Subject Index

Academic, armchair (Katheder) socialism—

203, 479, 480, 558 Agriculture— 308, 310-11, 350-52, 355-

58, 368, 398-99, 443-44, 449, 554-55 Anabaptists—287 Anarchism, anarchists—71, 176-77, 209,

213-15, 217-19, 246, 247, 321, 477-79 See also Bakuninism, Bakuninists Ancient Orient—434, 435 Ancient Rome — 201, 358-59, 428, 430-34, 445, 554 Anti-Corn Law League (Britain, the 1840s)—390, 400-02 Antiquity— 201, 367, 431-33, 451

See also Ancient Rome Anti-Socialist Law—240-51 272, 277, 286, 372, 404, Argentina—399 Aristocracy—10, 415

—British — 162-63, 180, 397-98, 415-16 —French — 144, 290-92 Army— 96, 112, 120, 126-27, 432, 477

—French — 223-24 — Prussian — 120-21 —Russian — 204 Artel— 43-45, 356, 364 Asia— 441, 449 Atheism—15-16, 97, 236, 285-86, 427-28, 430-31 Austria — 7, 9-10, 56, 57, 103, 117, 344,

497 See also Peasantry—Austrian; Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe—in Austria

260, 262, 407-09

182, 390,

Austria-Hungary (from 1867)—219, 495-96 Austro-Italian war, 1848-49 — 57-58, 344 Austro-Italo-French war, 1859—6, 9, 189 Austro-Prussian war, 1866—9, 61, 121

B Bakuninism, Bakuninists — a variety of petty-bourgeois socialism — 45, 175 — anarchist trend — 176-78, 214-15, 217, 478, 487 — social roots of — 175, 178, 217, 487 — general description of the Bakuninists' theoretical views— 174-76, 178, 213, 215, 478 — views on the state — 176, 321, 478, 492-506, 510-13, 515, 518-22, 526 — rejection of the political struggle of the proletariat — 173, 175-76, 213-15 — on revolution and revolutionaries — 19-20, 24-25, 32-33, 36, 49, 174, 175, 213, 218-19, 487, 493-95, 497-98, 500, 506-07, 510, 511, 512-15, 517-18, 522, 526 — ideas of future society — 498, 507-08, 512, 518 — disorganising activities in the working-class movement — 20, 22-23, 26-31, 37, 100, 105-06, 174-78, 190-91, 209, 213-15, 246-47, 478; see also International Alliance of Socialist Democracy — in Belgium — 105, 213, 214, 495 — in Italy — 105-06, 174, 176-78, 213, 214, 217, 495 — in the Netherlands — 495 — in Russia — 22-23, 26-31, 37, 100, 526 — in Spain — 15, 49-50, 174, 213,

214, 495 — in Switzerland — 12, 176-77, 213-15, 219, 236, 495 Basis and superstructure—84, 87, 304,

306, 321-22, 367, 467-68, 517, 518, 521 Belgium—136-37, 187, 214-15, 221, 405, 419, 422 See also Working-class and socialist movement—in Belgium Bible— 427-35 Blanquism, Blanquists—12-18, 336 Bohemia— 496-98 Bonapartism—189, 224, 279-80 Bourgeoisie— 90, 141, 379, 415-18

— origin and development of — 191-92, 199, 285-87 — petty bourgeoisie — 68, 88, 267-69 — struggle against the feudal nobility — 88, 141, 191-92, 285-86, 290, 307, 386, 415 — its role in the development of the productive forces — 39, 40 — its economic domination — 194-95, 381, 415 — and state (political) power — 179-80, 192-93, 290, 307, 317, 380, 415, 416 — hindrance to historical development — 193, 319, 322-23, 325, 412-13, 416-18 — British — 179-80, 386, 400-02, 416, 574 — French — 118, 192, 288-92 — German — 11, 103-04, 141, 574 — Italian — 175, 178, 217 — Russian — 42, 44, 50 Burghers—192, 286, 288, 499

