Notes

Residual editorial notes

49 editorial note entries had no resolved in-text occurrence and remain here so no source note definition is discarded.

[9] The Holy Alliance—an association of European monarchs, founded in 1815 by Tsarist Russia, Austria and Prussia, to suppress revolutionary movements and preserve feudal monarchies in European countries.

[11] Dühring attempted to refute some of Engels' criticisms in the book: Dühring, Kritische Geschichte der Nationalökonomie und des Sozialismus, Dritte, theilweise umgearbeitete Auflage, Leipzig, 1879, pp. 566-67.

[17] This refers to the letter written by the German Social-Democrat Heinrich Wilhelm Fabian to Marx on November 6, 1880 (Engels described Fabian in his letters to Kautsky of April 11, 1884, to Bernstein of September 13, 1884, and to Sorge of June 3, 1885. See present edition, Vol. 47).

[46] Here Engels relates a report in the journal Nature of November 16, 1876 dealing with the paper read by Dmitry Mendeleyev on September 3, 1876 at the 5th Congress of Russian Naturalists and Physicians in Warsaw. Mendeleyev reported on the results of his experiments, conducted jointly with Jozef Jerzy Boguski in 1875-76, to verify the Boyle-Mariotte law. Engels evidently wrote this note when checking the proofs of this chapter of Anti-Dühring, which was printed in Vorwärts on February 28, 1877. Engels added the end of the note, given in parentheses, in 1885, when he was preparing the second edition of Anti-Dühring.

[57] Corpus juris civilis—code of civil laws regulating property relations in Roman slave-owning society; it was drawn up from 528 to 534 under the Byzantine Emperor Justinian. In Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, Engels described it as the "first world law of a commodity-producing society" (see present edition, Vol. 26).

[58] The law on the compulsory civil registration of births, marriages and deaths was passed in Prussia on October 1, 1874 and a similar one for the whole German Empire on February 6, 1875. The law deprived the Church of the right to such registration, thereby considerably curtailing its influence and income. It was directed primarily against the Catholic Church.

[75] A reference to the bourgeois-democratic revolution in France at the end of the 18th century.

[81] The phrase in parentheses was added by Engels in the third edition of Anti-Dühring.

[99] Livre tournois—a French coin named after the town of Tour; from 1740

[100] onwards it was equal to one franc; in 1799, it was replaced by the franc. loo E ng ei s j s referring to the beginning of Chapter I of the "Introduction" (see this volume, pp. 16, 19). He wrote this footnote when Anti-Dühring was published in the newspaper. It remained unchanged in all editions of the book published during Engels' lifetime (see Note 1). In all subsequent separate editions, the first two chapters were joined together under the heading "Introduction". The numbers of the other chapters were not changed, so "Philosophy" now begins with Chapter III (see this volume, p. 33). The Reign of Terror—the period of Jacobin revolutionary-democratic dictatorship (June 1793-July 1794), which relied on the revolutionary bloc of the urban petty and middle bourgeoisie, the majority of the peasants and plebeians.

[118] These figures are from Robert Giffen's paper "Recent Accumulations of Capital in the United Kingdom", read at the Statistical Society on January 15, 1878 and printed in the London Journal of the Statistical Society in March 1878.

[123] See Note 111.

