Name Index

A

Adams, Charles Francis (1807-1886) — American diplomat and politician, Republican, the US envoy to London (1861-64).—355

Aesop (also Esop) (6th cent. B.C.) — semi-legendary Greek fabulist.— 25, 244, 279 Aiguillon, Emmanuel Armand Vignerot-Duplessis-Richelieu, due d' (1720 1788) — French statesman, Foreign Minister (1770-74).—317-18 Alaux, Jules-Emile (1828-1903) —French journalist.—414 Aldovrandi, P.—member of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the Central Council of the International (October 1864-April 1865).—20, 353

Alexander I (1777-1825) —Emperor of Russia (1801-25).—199, 323-26 Alexander Ludwig Georg, Prince of Hesse (1823-1888)—Austrian general; at first commanded a brigade and later a division in the Italian war of 1859 and an allied corps in Austria during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—172, 179 Alexander of Darmstadt—see Alexander Ludwig Georg, Prince of Hesse Anna Ivanovna (1693-1740) — Duchess of Courland (1710-30), Empress of

Russia (1730-40); Peter I's n i e c e -s ' Anna Pavlovna (1795-1865)—daughter of Emperor Paul I of Russia, Alexander I's sister, whom Napoleon I proposed; from 1816, Queen of the Netherlands (wife of William II, Prince of Orange).—326 Applegarth, Robert (1833-1925) — cabinet-maker, a trade union leader, General Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (1862-71), member of the London Trades Council; member of the General Council of the International (1865, 1868-72); delegate to the Basle Congress of the International (1869); one of the Reform League leaders; subsequently left the working-class movement.— 380 August(us) II (the Strong) (1670-1733) — King of Poland (1697-1706, 1709-33) and Elector of Saxony as Frederick Augustus I (1694-1733).— 312 August(us) III (1696-1763)—King of Poland (1734-63) and Elector of Saxony (from 1733) as Frederick Augustus II; son of Augustus II.—312 Aveling, Edward (1851-1898) —English journalist, socialist; one of the trans-lators of Volume I of Capital into English.—216 B

Bagnagatti, G.— secretary of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the Central Council of the International (November 1864 to 1865).—20 Bangya, Jdnos (Johann) (1817-1868) — Hungarian journalist and army officer; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; Kossuth's emissary abroad after the defeat of the revolution and at the same time a secret police agent; later served in the Turkish army under the name of Mehemed Bey.—92, 93 Bars, Franciszek (1760-1812) —Polish lawyer, stood for reforms; a refugee after the second partition of Poland (1793); took part in the preparation of the uprising under Kosciuszko (1794); representative of Kosciuszko's insurgents in the French Convention.—320-21 Barton, John (1789-1852) —British economist; represented the classical school of political economy.—147 Bastiat, Frederic (1801-1850) —French economist; preached harmony of class interests in bourgeois society.— 32, 95, 207, 260, 261, 262

Beales, Edmond (1803-1881) —English lawyer, radical, President of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; supported the North during the American Civil War; President of the Reform League (1865-69).—97 Becker, Bernhard (1826-1891) — German journalist, follower of Lassalle, President of the General Association of German Workers (1864-65); subsequently supported Eisenachers; delegate to the Hague Congress of the International (1872).—92-96 Becker, Johann Philipp (1809-1886) — German revolutionary, took part in the German and Swiss democratic movement in the 1830s and 1840s and in the 1848-49 revolution; organised sections of the International in Switzerland and Germany; delegate to the London (1865) Conference and all the congresses of the International, editor of Der Vorbote (1866-71); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—95, 358, 366, 388, 390, 395, 397, 398, 439-40

Beethoven, Ludwig van (1770-1827) — German composer.—-390 Beluze, Jean Pierre (1821-1908) —French petty-bourgeois socialist, cabinet-maker, follower of Cabet, director of the Crédit au Travail bank (1862-68); one of the founders of

L'Association, organ of the cooperative movement; member of the International, subsequently left the working-class movement.— 82-83, 396 Bern, Jözef (1794-1850) — Polish general, took part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 and the revolutionary struggle in Vienna in 1848; a leader of the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49); after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Turkey.—-197 Benedek, Ludwig von (1804-1881) — Austrian general, took part in the suppression of the peasant uprising in Galicia in 1846 and of the national liberation movements in Italy and Hungary in 1848 and 1849; commanded a corps during the Italian war of 1859; chief of staff of the Austrian army in 1860; commander-in-chief of the Austrian army during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—166, 167, 171, 175, 176, 177, 179-81 Benoît, Gedeon—-Prussian diplomat; secretary of the Prussian embassy in Warsaw, an envoy (1763-76).— 316 Bernis, François Joachim Pierre de (1715-1794) — French statesman, diplomat and writer, abbé, cardinal from 1758; Foreign Minister (1757-58).— 313 Besson, Alexander—mechanic, French refugee in London, member of the al (1866-68), Corresponding Secretary for Belgium, a leader of the French branch in London, belonged to the group of petty-bourgeois republicans.—423

