Subject Index

A

Absolute surplus-value—211-12, 258, 290, 292 See also Surplus-value Abstract labour—121-23, 265-68, 274, 283-84 See also Labour Abstraction—104, 106-07, 113, 116, 118, 122, 125, 126-27, 133-35, 142, 144, 148, 217, 231-32, 243, 255, 268-69, 271-72, 277-79, 292 Accumulation of capital—104, 147, 213,

236-37, 257 See also Extended reproduction Advanced capital—257, 290-91

See also Capital Agricultural labourers—74, 192, 254, 308, 367 Agriculture— 68, 70-71, 216-17, 301, 308 See also Agricultural labourers; Nationalisation of land Ancient Egypt—296 Ancient Rome — 9, 100, 106, 243, 251, 278 Ancient world— 217, 225, 252, 287, 296 Appropriation—132-35, 136-37, 233-34, 247, 282 See also Communism; Private property;

Property Aristocracy, nobility in England—65, 68,

252 Armaments, weapons—167-68, 178-79, 181, 182

See also Artillery Arming of the people—193

See also Uprising, armed Army— 43-45, 61-63, 72, 166-68, 296,

426 — and economy — 42, 193 — and exploiting classes — 60-61, 73 — and proletariat — 67, 85-86, 426 — standing — 194, 376, 386, 426 — militia — 55, 194 — discipline and morale — 43, 52, 176, 182 — soldiers — 53, 62-63 — officers — 43, 52-53, 61 — recruiting (cadre-) system — 43-45, 50-54, 62, 85-86 — universal military service — 44-46, 48-52, 62, 64, 67, 85-86, 193-94 — Italian — 175-76 — Sardinian (Piedmontese)—175 — Swiss — 52

See also Armaments, weapons; Artillery;

Art of war; Cavalry; Fortifications; Infantry; Military training; War(s) Army, Austrian— 51, 164-68, 171, 175,

178, 181 Army, English— 44, 51, 52, 167 Army, French— 47, 51, 72, 167 Army of German states—49, 51, 179 Army, Prussian— 42-43, 45-54, 61-63, 164-66, 167-68 — as a tool of reaction — 53-54, 60-63 — and monarchy and Junkers — 73 — art of war, training, combat efficiency — 50-55, 61, 165-67, 171, 176, 177, 182 — universal conscription — 44-45, 48-52, 63 — reorganisation in 1850s-60s— 44, 50-51, 55-58, 60-61, 64-67, 84-86 — revolutionary and oppositional mood in — 53-54, 63-64 — and working class — 67, 79, 84-86 — and Landwehr— 42-44, 51-52, 85, 164 Army, Russian—167, 199 Artillery— 53-54, 164, 167 Art of war— 52-53, 166-67, 175-77, 179-80, 182 See also Army; Artillery; Cavalry; Fortifications; Infantry; War(s) Association—11, 69-70, 190 Austria — 153-54, 199, 222-23 — foreign policy and diplomacy— 153-54, 324-25 — and France — 312, 313, 316-17, 318, 325-26 — and Germany — 155-56 — and Italian states — 155-56 — and Poland — 153-54, 159-60, 161, 316, 325-26 — and Prussia — 200, 317-18 — and Russia — 153-54, 157-58 See also Austro-Italian war, 1848-49; Austro-Italo-French war, 1859; Austro-Prussian war, 1866; Crimean war, 1853-56 Austro-Italian war, 1848-49 — 173-74, 176, 198 See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Austria Austro-Italo-French war, 1859—43, 51,

166-67, 172-76 Austro-Prussian war, 1866—164, 178 — character of hostilities — 164-82 — battle of Sadowa (Koniggrätz) — 181 — battle of Custozza, 1866 — 173-76 — and Germany — 178 — and Prussia — 178 Average profit—134 Average rate of profit—119, 137, 138, 144, 145, 149

B

Banks— 31, 113-14

See also Credit Belgium — 156, 289, 311, 316, 319, 375-76, 385 See also Working class in Belgium; Working-class movement in Belgium Bill of exchange—114-16 Bonapartism— 36, 59, 72-74, 89

— criticism of Bonapartist "principle of nationalities"—153, 155-59, 160-61 — Prussian — 72-73, 225 See. also Society of December 10 Bourgeoisie—41, 56-57, 64-71, 74-76 — origin and development — 68, 69, 200-01 — role in the development of productive forces — 70-71 — economic domination — 14, 68, 236-37 — and state power — 64, 68, 77 — and Bonapartism — 72-73 — bargains with feudal reaction — 56-57 — theorists and ideologists of — 32, 110 See also Capitalist; Competition; Petty bourgeoisie; Republic, bourgeois; Revolution, bourgeois; Society, bourgeois Bourgeoisie, English—57, 65, 360, 422

See also Petty bourgeoisie—English Bourgeoisie, French—57, 65, 72-73, 78 Bourgeoisie, German—56-57, 65, 66, 75-76, 360 See also: Bourgeoisie, Prussian Bourgeoisie, Prussian—56-57, 64-65, 66,

75-76, 85, 395 Bourgeoisie, US— 20, 422, 437 Bourgeois political economy—11, 28-29, 110, 112-13, 207-08, 217, 231-32, 242, 268-71, 305-06 — vulgar bourgeois political economy — 110, 207-09, 231-32, 293 See also Classical bourgeois political economy; Malthusianism; Physiocrats, the Bureaucracy, red tape—56, 57, 59, 60, 65, 68-69, 71-74, 77 Byelorussia, Byelorussians ( White Russia)— 158-59, 161 c

Campaign of 1812 (in Russia) — 327 Capital— 214, 256, 277, 295-96

— as relation of production — 191, 236-37, 258, 280-81, 290-91, 422 — as general formula — 238-41, 256-

57, 275-79, 290 — as self-increasing value — 240-41, 258, 276-77, 290-91, 295-96 — capitalist as capital personified — 257-58, 277 — and wage labour — 70, 131, 231, 233, 257-58, 299, 415 — as accumulated unpaid labour of workers — 214, 231-32 — and working day — 140-42, 256-57 — prerequisites for its appearance— 246-47, 275, 278-81, 290-91, 295 — and division of labour — 296-98, 299, 300-01, 304-05 — its minimum — 290 — as money — 211, 239-41, 275, 276-77, 280 — its historically transient character — 216, 280-81 — and development of productive forces — 237 — and landed property — 275 — control, as its function — 248, 257-

58, 282, 290, 293-96 — its migration — 107, 109 — and workers' health — 287-88 — bourgeois economists on identity of interests of capital and labour— 207-09 See also Accumulation of capital; Advanced capital; Capitalist mode of production; Concentration of capital; Constant capital; Exploitation of labour-power by capital; Fixed capital; Interest-bearing capital; Manufacturer's capital; Merchant's (commercial) capital; Organic composition of capital; Primitive accumulation of capital; Usurer's capital; Variable capital "Capital" by K. Mane — 207-18, 224-59, 260-61, 361-62, 439-40 Capitalism— 245-46, 286 See also Capitalist mode of production; Society, bourgeois