[130] the reactionary forces against the working-class movement, Bismarck's government was compelled first to relax and then to repeal almost all the anti-Catholic laws. The Magic Flute—a Mozart opera with a libretto by Emanuel Schikaneder. Composed and performed in 1791, it mirrored Masonic ideas; both the author of the libretto and Mozart himself having been Masons. Referendary—in Germany a junior official, chiefly a lawyer trained at court or in a state office. Dialectics of Nature is one of Frederick Engels' major works. It gives a dialectical materialist generalisation of the principal natural scientific achievements of the mid-nineteenth century, develops materialist dialectics, and criticises metaphysical and idealist conceptions in the natural sciences. Dialectics of Nature was the culmination of profound scientific studies carried out by Engels over many years. Originally, in about January 1873 (see this volume, pp. 482-87), he planned to summarise the results of his research in the form of a polemical work criticising Ludwig Büchner, a vulgar materialist. Later, he decided to set himself a more comprehensive task; by May 30, 1873, he had completed the plan for this work and set it out in a letter to Marx (see present edition, Vol. 44). Marx showed the letter to Carl Schorlemmer, a prominent chemist. The original of that letter bears comments by Schorlemmer, who approved of the main points of Engels' plan. Engels wrote the items included in Dialectics of Nature between 1873 and 1882, during which time he studied a vast amount of source material on major problems of the natural sciences and more or less completed 10 articles and chapters and many notes and fragments; all in all, almost 200 sketches. Engels' work on Dialectics of Nature may be divided into two major periods: early 1873 to January 1878 and summer 1878 to summer 1882. During the former, Engels was engaged mostly in collecting data, and wrote most of the fragments and the "Introduction". During the latter period, he drew up a specific plan for the future work (see this volume, pp. 313-14, 317) and wrote the other fragments and almost all the chapters and articles. When Marx died, the job of completing the publication of Capital and of leading the international working-class movement became a full-time occupation for Engels, so he virtually had to discontinue his work on Dialectics of Nature, which remained unfinished. Dialectics of Nature has come down to us in the form of four folders in which Engels grouped all the articles and notes relating to this work. He gave the folders the following headings: (1) "Dialectics and Natural Science", (2) "The Investigation of Nature and Dialectics", (3) "Dialectics of Nature", and (4) "Mathematics and Natural Science. Miscellaneous". Only two of the folders — the second and the third — have tables of contents compiled by the author, indicating the arrangement of the material in the folders (see this volume, p. 591). As for the first and fourth folders, we cannot be certain that the sheets are arranged exactly as Engels would have wished. The first folder ("Dialectics and Natural Science") consists of two parts: ( 1 ) Notes written on 11 double sheets, numbered by the author, each sheet entitled "Dialectics of Nature". These notes, which are separated from one another by dividing lines (in the present volume by asterisks), were written in the chronological order in which they were arranged on the numbered sheets of the manuscript. (2) Twenty unnumbered sheets, each containing one longer note or several shorter ones are separated by dividing lines. Many of these notes contain information enabling us to put date to them. The second folder ("The Investigation of Nature and Dialectics") consists of three large notes: "On the Prototypes of the Mathematical Infinite in the Real World", "On the 'Mechanical' Conception of Nature", "On Nägeli's Incapacity to Know the Infinite"; "Old Preface to [Anti-]Dühring. On Dialectics", the article "The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man" and a large fragment entitled "Omitted from Feuerbach". The table of contents, drawn up by Engels for this folder, indicates that it originally included two more articles: "Basic Forms of Motion" and "Natural Science in the Spirit World". Subsequently, Engels crossed out these headings from the table of contents of the second folder and transferred them to the third, in which he incorporated the more complete components of his unfinished work. The third folder ("Dialectics of Nature") contains the six most complete articles: "Basic Forms of Motion", "The Measure of Motion.—Work", "Electricity", "Natural Science in the Spirit World", "Introduction" and "Tidal Friction" (see notes 170, 175, 187, 157, 138 and 183). The fourth folder ("Mathematics and Natural Science. Miscellaneous") consists of two unfinished chapters: "Dialectics" and "Heat"; 18 unnumbered sheets, each containing one longer note or several shorter ones, separated by dividing lines, and several sheets with mathematical calculations. The notes in the fourth folder include two plan outlines for Dialectics of Nature (see notes 131 and 137). The detailed index of contents of the folders and the chronological list of chapters and fragments of Dialectics of Nature compiled by the editors may be found at the end of this volume (pp. 686-95). There are some manuscripts among the material for Dialectics of Nature that were not originally intended for it: the "Old Preface to [Anti-]Diihring. On Dialectics", two "Notes to Anti-Diihring" ("On the Prototypes of the Mathematical Infinite in the Real World" and "On the 'Mechanical' Conception of Nature"), "Omitted from Feuerbach", "The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man" and "Natural Science in the Spirit World" (see notes 154, 280, 271, 217, 199, 157). The present edition of Dialectics of Nature includes everything contained in