Subject Index

A

Agriculture

— and natural conditions — 154-60 — in various historical periods — 94, 203 — and use of machines — 166, 384

Alemanni—178

Alliance of Socialist Democracy—see International Alliance of Socialist Democracy

Ancient Egypt—169, 203

Ancient Rome—89, 120

— slaves, their labour — 57, 394 — agriculture — 203 — family — 394 — classes, class struggle — 57 — Roman Empire —328, 395 See also Navy—of Ancient Rome

Anglo-American war, 1812-14—271

Anglo-Saxons—147, 174, 178

Aristocracy, nobility

— Austrian — 78 — English — 193, 292, 317, 319, 363, 395, 410, 423; see also Landlords, landlordism—in England — French — 22 — German — 22, 94, 97, 100 — Irish — 194, 197, 292, 317, 318; see also Landlords, landlordism— in Ireland — US financial aristocracy — 54

Army

— as a tool of reaction and means for suppressing revolutionary movements — 47-50, 88, 89, 120, 404, 405 — standing — 54, 89, 120, 405 — demand for abolishing the standing army — 400, 405 — in slave society — 176 — Belgian — 47-50 — British — 49, 88, 119-20, 193, 198, 218, 225, 268, 273 — French — 217 — German — 97, 99 — US — 49

Austria (Austria-Hungary from 1867)— 291, 296

— home policy, its anti-labour character — 16, 77-78, 79, 95, 407 — and Germany — 96 — and Italy —296 — and Prussia — 95, 98 See also Aristocracy, nobility — Austrian; Austro-Prussian war, 1866; Bourgeoisie— Austrian ; International Working Men's Association in Austria; Working-class movement in Austria

Austro-Prussian war, 1866—13, 77, 94, 96, 312, 362

B

Bakuninism, Bakuninists — as a variety of petty-bourgeois socialism — 46 — untenability of theoretical te-nets — 46, 112-15, 207-09, 394-96 — sectarian character — 113 — Bakuninists' disorganising activities in working-class movement — 34-36, 46, 90-91, 112-24, 394, 395, 445, 446; see also International Alliance of Socialist Democracy; International Working-Men's Association—struggle against Bakuninism and Bakuninists — in France — 123, 445 — in Italy — 114 — in Spain — 114 — in Switzerland — 113-16, 123, 445

Bank of England—28-30

Basques— 174

Belgium—47, 353 — economics — 353, 357, 358 — reactionary, anti-labour character of its home policy — 6, 14, 47-51, 72-73, 80, 89, 320, 335, 353, 358, 359-61 — the press — 51 — its neutrality — 49 — and France — 48-49, 198, 336

See also Army—Belgian; Bourgeoisie—Belgian; International Working Men's Association in Belgium; Working class in Belgium

Bonapartism—57

— manoeuvring between contend-ing classes — 12-13 — and working class — 12-14, 74-75 — Prussian — 15 See also International Working Men's Association—struggle against Bonapartism

Bourgeoisie—96-98, 311

— its economic domination — 66, 90, 396 — and political (state) power — 49-50, 94, 96-97 — petty — 97-98 — and working class — 97; see also

Classes, class struggle—in bourgeois society — and peasantry — 99-100 — Austrian — 78, 94, 98 — Belgian — 47-51 — English — 88, 97, 120, 166, 401, 402 — French — 97 — German — 20-22, 94-99 — Irish — 194, 242 — Prussian — 94, 98 — Swiss — 68-72 — US — 54, 88, 120

Britons—147, 174, 177

Bureaucracy

— as a prop of reaction — 21, 22, 96, 97, 100

C

Canada—410

Capital

— its definition — 99 — and wage labour — 63, 383 — control over production as its function — 86, 118

"Capital" by K. Marx—59-64

Celts—174, 175, 178, 185, 312

Chartism, Chartist movement—329

Child's labour

— its exploitation in capitalist society — 63, 69, 339-40, 357, 382, 383 — demand for its regulation by law — 340, 387 — under communism — 339

China— 318

Christianity—176-78, 395 See also Ireland—spread of Christianity,—Protestants,—Catholics, their persecution; Reformation

Church— 285, 395, 399, 440

Cimbri—184

Classes, class struggle

— in ancient society — see Ancient Rome—classes, class struggle — in feudal society — 93 — in bourgeois society — 12, 57, 74, 86, 97-98, 118, 403 — class prejudices — 403 — and religion — 94 — abolition of classes under communism — 46, 90, 114, 121 See also Aristocracy, nobility; Bourgeoisie; Peasantry; Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic; Revolution proletarian, socialist; Working class

Clergy, the—178, 439.

