736-1806)—French physicist and engineer; discovered the law of electro-static and magnetic interaction.—566 Croll, James (1821-1890)—Scottish geologist.—579
Crookes, William (1832-1919)—British chemist and physicist, adherent of spiritualism.—350, 351, 353, 354
Cuvier, Georges Leopold Chrétien Frédéric
Dagobert, baron de (1769-1832)— French naturalist, author of works on comparative anatomy, palaeontology and the classification of animals.— 324, 466, 475
D
DAlembert, Jean Baptiste le Rond (1717-1783)—French philosopher and mathematician, Encyclopaedist and leading figure of the French Enlightenment.—379-81, 388
Dalton, John (1766-1844)—English chemist and physicist, set forth the atomic theory of chemical composition.—326, 339, 402, 403, 570
Daniell, John Frederic (1790-1845)— English physicist, chemist and meteorologist.—433, 441, 444, 447
Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882)— English naturalist, founder of the theory of natural selection of species.—30, 63-69, 75, 117, 133, 260, 327, 331, 345, 452, 454, 459, 475, 477, 501, 534, 576, 583, 584, 599, 633
Davies, Charles Maurice (1828-1910)— British clergyman, author of books on religion.—351
Davy, Sir Humphry (1778-1829)— English chemist and physicist.—489
Defoe, Daniel (c. 1660-1731)—English writer and publicist, author of Robinson Crusoe.—143-44, 147-48, 153-54, 614
Delvigne, Henri Gustave (1799-1876)— French army officer and military inventor.—627
Democritus (c. 460-c. 370 B. C.)—Greek philosopher, one of the founders of the atomistic theory.—339, 470, 471
Descartes, René (in Latin: Renatus Car-tesius) ( 1596-1650)—French philosopher, mathematician and scientist.— 21, 50, 56, 113, 321, 325, 339, 363, 370, 378, 379, 407, 525, 537,556, 558, 593
Dessaignes, Victor (1800-1885)—French chemist.—403, 404, 567
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784)—French philosopher of the Enlightenment, atheist, leader of the Encyclopaed-ists.—21
Diet, Christian Friedrich (1794-1876)— German philologist, author of the
Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen, founder of the comparative study of the Romance languages.—305
Diogenes Laertius (3rd cent.)—Greek historian of philosophy; compiled a large work on the ancient philosophers.—339, 340, 468-71
25-1216 Dbllinger, Ignaz von (1799-1890)— German theologian and church historian.—354
Draper, John William (1811-1882)— American chemist, physiologist and historian.—334, 511
Du Bois-Reymond, Emil Heinrich (1818-1896)—German physiologist, known for his works on animal electricity; adherent of mechanistic materialism and agnosticism.—314, 440
Dühring, Eugen Karl (1833-1921)— German eclectic philosopher and vulgar economist, petty-bourgeois socialist; his philosophical views were a mixture of idealism, vulgar materialism, positivism and metaphysics; also concerned himself with the problems of natural science and literature; from 1863 to 1877 was a lecturer at Berlin University.—5-309, 336, 337, 342, 545, 599-616
Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528)—German painter and engraver; expert in fortification.—319
E
Edlund, Eric (1819-1888)—Swedish physicist, professor at the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, worked mainly on the theory of electricity.—407
Enfantin, Barthélémy Prosper (1796-1864)—French Utopian socialist, disciple of Saint-Simon.—31
Engels, Frederick (1820-1895)—5-15, 85, 165-66, 261, 295, 298, 530, 544, 545
Enss, Abraham (19th cent.)—Prussian farmer; an adherent of the Eisenachers for three years; Diihringian.—298
Epicurus (c. 341-c. 270 B. C.)—Greek atomistic philosopher.—340, 470
Euclid (end of the 4th-beginning of the 3rd cent. B. C.)—Greek mathematician.—173, 318
F
Fabian, Heinrich Wilhelm—German Social-Democrat.— 11 Fabroni, Giovanni Valentino Mattia (1752-1822)—Italian scientist and politician.—568
Faraday, Michael (1791-1867)—English physicist and chemist, founder of the teachings on the electromagnetic field.—403, 404, 406-07, 431, 432, 489, 566-68
Favre, Pierre Antoine (1813-1880)— French chemist, pioneer in thermal chemistry.—407, 410, 412, 435
Fechner, Gustav Theodor (1801-1887)— German physicist, philosopher and psychologist, a founder of experimental psychology and psycho-physics.—405, 412, 440, 442
Février, François Louis Auguste (1777-1861)—French economist, government official, advocate of mercantilism.—241
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872)—German philosopher.—342, 476, 479
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814)— German philosopher.—30, 134, 519
Fick, Adolph Eugen (1829-1901)— German physiologist; his main research was into the thermodynamics of the muscles; demonstrated that the law of the conservation of energy is also valid for muscle contrac-tions.—565, 586
Flamsteed, John (1646-1719)—English astronomer, the first director of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, com-piler of a large stellar catalogue.— 552
Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837)—French Utopian socialist.— 20, 31, 137, 186, 245, 247-48, 252, 261, 263, 264, 279, 593, 612, 637-38
Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, baron de
( 1768-1830)—French mathematician ;
studied algebra and mathematical physics, author of Théorie analytique de la chaleur.—344, 487
Frederick II (the Great) (1712-1786)— King of Prussia (1740-86).—156, 300, 625, 626
Frederick William III (1770-1840)— King of Prussia (1797-1840).—480, 640
Frederick William IV (1795-1861) — King of Prussia (1840-61).—170, 200
G
Galen, Claudius (129-c. 201)—Roman physician, naturalist and philosopher; classic of ancient medicine; studied anatomy and physiology; the first to study the circulation of the blood; in philosophy a follower of Aristotle.— 82
Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642)—Italian physicist and astronomer;, elaborated the principles of mechanics.—378, 466, 474, 551
Gall, Franz Joseph (1758-1828)— Austrian physician and anatomist, founder of phrenology.—346-48
Gassiot, John Peter (1797-1877)— English physicist, known for his research into electricity.—414
Gauss, Karl Friedrich (1777-1855)— German mathematician, author of outstanding theoretical works in astronomy, geodesy and physics, a founder of non-Euclidean geometry.—47
Gerhardt, Charles Frédéric (1816-1856)— French chemist.—117
Gerland, Anthon Werner Ernst (1838-1910)—German physicist, author of several works on the history of physics.—400
Gibbon, Edward (1737-1794)—English historian, author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.— 228
Giffen, Robert (1837-1910)—English economist and statistician, specialist on finances, publisher of the Journal of the Statistical Society (1876-91); head of the statistical department at the Board of Trade (1876-97).—270
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet.—86, 88, 134, 254, 298, 304, 331, 506, 520, 613
Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826-1901)—Belgian electrotechnician; worked in France; in 1869 invented a magnetic-electric machine with a ring armature.—409
Gribeauval, Jean Baptiste Vaquette de (1715-1789)—French general, in-spector of the French artillery from 1764 to 1789 (with an interval).— 157, 625
Grimm, Jacob (1785-1863)—German philologist, author of a historical grammar of the German language and of folklore adaptations; professor in Göttingen and then in Berlin.—305, 498
Grove, William Robert, Sir (1811-1896)—English physicist and jurist.— 325, 414, 435, 444, 475, 512, 525, 527
Guido d'Arezzo (Guido of Arezzo) (c. 990-c. 1050)—Italian musician, Benedictine monk.—473
Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874)—French historian and statesman.—147
Guthrie, Frederick (1833-1886)—English physicist and chemist.—568-69
H
Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich (1834-1919)— German biologist, follower of Darwin; adherent of materialism in natural science, atheist; he formulated the biogenetic law of the relationship between phylogenesis and ontogenesis, an ideologist of "social Darwinism".—12, 66, 67, 129, 314,
25* 488-89, 506-08, 530-31, 532-33, 534, 549, 579-83, 600
Hall, Spencer Timothy (1812-1885)— English spiritualist and phrenologist. —346
Haller, Albrecht von (1708-1777)—Swiss physiologist, anatomist, botanist and poet.—520
Halley, Edmund (1656-1742)—English astronomer and geophysicist, second director of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, known for his studies of comets.—552
Hankel, Wilhelm Gottlieb (1814-1899)— German physicist, specialist on electricity.—407
Haussen, Georg (1809-1894)—German economist.—150
Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard von (1842-1906)—German idealist philosopher and writer.—340 Harvey, William (1578-1657)—English physician, one of the founders of scientific physiology; discovered the circulation of the blood.—223, 466
Hauer, Franz, Ritter von (1822-1899)— Austrian geologist and palaeontologist.—576
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831 )—German philosopher.—11-12, 16, 21, 24-25, 30, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42-43, 44, 49, 55,61-62,69, 74,94, 105, 110, 113-17, 119-22, 124, 129, 130, 132, 133-34, 174, 205, 243, 248, 299, 313, 323, 339, 342-44, 356, 357, 359-61, 372, 403, 405, 406, 434, 467-69, 482-90, 494-95, 500-08, 511, 516, 517, 518-24, 529, 532-34, 537, 538, 540, 545, 549, 552, 558, 561, 566, 572, 582, 585, 591, 593, 594-95, 597, 607, 630-31, 633, 634
Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—German revolutionary poet.—163, 341, 357, 502
Heinrich LXXII (1797-1853)—ruler of the tiny German principality of Reuss-Lobenstein-Ebersdorf (1822-48).—164
Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821-1894)—German physicist and physiologist.—12, 314, 317, 363, 364, 366-79, 386, 389-90, 405, 438, 519, 558, 562, 574, 578
Henrici, Friedrich Christoph (1795-1885)—German physicist.—440
Heraclitus (c. 540-c. 480 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.—21, 468
Hero (Heron) of Alexandria (c. 1st cent.)—Greek mathematician, me-chanic, and inventor.—399
Herschel, Sir John Frederick William (1792-1871)—English astronomer, son of William Herschel.—554