Capitalist— 68, 69-71, 78, 106-08, 128-29, 133-35, 137, 233-34, 241, 243-44, 247-48, 253-55, 257-58, 277, 287-88, 292-96, 302, 306 See also Bourgeoisie; Capital; Exploitation of labour-power by capital; Petty bourgeoisie; Workers' living and labour conditions under capitalism Capitalist mode of production—246, 280 — tendencies of development — 254-55, 269 — its categories — 266-67 — historical prerequisites and conditions for — 224-25, 234, 237, 246, 247, 293, 296 — and precapitalist forms of labour— 252 — and industrial revolution — 68 — its material basis — 305, 307-08 — production of surplus-value as main goal — 247-48, 257, 295-96 — and labour co-operation — 296-97 — and division of labour — 299 — and control of labour process— 257-58, 295-96 — duration of the working day — 220, 253, 288, 293 — accumulation of capital — 236 — and reproduction of capitalist relations — 236 — and market — 252 — antagonistic contradictions of, and prerequisites for its destruction — 148-49, 307-08 — necessity of its destruction — 210-11 See also Mode of production; Society,

bourgeois Categories—29, 208, 246, 267, 280 Cavalry— 53-54, 182 Chartist movement—10, 152 Chemistry— 6, 9, 125, 127 Child's labour—142, 188, 189, 255, 288-

89, 302, 376, 386 See also Factory legislation; Labour;

Working day Christianity— 267 Circulation— 239, 240-43, 246, 269-70

See also Commodity circulation; Money circulation Class(es)—9, 12-14, 20, 68-71, 74-75,

76-78, 89, 128-29, 134-35, 188-89, 200-01, 210, 229, 233-34, 235-37, 295-96, 437 See also Bourgeoisie; Class struggle; Petty bourgeoisie; Social relations; Society; Working class Class struggle— 72-73, 76-77, 146, 148-49, 161, 186, 187-92, 200-01, 235-36, 287-89, 421, 423, 437 See also Class(es); Economic struggle; Political struggle; Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Tactics of proletarian class struggle; Working-class movement Classical bourgeois political economy—208 See also Bourgeois political economy; Physiocrats, the Climate — 247, 281, 298 Coin—114-15, 271-72, 274-75 See also Money Commodity — 31, 118, 122, 208, 236-37, 239, 244-46, 248-49, 265-70, 280-84 See also Commodity production Commodity circulation—116, 238-42, 246, 269-73, 275-81 See also Circulation; Commodity, Commodity production; Exchange, barter Commodity production—121-22, 246, 267-69, 278, 280, 284 See also Commodity; Commodity circulation; Production Communism—188, 190, 191-92, 216, 224-25 — as goal of working-class movement — 14, 69-71 prerequisites for — 29, 148 49, 210, 216-17, 224-25, 237, 307-08 — necessity of proletarian revolution — 129. 216 — international character of — 14 — ahôdition of private property — 11-, "12; 69, 216-17, 237 - j - i n è production — 11, 12, 69-70, >; 129, 188, 189-90, 216-17, 237 -4 labour — 11, 12, 14, 149, 188, 189, -; 190 — working time and leisure — 142 — elimination of opposition between classes,social equality — 12, 14, 237 — and army — 193 — demand for arming the whole people — 193 — role of class-consciousness — 11, 14

— morals — 13 — and science — 11 — and man — 187-89, 237 — education — 184, 188-89 See also Dictatorship of the proletariat;

Period of transition from capitalism to communism (socialism); Revolution, proletarian, socialist Communism, in France—26, 31 Communism, scientific—210, 215-17

See also Dictatorship of the proletariat;

Party, proletarian Communist League, the—57, 71, 80, 81 Community— 296, 298, 299 Competition—118-20, 147, 184, 191, 254, 292, 298-99 Compromise (in politics)—33, 65-66, 85,

89 Concentration of capital— 125

See also Capital Conception)— 28, 48, 208, 274

See also Categories Concrete labour— 248, 265-68, 284

See also Abstract labour; Labour Consciousness— 26, 69, 71, 189, 280, 307 Constant capital—147, 250, 285, 294 Constitution—59, 60, 64-65, 77 See also Democracy, bourgeois; Monarchy, constitutional Consumption—130, 135, 141, 233, 244, 245, 249, 258, 280-82, 290 94 Content and form—112, 234, 267-69, 270-71, 272, 274, 276, 277, 285, 294, 299, 305 Control of production—11 258, 282, 290, 295, 298 See also Organisation of social labour

and production; State, the Co-operation, co-operative movement—11-

12, 190, 209, 212, 224, 293-97, 299, 300-01 — and production of surplus-value — 212, 306-07 — and capital —294-96, 299 — in pre-capitalist formations (simple)—295-97 — capitalist — 296-97, 300 — workers' producer and consumer co-operatives — 11-12, 190 — co-opei.itive production in the period of transition to, and under, communism — 11-12, 190, 216-17 — criticism of bourgeois co-operative theories — 12 Corn Laws (England)—112, 139-40 Corruption—72-73 Corvée— 233-34, 252, 287

See also Feudal services; Serfdom Costs of production—133-34, 295 Coup d'état— 54, 60-63, 67 Cracow, insurrection of 1846—152 Crafts, craftsmen—257', 288, 290, 297-

300, 307 .' Credit — 31-32, 72-73, 114-15, 273-74

See also Banks; Interest (econ.); Interest-bearing capital Crimean war, 1853-56 — 154, 199 Criticism— 26-30, 41, 53-54, 84, 85-86,

91, 117, 208, 210-11, 215, 225, 229, 231-32 Culture— 221, 230, 298

D

Danish war, 1864 — 43, 61, 166, 167-68 See also Schleswig-Holstein question Danubian principalities—252 See also Waltachia Darwinism— 217, 221, 224-25, 390 Demand and supply—107-09, 112, 116-18, 126, 144, 146-48 Democracy, bourgeois—59 Democracy, petty-bourgeois—69 Denmark— 325, 348 Despotism—72, 155

See also Bonapartism; Monarchy, absolute; Tsarism Dialectics— 29, 95, 208, 213, 257-58, 439-40 See also Materialism Dictatorship of the proletariat—12, 14, 69-70, 190 See also Communism; Party, proletarian; Period of transition from capitalism to communism (socialism); Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Working class Division of labour—122, 125, 209, 212, 220, 224, 269, 292, 297, 298-301 304-08 Domestic industry—187-88, 212, 228 See also Crafts, craftsmen

E

Economic categories—29, 208, 246, 267, 268, 269, 280, 281 See also Categories Economic crises—10, 115, 143, 271, 274, 306 Economic laws—117, 118, 119, 120, 125, 134, 146, 147, 148, 149, 208, 210, 217, 225, 237, 242, 243, 244, 248, 249, 251, 254, 257, 268-69, 272, 277, 278, 279, 287-88, 293, 303 — general and specified — 120 — natural-historic character of — 29, 188, 208, 217, 225 — coercive, compulsory character of — 254, 288 — contradictory character of — 256, 257 — bourgeois and petty-bourgeois con-ceptions of — 116-20, 2.08, 209, 215 Economic relations— 27-29, 224, 267

See also Economy and politics; Relations of production Economic struggle—14, 146, 148-49, 191, 192, 441 Economy and politics—12, 14, 33, 64, 68,