C

Capital

— definition of — 316-17, 377-78, 380 — origin and development of — 305,

309-11, 316-17, 324-25, 346, 379-80, 533 — control as its function — 317-19, 412-14, 416 Capitalism (socio-economic formation)—362, 368, 463, 546-47 Capitalist mode of production—308-13, 316-20, 323-25, 468, 535-40 — origin and development of — 199-201, 286-87, 294, 305, 307-13, 316-19, 322, 324-25, 346, 360-65, 367-68, 370, 464 — its distinctive features — 92, 193, 195, 305, 316-22, 324-25, 535-36 — as the basis of bourgeois society— 195, 289, 292, 308, 311, 317-25, 346, 370-71, 415-17, 464 — its historically transitory nature— 200, 289, 304-05, 316-25, 350, 353-54, 357 Chartism, the Chartist movement—304, 344, 376, 385-86, 402, 406 China—116 Christianity— 238, 427-35 See also Anabaptists; Bible; Reformation Church—97, 435, 450, 452 Civilisation— 21, 95, 293, 391 Class(es)—43, 70-71, 83, 86, 88-89, 92, 174, 191-93, 195, 221-22, 268, 273, 285, 290-91, 293-94, 304-07, 312, 314-15, 320-25, 340, 379, 385-86, 404, 415-16, 431-34, 463, 477-78, 517, 519, 521 See also Aristocracy; Bourgeoisie; Nobility; Peasantry; Working class Class struggle— 89, 193, 215, 263, 265, 267, 304-05, 336, 380, 385-86, 418, 458-59, 519-21 Clergy— 290, 449-52 Commerce—192, 383-84, 553, 558 Commodity— 86, 308-09, 311-12, 531, 533-34, 537-38, 544-48, 550-51 Commodity production—308-12, 318, 319-24, 545-46, 552-53, 557-58 Commune— 45-46, 365-66, 446, 519, 535 — emergence and development of— 350-51, 353-54, 362-63, 365-68, 426 — primitive, archaic — 349-51, 356, 358-59, 362-63, 365-67, 550 — rural or peasant — 192, 199, 349-60, 362-64, 366, 368 — agricultural — 350-54, 365-68 — Greek and Roman — 432, 445 — the mark-association of the ancient Germans and in Germany — 46, 312, 350-51, 365-66, 442-52, 455, 456 — Indian — 46, 47, 351, 359, 365, 368, 535

Commune, community in Russia—40-41, 43, 45-48, 349, 352-65, 368, 371, 426, 519 — and the possibility of transition to socialism by-passing capitalism— 48, 199, 349, 352-60, 362-64, 367-68, 371 Communism (socio-economic formation)

— general features of communist society — 83-88, 95, 319-25, 573 — as the future of humanity — 17, 200, 287, 289, 304-05, 321, 517-19 — as the goal of the revolutionary working-class movement — 17, 70, 215, 229, 340, 387, 569 — prerequisites for the communist transformation of society — 39-40, 43, 48, 83, 193, 200, 289, 295, 305-25, 340, 356-58, 367-68, 517-18 — necessity of proletarian revolution — 39-40, 92, 95, 265, 267-69, 289, 320, 325, 353, 357, 478, 518 — period of transition from capitalism to communism (socialism)— 68, 70, 106, 320, 321, 325 — stages of communist society — 84-88 — abolition of private property, public ownership of the means of production — 17, 85-86, 88, 181-82, 193, 318-23, 325, 340, 349-51, 353, 355-57, 362, 399, 426, 517-18, 520, 572 — production — 39-40, 70, 83-88, 93-94, 193, 200, 292, 317-25, 349, 351, 353, 355-58, 362 — agriculture — 17, 47-48, 70, 356, 456, 517-18 — social relations — 11, 17, 39-40, 43, 44, 70-71, 86-87, 92, 193, 261,

287, 290, 292-93, 296, 320-22, 325, 456, 517, 519-21, 570 — communist transformation of society and the State — 70-71, 92-95, 193, 292, 320-21, 325, 477-78, 517-22 — social consciousness — 86, 319-25, 340, 576 — communist transformation of society and the individual — 84-88, 96-98, 193, 200, 292, 294-95, 319-25 — criticism of Utopian views on future society — 88, 164, 261, 287, 290, 297, 305, 321, 520 Communism (socialism), scientific—39-40, 47, 183, 189-90, 285, 297, 304-07, 325, 326, 335-39, 458, 520-21 Communism, Utopian— 287, 294-97, 326,

565-66 Communist League—51-53, 136, 141, 184-89, 336, 344, 565 Communist trial in Cologne—51-54 Competition— 307, 311-19, 324-25, 376-