— as advocate of class interests of exploiters — 22, 78, 97 — and national liberation movements — 194, 197-98, 318

Communism (socialism), scientific

— its theoretical sources — 61; see also Fourierism; Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonists — Marxist political economy as its foundation — 63 — dissemination of its ideas — 87, 119

Communist League, the—59, 61

Co-operation, co-operative movement—98, 100, 331, 392 See also International Working Men's Association—and co-operative movement

Corn Laws (England) —200, 201, 401

D

Denmark—179, 184

E

Economic crises—329, 345, 358

Economic struggle of workers—74, 89-90, 121 See also Co-operation, co-operative movement: Strikes, strike movement; Trade(s) unions, trade union movement; Working-class movement—necessity to

combine workers' economic and political struggle; Working day— struggle for its reduction

Education, training— 391, 398-99, 404

Emigration

— as a result of capitalist development — 201, 329, 403 — political — 62, 329 See also Ireland—mass emigration as a result of colonial oppression

England (Great Britain)

— natural conditions — 157, 160-61 — population — 86, 118, 312; see also Anglo-Saxons; Britons, Norsemen — English nation, national character — 193, 197, 288 — history — 147-48, 17? 192, 194-99, 286-88, 293-94, 295, 317-18 — in the 1860s — 29-30, 80, 81 — as leading capitalist country, industrial and trade monopoly — 29, 86, 87, 96, 118, 119, 328 — industry — 29, 73, 201, 330, 353, 357, 383 — agriculture — 166, 202, 392 — concentration of landed property — 86, 99, 118, 167, 192, 328 — possibility of land nationalisation t

by the state — 393 — trade — 29, 212, 218, 221, 324, 401-02; see also Corn Laws — classes, class struggle — 86, 118, see also Aristocracy, nobility— English; Bourgeoisie—English; Peasantry—English; Working class in England — class, oligarchic character of government — 101, 171, 191, 192. 404, 423 — illusory character of bourgeois democracy — 101-07, 408, 411 — legislation, judicial system — 80, 193, 212, 287, 301, 313, 362, 395, 410, 414 — election system — 97, 98 — political parties of the ruling classes, their corruption in the 1860s — 16, 423; see also Liberal Party; Tories; Whigs — the press — 25, 87, 103, 119, 135, 189, 193, 343, 430 — prerequisites and prospects of proletarian revolution — 87, 88, 97, 118-19, 121, 372 — and India — 259 — colonial policy in Ireland — 88, 101-06, 119-20, 148, 152, 162, 189-206, 212, 218, 221, 223-24, 271, 287, 289, 292-93, 297-98, 307, 313, 317-18, 407-12, 428-30, 434; see also Ireland; Irish question, the — and Canada — 410 — and France — 217, 218 — and Holland — 218 — and Italy — 105 — and Poland — 8, 193, 412 — and Russia — 8, 29-30 — and Spain — 217 — and the USA — 53, 54, 83, 88, 120, 215, 319, 409, 411; see also Anglo-American war, 1812-14; War of North American colonies for independence, 1775-83 See also Army—British; Bank of England; International Working Men's Association in England; Navy—British; Parliament—British; Scotland; Wales

F

Famine (as social phenomenon)—191, 192, 200, 201, 204, 318, 403

Farmhands — 22, 166, 191, 199, 203

Female labour

— its exploitation under capitalism — 63, 357, 382, 383 — demand for its regulation by law — 387

Fenians, Fenianism

— character and specific features of the movement — 193, 194, 318 — conspiratorial tactics of struggle — 12, 409, 423

— in the USA — 193, 194, 206, 408-09, 436 — struggle against persecution of Fenians by the British government, and International Working Men's Association — 3-4, 13, 83, 101-07, 189, 314, 362-63, 407-12, 414-27, 430-31, 435-36