69, 146 Education, training—52, 54, 184, 187-89 Egypt—198 Emigration — 9, 10, 50, 92-93, 162-63, 306 Ends and means—14, 61, 69, 191, 210,

247, 252, 257, 277, 295, 441 England (Great Britain)—68, 155-56, 209, 432 — in the 1850s-60s — 5, 8-9, 10, 20 — world-market monopoly — 9, 109 — industry —5, 7, 10, 11, 68, 115, 124, 212, 228, 422 — landed property — 8-9 — tenant-farmers — 68, 145 — finances, budget, taxation — 8, 113-14 — social contrasts, morals, corruption — 5, 7-9 — factory inspection — 8, 209 — Factory Acts — 10-11, 72, 109-10, 209 — Reform Bill, 1832 — 77 — Reform Bill, 1867 — 432 — and struggle for free trade principles — 7, 230 — foreign policy, diplomacy — 10, 198-99 — and France — 313, 316 — and Poland — 152, 197-98 — and Russia — 10, 198-99 — and the US Civil War — 6 See also Aristocracy, nobility in England; Army, English; Bourgeoisie, English; Ireland; Peasantry—English; Reform League, 1865; Working class in England Enlightenment, the— 160 Epoch — 68, 76, 145, 246, 287, 296 Equality—14, 129, 441 See also Rights of man Europe—156, 157-58 Exchange, barter—125-26, 131, 240, 241-42, 243-44, 244-45, 248, 249, 266-68, 269-70, 271, 272, 274, 276-80 Exchange(able) value—265-66, 276-78 See also Value Experience—12, 118, 127, 254, 256, 299 See also Theory and practice Exploitation—132, 133, 211-12, 233, 234, 251, 252, 258, 286, 287, 288, 290, 301, 302, 307, 338 Exploitation of labour-power by capital— 68, 134-35, 212, 233, 234, 251-52, 257, 258, 287, 290-91 — as source of capital — 134-35, 258 — degree of — 136, 255-56, 289, 302, 338 — extensive and intensive growth — 142, 290-91 — means of production as means of exploitation — 258, 290, 305 — and surplus-value — 289-99 — manufacture, large-scale industry and machines — 258, 287-89, 295, 302-05, 306 — and control of labour process— 258, 295 See also Absolute surplus-value; Child's labour; Factory legislation; Female labour; Intensity of labour; Labour; Wage labour; Workers' living and labour conditions under capitalism; Working day Extended reproduction—128, 131 See also Reproduction

F

Factory legislation—72, 76, 142, 146, 228, 229, 255, 287, 289, 302-03, 307 — reduction of labour time — 10-11, 72, 76, 109, 110, 146, 187, 209, 212, 222-23, 230, 235, 252-53, 254, 255, 287, 304 — 10-hour Bill in England and struggle for it — 10, 11, 72, 109, 141, 222, 228, 230, 288, 307 — workers' movement for legal reduction of working day — 187, 222-23, 235, 422 See also Workers' living and labour

conditions under capitalism Factory system— 236, 300, 301-02, 304-06 See also Large-scale industry; Machinery Family and marriage—142, 188, 298, 302 Farmers—145-47 Female labour — 181-88, 255, 288-89, 302, 376, 386 See also Factory legislation; Labour;

Working day Fenians, Fenianism—339, 391 Fetishism—267-68 Feudalism — 27', 69, 71, 77, 191, 200,

257, 287, 296 See also Community; Guilds, guild system; Middle Ages, the Feudal services—214, 234

See also Corvée Feuerbach, Feuerbachianism—26, 200 First International (International Working

Men's Association)—3-16, 186, 190 — foundation of — 12-13, 14-15, 82, 96, 330, 351, 356, 406 — first programmatic documents — 3-16, 151, 351, 352, 369, 371, 393, 398, 401, 406, 442 — struggle for class character of Association — 12-15, 36, 82-83, 186, 330, 392-400 — struggle for international solidarity and united actions of proletarians of all countries — 11-16, 162-63, 185, 186, 190, 369, 376, 405 — emancipation of workers as Association's aim — 14-15, 186, 203, 369, 423, 437, 441 — and building of a classless society— 11-12, 149, 190 — economic and political struggle of proletariat — 11-12, 149, 190-92, 407 — and trade unions — 149, 191-92, 369, 376, 386, 396-97, 432-3"3 — and strikes — 162-63, 186, 405, 407-08, 412, 430-31 — and struggle for limitation of working day and higher wages — 103-49, 183, 186-88, 222-23, 376, 386 — female and child's labour, education — 183-84, 187-89, 376, 386 — and statistical inquiry into condition of working class — 183-84, 186-87, 376, 428, 430, 443 — and factory legislation — 187-89, 222-23 — and co-operative movement — 11, 190, 376, 386, 444-45 — and national question — 152-61 — and Polish question — 97-98, 152-61, 193, 196-201, 354-56, 414 — and independence of Ireland— 399, 407 — and Bonapartism —36, 398, 414 — and foreign policy — 12-13, 19-21, 97-100, 152-54, 156-57, 193, 376, 407, 411, 426-27 — struggle against Mazzinists — 393-394, 401 — struggle against Proudhonists— 82, 153 — struggle against Lassalleans — 395-96 — and League of Peace and Freedom — 204, 426-27, 439 — organisational principles — 15-16, 18, 185, 351, 395, 441-46 — Rules and Regulations — 14-16, 412, 441-46 — Central (General) Council — 15-16, 17, 18, 82-83, 150, 195, 203, 330, 351, 353, 357, 364-65, 398-99, 412, 413, 438 — Sub-Committee (Standing Committee)—331, 351, 354, 358, 365, 375-77, 385, 412, 413, 429 — local sections, federations, federal councils, national organisations—

15-16, 184, 203, 335, 354, 358, 443-46 — membership — 15, 17, 18, 82, 328, 340, 369, 398, 412-13, 432-33 — Marx as a corresponding secretary for Belgium — 339, 364 — Marx as a corresponding secretary for Germany — 20, 100, 356-57, 358, 365, 369, 384, 387, 388, 389, 405, 411, 412 — its press — 328, 340, 388, 394, 399, 407, 408, 429-30 — and ruling classes, and police persecution — 364, 385, 388, 409, 412-14 — functions and tasks of general congresses — 15-16, 186 First International and revolutionary movement in Poland — 91-98, 152-54, 354-55, 356, 370, 399, 406, 414 First International in Belgium—357, 364, 385, 388-89, 395, 397, 409, 410, 421, 436-37 First International in England—17, 96, 354-55, 358, 365, 369, 378-79, 394, 396, 406, 408, 412, 421-22, 432-33 — functions and activity of General Council — 14-16, 358, 364-65, 394, 396, 407-08, 421-32 — and struggle for election reform — 337, 357, 358, 359, 365, 366, 394, 396, 406-08, 422, 432 — and press — 380-83, 394; 407-08, 413-14 — emigrant sections — 360, 389, 393,

395, 407, 435 First International in France—385, 409, 436-37 — participation of French workers and Republicans in foundation of International and in the work of Congresses — 82, 385-86, 388, 406, 413 — first Paris section (till April 1865)— 82-83, 330-36, 357, 358-59, 363-64 — Paris sections (April 1865-April 1870)—364-65, 385, 386, 387, 389, 394-95, 396-97, 413 — outside Paris — 340, 387, 394-95,