Bismarc k-Schönhausen, Otto, Prince von (1815-1898) — statesman of Prussia and Germany, diplomat; Ambassador to St. Petersburg (1859-62) and Paris (1862); Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-72, 1873-90), Chancellor of the North German Confederation (1867-71) and of the German Empire (1871-90); carried through the unification of Germany by counter-revolutionary means.— 62, 7 1, 165, 225. 360, 395. 416, 438

Blackmore (or Blackmoor) — participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, London; member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65).— 21, 352, 354 Blind, Karl (1826-1907) —German journalist, democrat; took part in the Baden revolutionary movement in 1848-49; a leader of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in London in the 1850s; National-Liberal in the 1860s.— 22-25, 87 Bobczynski, Konstantin—took part in the Polish insurrection of 1863, then emigrated to London; member of the General Council of the International (1865-68), Corresponding Secretary for Poland (from May 1866); participant in the London (1865) Conference; moved to Birmingham in 1866.—411

Bocquet, Jean Baptiste—French democrat, Republican, took part in the 1848 revolution in France and emigrated to London after its defeat; participant in the meeting held on September 28, 1864 in St. Martin's Hall; member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65).—20, 363

Boisguillebert, Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de

(1646-1714) — French economist, forerunner of Physiocrats; father of French classical political economy.— 274 Bolleter, Heinrich—German refugee in London, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the ('entrai Council of the International (November 1864 to 1865); participant in the London (1865) Conference.—20, 100, 366 Bonaparte—see Napoleon I Bonaparte—see Napoleon III

Bonaparte, Joseph (1768-1844) — Napoleon I's eldest brother, King of Naples (1806-08) and of Spain (1808-13).—323 Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul (1822-1891) —Napoleon Ill's cousin; adopted the name of Jérôme after the death of his elder brother (1847); went by the name of Plon-Plon and the Red Prince.— 36

Booth, John Wilkes (1839-1865) — American actor, supporter of the South in the American Civil War, assassin of President Abraham Lincoln.—99 Bordage, P.— member of the Central Council of the International (October 1864 to 1866), participant in the London (1865) Conference, member of the French branch in London.—20, 100, 363 Borkheim, Sigismund Ludwig (1826-1885) — German democratic journalist; took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising, emigrated after its defeat; London merchant from 1851; was on friendly terms with Marx and Engels.— 94 B(o)ulgakov, Yakov Ivanovich (1743-1809) — Russian diplomat, Ambassador to Poland (1790-December 1792).—319 Bourbons—royal dynasty in France (1589-1792, 1814-15, 1815-30), in

20 — 137 1931 and since 1Ö75), in Naples (1735-1806, 1815-60) and in Parma (1798-1859).— 311, 312, 322 Bowring, Sir John (1792-1872) — English politician, linguist and man of letters, free trader.— 390 Breitschweri, Otto Ludwig (pseudonym L. Otto) (1836-1890) — German journalist; member of the Central Council of the International (1864).—20 Bright, John (1811-1889) —English manufacturer and politician, a Free Trade leader and a founder of the Anti-Corn Law League; leader of the Left wing of the Liberal Party from the early 1860s; held several ministerial posts.—439 Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre (1754-1793)-—French journalist, took an active part in the French Revolution; member of the National Convention, a Girondist leader.— 28 Broglie, Charles-François, comte de (1719-1781) —French diplomat, after 1852 ambassador at the court of the King

'ïf PoLuîd and Elector of Saxony, Augustus 111, for some years; chief of the secret diplomatic service of Louis XV.—314-15 Bronner, Eduard—German physician, democrat, deputy to the Baden Constituent Assembly (1849), emigrated to England.— 23 Buckley, jaines—Lritish trade-unionist, member of the General Council of the Internationa! (November 1864 to 1869).—20, 100 Burkhard, Â.-—German refugee in Manchester, Secretary of the Board of Directors of the Schiller Institute in the 1860s.—404 Burns, Robert (1759-1796) —Scottish poet, democrat.— 381

C

Cabet, Etienne (1788-1856) —French writer, Utopian communist, author of Voyage en Icarie.—31

Carpenter, William 1885)—English naturalist and physiologist.— 390 Carter, James—a prominent figure of the English workers' movement, barber; member of the General Council of the International (October 1864 to 1867) and Corresponding Secretary for Italy (1866-67); participant in the London (1865) Conference, the Geneva (1866) and Lausanne (1867) congresses of the International.— 20, i00, 352, 353, 354, 358, 368, 387, 411, 412, 413, 423 Catherine II (1729-1796) —Empress of Russia (1762-1796).—160, 199, 314, 316, 319, 320 Cato, Marcus Porcius (95-46 B.C.) — Roman statesman and philosopher, leader of the aristocratic republican party.— 25 Caulaincourt, Armand Augustin Louis, marquis de, from 1808 Duke of Vicen-za (1772-1827) —French general and statesman, Ambassador to Russia (1807-11), Foreign Minister (1813-14, 1815).—326