Feudalism—383, 395

First International—see International Working Men's Association

Fourierism— 175

France

— French nation, its formation — 185 — during the First Republic and First Empire — 198, 408 — coup d'état of December 2, 1851 — 12-14, 56, 62, 374 — economics — 22, 37-38, 73, 96, 353, 358, 388 — possibility of nationalisation of land by the state — 393 — reactionary character of home policy — 21, 104 — suffrage — 21, 22, 74, 98 — the press — 21, 74-77, 342, 362 — prospects of proletarian revolution — 86, 118 — and Belgium — 48-49, 198, 335 — and England — 217, 218 — and Germany — 362 — and Prussia — 362 — and Spain — 217, 270 — and Switzerland — 137 — and the USA — 216, 270, 442 See also Aristocracy, nobility—French; Bonapartism; Bourgeoisie—French; French Revolution, 1789-94; International Working Men's Association in France; Peasantry—French; Revolution of 1848-49—in France; Wars of the First French Republic; Working class in France French Revolution, 1789-94 — 236, 238, 239, 242, 278, 312, 318

Frisians—147, 312 G

Gaels—176, 177, 192

General Association of German Workers— 15, 21-24, 32-33 — sectarian character — 23, 90, 122, 123 — relations with the Prussian Government — 20, 21, 23, 134 — and International Working Men's Association — 10, 15, 23, 32-33, 90-91, 122-23, 134 — its congresses — 10, 15, 32-33

Geographical environment

— its role in development of society — 147-67

Germanic tribes—169, 179, 185

German People's Party (from 1865)—96

German Social-Democracy

— Social-Democratic Workers' Party, Eisenachers (1869-75)—32-33, 78-80, 90, 122, 132-34

German Workers' Educational Society in London, 1840-1918 — 32, 386

Germany

— population — 22 — Germans, national character of — 185 — history — 286 — economic development in 1850-60s — 96-98, 165 — social progress — 96 — burghers — 94, 97-98 — political system — 100, 110 — bureaucracy — 22, 96, 97-98, 100 — suffrage — 21-23, 95, 99-100 — the press — 25, 26 — prospects of revolution — 96 — and Austria — 96 — and France — 362 — and Poland — 110 — and Russia — 110 See also Aristocracy, nobility—German; Army—German; Bourgeoisie—German; Germanic tribes; German People's Party; International Working Men's Association in Germany; National-Liberals; North-Ger-

man Confederation; Peasantry—German; Prussia; Revolution of 1848-49 —in Germany; Working class in Germany

Great Britain—see England

H

Habeas Corpus Act—189, 225, 272, 280, 429

Hegel, Hegelianism—60-61, 178

Historical materialism, materialist conception of history—94

Historical sources—168-74, 184-85, 306

Historiography

— its class character — 161 — of Middle Ages — 168, 173 — bourgeois (19th cent.), its apologetic and nationalistic features — 57, 93-94, 169-70, 173, 175, 179, 184, 283-96, 313 — creation and development of Marxist historiography — 57, 94 See also Historical sources History (as science)—57, 93-94

See also Historical materialism, materialist conception of history; Historiography Hungary— 95, 296, 407 See also International Working Men's Association and Hungary; Revolution of 1848-49—in Hungary; Working-class movement in Hungary

I

Iberians— 174 India— 259, 383 International Alliance of Socialist Democracy— 34-36, 45-46, 48, 85, 113-15, 207-10, 394, 395, 446 Internationalism, proletarian—see Working-class movement—internationalism as its inherent feature International Working Men's Association (First International) — general characteristics, its historical significance — 12, 17, 45, 46, 64, 91, 122, 127 — foundation of — 322-23, 332, 333 — first programme documents (Inaugural Address and Provisional Rules)—89, 121, 322, 324-35, 337 — emancipation of workers as its aim — 45, 89, 121, 127, 332, 333 — struggle for class proletarian character of — 12-14, 126, 323 — struggle for international solidarity and united actions of the working class in all countries — 10, 17, 45, 138, 323, 334, 337, 386, 442-43

— socialist principles in its programme — 100, 143, 385, 391, 393 — and political struggle of working class — 10, 87-89, 119-21, 127, 333 — and trade unions — 5, 16, 25-26, 37, 74, 78-81, 87, 89, 92, 119, 125, 343-44, 347-51, 391 — and strikes — 13, 14, 16, 47-51, 68-78, 137-39, 345-53, 357-61, 388 — struggle for reduction of the working day — 10, 11, 16-17, 338, 385-87