396, 409 — and strikes — 421, 437 — and Proudhonists — 82, 153, 331-32 — police persecution — 412, 428-29 First International in Germany—356-57, 358, 365, 384, 388, 395-96, 405, 409, 421, 436, 438 — local sections — 356, 388, 389, 395, 411, 436 — and General Association of German Workers — 328, 356-57, 395 First International in Italy—401, 410, 412, 436 First International in Switzerland—98, 356, 358, 366, 388, 395, 397-99, 406, 408-09, 421, 436 First International in the USA—19-21, 99-100, 354, 355, 357, 365-66, 369, 370, 407, 410, 436, 437 Fixed capital — US, 124, 303 See also Machinery Foreign policy—13, i 52-53, 193 Formal and real subordination of labour to

capital—11, 190, 258, 290, 295, 296-97, 304-05 Fortifications—164, 170, 172 Fourierism, Fourierists—26, 215, 231 France— 52, 72, 73, 74, 156

— industry — 65, 73 — agriculture — 75 — classes, class relations and class struggle — 72, 73, 200 — bourgeoisie — 72 — working class — 36, 72-75, 77-78, 89 — peasantry — 72, 74, 75 — state apparatus — 73, 74 — home situation, home policy — 225,

397 — counter-revolutionary terrorism —

72-74 — foreign policy and diplomacy— 311-27 — and Austria — 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 318, 325 — and Belgium — 311, 319 — and England — 313, 316, 317 — and Germany — 311, 314 — and Holland — 311, 319, 320 — and Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont)— 311 — and Poland — 311-27 — and Prussia — 200, 313, 314, 317-18, 320

— and Russia — 196, 311-13, 314-17, 320, 322, 323-27 — and Spain — 311 — and Sweden — 311, 312, 314, 317 — and Turkey — 311, 313, 316, 317 See also Army, French; Bourgeoisie, French; First International in France; France's wars against first and second European coalitions, 1792-97, 1798-1801; French Revolution, 1789-94; July Revolution in France, 1830; June insurrection of Paris proletariat, 1848; Napoleonic wars; Peasantry— French; Revolution of 1848 in France; Working class in France; Working-class movement in France France's wars against first and second European coalitions, 1792-97, 1798-1801 — 140-41, 145, 173, 318-23 See also French Revolution, 1789-94 Free time—142, 253, 287 Free trade—9, 77

See also Competition; Corn laws French Revolution, 1789-94 — 19

G

General Association of German Workers— 36, 80, 81, 87-91, 94-95, 210, 328, 395 See also Lassalleanism, Lassalleans General law of capitalist accumulation— 237 See also Accumulation of capital; Impoverishment of the working class; Industrial reserve army; Pauperism Geneva Congress of the First International— 150, 183-84, 185-204, 385-86, 412, 428 — on necessity of combining economic and political struggle of the working class — 191-92 — on introduction of 8-hour working day — 187-88, 222-23 — confiscation of Congress documents by French police — 412-14, 428-29 — publication of Congress documents — 413, 429 German philosophy—30

See also Hegel, Hegelianism; Kan-tianism German Social-Democracy—210, 215 See also First International in Germany; General Association of German Workers German Workers' Educational Society in Geneva, 1840s-60s— 395, 398 German Workers' Educational Society in London, 1840-1918 — 360, 395, 415 Germany— 41, 65, 68, 73-75, 228, 261, 415 — population — 57. 74-75, 156-57, 207, 217-18, 224, 228 — survivals of feudalism, and process of their liquidation — 65, 75 — division of country and task of its unification — 67, 97, 155-56, 178, 208, 228, 360, 421 — industry — 65, 68, 70-71, 208 — agriculture — 74-75 — legislation — 360 — suffrage — 67, 72-75, 77, 210, 236 — bourgeois liberalism — 41, 57, 58, 64-65, 85, 415 — cultural development — 224, 228 — science — 207-09, 224, 231 — prospects of revolution in 1860s— 415 — oppression of other nations — 155-56 — and France — 311, 314 — and Italy — 156 — and Poland — 153-54, 193, 360 — and Russia — 153-54, 196-97 — and Switzerland — 156 See also Army of German states; Army, Prussian; Bourgeoisie, German; Bourgeoisie, Prussian; German Social-Democracy; Party of Progress, Germany, 1861-84; Peasantry—German; Petty bourgeoisie—German; Prussia; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany; Working class in Germany; Working-class movement in Germany Gold and silver—10, 116, 125, 140, 251, 271, 272, 273, 274, 287 Guüils, guild system— 70, 77, 217, 257,

2Ô6, 297, 299 See also Crafts, craftsmen; Feudalism

H

Hegel, Hegelianism— 26, 29, 257 History, historical development—27-28,

T56, 217, 224-25, 245-47 —world history — 246, 281 Holland— 311, 319, 320, 322 Hungary—155-56

See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary

I

Impoverishment of the working class—5, 9,

139-40, 148-49, 231-32, 236-37 See also General law of capitalist accumulation; Industrial reserve army; Pauperism; Workers' living and labour conditions under capitalism Industrial reserve army—147, 213, 236-

37, 254, 287, 303, 305 See also Impoverishment of the working

class; Pauperism Industrial revolution—68, 71, 300

See also Large-scale industry; Machinery Industry (branches)—6, 289

See also Market price; Trade, Commerce;

World market Market price—107, 113, 118, 126, 134,

137, 144 Marxist political economy—210-18, 224-

25, 229 See also "Capital" by K. Marx Material conditions of (social) life—29,

148-49, 295 Materialism— 224-25 Means of communication—125, 301 Means of labour—11, 14, 134, 191, 247-

48, 258, 293-94, 295, 300, 301 See also Instruments (tools) of labour;

Means of production Means of production—245, 258, 291, 294, 305 — produced by labour itself — 211-12 — land — 70, 216-17

— raw materials — 133, 135, 147, 245 — objectified — 305 — and labour-power — 147, 246-47, 282, 285, 294 — and means of subsistence — 234, 245-46 — and productive forces — 70 — and production process — 258, 290 — production of — 217 — consumption of — 135, 258, 291, 294 — and labour — 133, 217, 258, 282, 290, 294 — and ownership — 70, 211, 234, 244-47, 251 — and money — 258, 291 — and creation of value — 124, 125, 133, 134-35, 285, 290, 294 — and surplus-value — 285 — and income — 135 — and capital — 135, 147-48.. 246, 288, 290, 294 — social character of — 293 — under capitalism — 70, 246, 282 — under communism — 216-17 Means of subsistence—106-08, 129, 245-

47, 281, 360 Merchant's (commercial) capital—241, 243, 275, 277 Method—105, 118, 121, 123, 224-25, 439-40

See also Dialectics Middle Ages, the— 217, 225, 227, 257,

290 See also Feudalism Military training—52-54, 62, 193-94, 296 See also Army Mode of production— 68, 129, 191, 199-

200, 225, 255, 258, 269, 292, 296, 299, 300, 305 See also Capitalist mode of production;