78, 383, 392, 398, 402, 412-14 "Corn Laws" (in Britain)—390-91, 400-

01, 416, 557 Corvée (statute labour)—113, 132, 141, 450-55 Crafts, craftsmen— 89, 192, 293-94, 307-12 Crédit mobilier— 273, 277 Crimean war, 1853-56 — 9, 56, 504, 509

D

Darwinism— 301, 313, 435, 458-59, 463, 467 Despotism— 46-47, 50, 227-29, 252, 288,

353, 363 Dialectical materialism—298-300, 458-59 Dictatorship of the proletariat—13, 71, 95,

320-21, 325, 340, 386, 405, 414, 418, 477-78, 521-22 Distribution— 83-88, 193, 306, 310-15,

379, 381, 386 Division of labour— 87, 96, 308-09, 322,

519, 553, 557

E

Economic crises—193, 274, 315-20, 322, 323, 325, 350, 353-54, 357, 361-62, 383-84, 397, 398, 401, 411-12 Economic laws— 69, 126-27, 194-95, 200, 311-17, 319-20, 322-25, 359, 379-84, 401-03, 468, 537, 557-58 Economy and politics—40, 42, 46, 96, 192-93, 292, 304, 306, 321, 322, 325, 467-68, 507 Education— 85, 96-98, 294-95, 322 Emigration—12-14, 19-28, 52, 131, 169, 187, 262, 343, 344, 415, 425 England (Great Britain)—179, 390, 498

— history — 247, 287, 401, 441, 488, 577 — economy — 119, 162-63, 289, 293-94, 384, 385, 390-93, 397-98, 401, 411-14, 416, 425-26 — political system, political relations — 179-80, 248, 394, 396 — electoral system, electoral reforms — 179-80, 182, 386, 394, 396, 405, 406, 416 — colonial and foreign policies— 389-93, 398, 405, 416 See also Aristocracy—British; Bourgeoisie—British; Peasantry—English; Working-class and socialist movement— in Great Britain; Working class— British; Trade unions, trade union movement—in Great Britain Enlightenment, Enlighteners—285-86, 292, 294, 427 Exchange— 85-86, 192, 306, 308, 311-12, 316, 319, 324, 325, 535-36, 553-54, 557 Exploitation—17, 44, 156, 161, 193, 195, 305, 318-22 Expropriation—181, 182, 199-201, 346, 354, 359-61, 364, 370

F

Feudalism— 88, 132, 141, 162-63, 192, 195, 199, 286-88, 293, 307-13, 321, 324, 415, 446, 448-54 First International—see International Working Men's Association France—18, 221-25, 292

— history — 16, 48, 188, 189, 224, 288-91, 344, 441, 527, 530, 577 — economy — 118, 224, 273, 274, 279, 289, 291, 390-92 — social and political system — 6, 203-04, 221-25, 289-90, 292

— foreign policy — 58, 103, 118, 189,

343, 454-55, 488 See also Aristocracy—French; Army— French; Bourgeoisie—French; Peasantry—French; Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe—in France; Working-class and socialist movement—in France; Working class—French Franco-Prussian war, 1870-71 — 6, 9, 62, 68-69, 125, 271, 273, 279-80, 504, 527-30, 578 Frankish state— 441-46, 448-50 French Revolution of the 18th century—7, 18, 55, 57-58, 141, 192, 224, 248, 285, 288-92, 343, 454, 576 French Workers' Party— 340, 405

G

German People's Party (1865)—68, 77,

95 Germans (ancient)—43, 46, 350-51, 441-52 German Workers' Educational Society in

London (1840-1919)—105, 135, 467, 565-66 German Workers' Society in Brussels (from 1847)—136, 184, 335-36 German Social-Democrats—21, 69, 184-

87, 211-12, 214, 239, 247, 574 — Social-Democratic Workers' Party, Eisenachers (1869-75)—10, 13-16, 21, 27-28, 53, 55, 58, 67-72, 77-78, 87-89, 94, 95, 103, 211, 239, 572, 578 — Gotha Congress (1875), criticism of the Gotha programme by Marx and Engels — 67-73, 77-99, 106, 175, 219, 260, 572 — Socialist Workers' Party — 172-73, 202, 209-14, 218, 239, 251, 253-69, 404-05, 407-09, 477, 478, 574 — participation in the electoral struggle and parliamentary activities — 172-73, 175-76, 209-14, 250, 251, 260-61, 264, 396, 404-05, 407-09, 423, 574 Germany, German Empire (after 1871)