Herschel, Sir William (1738-1822)— English astronomer.—324, 553-55
Heyse, Johann Christian August (1764-1829)—German linguist and teacher, author of a dictionary of foreign words and of grammatical textbooks of the German language for schools.—305
Hipparchus of Nicaea (c. 190-125 B.C.) —Greek astronomer; discovered precession and compiled a large stellar catalogue.—552
Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679)—English philosopher.—584
Hof mann, August Wilhelm von (1818-1892)—German chemist; in 1845 obtained aniline from coal tar.—488
Hohenzollerns—dynasty of Brandenburg electors (1415-1701), Prussian kings (1701-1918) and German emperors (1871-1918).—488
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65-8 B.C.)—Roman poet.—232
Huggins, Sir William (1824-1910)— English astronomer, one of the first to apply spectrum analysis and photography in astronomy; in 1864, he furnished conclusive proof of the existence of gaseous nebulae.—555
Humboldt, Alexander, Baron von (1769-1859)—German naturalist, traveller and statesman.—475 Hume, David (1711-1776)—Scottish philosopher, historian and economist.—15, 115, 223-29, 241, 313, 560
Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895)— English naturalist and biologist, a friend and follower of Charles Darwin, an active populariser of his theory.—73, 355
Huygens (or Huyghens), Christian (1629-1695)—Dutch physicist, astronomer and mathematician; author of the wave theory of light.—378
I
Iamblichus (Jamblichus) (c. 250-c. 330)— Greek philosopher, the chief representative of Syrian Neoplatonism.— 348
J
Jahns, Max (1837-1900)—Prussian army officer, military writer; served on the General Staff and taught the history of military art at a military academy.—159, 615
Joule, James Prescott (1818-1889)— English physicist, experimentally substantiated the law of conservation of energy.—325, 370, 387, 407, 412, 441, 479, 505
Juvenalis, Decimus Junius (b. in the 60s-d. after 127)—Roman satirical poet.— 138, 441
K
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)—German philosopher.—12, 24, 30, 46-47, 53-54, 58, 61, 229, 248, 314, 323, 324, 326, 327, 340, 342, 364, 366, 378-79, 392, 394-95, 475, 486, 489, 506, 519, 521, 556, 594
Kaufmann, Konstantin Petrovich (1818-1882)—Russian general and statesman; from 1867, commander of the Turkestan military district and gover-
nor-general of Turkestan Province.— 94
Kekulé von Stradonitz, Friedrich August (1829-1896)—German chemist; developed organic and theoretical chemistry.—339, 451, 530, 534
Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)—German astronomer.—12, 321, 474
Ketteier, Wilhelm Emmanuel, Baron von (1811-1877)—German ecclesiastic, Roman Catholic bishop of Mainz (from 1850).—354
Kinnersley, Ebenezer (1711-1778)— American experimental physicist.— 567
Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert (1824-1887)— German materialist scientist, physicist; studied electrodynamics and mechanics; in 1859, in collaboration with Robert Bunsen (1811-1899), laid the foundations for spectral analysis.—12, 383, 388, 390
Klipstein, Philipp Engel (1747-1808)— German geologist and palaeontologist.—576
Kohlrausch, Friedrich Wilhelm Georg (1840-1910)—German physicist known for his works on electrical and magnetic measurements, electrolysis and thermoelectricity; son of Rudolf Hermann Arndt Kohlrausch.—422, 423, 442, 451
Kohlrausch, Rudolf Hermann Arndt (1809-1858)—German physicist; studied galvanic current.—443
Kopp, Hermann (1817-1892)—German chemist and historian of chemistry.— 570
L
Lafargue, Paul (1842-1911)— prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement, zealous propagandist of Marxism, member of the General Council of the First International, a founder of the Workers' Party of France (1879); follower and associate of Marx and Engels.—10
Lalande, Joseph Jérôme Lefrançais de (1732-1807)—French astronomer.— 552
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de
Monet, chevalier de (1744-1829)— French naturalist, founder of the first complete evolutionary theory in biology, forerunner of Darwin.—30, 63, 69, 70, 327, 475, 490, 576
Langethal, Christian Eduard (1806-1878)—German botanist and historian of agriculture.—617
Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de (1749-1827)—French astronomer, mathematician and physicist; independ-endy of Kant, he advanced and mathematically substantiated the hypothesis that the solar system had been formed from a gaseous nebula.— 24, 323, 324, 328, 342, 366, 475, 480, 486, 522, 552, 594
Lasker, Eduard (1829-1884)—German bourgeois politician, deputy to the Reichstag, member of the Party of Progress up to 1866, then a founder and leader of the National-Liberal Party.—607
Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864)— German writer and lawyer; participated in the democratic movement in the Rhine Province (1848-49); founder of the General Association of German Workers (1863), an initiator of the opportunist trend within the German Social-Democratic movement.—31, 100-01, 117