Communism; Feudalism Monarchy, absolute— 58-59, 69 159-61, 360 See also Tsarism Monarchy, constitutional—59 Money—114-15, 246-47, 267-68 — essence of — 238-39, 246, 266-69, 272-74 — history of — 246, 267-68, 274, 280-81 — fetishism of — 267-68 — contradictions of — 272-74, 277 — power of, in bourgeois society— 272-73 — as measure of value — 267-69, 273-74 — as standard of price — 267-69, 271-72 — as means of circulation— 116, 238-39, 246, 269-70, 276-78 — as means of hoarding — 246, 272-73 — as means of payment — 114-16, 243-44, 246, 272-74, 281 — world money — 246, 274, 280-81 — of account — 243-44, 268-69, 274, 279 — metallic — 114-15, 116 — paper — 114, 271-72 — credit money — 114-16, 273-74 — laws of its circulation — 114, 270-74 — as commodity — 274 — value (and price) of — 106, 114-115 — transformation of money into capital — 238-40, 243-44, 246, 272-81, 283-84 — depreciation of — 271-72 — and possibility of crises — 269-70, 273-74 — and wages — 139-40, 143-44 — importance of Marx's theory of money — 239 — about analysis of money in Marx's Capital— 208 — criticism of Proudhon's theory of money — 31

See also Bill of exchange; Money circulation

Money circulation—104, 113-16, 238, 270-77 See also Bill of exchange; Circulation; Coin; Commodity circulation; Gold and silver, Money

Moral depreciation of means of labour— 302

Morals—10, 13, 15, 33, 185, 221, 260, 302, 442

Napoleonic wars—51-52

— against fourth European coalition, 1806-07 — 51-52, 165-66, 323-25 — against sixth European coalition, 1813-14 — 51-52 — against seventh European coalition, 1815 — 43, 63-64, 182 — nature of 1813-14 and 1815 wars on the part of the Germans — 43, 196-97 — and England — 145 — and Germany — 196-97 — and Prussia — 64 — and Russia — 196-97, 327 See also France's wars against first and second European coalitions; Vienna Congress of 1814-15 Nation— 73, 155-57, 176

See also Nationality; National question Nationalisation of land—217 Nationality—155-57, 158-59 National Labor Union, 1861—436 National liberals—261 National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary—197-99 See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary National movement—155, 160-61 See also Campaign of 1812; Fenians, Fenianism; Napoleonic wars; National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary; National question; Polish national insurrection of 1863-64; Polish question; War of North American colonies for independence, 1775-83 National question—15, 152-59, 160-61, 193, 399 See also Internationalism, proletarian; Polish question Natural sciences—127', 217, 224-25, 257 Natural selection—217, 225, 254, 390 Necessary labour— 219-20, 251-53, 283, 286, 292-93, 298 See also Labour; Means of subsistence; Variable capital; Wages Nobility, aristocracy, German—35, 56, 57, 65, 68, 74-75, 89, 225 Nobility, aristocracy, Polish (szlachta)— 159-60 Nobility, landowners, Russian— 160-61, 200 Notion—128, 136, 261

O

Objectification, materialisation— 244, 248, 266, 268, 280, 282 Organic composition of capital—147, 299 Organisation of social labour and production— 11, 69, 125, 188, 190-91, 212, 224, 225, 227, 234, 293, 296-301, 305-08 See also Communism; Control of production; Production; Social labour Overhead costs (faux frais)—296 See also Costs of production Owenism — U, 110, 231

P

Pan-Slavism—157, 199 Party of Progress, Germany, 1861-84—58, 60-62, 66, 76, 79-81, 84, 85-86, 360 Party, proletarian—10, 12, 15-16, 41, 57, 67, 68-70, 72-73, 78, 79, 85-86, 185, 220, 397-401, 441-46 See also Communist League, the; First International Pauperism — 5, 112, 145, 190, 236, 237 See also Impoverishment of the working class; Workers' living and labour conditions under capitalism Peace (the main concern of the working-class movement)—12-13, 426 Peasantry— 35, 72, 74-75, 142, 296, 308

— Danish — 35 — English — 145 — French —27, 65, 72, 74, 75 — German — 35, 71, 74-75, 145 — Irish —306 — Polish — 160-61 — Russian — 199-200

See also Community; Peasant wars; Serfs Peasant wars—34, 35 Period of transition from capitalism to

communism (socialism)— 69 See also Dictatorship of the proletariat; Party, proletarian Petty bourgeoisie— 27, 28-29, 30, 31, 32,

33, 68-69, 71-72 — English —32

— French — 72 — German — 68-69, 71-72 See also Democracy, bourgeois; Peasantry Philanthropy, bourgeois—12, 237 Philosophy— 27, 28-30, 32-33, 197, 257 See also Dialectics; German philosophy; Materialism Physiocrats, the—126 Poland—156, 157, 158-60, 197, 200 — history — 158-60 — partitions of — 97, 153, 154, 158, 161, 193, 200, 312, 314, 316, 318, 319, 321, 322 — Kosciuszko's revolutionary rising, 1794 — 161, 318 — and Vienna Congress — 153-54, 155 — insurrection of 1830-31 — 152, 154, 196 — aristocracy — 159, 161 — struggle for national independence, and country's social and political tasks — 155, 193 — and Tsarism — 13, 152-54, 157, 159-61, 197, 200, 315, 324, 326, 376 — and Austria — 153, 154, 160, 161, 325 — and England — 154, 198, 313 — and France — 196, 311-27 — and Germany — 154, 193 — and Prussia — 97, 153, 154, 160, 161, 200, 315, 321 See also Cracow, insurrection of 1846; Polish question Police— 59, 72, 74 Polish national insurrection of 1863-64—

152, 154 Polish question— 97-98, 152-61, 193-201,

311-27 Political economy— 29, 30, 110, 207-09,

211, 224, 225, 231 See also Bourgeois political economy;

Classical bourgeois political economy; Economic laws; Economic relations; Malthusianism; Marxist political economy; Physiocrats, the Political struggle — IS, 14, 146, 191-92 See also Working-class movement Politics— 33, 65, 69

See also Economy and politics; Political struggle; State, the Press, the—10, 58, 59, 69, 71,72, 76-78,

235 Pnce—107, 110, 112, 118, 125, 126, 127-28, 137, 138, 143-44, 268, 269 — influence of labour productivity on — 124-25, 138, 292-93, 303 — use of machinery — 301-02 — and value — 125-27, 137, 268 — and value of gold and silver — 140 — and wages — 106-13, 117-20, 143-144, 149, 364 — and demand and supply — 106-09, 112, 113, 118, 126, 144 — and economic crises — 143, 271 — bourgeois economists' views of— 110, 119, 120, 126 See also Market price Primitive accumulation of capital—129, 440 Private property—11, 14, 20, 26-28, 68-70, 134, 191, 216, 237, 251, 299, 415, 422, 440, 441 See also Landed property; Property Production — 9, 11, 29, 68, 70, 144-45, 147, 188, 190, 193, 216, 224, 236, 237, 258, 296-301, 302, 304-07, 423 See also Commodity production; Instruments (tools) of labour; Means of production; Productive forces; Relations of production Productive and unproductive labour—188, 189, 296 Productive forces — 9, 29, 70, 190, 293-96, 299, 301 Productivity (productive power) of labour— 104, 124-25, 138, 147, 212, 237, 259, 292-97, 299, 302, 306 Profit—119, 127, 132-38, 144, 145-46, 231-33, 303 See also Average profit; Average rate of profit; Interest (econ.); Rate of profit; Rent of land; Surplus-value Property— 26-28, 70, 216-17, 234, 245-46, 251, 267, 299 See also Appropriation; Landed property; Private property Proudhonism, Proudhonists—26-33, 153, 215, 225 Prussia— 42, 44, 45, 51, 54, 56, 59, 224