— 9, 31, 56, 90, 95-96, 121, 252, 279, 441, 455, 574 — history — 153, 247, 452-54, 458, 578 — survivals of feudalism and the process of their elimination — 96, 121, 127, 162-63, 172, 454-55 — economic development — 163, 273, 453, 458 — industry — 161, 162, 164, 272-77, 390-92, 414, 508 — agriculture, agrarian relations— 46, 162-63, 275, 441-44, 447, 453-57 — commerce — 90, 117, 119, 124, 272-75, 390-92 — economic crises — 204, 274, 277, 323 — social development — 141, 268-69, 448-49 — political development, political system — 9, 93-98, 141, 251, 458, 578 — home policy, home situation — 56, 203, 210, 231, 248, 251-52, 372, 407-09, 447 — liberal and democratic movements — 53, 68, 72-73, 97-98, 107, 183, 188, 211-12, 232, 267, 423 — prospects of revolution — 54, 66, 251-52 — foreign policy — 9-11, 56, 103-04, 112, 125, 229 See also Anti-Socialist Law; Bourgeoisie—German; Nobility, aristocracy in Germany; Peasantry—German; Prussia; Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe—in Germany; Working-class and socialist movement—in Germany; Working class—German Grûndertum—59, 266

H

Hegel, Hegelianism—293, 298, 301-04, 427, 458-59 Historical materialism, materialist conception of history—191-93, 195, 303-06, 458-59, 463, 467-68 History

— as a class struggle — 191-93, 269, 303-05 — as people's activities — 323-24

— historical development — 9-10, 16-17, 94, 193, 199, 301-02, 304-05, 426, 468 History (as a science)—21-22, 52, 191-93, 304-05, 428-29, 441, 467-68 Holy Alliance—125, 343-44, 488 Humanity—191-93, 286-87, 297, 298, 301-03, 313, 428, 463, 467 Hungary—219

See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe—in Hungary; Working-class and socialist movement—in Hungary

I

Idealism—184, 302-04, 326-27, 431 India— 349, 351, 359, 368 Industrial reserve army—314, 316, 319, 325, 377, 383-84 Industrial revolution— 273, 293, 307, 324, 390 International Alliance of Socialist Democracy— 12, 22, 37, 105, 106, 174-76, 236, 495, 506-07, 524-25 Internationalism, proletarian—57, 68-69, 89-90, 187, 190, 215, 239, 266, 344, 464, 570 International Working Men's Association (First International)—90, 190-91, 220, 269, 420, 464, 468, 569-72, 575 — foundation of — 190-91, 234, 269, 344, 464 — congresses and conferences — 20, 215, 234-36, 478 — role of Marx and Engels in the foundation and activities of — 105-06, 190-91, 234, 269, 339, 420, 464, 468, 478, 564 — in Belgium — 105, 213 — in Denmark — 106 — in France — 106, 237, 239, 470 — in Germany — 68-69, 106, 239 — in Great Britain — 106, 236 — in Italy — 105-06, 213 — in Spain — 106, 213, 216, 238 — in Switzerland — 213-15, 230-31 — in the USA — 576 — cessation of activities, reasons for it — 90, 215, 220, 372, 464, 576 Inventions—192, 390, 392 Ireland— 57, 159, 162-63, 391, 405, 407, 408 Islam—434 Italy—175, 178, 189, 217, 271, 480, 577 See also Bourgeoisie—Italian; Peasantry—Italian; Working-class and socialist movement—in Italy; Working class— Italian

J

Jacobin dictatorship, Jacobins—18, 288, 289, 291 Jews—126, 429-31, 434 Joint-stock companies—273-79, 317-19, 325, 353, 416-17 Judaism— 430, 434, 435 June 1848 insurrection of the Paris proletariat — 9, 138, 141, 221, 344

K

Kant, Kantianism — 295, 301-02, 458-59 Katheder socialism— see Academic, armchair (Katheder) socialism