Engels' four folders, except for a few pages with fragmentary mathematical calculations not accompanied by any explanatory text, and the following notes, which are obviously unconnected with Dialectics of Nature: 1) the original outline of the "Introduction" to Anti-Dühring (see this volume, pp. 591-95); 2) a fragment on slavery (see this volume, pp. 608-09); 3) extracts from Charles Fourier's Le Nouveau Monde industriel et sociétaire (see this volume, p. 612) (these three notes are part of the preparatory material for Anti-Dühring) and 4) a small note with a comment by Engels on the negative view held by Philip Pauli, the German chemist, of the labour theory of value. The material is here arranged by subject matter, in keeping with the basic lines of the two plan oudines (see this volume, pp. 313-15, 317). Despite some differences, the basic contents of the manuscript are quite in keeping with the main lines of the plan of Dialectics of Nature. The distinction drawn between more or less complete articles and chapters, on the one hand, and preparatory notes, on the other, as indicated by Engels himself in grouping the materials by folders, is retained. Thus, the work is divided into two parts: 1) articles and chapters, and 2) notes and fragments, in each of which the material is arranged according to the main lines of Engels' plan. These basic lines indicate the following sequence of parts: a) historical introduction, b) general questions of materialist dialectics, c) classification of the sciences, d) considerations concerning the dialectical content of individual sciences, e) examination of some important methodological problems of natural science, f) transition to social sciences, the penultimate part being almost unelaborated. The basic lines of the plan account for the following sequence of articles and chapters of Dialectics of Nature, constituting the first part of the book: (1) Introduction; (2) Old Preface to [Anti-]Dühring. On Dialectics; (3) Natural Science in the Spirit World; (4) Dialectics; (5) Basic Forms of Motion; (6) The Measure of Motion.—Work; (7) Tidal Friction; (8) Heat; (9) Electricity; (10) The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man. As for all these articles and chapters, the order according to subject matter coincides in the main with the chronological order, except for the article "The Part Played by Labour ...", which in its subject belongs to the last part of the plan, but was written before most of the articles and chapters (see Note 199). The article "Natural Science in the Spirit World" appears in third place among the articles and chapters because, like the two preceding it, it is of general methodological significance and is fairly closely connected with the "Old Preface to [Anti-]Dühring" as far as its basic ideas are concerned (the need for theoretical thought in empirical natural science). As for the rough drafts, notes and fragments forming the second part of the work, they are arranged in keeping with Engels' plan outlines as follows: (1) From the History of Science; (2) Natural Science and Philosophy; (3) Dialectics; (4) Forms of Motion of Matter. Classification of the Sciences; (5) Mathematics; (6) Mechanics and Astronomy; (7) Physics; (8) Chemistry; (9) Biology. The arrangement of the fragments, almost entirely corresponds to that of the articles and chapters of Dialectics of Nature. The first section of the fragments corresponds to the first article of Dialectics of Nature; the second section to the second and third articles; the third section to the fourth article; the fourth section to the fifth article; the sixth section to the sixth and seventh articles; and the seventh section to the eighth and ninth articles. The tenth article has no counterpart among the fragments. Within the sections, the fragments are again arranged by subject matter. First come fragments dealing with more general questions, then ones devoted to more specific issues. The fragments in the section "From the History of Science", are arranged in historical sequence: from the rise of the sciences among the ancient peoples to Engels' contemporaries. In the section "Dialectics", first come notes on the general issues and basic laws of dialectics, then those on so called subjective dialectics. As far as possible, each section ends with fragments that serve as a transition to the next section. The material for Dialectics of Nature was never published in Engels' lifetime. Only two of the articles came out after his death: "The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man", published in Die Neue Zeit in 1896, and "Natural Science in the Spirit World", published in the yearbook Illustrirter Neue Welt-Kalender in 1898 (see notes 199, 157). The full text of Dialectics of Nature was first published in the Soviet Union in 1925, the German text appearing alongside a Russian translation {Marx-Engels Archiv, Book II). It was subsequently reprinted more than once, corrections being introduced on each occasion into the reading of the manuscript and improvements being made in the arrangement of the material. The most important of the subsequent editions were the original-language version (Marx/Engels Gesamtausgabe, F. Engels, Herrn Eugen Dühring's Umwälzung der Wissenschaft/Dialektik der Natur. Sonderausgabe, Moscow-Leningrad, 1935) and the Russian-language edition of 1941, on which numerous editions in other countries were patterned. In this volume, the material of Dialectics of Nature is arranged on the pattern of Volume 20 of Marx and Engels, Second Russian Edition, Moscow, 1961, which also served as the basis for Marx/Engels, Werke, Bd. 20, Berlin, 1962. Besides, compared with previous editions, more precise dates are given here for the writing of the whole work and of its individual parts, owing to the work done in preparing Dialectics of Nature for publication in Vol. 26 of the first section of MEGA (Berlin, 1985).