— questions of female and child's labour, education — 69, 339-41, 383, 387, 391, 398-99 — and co-operative movement — 26, 143, 334, 385 — and agrarian question — 143, 385, 391-93 — and national question — 87-89, 119-21, 423 — and the Irish question — 3, 13, 83, 87-89, 101-07, 116, 119-21, 189-91, 362-63, 407-41, 444; see also Fenians, Fenianism— struggle against persecution of Fenians by the British government, and International Working Men's Association — and the Polish question — 8, 110, 322, 362 — struggle against Bonapartism — 12-15, 74 — struggle for independent stand of proletariat in foreign policy, against wars of conquest — 8, 13, 53-54, 80-81, 143, 332, 342, 361

— struggle against Mazzinism and Mazzinists — 323 — struggle against Proudhonism and Proudhonists — 364-65, 393, 399 — struggle against Lassalleanism and

Lassalleans — 23, 33, 90, 122, 134 — struggle against reformism — 92, 126 — struggle against Bakuninism and Bakuninists — 34-36, 46, 65-67, 84-91, 110-24, 209, 394-97, 446 — and League of Peace and Freedom — 35, 78, 112-13, 342 — and Reform League — 362 — organisational principles (general points)—35, 45, 84, 108-09, 117, 127, 323, 334, 336, 337, 364 — Rules and Regulations — 6, 35, 45, 46, 77, 79, 84-86, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116-18, 127, 132, 133, 209, 444 — General (Central) Council, its functions and activities — 3, 6-8, 10, 13, 15-16, 31, 34-38, 45-46, 51, 52, 54, 68, 73-74, 77-83, 84-87, 89-92, 108, 110, 112-19, 121-26, 131-37, 138-39, 142, 143, 209, 320, 322, 333-35, 337, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 357, 358, 360-64, 369, 376, 378, 385, 387, 391, 394, 412, 413, 442-46 — Sub-Committee, Standing Committee — 10, 391 — Marx's role in founding the International and in its activities — 10, 64, 324 — Marx as Corresponding Secretary pro tern for Belgium — 37, 84-91 — Marx as Corresponding Secretary for Germany — 32-33, 51, 91, 122, 131-32, 378, 389, 443 — Marx as Corresponding Secretary for Russia — 110-11, 124 — its press — 26, 45, 72, 80, 84-86, 114, 116-18, 123, 126, 336, 378, 444 — and ruling classes, and police and judicial persecution — 12-14, 50, 70-73, 74-79, 131, 346, 350, 363-76 See also International Working Men's Association. Congresses; International Working Men's Association (in different countries) International Working Men's Association. Congresses — their functions and aims — 45, 333 — Geneva Congress (1866)—11-13, 31, 34, 37, 85, 108, 117, 143, 324, 335-41, 343, 345, 364, 387, 399 — Lausanne Congress (1867) — 34, 37, 108, 320, 337, 341-42, 345, 364, 375, 387 — Brussels Congress (1868)—6, 9-17, 25, 31, 34, 35, 37, 50, 92, 320, 375, 376, 385-87, 393, 400 — Basle Congress (1869) —68-82, 86, 100, 108, 113, 115, 118, 132, 391, 446 — Mainz Congress (1870, reasons for postponing the congress) — 132-34, 143, 445 International Working Men's Association and Hungary—78 International Working Men's Association and Russia—110, 124 See also International Working Men's Association—Marx as Corresponding Secretary for Russia International Working Men's Association and the USA—16, 53-54, 126, 127, 377 International Working Men's Association in Austria—15-16, 77-79, 131 International Working Men's Association in Belgium—14-16, 25, 37, 50-51, 72, 123, 320, 350, 352-53, 358, 360, 375-77 See also International Working Men's Association—Marx as Corresponding Secretary pro tern for Belgium International Working Men's Association in England—16, 25-26, 86-87, 92, 118-19, 126, 127, 336, 377 International Working Men's Association in France—12-14, 16, 72-77, 123, 127-31, 336, 347-48, 352, 360, 362, 364-74, 376-77, 381 See also International Working Men's Association— struggle against Bonapartism,— struggle against Proudhonism and Proudhonists,— struggle against Bakuninism and Bakuninists International Working Men's Association