Laurent, Auguste (1807-1853)—French chemist.—117
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743-1794)—French chemist.—220, 326, 344, 570
Lavrov, Pyotr Lavrovich (1823-1900)— Russian philosopher, sociologist, journalist, an ideologist of Naro-dism.—561, 565
Law, John (1671-1729)—Scottish
economist and financier, Director-General of Finance in France (1719-20).—220, 221, 223
Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Paul Emile (1838-1912)—French chemist; in 1875 discovered gallium, an element predicted by Mendeleyev.—361
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716)—German philosopher and mathematician.—30, 125, 321, 378-82, 387, 399-400, 486, 537
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)—Italian painter, sculptor, scientist, architect and engineer.—319
Le Roux, François (1832-1907)—French physicist.—414
Leroux, Pierre (1797-1871)—French writer, Utopian socialist.—593
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781)— German writer, critic, philosopher of the Enlightenment.—482
Leucippus (5th century B.C.)—Greek philosopher, father of the atomistic theory.—339, 470
Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph (1811-1877)—French astronomer and mathematician; in 1846, independently of John Couch Adams, com-puted the orbit of the then unknown planet Neptune and determined its position.—361
Liebig, Justus (1803-1873)—German scientist, agrochemist.—11, 574-77
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900)— prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, took part in the 1848-49 revolution, member of the Communist League and the First International, one of the founders and leaders of the German Social-Democratic Party; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—336
Linné, Carl von (1707-1778)—Swedish botanist, devised a system for the classification of plants and animals.— 25, 321, 322, 528 List, Friedrich (1789-1846)—German economist, advocated protection-ism.—216, 241
Locke, John (1632-1704)—English philosopher.—15, 22, 220-23, 226, 227, 341
Loschmidt, Joseph (1821-1895)— Austrian physicist and chemist.—313, 563
Lubbock, Sir John (1834-1913)—English ethnologist, archaeologist and biologist, politician and financier.—519
Luther, Martin (1483-1546)—German theologian and writer, leader of the Reformation; founder of Protestantism (Lutheranism) in Germany.— 319, 320, 474
Lyell, Sir Charles (1797-1875)—British chemist and geologist.—325, 475
M
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de (1709-1785)— French writer and historian, advocate of Utopian egalitarian communism.— 19, 591
Machiavelli, Niccold (1469-1527)— Italian politician, historian and writer.—319
Macleod, Henry Dunning (1821-1902)— Scottish economist.—242
Mädler, Johann Heinrich von (1794-1874)—German astronomer.—323, 328, 333, 471, 552-55
Malpighi, Marcello (1628-1694)—Italian biologist and physician; in 1661 discovered capillary blood circulation.— 82
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)— English clergyman and economist, author of a theory of population.— 63, 64, 583, 584
Manteuffel, Otto Theodor (1805-1882)— Prussian statesman; Minister of the Interior (1848-50), Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1850-58).—38, 493
Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund (1709-1782)—German chemist.—488
Marx, Karl (1818-1883)—8-13, 15, 27, 31, 43, 97, 99, 100, 113-24, 130, 139, 143, 150, 151, 165-66, 171, 176, 178, 181-86, 187-95, 196-200, 203-04, 211-15, 223-25, 242-43, 255-56, 261-62, 274, 275, 278, 280-81, 287, 288, 295, 303, 306-07, 343, 593, 603, 610, 614, 615
Maskelyne, Nevil (1732-1811)—English astronomer, fifth director of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich (from 1765).—552
Massie, Joseph (d. 1784)—British economist.—224, 226
Maurer, Georg Ludwig (1790-1872)— German historian, studied the social system of ancient and medieval Germany.— 163
Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879)— British physicist, author of the classical theory of electrodynamics and a founder of statistical mechanics.— 389, 390, 400, 407, 408, 466, 565
Mayer, Julius Robert von (1814-1878)— German naturalist, one of the dis-coverers of the law of the conservation of energy.—57, 325, 370, 477, 505, 556, 558
Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich (1834-1907)—Russian chemist; in 1869, discovered the periodic law.—85, 361
Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Lothar, Prince von (1773-1859)—Austrian statesman and diplomat; Minister of Foreign Affairs (1809-21) and Chancellor (1821-48), one of the organis-ers of the Holy Alliance.—265
Meyer, Julius Lothar (1830-1895)— German chemist; studied problems of non-organic, organic and physical chemistry.—451, 531
Michelet, Karl Ludwig (Charles Louis) (1801-1893)—German Hegelian philosopher, professor at Berlin University.—34 Mignet, François Auguste Marie (1796-1884)—French historian.—147
Minié, Claude Etienne (1804-1879)— French army officer; inventor of a new type of rifle used in the French army from 1852.—627