[137] This outline was written in the latter half of February 1880 once Engels had thought out in detail point 5 of the outline of the general plan (see this volume, pp. 313-14, 317) and was used to a considerable extent in the writing of the chapter "Basic Forms of Motion" (see this volume, pp. 362-77). On the other hand, there is a whole group of chapters — interconnected by subject matter and period — that correspond to it, namely, "The Measure of Motion.—Work", "Tidal Friction", "Heat" and "Electricity" (see this volume, pp. 378-91, 392-96, 397-401, 402-51).

[138] In Engels' table of contents to the third folder of material for Dialectics of Nature, this "Introduction" is called the "Old Introduction" (see this volume, p. 588). Its text contains two passages making it possible to determine the approximate date when it was written. Thus Engels says that the cell "is a discovery not yet forty years old" (see this volume, p. 328) and, in a letter to Marx dated July 14, 1858 he mentions 1836 as the approximate date of this discovery (see present edition, Vol. 40, p. 326). Elsewhere, Engels writes that "it is only about ten years ago that the fact became known that completely structureless protein exercises all the essential functions of life" (see p. 329), probably with reference to Ernst Haeckel's monera, first described in his Generelle Morphologie der Organismen, in 1866. Engels wrote the original outline of this "Introduction" at the end of 1874 (see this volume, pp. 473-76). We may thus conclude that this "Introduction" was written between November 1875 and May 1876. In the margins Engels made some notes, the main ones supplementing the text are given in footnotes.

[145] Engels has in mind the idea Newton expressed in the conclusion to the second edition of his main work Phüosophiae naturalis principia mathematica, Vol. II, Book III, "General Scholium". "Hitherto," wrote Newton, "we have explained the phaenomena of the heavens and of our sea by the power of gravity, but have not yet assigned the cause of this power...." After listing some properties of gravity, Newton continued: "But hitherto I have not been able to discover the cause of those properties of gravity from phaenomena, and I frame no hypotheses; for whatever is not deduced from the phaenomena is to be called an hypothesis; and hypotheses, whether metaphysical or physical, whether of occult qualities or mechanical, have no place in experimental philosophy. In this philosophy particular propositions are inferred from the phaenomena, and afterwards rendered general by induction." With reference to Newton's statement, Hegel said, in his Encyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften, § 98, Zusatz 1: "Newton ... gave physics an express warning to beware of metaphysics...".

[146] Nebular hypothesis—a cosmogonie theory that considers the solar system and

[148] Amphioxus (the lancet fish)—a small fish-like animal (about 8 centimetres in length), which is a transitional form between invertebrates and vertebrates. Lepidosiren (an Amazon mudfish) belongs to the order of lung fishes, or Dipnoi, which have both lungs and gills.

[149] Ceratodus (the barramunda)—a fish with both lungs and gills, found in Australia. Archaeopteryx—an extinct bird possessing certain reptilian features. Working on Dialectics of Nature Engels used one of the early (not later than 1874) editions of A. Nicholson's popular Manual of zoology (1870; numerous reprints).