Champagny, Jean-Baptiste Nompère de, duc de Cadore (1756-1834) — French statesman and diplomat, Ambassador to Vienna (-1801-04), Minister of the Interior (1804-07); Foreign Minister (1807-April 1811).—326 Charles II (1630-1685) —King of Great Britain and Ireland (1660-85).—311 Charles VI (1685-1740) — Holy Roman Emperor (1711-40).—312, 313 Charles X (1757-1836) —King of France (1824-30).—196 Charles XII (1682-1718) —King of Sweden (1697-1718).—312 Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe (1810-1865)—French military leader and politician, moderate republican; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; took part in suppressing the June 1848 uprising of the Paris workers; opposed Louis Bonaparte;

coup d'état of December 2, 1851.— 327 Chatham—see Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham Cherbuliez, Antoine Elisée (1797-1869) — Swiss economist, tried to combine Sismondi's theory with elements of Ricardo's theory.—147

Chodzko, Leonard (1800-1871) —Polish politician, member of the Polish mission to Paris during the 1830-31 insurrection.— 321 Choiseul, Etienne François, duc de, comte de Stainville (1719-1785) —French statesman and military leader; Foreign Minister (1758-61 and 1766-70), and at thé same time War Minister (1761-70) and Naval Minister (1761-66); de facto leader of all French policy.—313, 317

Christmas—a Director of the Industrial Newspaper Company.— 380 Cialdini, Enrico, Duke of Gaeta (1811 -1892) — Italian general; took part in the national liberation war (1848-49), the Crimean (1853-56) and Italian (1859) wars; commanded a corps during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—172, 173, 175 Clam-Gallas, Eduard, Count (1805-1891)—Austrian general, Hungarian by birth; commanded a corps during the Italian war of' 1859 and Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—179

Clare, John (1793-1864)—English poet, son of a farmhand, agricultural labourer.— 381 Clariol (or Clarion)—delegate of the Paris Compositors' Society to the London (1865) Conference of the International.— 397 Collet, Joseph—French journalist, republican, a refugee in London, editor of The International Courier, member of the General Council of the International (1866-67).—429 Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de (1715-1780) — French philosopher and

278 Cope, James—British trade-unionist, Committee member of the London Boot-Closers' Society, member of the London Trades Council, the General Council of the International (1865-67), participant in the London (1865) Conference.— 396 Cornelius, D.—member of the Central Council of the International.— 21 Coulson, Edwin (Edward)—British trade-unionist, Secretary of the London branch of the Operative Bricklayers' Society; member of the London Trades Council, of the Central Council of the International (1865-66) and of the Executive Committee of the Reform League.—100, 380, 396 Cowley, Henry Wellesley, Earl of (1804-1884)—British diplomat, Ambassador to Paris (1852-67).—429 Cremer, Sir William Randal (1838-1908)—active participant in the British trade-union and pacifist movement, reformist; a founder of the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners (1860); member of the London Trades Council, the British National League for the Independence of Poland, the Land and Labour League, participant in the inaugural meeting of the International, held at St. Martin's Hall (September 28, 1864); member of the General Council of the International (1864-66) and its General Secretary, delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866) of the International; member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; op-, posed revolutionary tactics, subsequently Liberal M.P.—21, 100, 337, 339, 340, 351, 353-55, 357-58, 363-64, 365-67, 370, 376, 380, 384, 385, 396, 411, 412

Crespelle (or Crespel) — member of the General Council of the International (1866-67), member of the

20* French branch in London where he upheld the General Council's policy.—339

Crétineau-Joly, Jacques (1803-1875) — French conservative historian; champion of legitimate monarchy.— 326

Cucchiari, Domenico (1806-1900) — Italian general, commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859 and an Italian corps on the side of Prussia in the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—174

Czartoryski, Fryderyk Michat, prince (1696-1775)—Polish statesman; the head of the noble family, entrusted with the great seal of Lithuania (in 1752); tried to carry out reforms with Russia's help.—314

D

Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882) — English naturalist, founder of the theory of evolution by natural selection.—217, 225, 390

Davis, Jefferson (1808-1889) — American politician, big planter, Democrat; took an active part in the war with Mexico (1846-48); U.S. Secretary.of War (1853-57); an organiser of the Southern slave-holders' revolt; President of the Confederate States of America (1861-65).—99

Davisson, A.—Secretary of the Board of Directors of the Schiller Institute in Manchester at the end of the 1860s.—420

Davout (Davoust), Louis Nicolas, duke of

Auerstädt and prince of Eckmiihl (1770-1823)—marshal of France, participated in the wars of Napoleonic France, supreme ruler of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and commander-in-chief of the Polish army (1807).—324