— feudalism and its survivals — 56, 60

— in 1815-beginning of 1848 — 42, 64 — Provincial Diets — 56, 59 — "New Era"—55, 56-60, 62, 63, 76 — reorganisation of the army — 54, 58, 60-63, 67, 84-86 — constitutional conflict ( 1860s)—41-79, 84, 86 — and Bonapartism — 72-74, 225 — and industry — 65 — finances, budget, taxes — 42 — nobility, aristocracy — 73 — bureaucracy — 56, 57, 59, 60, 65, 69, 71-73, 77, 213, 229 — political system — 42, 59-60, 64 — constitutionalism — 56, 59 — legislation — 50, 328, 360 — factory legislation — 72 — courts — 59 — press, the — 58, 59 — and Austria — 200, 313, 314, 317-18, 322 — and England — 313 — and France — 55, 200, 313-14, 317, 319, 320, 321, 322-23, 323-24, 325 — and Germany — 60, 67, 200 — and Poland — 97, 153, 154, 160, 200, 315, 318-19, 321, 322-23, 324 — and Russia — 55, 153-54, 159, 200, 313, 315, 316, 317-19, 324 See also Army, Prussian Purchase and sale—132, 238-40, 269-70, 280-81, 302

Q

Quality and quantity—44, 240, 265, 272-73, 276, 283-84

R

Rate of profit—107-09, 135-38, 144, 208, 338 See also Average profit; Average rate of profit; Profit Rate of surplus-value—131, 135-36, 250, 255-56, 286, 289-91, 302-03 See also Exploitation of labour-power by

capital Raw materials—133, 135, 147, 245, 284-

85 Reform League, 7865 — 366, 394, 396,

407, 416, 435 Reform, social—69, 76-79

See also Factory legislation Relations of production—28-29

See also Economic relations; Social, socio-economic formation Relative surplus-value — 212-20, 259, 291 See also Surplus-value Religion—11, 32, 33 Rent of land—119, 134-36 See also Landed property; Nationalisation of land Reproduction—129, 131, 236 See also Extended reproduction Republic, bourgeois— 19 Research (study)— 28-29, 84, 85-86, 118, 208, 210-11, 212-13, 215, 217, 224, 225 — scientific — 119-21, 208, 227, 231 — into economic conditions of various classes — 208-09 — line of Marx's economic research — 105, 123, 208, 210-13, 224, 227, 231, 238, 240-41, 242-43, 246-48, 250, 257-58, 282-83 — of capital and money — 231, 232, 238, 240-41 — of co-operation — 209, 212, 224 — of manufacture — 209, 224 — of big industry, machine production — 209, 212-13, 224-25 — of accumulation of capital — 128-29, 213, 236 — of circulation — 238, 240-41 — of surplus-value — 240-41, 242-43, 250, 255-56, 282 — of labour-power — 211-12, 246-47 — of division of labour — 209, 212, 224 — of value — 118, 123, 240-41, 282-83 — of commodity — 240-41, 246-47 — A. Smith's studies — 120 — various studies by Marx and Engels — 85-86, 215 Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic— 56-57, 69-71, 75-78, 200 See also French Revolution, 1789-94, Revolutions of 1848-49 in Europe; War of North American colonies for independence, 1775-83 Revolution, proletarian, socialist

— essence and tasks — 12, 129, 216

— prerequisites for — 29, 148-49, 213, 216, 237, 307-08 — as form of class struggle — 200-01 — international character — 14, 441 — and party — 78 — ways of carrying it out — 12, 69-70, 441 — and army — 193 — abolition of private ownership of means of production — 112, 216-17 — and agrarian question — 216-17 — and trade-union movement — 149, 191-92 See also Communism; Dictatorship of the proletariat; Internationalism, proletarian; June insurrection of Paris proletariat, 1848; Revolution, social; Social relations Revolution, social— 200, 213, 216, 307 See also Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic; Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Social relations Revolution of 1848-49 in Austria—197-200 See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary Revolution of 1848 in France—31, 72, 78, 152, 200 See also June insurrection of Paris proletariat, 1848 Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany—54, 56, 57, 62, 71, 152, 197 Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary—155, 197-200 See also National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states— 199 See also Austro-Italian war, 1848-49 Revolutions of 1848-49 in Europe—10, 11, 78, 197 See also Revolution of 1848-49 (in different countries) Rights of man—14, 15, 19, 77, 441, 442 See also Equality Romania, Romanians—157, 287 See also Danubian principalities Russia — 32, 51, 158-61, 197, 198 — railways — 199 — reform of 1861 — 199-200 — foreign policy and diplomacy — 13, 97, 155, 156, 160, 161, 198, 199, 311, 312, 313-20, 321-27 — and Central Asia — 119 — and the Caucasus — 13, 199 — and Tsarist policy in Poland, 19th cent.—13, 152-54, 157, 159-61 — and Austria — 312, 325 — and England — 198 — and France —200, 311-21 — and Germany — 197, 200, 314, 315 — arid Prussia — 154, 200, 313, 314, 315, 316, 318 — and Sweden —314, 317 — and Turkey — 313, 316, 317, 325 — and the USA — 112 See also Campaign of 1812; Working class in Russia

S

Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonists— 26, 231 Saxony—49 Schiller Institute, the— 402-04, 417-20 Schleswig-Holstein question—94-95, 161

See also Danish war, 1864 Science—27, 28-31, 33, 91, 110, 119-21,

127-28, 217, 239 — and production — 9, 10-11, 124-25, 147, 297-98, 299, 301, 305 — and agriculture — 147 — and division of labour — 299 — and religion — 390 — military — 85, 175-76 — of history — 217 — socialism and communism — 29, 215 — research — 119-21, 208, 227, 231 — history of — 27, 217, 299 — in bourgeois class society — 32, 297, 299, 301, 305 — and working class — 29, 41, 299, 305 — under communism — 10-11 — in Germany — 207-09, 224, 231 See also Communism, scientific; Philosophy; Political economy Scotland — 6, 111, 306 Serfdom—199-200, 209, 214, 234, 252-53 See also Feudalism Serfs—11, 70, 132-33, 145, 160-61, 199-200, 217, 252, 287, 415 See also Feudal services; Peasantry

Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — 312, 313-16 Silesia—214 Slavery—11, 14, 20, 128-29, 132, 143, 209, 234, 296, 441 See also Ancient Rome Slave trade— 20, 162, 252, 253 Socialism, doctrinaire—207-18, 225 Socialism in France—26, 32 Socialism in Germany—207 See also Communist League, the; Lassalleanism, Lassalleans Socialism, Utopian—29, 30 Social labour — 11-12, 107, 108, 121, 122, 124-26, 189-90, 247, 267-68, 269-70, 274, 293-301, 304-05 See also Communism; Labour; Organisation of social labour and production; Wage labour Social question—421, 432