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Victor Riqueti,
comte de (1749-1791)—prominent figure in the French Revolution, was in favour of a constitutional monarchy.—241
Moleschott, Jakob (1822-1893)—Dutch physiologist and philosopher; taught in Germany, Switzerland and Italy.— 482
Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin) (1622-1673)—French playwright.—132, 206, 361
Montalembert, Marc René, marquis de
(1714-1800)—French general, military engineer, fortification specialist. —319
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondât,
baron de la Bride (1689-1755)— French philosopher, sociologist, En-lightener.—224
More, Sir Thomas (1478-1535)—English statesman, Lord Chancellor (1529-32), humanist writer, one of the earliest Utopian communists, author of Utopia.—592, 611
Morelly (c. 1715-d. after 1755)—French advocate of Utopian egalitarian communism.—19, 591
Morgan, Lewis Henry (1818-1881)— American ethnographer, archaeologist and historian of primitive society.—10
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791)—Austrian composer.—308, 353
Mun, Thomas (1571-1641)—English merchant and economist, mercantilist; a Director of the East India Company from 1615.—217
Münster, Georg (1776-1844)—German palaeontologist.—576
Münzer, Thomas (c. 1490-1525)—leader of the urban plebeians and poor peasants during the Reformation and the Peasant War in Germany; advocated Utopian egalitarian communism.—19, 145, 592, 631
Murray, Lindley (1745-1826)—Anglo-American grammarian.—349
N
Nägeli, Karl Wilhelm von (1817-1891)— Swiss botanist; from 1857 worked in Munich, developed citology, physiology and the systématisation of plants.—314, 337, 512-16
Napier, John (1550-1617)—Scottish mathematician, inventor of logarithms.—321
Napoleon I (Bonaparte) (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—83, 101, 119, 157, 244, 250, 265, 609, 627, 636
Naumann, Alexander (1837-1922)— German chemist.—390, 414, 442
Neumann, Carl Gottfried (1832-1925)— German mathematician and physicist.—405
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)—English physicist, astronomer and mathematician.—12, 24, 25, 31, 321-23, 345, 365, 474, 480, 486, 488, 491, 529, 537, 551, 552, 557, 566, 594
Nicholson, Henry Alleyne (1844-1899)— English biologist, known for his studies in zoology and palaeontology.—580, 581, 586, 601
Nicolai, Christoph Friedrich (1733-1811)—German writer, publisher and bookseller, advocate of "enlightened absolutism".—482
North, Dudley (1641-1691)—English economist, one of the first representatives of classical bourgeois political economy.—15, 220-23 o
Ohm, Georg Simon (1787-1854)— German physicist; in 1826, discovered the basic law of the electric circuit, which defines the relationship between the resistance, electromotive and current force.—412
Oken, Lorenz (1779-1851)—German naturalist and natural philosopher.— 12, 327, 486, 488
Others, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias (1758-1840)—German astronomer.—554
Orbigny, Aleide Dessalines d' (1802-1857)—French palaeontologist and traveller.—576
Owen, Sir Richard (1804-1892)— English zoologist, anatomist and palaeontologist; advanced the idealist concept of an "archetype" as the structural plan of vertebrates; in 1863, described the archaeopteryx of the Jurassic period.—487
Owen, Robert (1771-1858)—English Utopian socialist.—20, 31, 137, 186, 245, 249-53, 278, 279, 288, 290-91, 306, 592, 593, 638
P
Paganini, Niccolo (1782-1840)—Italian violinist and composer.—454
Papin, Denis (1647-1712, according to some sources, 1714)—French physicist, an inventor of the steam-engine.—400
Pasteur, Louis (1822-1895)—French microbiologist and chemist, founder of modern microbiology and im-munology.—574
Petty, Joseph Anton Maximilian (1804-1884)—German naturalist.—575
Peter I (the Great) (1672-1725)—Russian Tsar (1682-1721), Emperor of Russia (1721-25).—611
Petty, Sir William (1623-1687)—English economist and statistician, founder of
classical bourgeois political economy in England.—15, 214, 217-23, 226, 227, 228
Phidias (c. 500-c. 430 B.C.)—Greek sculptor.—308
Plato (c. 427-347 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.—207, 215
Pliny (Gaius Plinius Secundus) (A.D. 23-79)—Roman naturalist, author of the 37-volume Historia naturalis.— 164, 489
Plutarch (c. 46-c. 125)—Greek moralist writer and philosopher.—468
Poggendorff, Johann Christian (1796-1877)—German physicist, known for his studies of electricity and magnetism; founded and published the journal Annalen der Physik und Chemie.— 433, 446, 447
Polo, Marco (1254-1324)—Venetian traveller; made a trip to China and lived there from 1275 to 1292.— 472
Prévost, d'Exilés, Antoine François (1697-1763)—French novelist.—481
Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804)—English chemist and materialist philosopher, public figure.—344, 514
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)— French journalist, economist and sociologist, ideologist of the petty bourgeoisie, one of the founders of anarchism.—173, 242, 251, 297, 298, 593
Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus) (2nd cent.)—Greek mathematician, astronomer and geographer.—320
Pythagoras (c. 571-497 B.C.)—Greek mathematician and philosopher.— 468-70, 534, 598
Q
Quenstedt, Friedrich August (1809-1889)—German mineralogist, geologist and palaeontologist, professor at Tübingen University.—576 Quesnay, François (1694-1774)—French economist, founder of the school of physiocrats, a physician by profession.—15, 229-38, 252
R
Raff, Georg Christian (1748-1788) — German teacher, author of books on the natural sciences for young people.— 304
Raoult, François Marie (1830-1901)— French chemist, author of several works on physical chemistry.—407, 412, 441
Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520)—Italian painter.—454
Regnault, Henri Victor (1810-1878)— French physicist and chemist; studied the properties of gases and va-pours.—84-85
Renault, Bernard (1836-1904)—French palaeontologist; also researched into electrochemistry.—432
Reuleaux, Franz (1829-1905)—German scientist; in 1876, was the representative of the German Government at the Sixth Industrial Fair in Philadelphia.—7
Reynard, François (1805-after 1870)— French engineer, author of a number of works on physics; advanced a theory close to Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic field.—407
Ricardo, David (1772-1823)—English economist.—64, 90, 178, 179, 182, 197, 208, 212, 241
Ritter, Johann Wilhelm (1776-1810)— German physicist, studied electrical phenomena.—411
Rochow, Friedrich Eberhard von (1734-1805)—German teacher, author of moralising books for young people.— 172
Rochow, Gustav Adolf (1792-1847)— Prussian Minister of the Interior (1834-42).—299
Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Johann Karl (1805-1875)—German economist; in 1848 leader of the Left Centre in the Prussian National Assembly; subsequently theoretician of "state socialism".—204, 273
Romanov, Mikhail Fyodorovich (1596-1645)—Russian Tsar (1613-45).— 611
Röscher, Wilhelm Georg Friedrich (1817-1894) — German vulgar economist, professor at Leipzig University, founder of the so-called historical school in political economy.—215
Roscoe, Sir Henry Enfield (1833-1915)— English chemist, author of a number of chemistry manuals.—361, 601
Rosenkranz, Johann Karl Friedrich (1805-1879)—German Hegelian philosopher and literary historian.—488
Rosse, William Parsons, Earl of (1800-1867)—Irish astronomer, in 1845 made a huge telescope with which he established the spiral structure of many extragalactical nebulae.—554, 555
Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778)— French philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment.—19, 21, 90, 91, 95, 129, 130, 133, 141, 244, 299, 592, 603, 607
Ruhmkorff, Heinrich Daniel (1803-1877)—mechanic, native of Germany, worked in France; in 1851 devised an induction coil.—569
S
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825)—French Utopian socialist.—20, 25, 31, 137, 186, 245-47, 252, 315, 323, 529, 592, 593, 636-37
Sargant, William Lucas (1809-1889)— English teacher and economist, biog-rapher of Owen.—252, 253, 291
Savery, Thomas (1650-1715)—English engineer, an inventor of the steam-engine.—400 Say, Jean Baptiste (1767-1832)—French economist.—141
Schilling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (1775-1854)—German philosopher.— 30, 44, 48, 134
Schiller, Friedrich von (1759-1805)— German poet, historian and philosopher.—5, 143, 447
Schleiden, Matthias Jakob (1804-1881)— German botanist, a theorist of the cell structure of organisms.—477
Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph (1776-1861)—German historian.—228
Schmidt, Eduard Oskar (1823-1886) — German zoologist, Darwinist.—314
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860)— German idealist philosopher.— 340
Schorlemmer, Carl (1834-1892)— German organic chemist, professor in Manchester, member of the Royal Society; member of the German Social-Democratic Party, friend of Marx and Engels.—361, 486
Schwann, Theodor (1810-1882)—German biologist, author of the cellular theory.—477
Schweninger, Ernst (1850-1924)— German physician, from 1881 Bismarck's personal doctor, in 1884 was appointed professor of dermatology at Berlin University.—10
Secchi, Pietro Angelo (1818-1878)— Italian astronomer, director of the Rome Observatory; studied the spec-tra of the sun, stars and planets, a Jesuit.—328, 332, 333, 480, 553-55, 565, 605
Serra, Antonio (16th-17th cent.)— Italian economist, one of the first representatives of mercantilism.—217
Servetus, Michael (1509 or 1511-1553)— Spanish scientist of the Renaissance, physician; put forward the supposition that the pulmonary circle of blood circulation exists.—320, 474
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)— English dramatist and poet.—147
Siemens, Ernst Werner von (1816-1892)—German electrician and businessman; devised a magneto-electric machine with a cylindrical rotor (1856) and dynamo-electric machine (1866).—409