Defoe, Daniel (c. 1661-1731)—English writer and journalist; author of The

Life and Strange Surprising Adven-tures of Robinson Crusoe.—381

Delacroix de Contaut, Charles (1741-1805)—French statesman and diplomat; member of Convention; Foreign Minister (1795-97).—321

Dell, William—interior decorator; active in the British working-class and democratic movement; member of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, member of the General Council of the International (1864-69) and its Treasurer (1865, 1866-67); participated in the London (1865) Conference; a leader of the Reform League.—20, 100, 195, 351, 352, 423 Delia Rocca—see Morozzo della Rocca, Enrico Dénouai, Jules—French democrat, participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, London; member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65).—20, 363, 393

De Paepe, César (1841-1890)—Belgian socialist, compositor, subsequently physician; one of the founders of the Belgian section of the International (1865); member of the Belgian Federal Council; delegate to the London (1865) Conference, the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses, and to the London (1871) Conference of the International; following the Hague Congress (1872) supported the Bakuninists for some time; a founder of the Belgian Workers' Party (1885).—385, 389, 397, 401

Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude,

comte de (1754-1836)—French economist, philosopher; advocate of constitutional monarchy.— 294 Dick, Alexander—British trade-unionist; member of the Amalgamated Bakers; member of the Central Council of the International (November 1864-February 1865); in connection with his removal to New Zealand (1865) was appointed Corresponding Secretary of the International for that country.— 20 Diderot, Denis (1713-1784) —French philosopher of the Enlightenment, atheist; leader of the Encyclopae-dists.—160 Dombrowski (Dabrowski), Jan Henryk (1755-1818)—Polish general, took part in the uprising of 1794 under Kosciuszko; organised Polish legions in the French army; participated in the Napoleonic campaigns of 1806-07, 1809 and 1812.—321, 322, 323

Dronke, Ernst (1822-1891)—German journalist, "true socialist", later member of the Communist League and an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; emigrated to England after the 1848-49 revolution; supporter of Marx and Engels; subsequently gave up politics.—92 Dujonquoy—owner of the New York Hotel in London (1865).—339

Dumesnil-Marigny, Jules (1810-1885)— French economist and journalist; member of the International (1865); participant in the London (1865) Conference of the International.— 397 Duncker, Franz Gustav (1822-1888) — Berlin publisher and politician; belonged to the Party of Progress; founder and editor of the Volks-Zeitung.— 208, 215 Dunoyer, Barthélémy Charles Pierre Joseph (1786-1862) — French economist and politician.— 31 Dupleix, François—French refugee in Switzerland, bookbinder; a founder of the French section of the International in Geneva; delegate to the London (1865) Conference and the Geneva (1866) and Lausanne (1867) congresses of the International.— 385, 397

Dupont, Eugène (c. 1831-1881) — prominent figure in the French and international working-class movement; musical instrument maker; took part in the June 1848 uprising in Paris; from 1862 on, lived in London; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872), Corresponding Secretary for France (1865-71), participant in the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866); Chairman of the Lausanne Congress (1867) and delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868), the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872); associate of Marx and Engels; became a member of the British Federal Council of the International in 1872; moved to the USA in 1874.—20, 100, 339, 340, 364, 369, 413, 423

Durando, Giacomo (1807-1894) — Italian general; commanded an Italian corps on the side of Prussia during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.— 174 Dutton, Ralph—member of the Central Council of the International, participated in the discussion on the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—411

E

Eccarius, Johann Georg (John George) (1818-1889)—prominent figure in the international and German working-class movement, tailor; member of the League of the Just, later of the Communist League; a founder of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-72), Council's General Secretary (1867-71), Corresponding Secretary for America (1870-72); delegate to all the Internation-associate of Marx; in the spring of 1872 joined the reformist leaders of the British trade unions.— 20, 97, 100, 339, 367, 368, 380, 411, 413, 423, 439, 446

Edelsheim (from 1868 Edelsheim-Gyulai), Leopold Wilhelm (1826-1893) — Austrian general, commander of a cavalry division during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—177, 180 Edward III (1312-1377) —King of England (1327-77).—254, 288 Elliott, Ebenezer (1781-1849) —English poet, son of a smith; depicted the condition of the English workers.— 381 Engel, Ernst (1821-1896) —German statistician, head of the royal Prussian statistical bureau in Berlin (1860-82).—45 Engels, Frederick (1820-1895).—24, 80, 81, 85-90, 93, 95, 214, 216, 239, 241, 253, 259, 345, 404, 420 Erlanger, Raphael, von—Frankfurt banker.— 64 Ernst (1824-1899)—Austrian archduke, general, commanded a corps during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.— 181

F

Facey, Thomas Grant—British trade-unionist; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, London; member of the Central Council of the International (October 1864), member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League..- 380 Favier, Jean-Louis (1711-1784) — French journalist; an agent of the secret diplomatic service of Louis XV; diplomat in Russia and other countries; several of his works were published by L. Ph. Ségur in Politique de tous les cabinets de l'Europe.—314, 316-17