in Germany—15, 16, 33, 37, 78-80, 90, 122, 133-34, 349, 378, 381 See also General Association of German Workers—and International Working Men's Association; German Social-Democracy; International Working Men's Association—Marx as Corresponding Secretary for Germany; Union of German Workers' Associations International Working Men's Association in Ireland—377 See also International Working Men's Association—and the Irish question International Working Men's Association in Italy—15, 79, 341-42, 377 See also International Working Men's Association—struggle against Mazzin-ism and Mazzinists International Working Men's Association in the Netherlands—79, 377 International Working Men's Association in Spain— 79, 377 International Working Men's Association in Switzerland—16, 37, 77, 84-85, 91, 113-17, 123, 136, 349-53, 360, 376-78, 446; See also International Alliance of Socialist Democracy; International Working Men's Association—struggle against Bakuninism and Bakuninists Ireland—103-04, 148, 175, 317, 319, 324, 432 — natural conditions — 147-67, 192, 283, 306 — population — 173-85, 190-92, 197, 200, 203-05, 215, 299, 317, 403; see also Celts; Gaels; Picts; Scots — Irish nation, national character— 147, 148, 161, 169, 174, 185, 192, 193, 195-97, 221, 223, 232, 235, 275 — gens, tribe, commune, clan, sept — 174, 284, 307-09 — before British conquest in the 12th cent.—165, 168-85, 307-12 — ancient laws — 165, 169-73 — spread of Christianity — 171, 176-78, 307 — British conquests in 12th-15th cent.—147, 172-73, 194-95, 285, 306, 317 — completion of British conquest of the country in 16th-l7th cent.— 140, 165, 168, 173, 192, 195-96, 289, 307, 317, 318 — and English Revolution (17th cent.)—189, 192, 194-96 — in 18th cent.—165, 169, 194, 196-99, 215-82, 317 — Anglo-Irish Union of 1801 — 88, 89, 120, 121, 192, 193, 198, 202, 212, 226, 234, 251, 261, 281-82, 307, 318 — as British colony and citadel of British landlordism —88, 119-20, 162, 192, 194-206, 212, 218, 307, 317-19 — under British ruling classes — 88, 103-06, 120, 192-93, 194-95, 218, 221, 223, 271, 287, 289, 292, 297-98, 312, 317, 428-30, 434 — famine as a result of British rule — 191-92, 200-02, 204, 205, 318, 403 — industry and its destruction by British competition — 152, 197-201, 215, 218, 221, 224, 271, 272, 317, 318 — agriculture, agrarian relations — 105, 165, 166, 190-92, 200-06, 284, 285, 300, 318, 403, 427, 432-33 — trade, struggle against British monopoly — 197, 198, 215, 218, 221-23, 271, 276 — and abolition of Corn Laws in England —200, 201, 318 — legislation, judicial system — 199, 224, 231-32, 245, 255-56, 272, 287, 410, 414 — crime (as social phenomenon) — 193, 206 — mass emigration as a result of colonial oppression — 88, 120, 141, 161, 167, 190-92, 201, 204, 284, 318, 403 — interconnection between national liberation and economic struggle (the land question as social basis of the national question) — 88, 120, 319 — national movements and uprisings in 17th cent.—194, 196-97, 198, 293, 318, 411 — national movements and uprisings in 18th-19th cent.—193, 194, 198,

200. 218, 220, 239, 250-53,255-58, 277, 280-81, 307, 318, see also Fenians, Fenianism —- the Volunteer movement — 218-26. 227-28, 229-36, 248, 270-77 — religious antagonism, its social character — 193, 195, 197, 215. 220. 252. 317-18. 410, 439 — Protestants — 194, 195, 197, 215, 217. 218, 220, 221. 242. 252, 270-72, 279, 302, 314 — Catholics, their persecution — 140, 178, 194-98, 215-16, 219-20, 230, 231, 235, 236, 247, 251. 270-72. 274. 275, 279, 280, 282, 285, 290. 293, 299, 314 See also Aristocracy, nobility—Irish; Bourgeoisie— Irish; International Working Men's Association in Ireland ; Irish question, the; Landlords, landlordism— in Ireland; Parliament—Irish; Peasantry— Irish; Working class in Ireland Irish duestion, the