Silbermann, Johann Theobald (1806-1865)—French physicist; researched into thermal chemistry, collaborated with Favre.—435
Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard Simonde
de (1773-1842)—Swiss economist, representative of economic romanti-cism.—212, 273
Smee, Alfred (1818-1877)—English surgeon and physicist, designed a galvanic cell consisting of zinc, silver and sulphuric acid.—410
Smith, Adam (1723-1790)—Scottish economist.—90, 139, 179, 206, 207, 209, 210, 215, 219, 226, 227, 229, 241, 614
Smith, George (1840-1876)—British archaeologist, known for his excava-tions on the territory of ancient Assyria.—68
Snell (Snellius) van Royen, Willebrord (1580 or 1591-1626)—Dutch mathematician and astronomer; discovered the law of light refraction.—556
Solon (c. 638-c. 558 B.C.)—Athenian politician and legislator.—486
Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903)—English
positivist philosopher and sociologist.—536
Spinoza, Baruch (or Benedict) de (1632-1677)—Dutch philosopher.— 21, 102, 131, 323, 481, 482, 511, 593
Starcke, Carl Nikolaus (1858-1926) — Danish philosopher and sociologist.— 479-80
Steuart, James (1712-1780)—British economist, one of the last representatives of mercantilism.—241
Stirner, Max (pseudonym of Johann Caspar Schmidt) (1806-1856) — German philosopher, Young Hegelian, one of the ideologists of individualism and anarchism.—92, 212
Strauss, David Friedrich (1808-1874)— German Young Hegelian philosopher and writer.—423
Struve, Gustav (1805-1870)—German journalist, democrat; a leader of the Baden republican uprisings of 1848 and the German petty-bourgeois emigrants in England; fought in the US Civil War on the side of the Northerners.—110
Stuarts—royal dynasty in Scotland (1371-1714) and England (1603-49 and 1660-1714).—241
Suter, Heinrich (1848-1922)—Swiss mathematician, author of several works on the history of mathematics.—379-82, 384, 388
T
Tait, Peter Guthrie (1831-1901)— Scottish physicist and mathematician.—383, 388, 390, 392-96
Terence (Publius Terentius Afer) (c. 190-159 B. C.)—Roman dramatist.—193
Thaïes of Miletus (c. 624-c. 546 B. C.)— Greek philosopher and mathematician, founder of the school of Miletus.—372, 467, 468, 558
Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin (1795-1856)—French historian.—147, 247
Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)— French historian and statesman, Prime Minister (1836 and 1840); head of the Orleanists after 1848; organised the suppression of the Paris Commune (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73).—147
Thomsen (Hans Peter Jorgen),Julius ( 1826-1909)—Danish chemist, mainly developed thermochemistry.—418, 428, 433
Thomson, Thomas (1773-1852)—English chemist, adherent of Dalton's atomis-
tic theory.—400-01, 403, 404, 489, 566-68
Thomson, Sir William, Baron Kelvin of Largs (1824-1907)—English physicist, one of the founders of thermodynamics and the kinetic theory of gases; researched into electrical engineering and mathematical physics; in 1852, advanced the hypothesis of the death of the universe through lack of heat.—382, 390, 392-96, 456, 546, 563, 574
Thorv(w)aldsen, Bertel (1768-1844)— Danish sculptor.—454
Thouvenin, Louis Etienne (1791-1882)— French army officer and military inventor.—627
Torricelli, Evangelista (1608-1647)— Italian physicist and mathematician.—321, 466
Traube, Moritz (1826-1894)—German chemist and physiologist.—76, 578, 579, 601
Treviranus, Gottfried Reinhold (1776-1837)—German naturalist and philosopher, one of the earlier adherents of the idea of the evolution of living nature, author of the six-volume Biologie oder die Philosophie der lebenden Natur.—12
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, baron de l'Aulne (1727-1781)—French economist and statesman; physiocrat; Controller-General of Finance (1774-76).—238
Tyndall, John (1820-1893)—British physicist.—481, 579
V
Vanderlint, Jacob (d. in 1740)—English economist, forerunner of the physiocrats, one of the early exponents of the quantity theory of money.—223-24, 227
Varley, Cromwell Fleetwood (1828-1883)—British electrical engineer.— 350 Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 638
Virchow, Rudolf (1821-1902)—German naturalist and politician; founder of the theory of cellular pathology, opponent of Darwinism; one of the founders and leaders of the Party of Progress.—7, 14, 314, 337, 338, 353, 486
Vogt, Karl (1817-1895)—German natural scientist, petty-bourgeois democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; one of the five imperial regents (June 1849); emigrated in 1849; later received subsidies from Napoleon III; slandered proletarian revolutionaries.—12, 340, 482
Volta, Alessandro (1745-1827)—Italian physicist and physiologist, known for his works on electricity.—411, 445
Voltaire (François Marie Arouet) (1694-
1778)—French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlightenment.—483
W
Wagener, Hermann (1815-1889)— German journalist and politician, ideologist of the bourgeoisified Prussian Junkerdom; editor of the Neue Preußische Zeitung (1848-54), a founder of the Prussian Conservative Party, Privy Councillor in Bismarck's Government (1866-73); adherent of reactionary Prussian "state socialism".— 228