Two Sicilies (1830-59).—312 Ferdinand, Karl Josef von Este (1781-1850)—Austrian archduke; field marshal, fought against Napoleonic France; commander-in-chief of the troops which invaded the Grand Duchy of Warsaw in 1809.—325 Février, François Louis Auguste (1777-1861) — French economist, government official, advocate of mercan-tilism.—207 Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872)—German materialist philosopher.—26, 200

Flies, Eduard von (1802-1886) — Prussian general, commander of a cavalry brigade and then a division during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—179 Fontaine, Léon—Belgian journalist; active participant in the democratic movement; Central Council's Corresponding Secretary pro tern for Belgium (1865); delegate to the Brussels Congress (1868) of the International.— 365, 401 Fontana, Giuseppe (1840-1876)—a leader of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the Central Council of the International (October 1864 to 1865); Corresponding Secretary for Italy (1864-65).—20, 353, 355, 357, 359 Fourier, François Marie Charles (1772-1837) — French Utopian socialist.— 26, 215, 231 Fox, Peter (André, Peter Fox) (d. 1869) — journalist, active member of the British democratic and working-class movement; Positivist; a leader of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-69); General Secretary of the Council (September-November 1866); Corresponding Secretary for America (1866-67); an editor of The Commonwealth (1866); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform' League.—20, 97, 100, 311, 312, 313, 332, 339, 354-56, 363, 365, 366, 368, 411, 412-14, 416, 423

Francis I (1768-1835) — Emperor of Austria (1804-35); Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire under the name of Francis II (1792-1806).— 327

Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790) — American physicist, economist, politician; took part in the war of the North American colonies for independence.—122, 378

Frederick II (the Great) (1712-1786) — King of Prussia (1740-86).—313-14, 315, 316

Frederick Augustus I (1750-1827) — Elector of Saxony as Frederick Augustus III (1763-1806); King of Saxony (1806-27).—323

Frederick Charles (Friedrich Karl Nikolaus), Prince (1828-1885) — Prussian general, commander-in-chief of the Prussian, and later of the allied Prussian and Austrian army in the Danish war of 1864; commander of the 1st Prussian Army in the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—166, 177, 180

Frederick William II (1744-1797) —King of Prussia (1786-97).—318

Frederick William III (1770-1840) — King of Prussia (1797-1840).—165, 324

Frederick William (Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl) (1831-1888) —Crown Prince of Prussia and the German Empire; son of William I; general, commanded the 2nd Prussian Army during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866; King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany as Frederick III (1888).—166, 177, 180

Fremont, John (Charles (1813-Ï890) — American explorer and politician, belonged to the Left wing of the Republican Party; took an active part in the conquest of California during the Mexican war (1846-48); was nominated for the presidency in 1856; during the Civil War commander of the Northern Army in Missouri (till November 1861) and Virginia (1862).— 24

Fribourg, F.rnest Edourd—active figure in the French working-class movement; engraver, subsequently businessman; Right-wing Proudhonist; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; a leader of the International's Paris Section; delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866); in 1871 he published the book L'Association internationale des travailleurs which was hostile to the International and the Paris Commune.— 82, 83, 329-31, 359, 385, 386, 393, 395-97, 413

C

Gablenz, Ludwig Karl Wilhelm, Baron von (1814-1874) — Austrian general, commanded a brigade during the Italian war of 1859 and a corps in the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.— 180 Gardner, Robert—British manufacturer; in 1844 shortened the working day from 12 to 11 hours at his cotton mills in Preston.— 304 Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882) — Italian revolutionary, democrat, chief organiser of the defence of the Roman Republic in April-June 1849; headed the struggle of the Italian people for national liberation ' and the unification of Italy in the 1850s and 1860s.—176 Geib, August (1842-1879) —German bookseller in Hamburg; Social-

Democrat; member of the General Association of German Workers; participant in the Eisenach Congress (1869); a founder of the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; Treasurer of the party (1872-78), deputy to the Imperial Diet (1874-77).—223 Gérard, Balthasar (1558-1584) — fanatic Catholic who in 1584 assassinated Prince William of Orange, leader of the Netherland bourgeois revolution of the sixteenth century.— 99

Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898) — British statesman, Tory, later Peel-ite; a leader of the Liberal Party in the latter half of the nineteenth century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55 and 1859-66) and Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886 and 1892-94).—5, 7 Gottraux, Jules—a Swiss, who became a British subject; member of the International.—429 Gounod, Charles François (1818-1893) — French composer.— 390 Gray, Rodger W.— British mason, President of the Board of Directors of The Bee-Hive Industrial Newspaper Company; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65).—20

Gross, Heinrich (d. 1765) — Russian diplomat, German by birth; Russian Ambassador to Warsaw in the 185()s-early 1860s; Minister Pleni-potentiary to London in 1765. — 314, 316

Grossmith, John—active member of the British democratic and working-class movement; member of the Central Council of the International (November 1864 to 1865).—20, 352