L

Labour— 81-88, 98-99, 192-94, 201, 309-10, 314, 356, 383, 392, 467-68, 531, 545, 549, 551-53, 557-58 See also Division of labour Landed property— 45-48, 162-64, 182, 200-01, 224-25, 288, 346-63, 365-69, 398-99, 425-26, 441-56 Language—10, 27, 46, 219, 430, 538-39, 547-49 Lassalleanism, Lassalleans—67-70, 72, 83-91, 93-97, 105, 263-64, 273, 326, 500, 516-17, 520, 572, 574-75 Law, right

— as superstructure — 84, 86-87, 304, 467-68, 553 — kinds of — 86, 87, 304, 322-24, 425-26, 431-33, 441-42, 445-47, 449, 451, 452, 517-18 Law-courts, judicial system—42, 52, 97, 156-57, 322, 447-48

League of Peace and Freedom (1867)—

68-69, 90, 95 League of the Just—184-87, 336, 565 Legislation— 95, 217, 219, 386, 409,

444 Levellers—287 Liberal Party (Great Britain)—386-87,

404 Lyons insurrection of workers, 1831—304

M

Machinery (machine production)—293-94, 313-15, 324-25, 349, 353, 362, 377-81, 383, 390, 392 Man

— and animal — 82, 301, 313, 323, 538 — and nature — 81, 301, 319-20, 323-25, 538, 550-53 — and society — 85-86, 321, 323-24. 351, 366-67, 538, 547, 549, 552-53 — development of — 87-200, 292-95, 301, 313, 323-24, 351, 366-67 Manchester School— 389-90, 392, 414 Manufacture—192, 293, 307-09, 313, 318, 324 Marxism (general points)—189-95, 285,

298-307, 325, 326, 335-39, 420, 423, 458-59, 463-68 Marxist philosophy — 298-305, 458-59 Marxist political economy—189-90, 194-

95, 305, 463-68 Materialism—15-16, 87-88, 287, 294, 298-305, 326-27, 429-30 Means of production—17, 84-85, 194, 199, 200, 274, 308-11, 316-25, 340, 346, 351, 364, 370, 379-80, 555 Metaphysics— 298-301, 303-05 Middle Ages, medieval society—191, 307-

09, 312, 324, 366, 441, 449-51 Mode of production— 39-40, 84, 87-88,

194, 201, 289, 294, 305-10, 312-13, 315-17, 319-22, 325, 468, 535, 556 See also Productive forces; Relations of production Money— 316, 546, 553-54 Monopolies— 276-79, 317-19, 325 Morals— 53, 85-86, 172-73, 292, 315,

334, 376-78, 395-96, 430, 432-35 N

Napoleonic wars — 9, 288, 390, 454-55 Narodnik (populist) movement, Narodniks

in Russia— 252, 372, 426 —criticism of their views — 19-50 Natural science— 293, 299-303, 305, 458-59, 468, 470 Nature— 298-303, 319-20, 323-24, 463,

467 —and man, society — 81, 298-99, 302-03, 319-20, 323-25, 538-39, 550-53 Needs (wants)—85, 87, 112, 193, 215, 274, 308, 312, 315-16, 320, 449, 451, 468, 538-43, 545 Netherlands, the— 392, 499

See also Working-class and socialist movement—in the Netherlands Nobility—192, 286-87, 290, 449-52 Nobility, aristocracy in Germany—449-50,

452-55 Nobility, landowners in Russia—40-41, 47, 49, 104, 126, 204, 205, 226-27 North American War of Independence, 1775-83 — 55, 57

P

Panslavism—6, 9 Paris Commune, 1871 — 10, 12, 17-18, 58, 68, 71, 90, 190, 222-23, 266-67, 344, 372-73, 461, 478, 577 Party, proletarian

—its character, tasks and vanguard role — 178, 340, 386, 405-06 —programme, aims of its struggle— 71-72, 78, 81, 94, 215, 340, 378, 399, 456 —struggle against reformism and opportunism — 67-73, 251, 262-69 Peasantry

—in ancient Rome — 200, 354, 432 —in feudal society — 192, 308, 312, 449-54 —in bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic revolutions — 50, 141, 454-55 —expropriation of — 199-201, 346, 354, 360-61, 364, 370 —and the working-class, the working-class movement — 89, 224-25, 456, 517-19

—Austrian — 162 —English — 179-82, 346, 360, 364,

517 —French — 148, 204, 224-25, 288 —German — 93, 113, 120, 126-27, 132, 140-41, 146, 148, 151-53, 160-64, 172, 263, 441, 444, 449-56 —Italian — 175 —Polish — 8, 10, 41, 58 —Prussian — 113, 120, 126-27, 132,