— its character, significance — 87-89, 119-21, 319, 407, 409, 413 — ways of settlement — 194, 319 Italy

— anti-labour character of home policy — 15 — and Austria — 296 — and England — 105 See also International Working Men's Association in Italy; Revolution of 1848-49—in Italy; Sicily; Working class in Italy

J

Jamaica—49, 359 June insurrection of Paris proletariat, 1848 — 12, 97

L

Land and Labour League (England, from

1869)—87, 119, 401-06 Landed property

— and land rent — 65 — liquidation of feudal landed property — 392 — its monopolisation under capitalism — 86. 118. 192, 392 — ousting of small peasant property under capitalism —99, 192, 392, 393 — historical necessity of replacement of private property in land by common property — 100, 392, 393, 397, 405 — according to Saint-Simonists — 66 Landlords, landlordism

— in England —86-88, 101, 105, 118-20, 191-92, 193, 396, 402, 423 — in Ireland — 192, 197, 202, 277, 314, 428, 434, 435 Lassalleanism, Lassalleans

— Lassalle and his role in German working-class movement — 59 — dogmatic and sectarian character of Lassalleanism —23, 90, 122 — and demand for universal suffrage — 21 See also General Association of German Workers; International Working Men's Association—struggle against Lassalleanism and Lassalleans Law

— as superstructure, its dependence on economic basis — 65-67 — abstract — 392 — civil — 44, 65 — critique of Hegel's philosophy of law by Marx — 60-61 League of Peace and Freedom (from

1867)—35, 78, 112-13, 342-43 Liberal Party (England)

— policy in the Irish question — 83, 104, 189, 407-12 — and working class — 87, 119 Literature

— folklore — 140-41, 168-69, 177, 180, 184 — satire and humour — 57 — ancient German — 185 — ancient Scandinavian — 172, 179-80, 185 — French — 56-57 — Icelandic — 181-84 — Irish — 140-41, 168-69, 171-74, 177, 308, 310, 312 Lock-out— 37, 70, 137-38, 345-46, 347,

351 Lumpenproletariat— 98

M

Machinery (machine production) — 9, 166, 324, 329, 382-85, 387 Malthusianism—383 Marxism—60-61, 63 See also Communism (socialism), scientific; Historical materialism, materialist conception of history; Marxist political economy Marxist political economy—64 Mongols— 318

N

National Labour Union of the United States—16, 53-55, 81, 377 National-Liberals (Germany, from 1866) —95, 96 National movement

— as part of bourgeois-democratic revolutions — 88, 119 — and working class — 88, 120 Navy—147

— of ancient Rome — 147 — British —218, 280 — French —217, 218, 270 — Spanish —217, 218, 270 Neoplatonism— 178

"Neue Rheinische Zeitung"—61-62 Norsemen—147, 177, 179-84 North-German Confederation (1867-71) —

75, 311 Norway, Norwegians—182-83, 291

P

Pan-Slavism—123, 124 Parliament (in bourgeois society)

— its use by working class — 95, 98, 396 — British —87, 119, 189, 193, 196, 215, 217, 222-23, 226-27, 229, 230, 232, 233, 271-76, 278, 281, 290, 325-26, 330, 331, 345, 362, 396, 410 — Irish — 195-98, 212-19, 220-21, 222, 224-27, 229, 232-37, 247, 268, 270-80, 282, 290, 317 Pauperism

— as consequence of capitalism — 324, 328-29, 402-04 Peace

— as one of the main concerns of working class — 53-54, 81 Peasantry

— big — 99, 100 — small — 99, 393 — its ideologists — 393 — and bourgeoisie — 98-99 — and working class — 98-100 — English — 195, — French —21, 22 — German — 22, 98-99; see also Peasant War in Germany, 1524-25; Working class in Germany—agricultural — Irish — 99, 198-205, 206, 220, 318 Peasant War in Germany, 1524-25—93, 94, 98 Phoenicians— 169 Picts—177-78 Poland

— Tsarist Russia's policy towards Poland — 8, 110, 148, 296, 429-30 — and England —8, 193, 412 See also International Working Men's Association—and the Polish question Political economy—61, 63, 330-31