Grün, Karl Theodor Ferdinand (pen-name Ernst von der Haide) (1817-1887)—German journalist, "true socialist" in the mid-1840s.— 28

Gustavus Sweden (1771-92).—317

H

Hales, John (b. 1839) — British trade-unionist; weaver; member of the General Council of the International (1866-72) and its Secretary (1871-72); delegate to the London Conference (1871) and the Hague Congress (1872) of the International; headed the reformist wing of the British Federal Council from the beginning of 1872; expelled from the International in 1873.—411, 413, 438 Händel, Georg Friedrich (1685-1759) — German composer.— 390 Hansen, N. P.—a Dane, member of the General Council of the International (December 1864 to 1867), participated in the London Conference of the International (1865); Corresponding Secretary for Denmark (1866), and for Denmark and Holland (1867).—20, 100, 423 Hartwell, Robert—active member of the British democratic and working-class movement, printer, former Chartist, an editor of The Bee-Hive; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65); was on the Reform League's Executive Committee.— 21, 353

Hatzfeld(t), Sophie, Countess von (1805-1881) — German aristocrat, friend and supporter of Lassalle.— 88, 94 Haufe, Albert F.— German tailor, lived in London, member of the Central Council of the International (1866).—163 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831) — German philosopher.— 26, 257 Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856) — German revolutionary poet.—-91 Helvétius, Claude Adrien (1715-1771) — French philosopher of the Enlightenment, atheist.— 31

Henry VII (1457-1509) —King of England (1485-1509).—288

Herwarth von Bittenfeld, Karl Eberhard

(1796-1884)—Prussian general, took part in the Danish war of 1864, commanded the Army of the Elbe in the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—177, 180 Herwegh, Georg Friedrich (1817-1875) — German democratic poet, in the 1860s supported Lassalle.— 87

Hess, Moses (1812-1875)—German radical journalist, one of the chief representatives of "true socialism" in the mid-1840s; member of the Communist League; after the split in the League he sided with the Willich-Schapper separatist group; a Lassallean in the 1860s; participant in the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International.—36, 89 Heydt, August, Baron von der (1801-1874) — Prussian conservative statesman; Elberfeld banker; Minister of Trade, Industry and Public Works (December 1848 to 1862).—223

Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679) —English philosopher.— 128

Hofstetten, Johann Baptist (d. 1887) — Bavarian army officer; a Lassallean; publisher and an editor of Der Social-Demokrat (1864-67).—219, 221, 223, 389 Hohenzollerns—dynasty of Brandenburg Electors (1415-1701), Prussian Kings (1701-1918) and German Emperors (1871-1918).—200

Hollinger, Fidelio—owner of a printshop in London which printed

Das Volk.—23, 24 Holtorp, Emile—Polish refugee in London, member of the Central Council of the International (October 1864 to 1866), Corresponding Secretary for Poland (1864-65); delegate to the London (1865) Conference of the International, in 1866 joined the International Republican Committee set up by Mazzini.— 20, 100, 351, 355, 370 Homer—semi-legendary Greek epic poet.— 88 Hooson, Edward—active member of the co-operative movement in Manchester, took part in the Reform Movement.— 337 Howell, George (1833-1910) —British mason, a reformist leader of the British trade unions; former Chartist; Secretary of the London Trades Council (1861-62), participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (October 1864 to 1869); participant in the London (1865) Conference of the International; Secretary of the Reform League; opposed revolutionary tactics.—20, 100, 363, 366, 394, 396

Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885) — French writer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, opposed Louis Bonaparte.— 201 Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895) — English naturalist, close associate of Charles Darwin and populariser of his teaching.— 390

Ivan III (1440-1505) —Grand Duke of Muscovy (1462-1505).—159

J

Janks, A.— member of the Central Council of the International (1865).—100 Jellachich (Jellacic), Josef, Count (1801-1859)—Austrian general, Ban of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia (1848-59); took part in suppressing the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary and Austria.—199 Johnson, Andrew (1808-1875)--American statesman, Democrat; Senator (1858-62); supporter of die North in the American Civil War, Vice-President (1864) and President of the United States (1865-69); pursued a policy of compromise with the Southern planters.—99, ;00, 565-65 Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-1869) — outstanding figure in the British working-class movement, proletarian poet and journalist; a deader of the .Left-wing Chartists, took part in the work of the International in the 1860s, an organiser • of the Reform Movement, IT »end of Marx and Engels.—357, 358, 365, 384 Jones, Richard (1790-1855)-—one of the last English classical political economists.—147 Joséphine Beauharnais (1763-181,4) — Napoleon Bonaparte's wife (from 1796); was crowned in 1804, di-vorced in 1809.— 326 Jouffroy, Henri—Prussian privy councillor, French by birth; author and translator of several books on polit?-eai economy and »aw (I820s-40s).— 261 Jourdain, Gustave—French democrat; a refugee in London after "ne I848 revolution; member of the Central Council of the international (1864).—20 Jung, Hermann (1830-1901)—-promincnl figure in the international and Swiss working-class movement, watchmaker; member of the General Council of the international and Corresponding Secretary for Switzerland (November 1864 to 1872); Treasure«" of the General Council (i 371-72); participant in the London Conference (1865), Chairman of the Geneva (1856), Brussels ( i 868) and Bask (1869) congresses and of the London Conference (1871) of the International; member of the British Federal Council; supported Marx in the British Federal Council before the Hague Congress of 1872; later joined the reformists of the British trade unions.—20, 98, 100, 331, 335, 337, 339, 340, 353, 354-55, 356, 364, 365, 370, 376, 380, 387-89, 392, 400, 413, 414, 423