Wagner, Moriz Friedrich (1813-1887)— German naturalist, geographer and traveller, Darwinist.—574-75
Wagner, Richard (1813-1883)—German composer — 28, 70, 107, 134, 141
Wallace, Alfred Rüssel (1823-1913)— British biologist, one of the founders of zoogeography; developed his own theory of natural selection; adherent of spiritualism.—345-51, 353-55
WalpoU, Robert (1676-1745)—British Prime Minister (1721-42), Whig, the first to form cabinets independent of the King and relying on the majority in Parliament, widely resorted to bribery.—227-28
Watt, James (1736-1819)—Scottish engineer, inventor of the steam-engine.—400
Weber, Wilhelm Eduard (1804-1891)— German physicist; studied electricity and magnetism.—'405
Weitling, Wilhelm Christian (1808-1871)—a leader of the German working-class movement in its early period, one of the theoreticians of Utopian egalitarian communism, a tailor by trade.—20, 187, 288, 592, 632
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852)—British general and statesman, Tory; commanded the British army in the wars against Napoleon I (1808-14, 1815); commander-in-chief (1827-28, 1842-52), Prime Minister (1828-30), Foreign Secretary (1834-35).—616, 627
Wheatstone, Sir Charles (1802-1875)— English physicist and inventor, known for his works on electricity; an inventor of the electrical telegraph.— 441
Whewell, William (1794-1866)—English philosopher and historian of science.—507
Whitworth, Sir Joseph (1803-1887)— British manufacturer and military inventor.—386
Wiedemann, Gustav Heinrich (1826-1899)—German physicist, author of a fundamental reference book on electricity.—402-51, 544, 569
Wilke, Christian Gottlieb (1786-1854)— German theologian; studied the language and history of the Bible.—423
Winterl, Jakob Joseph (1739-1809)— Austrian physician, botanist and chemist.—567 Wislicenus, Johannes (1835-1902)— German organic chemist.—586
Wähler, Friedrich (1800-1882)—German chemist; the first to synthesise an organic compound from inorganic substances.—478
Wolf, Julius Rudolf (1816-1893)—Swiss astronomer; specialised in studying sun-spots and the history of astronomy.—471, 556
Wolff, Caspar Friedrich (1733-1794)— German physiologist and anatomist, one of the founders of the theory of the organism's individual development; substantiated the theory of epigenesis; worked in Germany and Russia.—327
Wolff, Christian, Baron von (1679-1754)—German idealist philosopher, mathematician and naturalist.—322, 341, 501
Adam (Bib.)—68, 142, 144
Ahasuerus or The Wandering Jew—the subject of a medieval legend, condemned to wander until the Day of Judgment for having mocked Christ on the day of Crucifixion.—34
Ares—see Mars
Christ, Jesus (Bib.)—603
Don Quixote—title character in Cervantes' novel.—298
Eckart—hero of German medieval legends, the prototype of a staunch friend and trustworthy guardian.— 205
Er (Eor)—see Tyr
Eve (Bib.)—142
Faust—hero of Goethe's tragedy Faust.—134
Friday—character in Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe, Robinson's servant — 144, 147-48, 153-54, 614
Wollaston, William Hyde ( 1766-1828)— English chemist and physicist.—568
Worm-Müller, Jakob (1834-1889)— German physician, physiologist and physicist.—440
Wundt, Wilhelm Max (1832-1920)— German psychologist, physiologist and philosopher.—580
X
Xenophon (c. 430-c. 354 B. C.)—Greek historian and philosopher.—215
Z
Zöllner, Johann Karl Friedrich (1834-1882)—German astrophysicist, professor at Leipzig University, adherent of spiritualism.—352
Grieux, Le Chevalier des—character in Prévost's novel Manon Lescaut—481
Joshua (Bib.)—leader of the Israel-ites.—200, 399
Jourdain—main character in Molière's comedy Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.— 361
Jupiter—supreme god of the Romans, identified with the Greek Zeus.—301
Mambrin—character in Cervantes' novel Don Quixote.—298
Manon Lescaut—title character in Prévost's novel.—481
Mars (Rom. myth.)—god of war.—301
Mephistopheles—character in Goethe's Faust.—88, 331
Pamina—character in Mozart's opera Die Zauberflöte.— 308, 353
Papageno—character in Mozart's opera Die Zauberflöte.—353
INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES Prometheus (Gr. myth.)—a Titan who stole fire from the gods and gave it to men; was chained to a rock by Zeus.—262
Robinson Crusoe—tide character of Daniel Defoe's novel.—143, 144, 147-48, 153-54, 614
Rosinante—Don Quixote's horse in Cervantes' novel ("rocin" is the Spanish for "jade").—58, 298
Sancho Panza—character in Cervantes' Don Quixote.—298
Sarastro—character in Mozart's opera Die Zauberflöte.—308
Tamino—character in Mozart's opera Die Zauberflöte.—308
Tyr—god of war in some Germanic tribes.—301
Venus (Rom. myth.)—goddess of love and beauty.—205
Vulcan—the Roman god of fire, the deity of smiths.—262
Wagner—character in Goethe's Faust, a pedantic and feeble scholar.— 134
Yahve (Yahweh, Jehovah) (Bib.)— principal name of God in the Old Testament.—301
Zeus—see Jupiter
Zio—see Tyr