See also Marxist political economy Politics, political struggle

—• as a form of class struggle — 94 — political struggle of working class — 10,89-90, 116, 120-21,127,143, 332-33 See also Working-class movement— necessity to combine workers' economic and political struggle Press, the

— freedom of the press and its significance for working-class movement — 20, 21, 61-62 — illusory character of freedom of the press in bourgeois society— 20, 60, 101, 428 — persecution of the proletarian press in bourgeois society — 20, 62, 78, 329 See also Belgium— the press; England— the press; France—the press; Germany—the press; International Working Men's Association—its press;

"Neue Rheinische Zeitung"; Prussia— the press Production

— social — 9 , 383 — application of science — 328-29, 330-31 — its capitalist form — 86, 118 — under communism — 9, 330-31 See also Machinery Proudhonism, Proudhonists—364-65, 393, 399 See also International Working Men's Association— struggle against Proudhonism and Proudhonists Prussia

— in the 1840s —61 — home policy — 408 — finances — 95 — legislation — 15, 33, 395 — the press — 75 — education — 399 — and Austria — 94-95, 98 — and France — 362 — and German states — 95-96 — and Switzerland — 137 See also Austro-Prussian war, 1866; Bonapartism— Prussian ; Bourgeoisie-Prussian; North-German Confederation (1867-71); Trade(s) unions, trade union movement—in Prussia

R

Red Indians— 195 Reformation— 317 Reform League (England, from 1865) —

26, 193, 345, 362 Religion

— as superstructure, form of social consciousness — 94 — religious struggle as reflection of class struggle — 93 — religious strife, its utilisation by ruling classes — 88, 120; see also Ireland—religious antagonism, its social character See also Christianity; Church; Clergy, the Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic — and working class — 97-98 — and national question — 88, 120, 121 See also French Revolution, 1789-94; Revolution of 1848-49; US Civil War, 1861-65; War of North American colonies for independence, 1775-83 Revolution, economic—86, 118 Revolution of 1848-49 — 329 — in France — 61, 97; see also June insurrection of Paris proletariat, 1848 — in Germany — 59, 61-62, 93-98 — in Hungary — 411 — in Italy — 105 Revolution, proletarian, socialist

— prerequisites for — 9, 66, 86-87, 97, 118-19, 384, 396 — as the highest form of class struggle of proletariat against bourgeoisie —12 — international character of — 86, 118 — and radical socio-economic and political changes — 66-67, 99, 397, 404 — and national question — 88, 89, 120, 121 — and trade unions — 92 Revolution, social— 66, 86-89, 113, 118-21, 396

See also Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic; Revolution, proletarian, socialist Right

— of inheritance — 65-67, 112-13, 115, 391, 394-97 — property right — 65, 192, 197, 434 Romania—96, 165 Russia

— history — 218, 270 — economics — 29-30, 53, 96, 165 — reactionary character of its home policy — 408 — revolutionary movement — 110-11 — international significance of the Russian revolution — 110 — Marx's contacts with Russian rev-olutionaires —110-11, 123-24 — annexation of the Caucasus — 332 — Tsarist policy towards Poland — 8, 110, 148, 296, 318, 332,429-30 — and England —8, 29-30 — and Germany — 110 — and Switzerland — 137 — and the USA —53

S

Saint -Simonism, Saint-Simonists — 66, 115, 208, 395 Scandinavia, Scandinavians—147, 170, 179-85 See also Literature—ancient Scandinavian; Norway, Norwegians; Sweden Schiller Institute, the (Manchester, 2nd half of 19th cent.)—18-19 Scotland—147, 176-78, 179, 192 See also Scots Scots—147, 169, 173-74, 176-78, 310 Sicily— 203 Slavery— 65, 310

— in ancient Rome — 57, 394 — in the USA — 54, 88 Society, bourgeois

— economic basis of — 65, 66, 404 — contradictions of — 328-29 See also Bourgeoisie; Capital; Peasantry; Wage labour; Working class Society, slave—57

See also Ancient Rome Spain — M3, 217 See also International Working Men's Association in Spain State power