K

Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) — German

philosopher.— 27, 29 Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766-

1826) — Russian historian and writer.— 198 Kaub (Kolb), Karl (Charles)—German worker, a refugee in London and after 1865 in Paris; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the Central Council of the International (November 1864 to 1865), participant in the London Conference of 1865; again was a member of the General Council in 1870-71.—20, 100, 363, 368, 380 Kisseleff (Kiselev), Pavel Dmitrievich, Count (1788-1872) — Russian statesman; fought in the war against Napoleon (1812); Governor of Moldavia -and Wallachia (1829-34); from 1835 permanent member of secret committees on the peasant question; Minister of the Imperial Domains from 1837; advocate of moderate reforms; Ambassador to Pans (it856-62).—252 Klapka, György (Georg) (1820-1892) — general in the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49); commandant of the Komorn fortress (June-September 1849).—93 Klimosch, H,— member of the Central Council of the International (1865).—100 Klings, Karl—German metal-worker, member of the Communist League and then of the General Association of German Workers; emigrated to the United States (1865); took an active part in the Chicago section of the International.— 95 Kniaziewicz, Karol Otton (1762-1842) — Polish military leader and politician; took part in the uprising under Kosciuszko (1794): commander of a Polish legion in the Napoleonic army; French brigade general; commanded a division in 1812; participant in the 1830-31 insurrection; head of the Polish mission to Paris (1830-31).—322

Kolatschek, Adolph (1821-1889)— Austrian journalist and politician; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848-49), petty-bourgeois democrat; publisher of the journals Deutsche Monatsschrift (1850-51) and Stimmen der Zeit (1858-62); founded the newspaper Botschafter (1862).— 94 Kosciuszko, Thaddeus (Tadeusz Andrzej Bonawentura) (1746-1817) — prominent figure in the Polish national liberation movement; leader of the 1794 uprising; took part in the war of the North American colonies for independence (1776-83).—318-20 Kossuth, Lajos (1802-1894)—leader of the Hungarian national liberation movement; head of the revolutionary government (1848-49); after the defeat of the revolution emigrated first to Turkey and later to England and the USA.—92 Kourakin, Alexei Borisovich, Prince (1759-1829) — Russian statesman; Minister of the Interior (1807-11).— 325 Kugelmann, Ludwig (1828-1902) — German physician; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany, member of the First International; delegate to the Lausanne (1867) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the International; Marx's regular correspondent (1862-74); friend of Marx and Engels.—202

L

Lacretelle, Jean Charles Dominique de (1766-1855) — French historian.— 320

Lacroix—see Delacroix de Contant, Charles Lafargue, Paul (1842-1911) — prominent figure in the international and French working-class movement, member of the General Council of the International, Corresponding Secretary for Spain (1866-69); helped to organise the International's sections in France (1869-70), Spain and Portugal (1871-72); delegate to the Hague Congress (1872); a founder of the Workers' Party in France; disciple and associate of Marx and Engels; husband of Marx's daughter, Laura.—406, 411, 416, 423

Lafayette (La Fayette), Marie Joseph Paul, marquis de (1757-1834)—French general; took part in the war of the North American colonies for independence (1776-83); a leader of moderate constitutionalists (Feuil-lants) in the French Revolution; took part in the July Revolution of 1830.—196 Lake, George—British trade-unionist, carpenter, member of the Central Council of the International (1864).—20 Lama, Domenico—President of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65).—20 Laplace, Pierre Simon (1749-1827) — French astronomer, mathematician and physicist.— 217

Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864) — German journalist, lawyer, petty-bourgeois socialist; took part in the Province (1848-49); founder of the General Association of German Workers (1863) and its President; one of the originators of the oppor-tunist trend in the German working-class movement.— 24, 25, 87, 88, 91, 94, 95, 207, 210, 215, 216, 225