148, 162, 163, 453-55 —Russian — 40-43, 46-50, 56, 104,

153-54, 204, 226-27, 346-49, 352, 354-56, 361, 363-65 Peasant war in Germany, 1524-25—287,

451, 452 Philosophy — 24, 183, 193, 200-01, 286, 293, 298-306, 427-35, 458-59 —English — 298, 299 —French — 285-89, 298, 302, 305 —German — 184, 268, 298, 301-03,

428-31, 458-59 —in ancient Greece — 285-86, 298,

429-30, 433-34 —in ancient Rome — 429-34

See also Marxist philosophy Poland —history — 6-11, 55-58, 103, 107, 343-44 —economy — 46, 117 —social relations — 10, 56, 58, 103 —nationalities question, national movement — 7, 10, 55-58, 103-04, 344 —insurrection of 1863-64 — 7, 10, 55-58, 103, 190, 228, 344 —policies of European powers in

relation to Poland — 6-11, 41, 55-57, 102-03, 107-08, 227 See also Peasantry—Polish; Working-class and socialist movement—in Polish lands Political economy—194, 376, 544-45 —bourgeois — 81, 88, 91-92, 304, 326-27, 376-79, 468, 534-53 See also Marxist political economy Private property—17, 81-89, 181-82, 200, 286, 288, 308, 340, 346, 350-52, 354, 358, 360-61, 363, 365-67, 370-71, 379-81, 384, 396, 425-26 Production —and nature — 538, 552-53 —and society — 273, 304, 306, 311-12, 416, 467-68, 538-39, 549 —and man, the individual — 193, 311-12, 323-24, 538-39, 552-53 —and property — 87-88, 200, 307-14, 319-21, 324, 354-56, 362 —conditions of — 87-88, 93-94, 192 —process of — 292, 321, 535, 539, 549, 552-53 —forms of — 200, 308, 311-12, 325, 449, 456 —and exchange, distribution, consumption — 87-88, 192, 193, 306, 308, 311-12, 315-16, 319, 324-25 — social production, social nature of production — 308-14, 316-20, 323-27, 415-18, 535, 538, 549, 553 —development of — 84, 193, 308-09, 313, 315-17, 320-23, 325-27, 332-33, 415-18, 549, 557-58 Productive forces— 39-40, 87, 92, 193,

200, 289 Property

—and appropriation — 309-11, 320, 322-24, 351-52, 355-56, 366-67 —and production — 85, 87-88, 194,

199, 200, 309-11, 313, 317-25, 340, 346, 354-56, 359, 362, 379-80 —and the social system, the State—

317-21, 325, 351-52, 366 —development, historical forms— 200, 286, 533 See also Communism—abolition of private property, public ownership of the means of production; Private property Proudhonism— 218, 326-27, 520-21 Prussia—112-13, 119-21, 126-27, 132, 343-44 —history — 113, 121, 126-27, 132, 145-46, 152-55, 161-63, 454-55 —economy — 111-27, 140-56, 161-63,

318 —social and political system — 52-53,

97-98, 120-21, 127, 162, 279, 454-55 —foreign policy and diplomacy — 6,

8-11, 56, 57, 107-08, 121, 126-27, 229, 578 See also Army—Prussian; Peasantry— Prussian

R

Reformation— 247, 287, 291, 453, 499 Relations of production— 304, 306, 307,

311, 313, 317-19, 324, 552-53 Religion—15-16, 70, 97, 192-93, 285, 304, 427-30, 433-35, 467-68, 571, 576 See also Christianity; Church; Clergy; Islam Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic— 50, 56, 103, 141,221,289, 291, 454-55 Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe—107-08, 136, 141, 187-88, 267-68, 344, 426, 455 —in Austria — 107-08, 138 —in France — 58, 107-08, 118, 136,

141, 165, 187-88, 221, 224, 270-71, 455 —in Germany — 58, 107-08, 121, 137-48, 158-59, 161, 162, 164-69, 188, 231, 265, 270, 272-73, 336, 344, 455, 566, 575 —in Hungary — 107-08, 164-65, 344 See also June 1848 insurrection of the Paris proletariat Revolution, proletarian, socialist —essence, tasks, and goals of — 39-