— its social functions — 403-04 — as a tool of class domination of exploiters —48-49, 192, 353, 403 -04 See also Bureaucracy Strikes, strike movement—47-50, 68-75, 343, 345-46, 348 Sweden—154, 184-85, 291 Switzerland—69, 137 See also Bourgeoisie—Swiss; International Working Men's Association in Switzerland; Working class in Switzerland

T

Taxes— 66, 396, 398, 404, 405

Tories (England) —313, 345, 401, 423 Trade(s) unions, trade union movement

— their tasks and role in the class struggle of proletariat — 92, 343-44, 391 — critique of reformist views of trade union leaders — 43-44, 92, 389-90 — in England — 16, 25-26, 37, 73, 81, 86, 87, 92, 118, 119, 322, 343-45, 347-48, 357, 377, 443 — in France — 73-74, 347-48 — in Germany — 37, 43-44, 79, 98, 389-90 — in Prussia — 79 — in Switzerland — 350, 351

See also Economic struggle of workers; International Working Men's Association—and trade unions

U

Union of German Workers' Associations—

15, 32-33, 381 United States of America

— history — 216, 217 — immigration, its role in composition of population — 88, 120, 141, 216, 319, 329 — trade — 53, 165 — financial policy — 54 — bourgeois parties — 54 — home policy — 54, 386, 407 — legislation — 395 — system of education — 398 — and England — 53, 54, 83, 88, 120, 215, 319, 409, 411 — and France — 216, 270, 442 — and Russia — 53 — and Spain — 217, 270 See also Anglo-American war, 1812-14; Aristocracy, nobility—US financial aristocracy; Army—US; Bourgeoisie— US; Fenians, Fenianism—in the USA; International Working Men's Association, and the USA,Slavery—in the USA; US Civil War, 1861-65; War of North American colonies for independence, 1775-83; Working class in the USA US Civil War, 1861-65

— its results and significance — 53, 54 — and US working class — 54 — and England — 83, 409, 411 — and English working class — 53, 325 — and European working class — 47, 380, 391 — and International Working Men's Association — 53, 54

W

Wage labour

— and capital —63, 383 — as specific form of slavery — 383 — necessity of abolition of wage labour system — 9 Wales— 283 War(s)

— influence on economy and social progress — 53-54 See also Anglo-American war, 1812-14; Army; Austro-Prussian war, 1866; Navy; Peasant War in Germany, 1524-25; US Civil War, 1861-65; War of North American colonies for independence, 1775-83; Wars of the First French Republic War of North American colonies for independence, 1775-83 — 53-54, 198, 212-18, 259, 270, 271, 318, 361, 380, 386 Wars of the First French Republic—198, 246, 250, 280 Whigs (England)—230, 235, 276 Workers' societies

— mutual aid — 39-44 See also Co-operation, co-operative movement; German Workers' Educational Society in London; Trade(s) unions, trade union movement; Union of German Workers' Associations Working class

— its emergence and development— 45, 97 — world-historic role — 10, 17 — development of its class consciousness — 23, 98 — and revolutionary theory — 87, 119 — and peasantry — 99-100 — and urban petty bourgeoisie — 97-99 See also Classes, class struggle—in bourgeois society; Wage labour; Working class (in different countries); Working-class movement; Working day—importance of its reduction for working class Working class in Belgium—354-56 See also Working-class movement in Belgium Working class in England — living and labour conditions — 5, 86, 87, 118, 119, 324-30, 354, 357, 402 — and suffrage — 98 — and the Irish question — 88, 120, 212 See also Liberal Party (England)—and working class; Working-class movement in England Working class in France

— its condition —21-22, 37-38, 98, 354, 388, 442 — and Bonapartism — 12-14, 74 — and suffrage — 21-22, 74, 98

See also Working-class movement in France Working class in Germany

— during 1848-49 revolution — 98 — its composition — 22 — its condition —5, 39-44, 389 — and suffrage — 21, 23, 95, 98 — and bourgeoisie — 94, 96-98 — and petty bourgeoisie — 98, 99 — and peasantry — 99-100 — and lumpenproletariat — 98 — agricultural —22, 23, 99-100 See also Working-class movement in Germany Working class in Ireland—87-88, 120 Working class in Italy—15

See also Working-class movement in Italy Working class in Switzerland—137-39 See also Working-class movement in Switzerland Working class in the USA—54, 81, 442