See also Revolution, social; Social relations; Society Social relations— 224-25, 231, 232-33, 245-46, 267, 280-81 Social, socio-economic formation—20, 186, 188, 190, 246, 286 See also Mode of production; Relations of production; Social relations Society— 68, 69, 70, 124, 190, 208, 224-25, 231, 237, 247, 251, 265, 269, 274, 296 — and nature — 245 — and production — 70, 124, 216-17, 247 — and classes — 68-71, 237 Society, bourgeois—9, 14, 70-71, 188, 231, 237, 360, 440, 441 — economic basis of — 70-71, 234, 280 — social relations — 225, 231, 232-33, 246, 280 — based on class antagonisms and opposition — 9, 70-71, 190 — classes, social strata — 68-69, 437 — proletariat — 68, 187, 437 — and bourgeoisie — 70-71 — and class struggle — 69, 77 — inevitable downfall of — 148, 216, 224-25, 237, 289 See also Capitalist mode of production; Corruption; Exploitation of labour-power by capital;. Impoverishment of the working class; Pauperism; Productive forces; Relations of production; Workers' living and labour conditions under capitalism Society of December 10, the—397 Society, primitive—296 See also Community Spain— 311, 324, 325 State, the— 60, 62, 64-65, 126, 156-57, 158-60, 189, 190, 192-93, 360 See also Dictatorship of the proletariat; Republic, bourgeois State boundaries—156-57 Statistics—142, 183, 186-87, 440 Strikes—103, 117, 365, 405, 407, 409, 412, 421, 437 See also First International; Working-class movement; Working-class movement (in different countries) Suffrage— 67, 69, 72-77, 210, 236, 432 Surplus labour—131-33, 140, 209, 233-35, 250-56, 258, 286, 287, 291, 293, 301-02 See also Corvée; Feudal services Surplus produce—131 Surplus-value—131, 135-36, 208, 232-33, 234, 240, 243, 250, 255-56, 276, 285, 286, 290-91, 303 — development of the theory of surplus-value by Marx — 208, 211, 229 — origin of — 132-34, 232-34, 235, 240-44, 247-48, 250, 256, 276-77, 281-84, 285 — laws of — 134, 208, 257, 289-90, 302-03 — as basis and goal of capitalist production — 132, 134-35, 257, 290-91, 292, 295-96 — methods and means of its production — 247-50, 256-57 — rate of — 136, 255-56 — mass of — 289 — capitalisation of — 257 — transformed forms of — 134-36, 211 — and laws regulating commodity exchange — 242-44, 248, 279 — and labour productivity — 212, 259, 293, 306 — and means of production — 285, 302, 306 — and working day — 131-34, 212, 257, 289-90, 303 — interpretation of, by bourgeois

economists — 242, 250, 278, 283, 286 See also Absolute surplus-value; Interest (econ.)*, Profit; Rate of surplus-value; Relative surplus-value; Rent of land Sweden—156, 311, 312-13, 314, 317, 324, 325, 343-48 Switzerland—156, 222, 408-09 See also Working-class movement in Switzerland

T

Tactics of proletarian class struggle—75-

79, 85-86 See also Class struggle; Working-class

movement Taxes— 32, 60, 192, 376, 386 Theory and practice—10-12, 14, 29-31, 90, 103, 117-18, 146, 207-10, 215, 217, 227, 232, 236, 239, 245, 253, 260, 300, 441 See also Consciousness; Production Thirty Years' war, 1618-48 — 100, 311 Trade, commerce — 9, 68, 71, 242-43, 275

See also Merchant's (commercial) capital; World market Trade(s) unions, trade union movement—

149, 190-91, 375-76, 386 — as school of class struggle — 15-16, 149, 191-92, 338, 422 — and need to combine economic and political struggle — 149, 191 — need to found international trade union association — 422-23 — in England — 149, 190-92, 394, 396, 407, 422, 431-36, 437 See also Economic struggle; Working-class movement (in different countries) Truth—15, 127, 208, 217 Tsarism—161, 199 Turkey—159, 198, 311, 313, 316, 317, 324

U

Ukraine, Ukrainians—158-61 United States of America—10, 19-20, 112, 253-54, 301 — industry — 301, 422 — agriculture — 109, 112 — social and political system — 19, 422 See also Bourgeoisie, US; US Civil War, 1861-65; War of North American colonies for independence, 1775-83; Working class in the USA; Working-class movement in the USA Uprising, armed—53-54 See also Arming of the people; June insurrection of Paris proletariat, 1848; Peasant wars; Revolution, proletarian, socialist US Civil war, 1861-65 — 6, 13, 19-20, 24, 64, 99-100, 115, 354, 355, 365-66, 407, 422 Use value— 244, 245, 248, 251, 265, 267, 283 Usurer's capital—275

V

Value—118, 120-28, 134, 137, 232-33, 240, 243, 247, 260, 278-79, 303 — analysis of — 118, 120-21, 242 — importance of Marx's theory of value — 239, 240 — its social substance — 120-22, 265, 277 — and surplus-value — 278-79 — form of — 265-66, 268, 269 — magnitude of — 122, 269 — and price — 118, 125-27, 137-38, 268-69 — money form of — 125, 268 — qualitative similarity and quantitative difference of commodities as values — 240, 265, 269, 276, 282-84 — and labour productivity — 124, 138, 293, 302-03 — and machinery — 300-03 — and wages — 106, 107, 119-20, 122-23, 137-38, 233 — process of its creation and increase — 278-79, 283, 293-94 — distribution of — 137 — and market price — 106-07, 118, 126, 137 See also Commodity; Exchange(able) value; Law of value; Money; Price; Use value Variable capital—147, 250, 256, 285, 289-90, 303 Vienna Congress of 1814-15—155

W

Wage labour—11, 131-33, 134-35, 148-49, 191-92,'217, 232-34, 258-59, 267-69, 290-91, 296, 305-08, 415 See also Exploitation of labour-power by capital; Labour; Social labour Wages

— as converted form of value (price) of labour-power — 127-33, 138-39, 143-45, 281 — and reproduction of labour-power — 129-30, 144-46 — laws of— 117 — as form of distribution — 106-07, 114, 141, 143-44, 148 — real — 104, 111 — piece — 183, 186 — by the day — 183, 186 — absolute and relative — 139 — average — 111-12, 143, 144-45, 183, 186 — national differences — 105, 109-11, 113-14, 118, 145-47 — and money circulation — 113-16 — and means of subsistence — 106-08, 129-30 — of agricultural labourers — 110-12, 145-47, 308 — of skilled workers — 118, 138-39, 147, 281 — and working day — 109-10, 140-42 — fluctuations of — 104-06, 107, 109-10, 117-18, 142, 144-45, 146-48, 149, 338, 364 — workers' struggle for higher wages — 103, 104-05, 129, 138-49 — legislative "regulation" of — 287-88 — and value of commodity — 118-19, 122-23, 137-38, 338 — and price of commodity — 106-13, 118-20, 143-44, 149 — and money — 113-16, 139-40, 143-44 — and profit — 107-09, 137-38, 144, 145-46, 149, 231-32, 338 — and market price — 143-44 — and intensity of labour — 142-44 — and use of machinery — 147-48 — and economic crises — 115 — in Smith's theory — 147 — in Ricardo's theory — 120, 147,210 — critique of bourgeois definitions of — 103-22 — critique of Lassallean "iron law of wages"—207, 210 Wallachia—157, 251-52, 287 See also Danubian principalities Wants (needs)—122, 145, 221, 245, 251, 258, 277 War of Austrian succession, 1740-48— 313 War of North American colonies for independence, 1775-83—19-20 War of Polish succession, 1733-35—312-13 War(s)—13, 43, 298, 426, 427 See also Army; Art of war; Austro-Italian war, 1848-49; Austro-Italo-French war, 1859; Austro-Prussian war, 1866; Campaign of 1812; Crimean war, 1853-56; Danish war, 1864; France's wars against first and second European coalitions, 1792-97, 1798-1801; Napoleonic wars; Thirty Years' war, 1618-48; US Civil war, 1861-65; War of Austrian succession, 1740-48; War of North American colonies for independence, 1775-83