40, 43, 325, 340, 478 —historical necessity of — 92-95, 193,

265, 289, 340, 426 —prerequisites for — 39-40, 83, 180,

193, 200, 289, 304-08, 311, 313, 316-25, 361-62 —as the highest form of the proletarian class struggle against the bourgeoisie — 96, 265, 269 —peaceful and violent ways of its

accomplishment — 95-96, 248-50, 405, 406, 576 Russia— 40-50, 103-04, 204-05, 226 —history — 40-43, 47, 49, 50, 100,

104 —economy — 11, 40-43, 46-47, 50,

125-26, 199, 200, 204-05, 227, 252, 346-49, 352-53, 355, 361, 362, 425-26 —social and political system — 11, 24-

26, 29-33, 36-37, 42-43, 46, 50, 56-57, 227-28 —science, literature, culture — 24, 27-

28, 46, 227, 229 —revolutionary movement, prospects

of revolution — 9, 11, 23, 27-28, 30-31, 43, 50, 56, 103, 104, 196,

199, 205, 226, 227, 229, 239, 252, 372, 425-26 —contacts of Marx and Engels with

Russian revolutionaries — 19-28, 361, 370-71, 469 —foreign and colonial policies — 6-

11, 41-42, 56-57, 103-04, 107-08, 125, 138, 227-29, 252, 488, 508-09, 515-16 See also Army—Russian; Bourgeoisie—Russian; Commune, community in Russia; Narodnik (populist) movement, Narodniks in Russia; Nobility, landowners in Russia; Peasantry—Russian; Working class—Russian Russo-Turkish war, 1877-78 — 204, 228-29

S

Science—116, 291-93, 322, 325, 349-50,

353-54, 398, 428, 449, 455, 463-68, 547, 571 —scientific cognition — 191-95, 303-05, 463, 467-68, 536 —historical development of — 70, 91, 97, 133-34, 183, 191, 299, 322, 325, 335, 449, 463-71 Scotland—163, 415 Serfdom—132, 141, 152-53, 320-21, 367, 415, 450-55 Slavery— 320, 354, 367, 415, 535 Socialism (first stage of communist society)—83-88 Socialism (theories and trends)—71-72,

89, 99, 194, 281, 285, 297, 304-05, 335, 451, 457 Socialism, Utopian — 281, 287-90, 297, 304-05, 326, 520, 574 Social relations— 46, 193, 286, 311, 321,

323, 325, 351, 366 Société des saisons (Paris, 1837)—12-13,

336 Society

—basis of — 304, 306 —laws of — 200, 218, 376, 378, 379, 463, 467-68

—and nature — 313, 319-20, 323-24,

325 —and production — 273, 304, 306,

311, 320-22, 416, 468, 538-39, 549 —and classes — 39-40, 43, 285, 293,

306, 320-22, 379, 415-16, 463 —and the State — 40, 53, 68, 71, 82,

93-96, 318-22, 477-78 — and the individual — 85-86, 320, 323, 351, 367, 538-39, 546-47, 549, 552-53 —development,progress of — 46, 53, 82-83, 85-87, 94-95, 293, 306, 321-22, 326-27, 349, 362, 463, 467-68, 551 Society, bourgeois— 94-95, 195, 277-78, 288, 291-307, 349-50, 353-54, 368, 379, 385-86, 415, 458-59, 468, 521 —emergence of — 289, 293, 307, 324 —bourgeois social system — 267, 290, 292, 293, 296, 307, 395-96 — classes, social strata — 285, 385-86, 415, 463 —and the State — 17, 68, 94-96, 318-19 —historically inevitable downfall of— 40, 83, 85-86, 350, 353-54, 361-62, 458-59 Society, feudal—192, 287, 307-13, 324, 367, 386 Society, primitive — 39, 304, 358-59, 362, 366-67, 426, 441-42 Society, slave-owning — 358-59, 367, 431-32 Spain— 21-22, 118-19, 216, 350 State, the —as superstructure — 40, 46-47, 94,

321, 467-68 —and society — 40, 53-54, 68, 71, 82,

94-96, 317-22, 477-78 —as an economic power — 126, 349,

354-55, 363 —and law — 431-32, 467-68 —and religion — 97, 429 —and classes, the class struggle — 96,