[1 5 6] According to the phlogistic theory, developed about 1700 by G. Er. Stahl, combustion is attributed to the presence of a particular substance phlogiston (Gr. "Phlox"—fire) in combustible bodies. In the eighteenth century this theory became the basis for the development of chemistry. It was proved untenable by Lavoisier only in the late eighteenth century, when he gave an explanation of the process of combustion as the combination of a burning substance with oxygen. Engels deals with the phlogistic theory also in the preface to Volume II of Capital (see present edition, Vol. 36).

[1 5 7] This heading is on the first page of the manuscript. In the table of contents of the third folder where Engels placed it, it reads: "Natural Science and the Spirit World" (see this volume, p. 588). The article was written not before January 1878, as may be concluded from the fact that Engels speaks in it about "recent triumphant reports" on the experiments (see this volume, p. 352) carried out by Zöllner in Leipzig on December 17, 1877. Engels' article was first published in the Social-Democratic yearbook Illustrirter Neue Welt-Kalender für das Jahr 1898, Hamburg, 1898, pp. 56-59.

[165] Engels is hinting at the proposal made by the German scientist Rudolf Virchow, previously a Darwinist, at a congress of natural scientists in Munich in 1877 that the teaching of Darwinism be banned. He asserted that Darwinism was closely connected with the socialist movement and, therefore, constituted a danger to the existing social order (see R. Virchow, Die Freiheit der Wissenschaft im modernen Staat, Berlin, 1877, p. 12). Attacks against Darwinism intensified in Germany particularly after the Paris Commune of 1871 (see also notes 133 and 135).

[168] This is the tide of the article on the first page of the manuscript. The fifth and ninth pages (the top of the second and third sheets) of the manuscript bear the words "Dialectical Laws" on the top margins. The article written in 1879, not before September, remained unfinished. The article can be dated from the fact that it quotes the second part of the second volume of Schorlemmer's Ausführliches Lehrbuch der Chemie, published in early September 1879 (see this volume, p. 361), but there is no mention of the discovery of scandium (1879), which Engels could not have failed to mention in connection with the discovery of gallium, if he had written the article after 1879.

[170] T I ^ heading "Basic Forms of Motion" appears in the table of contents of the third folder of Dialectics of Nature (see this volume, p. 588). This chapter was probably written in 1880 or 1881.

[171] This refers to the general amount of motion, of motion in its quantitative determination in general. "Quantity of motion" in the special sense of mv is indicated in German by the word Bewegungsgrösse. Here and in the text that follows, however, Engels uses the expression Bewegungsmenge, which we give in brackets to avoid confusion with the magnitude mv. Instead of the expression "Bewegungsmenge", Engels sometimes uses "die Masse der Bewegung", also in the sense of the general amount of every kind of motion.

[175] T h e heading " The Measure of Motion.—Work" is on the title page of this chapter and the first page of the manuscript. In the table of contents of the third folder, this chapter is entitled " Two Measures of Motion" (see this volume, p. 588). It was apparently written in 1880 or 1881.

[183] The heading "Tidal Friction. Kant and Thomson-Tait" figures on the title page preceding this chapter; the rest of the heading is on the first page of the chapter itself. In the table of contents of the third folder this chapter is entitled "Tidal Friction" (see this volume, p. 588). The chapter was written apparently in 1880 or 1881.

[185] The chapter written not earlier than the end of April 1881 and not later than mid-November 1882, is unfinished. The first date is suggested by the fact that Engels quotes from Leibnizens und Huygen's Briefwechsel mit Papin, published in Berlin in April 1881 (see this volume, p. 400). The second date is deduced from a comparison of the end of the first part of the chapter (see this volume, p. 398) with Engels' letter to Marx, dated November 23, 1882 (see note 186).

[187] Engels is quoting from a review of the book by Mascart and Joubert, Leçons sur l'électricité et la magnétisme, Vol. 1, Paris, 1882. The review, entitled "Mascart and Joubert's Electricity and Magnetism" and signed G. C., appeared in Nature, Vol. 26, No. 659, June 15, 1882. The reference to this issue of Nature shows that Engels wrote this chapter mainly after June 15, 1882. In Engels' table of contents to the third folder, this chapter is headed "Electricity and Magnetism" (see this volume, p. 588).