Wealth—29, 231, 265, 272-73, 308 See also Accumulation of capital; Capital; Gold and silver; Money Will— 28, 105-06, 119, 166, 235, 254, 267, 296 Worker— 68, 188, 190, 289, 307

— as productive force — 190 — workers' separation from means of labour and production — 20, 68, 70-71, 129, 294, 299, 305 — his interests — 69-70, 75-78, 163 — his reproduction — 129, 131, 220, 236 — his income — 107, 114-15 — his wages — 139 — and wealth —308 — competition among workers — 191 — and capitalist — 247, 287-88 — and machinery — 141, 142, 301-04 _ "free"—209, 216, 234, 245, 251, 255, 289, 296, 415 — aggregate worker — 251, 255, 294, 297-99 — detail worker — 297-301, 304, 305

See also Agricultural labourers; Exploitation of labour-power by capital; Labour; Labour(ing) power; Wage labour; Wages; Working class; Working day Workers' living and labour conditions under capitalism—5, 6, 7, 9, 11-12, 14, 68, 70, 119-20, 128-29, 142, 254-55, 258, 287, 288, 294, 305, 415, 422, 441 See also Child's labour; Economic crises; Exploitation of labour-power by capital; Female labour; Labour; Labour(ing) power; Pauperism; Worker; Working day Workers' societies—15-16, 183-84, 356-58, 369-73, 389, 401, 406, 408-09, 421, 442-43 See also First International, German Workers' Educational Society in Geneva, 1840s-60s; German Workers' Educational Society in London, 1840-1918 Working class—12, 14, 68, 69, 77-78, 237, 415, 441 — essence — 68, 128, 236, 280 — number of — 12, 191, 236 — concentration in towns — 308

— the only consistent revolutionary class — 77-78, 89 — world-historic role — 69, 192 — goals — 14, 69

— material prerequisites for emancipation of — 12, 29 — and party — 12, 70 — class solidarity — 12-14, 15-16, 186, 187, 437, 441 — class consciousness — 12, 71 — and petty bourgeoisie — 30, 69 — attitude towards wars — 426 — and national question — 15, 152, 154, 156, 157, 193 See also Agricultural labourers; Class struggle; Dictatorship of the proletariat; Internationalism, proletarian; Party, proletarian; Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Worker; Working class (in different countries); Working-class movement Working class in Belgium—289 See also Working-class movement in Belgium Working class in England—6, 10, 13, 19-20, 68, 72, 109, 112, 118, 145-47, 288, 407, 422 See also Working class in Scotland;

Working-class movement in England Working class in France—72-74, 77-78,

152 See also June insurrection of Paris proletariat, 1848; Working-class movement in France Working class in Germany—35, 58, 67,

71, 74, 154, 193, 360, 415 See also Working class in Prussia; Working-class movement in Germany Working class in Prussia—66, 73 Working class in Russia—154 Working class in Scotland—6, 111

See also Working-class movement in England Working class in the USA — 20, 105, 146 See also Working-class movement in the

USA Working-class movement—67, 70, 148-49

— its immediate and final aims — 14; 148-49, 441 — struggle for working-class emancipation — 12-13, 14,20,31,69, 110, 149, 186, 187, 190, 415, 423 — its unity — 14-16, 186 — political organisation as condition for its development — 12, 15-16 — trade unions — 16, 149, 190-92, 422 — emergence of — 69, 70, 422 — necessity to combine workers economic and political struggle— 14, 146, 148-49, 191-92, 441 — internationalism of — 12-16, 186, 437, 441 — struggle for suffrage, and democratic demands; parliamentary activity of workers' representatives— 67, 69, 73-74, 75-78, 191, 210, 235-36, 432 — and struggle against national oppression — 15, 152, 154, 156, 157, 193 — at the time of First International— 14-15, 422, 441 See also Association; Chartist movement; Class struggle; Communist League, the; First International; International solidarity of workers; Strikes; Tactics of proletarian class struggle; Trade(s) unions, trade union movement; Working class; Working-class movement (in different countries)

Working-class movement in Belgium— 421, 436, 437 See also Working class in Belgium Working-class movement in England — Luddites — 305 — in 1830-40S — 77-78, 288 — in 1860s — 252-53, 373, 422, 431-32, 437 — campaign against intervention in the USA — 13, 19, 20 — struggle for workers' political rights — 191, 375, 422, 432 — campaign for 10-and 9-hour working day — 10-11, 72, 212, 235 — co-operative movement — 11, 12 — press — 378-83 See also Chartist movement; First International in England; Reform League, 1865; Trade(s) unions—in England; Working class in England Working-class movement in France—78 See also First International in France; June insurrection of Paris proletariat, 1848 Working-class movement in Germany—12, 57, 58, 66, 71, 74, 75-76, 77, 78, 85-86, 210, 215, 360, 395, 421, 438 See also Communist League, the; First International in Germany; General Association of German Workers Working-class movement in Italy—396, 401 See also First International in Italy Working-class movement in Switzerland— 395, 397, 398 See also First International in Switzerland Working-class movement in the USA—20, 187, 191, 223, 289, 422, 436, 437 See also First International in the USA Working day—10, 11, 72, 76, 109, 110, 111, 142, 143, 146, 187, 209, 212, 222, 223, 228, 230, 234, 235, 251, 252, 254-55, 287-89, 290, 304, 338, 376, 386, 422 — constituent parts — 220, 234-35, 250-51, 286 — introduction of machines and intensification of labour — 212, 221, 255, 302, 303 — and surplus-value — 211-12, 289-90 — and rate of surplus-value — 131, 290, 303 — and labour-power — 131, 140-44 — and workers' health — 141, 142, 212, 222, 235, 251, 253 — capitalists' striving to excessively lengthen working day — 11, 110, 140, 142, 146, 220, 235, 251, 253, 256, 288, 302 — struggle for 10-hour working day in England — 10, 11, 72, 109, 212, 222, 230, 235, 288, 307

— campaign for 8-hour working day — 187, 223, 288, 422 See also Child's labour; Female labour; Labour (working) time; Surplus labour World market — 9, 109, 252, 271, 274, 275

Y

Young Europe", 1834-36 — 155