320-22, 477 —and revolution — 71, 141, 320 — withering away of under communism — 70-71, 292, 320-21, 325, 477-78, 519-22 —criticism of anarchist and Lassallean views on — 67-71, 93-94, 97, 263, 321, 477-78, 499 See also Dictatorship of the proletariat State, bourgeois—17, 68, 94-96, 141, 150, 317-21, 333, 475, 546 State, feudal — 320-21 State, slave-owning— 320-21, 429-31 Surplus value— 92, 194-95, 305, 324,

463, 535, 557-58 Sweden—442 Switzerland— 44, 70, 94-97, 141, 169,

218-19 See also Working-class and socialist movement—in Switzerland

T

Taxes, taxation— 41 -42, 96, 431, 572 Theology— 236, 429-30 Theory and practice—19, 34, 86, 268, 285-87, 290, 304, 325, 428, 463-64, 468, 538 Thinking— 238, 239, 285-86, 290, 297-303, 307 Thirty Years' War, 1618-48— 453-54 Trade unions, trade union movement—70, 210-11, 379-88, 403 —in Germany — 70, 210-11 —in Great Britain — 296, 376, 379-82, 384-88, 403 Tribe(s)— 441-42

Tribal system— 350, 365, 366, 441-43 "True" socialism—268, 458

U

United States of America, the —history — 248, 577 —economy — 97, 390, 392, 397-99,

413-14, 425-26, 456 —social and political system — 95-97,

248 —immigration, its role — 398, 425 See also Working class—US; Working-class and socialist movement—in the USA; Usury— 41-42, 44, 47, 50, 364, 392, 431, 455

V

Value— 85-86, 194-95, 533-49, 550-52

—exchange value — 533, 536, 544-45,

549, 550, 551 —use value — 81, 82, 533-34, 544-49,

554 —law of value — 537, 558 See also Surplus value

W

Wage labour— 70, 91-92, 194, 305, 309-

11, 346, 365, 379-80, 415 Wages— 69, 92, 181, 314, 376-85, 402-03 War(s)— 69, 228-29, 313, 450 —influence on socio-economic development — 9, 103-04, 450, 451, 557 —and revolution, revolutionary movement — 9, 50, 103, 228-29 Wars of the First French Republic (late 18th-early 19th centuries)—390, 528 Working class— 40, 88-89, 193-94, 199, 311, 324, 376-77, 379, 385-86, 415, 519 — origin and formation of — 89, 273, 289, 293, 313-14, 320-21, 324 —as a revolutionary class — 13, 88-

89, 193, 320-21, 325, 340, 519, 569-70 —development of its class consciousness — 211, 215, 468 —and the peasantry — 89, 224-25, 456, 517-18 —British — 180, 248, 384-88, 392-93,

396, 404-06, 517, 573 —French — 93, 141, 221-25, 289-90,

573 —German — 89, 93, 98, 114-16, 120-

21, 141, 163, 172, 211-12, 221, 263, 273, 441, 458, 573 —Italian — 174-76, 178, 217, 221 —Portuguese — 216-17 —Russian — 36, 43-45, 226 —US — 248, 405, 573 Working-class and socialist movement— 67-70, 89-91, 184-91, 209-11, 213-15, 219-20, 229, 247, 372-73, 380, 387-88, 403-04, 464, 575-76 —in Austria — 203, 218, 219 —in Belgium — 176-77, 214, 216-18,

239, 405 —in Denmark — 218, 219, 239 —in Great Britain — 175, 179-82, 297, 304, 335, 344, 376, 385-88, 404-06, 572 —in France — 13, 16-18, 70, 87, 93,

203-04, 222, 237, 297, 304, 340, 344 —in Germany — 10, 18, 31, 52-53,

68-69, 175, 184, 210-12, 251, 267-69, 273, 408, 423, 458-59, 572; see also Anti-Socialist Law —in Hungary — 203, 218, 219

—in Italy — 174-78, 182, 214, 217,

218, 239, 405 —in the Netherlands — 239, 405 —in Polish lands — 239, 344-45 —in Portugal — 216-18, 239 —in Russia — 20, 23-24, 36-37, 226,

229, 425, 572 —in Spain — 216, 572 —in Switzerland — 176-77, 203, 214,

216, 218-19, 239 —in the USA — 203, 239, 405, 572-76