[188] Thomson gives this quotation from Faraday on page 400 of An Outline of the Sciences of Heat and Electricity, 2nd ed., London, 1840. It is taken from Faraday's work Experimental Researches in Electricity, 12th Series, published in the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London for the year 1838, p. 105. Thomson does not quote the passage accurately: He gives "as if a metallic particle had been put into the place of the discharging particle" instead of "as if a metallic wire had been put into the place of the discharging particle".

[192] From the mid-1860s, chemists no longer used old chemical equivalent values.

[204] Engels wrote this fragment in November 1875. It is preparatory material for the "Introduction" (see this volume, pp. 318-35). He used the following sources: E. Haeckel, Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte...; W. Whewell, History of the Inductive sciences, from the earliest to the present times..; J. W. Draper, History of the intellectual development of Europe....

[209] It is not possible to give the exact date when this fragment was written, but it was obviously written no later than the end of May 1876 and constitutes preparatory material or an addition to the "Introduction" (see this volume, pp. 318-35). In May 1453, the Turks captured Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.

[221] See Note 56.

[226] Engels is referring to the following passage from the Preface to the second edition of Hegel's Encyclopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse, Th. 1. Die Logik: "Lessing said, in his time, that people treated Spinoza like a dead dog". Hegel's source was F. H. Jacobi, "Über die Lehre des Spinoza, in Briefen an Herrn Moses Mendelssohn", Werke, Bd. IV, Abt. I, Leipzig, 1819, p. 68.

[268] See Note 147. By "affections of matter" Grove means "heat, light, electricity, magnetism, chemical affinity, and motion" (op. cit., p. 15) and by "motion" he means mechanical motion or transplantation.

[271] This note is one of the three longer ones (Noten) that Engels included in the second folder of material for Dialectics of Nature (see this volume, p. 588 and Note 130). This note, as well as the fragment "On the Prototypes of the Mathematical Infinite in the Real World" (see this volume, pp. 544-49) are Notes or Addenda to Anti-Dühring, in which Engels elaborates some very important ideas that were only outlined or briefly stated in various parts of Anti-Dühring. The third note, "Nägeli's Inability to Cognise the Infinite" (see ibid., pp. 512-16) has nothing to do with Anti-Dühring. The first two were, in all probability, written in December 1877 or January 1878. They were originally intended for the first edition of Anti-Dühring, which appeared in Leipzig in July 1878. Engels gives page references to his Herrn Eugen Dühring's Umwälzung der Wissenschaft. 1: Philosophie (see this volume, pp. 33-134), which was published as a pamphlet in Leipzig, in July 1877. The pagination in the pamphlet and in the first edition of the book coincide. Engels gave the heading "On the 'Mechanical' Conception of Nature" in his table of contents to the second folder of material for Dialectics of Nature. The sub-heading "Note 2 to p. 46": "The various forms of motion and the sciences dealing with them" occurs at the beginning of this notice.

[284] Engels is referring to Clausius' lecture "Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie", delivered in Frankfurt am Main, on September 23, 1867, at thé 41st Congress of German Natural Scientists and Physicians, and published in pamphlet form in Brunswick the same year.

[285] This and the two following notes consist of extracts from the following books: J. H. Mädler, Der Wunderbau des Weltalls, oder Populäre Astronomie, Abschn. 9. Die Fixsterne and Abschn. 10. Die Nebelflecke und die ihnen ähnlichen Bildungen and A. Secchi, Die Sonne, Th. 3. Die Sonne oder die Fixsterne. These extracts were presumably made in late 1875 or early 1876. Engels used them in the second part of the '-Introduction" to Dialectics of Nature (see this volume, pp. 327-35). %24*

[310] This note coincides almost word for word with Engels' letter to Lavrov of November 12-17, 1875 (see present edition, Vol. 45).

[311] The experiment carried out by the German physiologist Adolf Fick and German chemist Johannes Wislicenus in August 1865, refuted Liebig's view that protein was the sole source of energy for muscular activity and proved the efficacy of the law of preservation of energy during muscular contractions. Faulhorn—peak of the Bernese Oberland, in the canton of Bern, Switzerland.

[313] Engels' preparatory writings for Anti-Dühring consist of two parts. The first is made up of separate sheets of various format (altogether — 35 manuscript pages), containing extracts from Dühring's books and Engels' notes, those that were used in Anti-Diihring being crossed out. The second part consists of large sheets (altogether 17 manuscript pages) divided into two columns: the left-hand column contains mainly extracts from the 2nd edition of Dühring's Cursus der National- und Socialökonomie, while the right-hand column contains critical notes by Engels; some of the entries, the ones used in Anti-Dühring, are crossed out vertically. In addition, the preparatory writings for Anti-Dühring include: a note on slavery, extracts from Fourier's Le nouveau monde industriel et sociétaire (see this volume, pp. 608-09, 612) and the rough draft of the "Introduction" to Anti-Dühring (see Note 314). These three notes are in the first folder of material for Dialectics of Nature (see Note 130). The present edition contains preparatory writings that essentially supplement the basic text of Anti-Dühring. The notes of the first part of the preparatory writings are arranged in accordance with the text of Anti-Dühring to which they refer. Fragments of the second part are given in the sequence they occur in Engels' manuscript. The extracts from Dühring's book, to which the critical notes refer, are given in abridged form and enclosed in square brackets. The notes comprising the first part of the preparatory writings for Anti-Dühring were evidently written in 1876, and those of the second part in 1877. These preparatory writings were first published, partially, by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the CC CPSU in 1927 (in Marx-Engels Archiv, Bd. II, Frankfurt am Main, 1927), and most fully in 1935 (in Marx/Engels Gesamtausgabe, F. Engels, Herrn Eugen Dühring's Umwälzung der Wissenschaft/ Dialektik der Natur. Sonderausgabe, Moscow-Leningrad, 1935).

[322] Engels is quoting from the second German edition: K. Marx, Das Kapital, Bd. I, Hamburg, 1872, pp. 35-36; see present edition, Vol. 35, Part I, Chapter I, Part 3. A. 3. The Equivalent Form of Value.

[323] On pp. 95-96 of Bossut's Traités de calcul différentiel et de calcul intégral, the thesis on the relation between zeros is explained as follows. Let us add, says Bossut, that there is nothing absurd or unacceptable in the surmise that a relationship exists between two zeros. Let there be the following proportion A : B = C : D; from which it follows that (A - C) : (B - D) = A : B; if C - A and, consequenüy, D = B, then 0:0 = A : B; this relationship changes depending on the value of A and B. Engels illustrates this argument of Bossut's, giving in his own example the values: A = C = 1 and B = D = 2.

[332] This article was initially a fragment of the manuscript of Part II of Anti-Dühring (MS: end of p. 20, and pp. 21-24 and a large part of p. 25). It was included in Chapter III of Part II. Subsequendy, Engels replaced this with a shorter text (see this volume, pp. 153-58) and gave the former text the tide Infantry Tactics, Derived from Material Causes, 1700-1870. The fragment in question was written in the first half of 1877, during work on Part II of Anti-Dühring (see Note 1). This article was first published in 1935 in Marx/Engels Gesamtausgabe, F. Engels, Herrn Eugen Dühring's Umwälzung der Wissenschaft/Dialektik der Natur. Sonderausgabe, Moscow-Leningrad, 1935.

[339] While adapting the three chapters of Anti-Dühring into the pamphlet Socialism Utopian and Scientific (see Note 1), Engels made some additions and changes. Some of these additions Engels included in the text of the second edition of Anti-Dühring (see this volume, p. 10). Below are the additions made by Engels while preparing the first (1882) and the supplemented fourth (1891) German editions of Socialism Utopian and Scientific (see present edition, Vol. 24), but not included in the text of Anti-Dühring published in his lifetime.

[342] On the Directorate and coup d'état of Napoleon I see Note 101.

[343] Saint-Simon's idea that society's aim must be improvement of the life of the most numerous and the poorest class is expressed most clearly in his last work (Nouveau Christianisme), which first appeared anonymously in Paris in 1825.

[344] See Note 116.