Lassassie, F. de—French refugee in London, barber; member of the General Council of the International (1865-68); member of the French branch in London where he advocated the General Council's policy; participant in the London (1865) Conference of the International.— 100 La Valette, Charles Jean Marie Félix, marquis de (1806-1881) —French statesman, Minister of the Interior (1865-67).—429 Lawrence, Matthew—British trade-unionist, President of the Operative Tailors' Protective Association in London; member of the General Council of the International (1866-68); delegate to the Geneva Congress of the International (1866).— 412 Lefort, Henri (1835-1917) —French lawyer, journalist, republican; member of L'Association's Editorial Board; took part in the preparations for the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; dissociated himself from the International (March 1865).— 82, 83, 329-32, 335, 358, 359, 363, 364, 393 Lelevel—see Lelewel, Joachim Lelewel, Joachim (1786-1861) —Polish historian and revolutionary; took part in the 1830-31 insurrection in Poland; a leader of the democratic wing of Polish refugees (1847-48); member of the Committee of the Brussels Democratic Association, favoured the idea of Russo-Polish revolutionary alliance.— 324, 325

refugee in London; was connected with republican and radical elements in France and Britain; took part in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the Central Council of the International (1864-66); Corresponding Secretary for France (1864-65); participant in the London (1865) Conference of the International; expelled from the Council by the Geneva Congress (1866) Tor intrigue and slander.— 20, 97, 329, 331, 332, 335-36, 339, 351, 352, 354-56, 358, 359, 363-64, 380, 384, 387, 388, 389, 392, 393, 401, 411

Leopold II (1747-1792)—Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1790-92).—319

Leroux, Jules—French republican, printer; refugee in England; member of the Central Council of the International (October 1864-March 1865); member of the French branch in London.—20, 363

Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, tailor; member of the Communist League; participant in the revolution of 1848-49; prosecuted at the Cologne Communist Trial in 1852; a refugee in London from 1856; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London and of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872), participant in the London Conference (1865), the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868), Basle (1869) and the Hague (1872) congresses of the International; member of the British Federal Council; later one of the founders of the British Independent Labour Party; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—20, 100, 339, 359, 380, 405, 413, 416 Leszczynski, Stanislaus (1677-1766)— palatine of Posen; King of Poland under the name of Stanislaus I (1704-11, 1733-36); Duke of Lorraine (from 1736); father-in-law of Louis XV of France.—312 Leverson, Montegue—active member of the British working-class movement; participant in the Polish meeting of March 1, 1865, in London.—97 Lewis, Leon—American journalist; in 1865, in London, was elected member of the Central Council of the International and Corresponding Secretary for America; did not take part in the work of the Council.—370

Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; participant in the revolution of 1848-49; member of the Communist League and of the International; delegate to the Basle Congress of the International (1869); deputy to the Imperial Diet from 1867; a founder and leader of the German Social-Democratic Party; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—94, 389, 438

Limousin, Charles Mathieu (1840-1909) — French working-class leader, printer, later journalist, follower of Proudhon; Secretary of the Board of L'Association; a leader of the Paris Section of the International; delegate to the London (1865) Conference of the International; active in the co-operative movement; published several journals.— 82, 330, 331, 396

Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865) — American statesman, a leader of the Republican Party, President of the United States (1861-65); during the Civil War, under pressure from the masses, carried out a number of important bourgeois-democratic reforms, thus making possible the adoption of revolutionary methods

of warfare; assassinated by a slave-holders' agent in April 1865.— 19, 20, 99, 100, 354, 355, 365, 407 Linguet, Simon Nicolas Henri (1736-1794) — French lawyer, writer, historian and economist, critic of the Physiocrats.— 32 List, Friedrich (1789-1846)—German economist, supporter of Protec-tionism.— 207

Lochner, Georg(e) (born c. 1824)— German joiner, active member of the German working-class movement; member of the Communist League and of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; member of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1872), delegate to the International's London conferences of 1865 and 1871; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—20, 100

Longmaid, John—active member of the British working-class movement; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League.— 21, 100, 364 Longuet, Charles (1839-1903) — journalist, a prominent figure in the French working-class movement, Proudhonist; member of the General Council of the International (1866-67 and 1871-72); Corresponding Secretary for Belgium (1866); delegate to the Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and the Hague (1872) congresses and the London Conference (1871); member of the Paris Commune, later emigrated to England; subsequently joined the opportunist group of Possibilists; married to Marx's daughter, Jenny.— 339, 364

Louis XIV (1638-1715) —King of France (1643-1715).—274, 311, 312 Louis XV (1710-1774) —King of France (1715-74).—59, 254, 287, 312, 317, 318 Louis XVI (1754-1793)—King of France (1774-92), executed during the French Revolution.— 318 Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon HI Louis Philippe (1773-1850)—Duke of Orleans, King of the French (1830-48).—9 Lucraft, Benjamin (1809-1897)—a reformist leader of the British trade unions, furniture-maker; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International, held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-71); delegate to the Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International; member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; in 1871 refused to sign the General Council's address The Civil War in France and left the International.—21, 100, 365

Lüning, Otto (1818-1868)—German physician and writer, a "true socialist" in the mid-1840s, publisher of the Neue Deutsche Zeitung (1848-50), a National-Liberal from 1866.— 24 Luther, Martin (1483-1546)—German theologian, writer, prominent figure of the Reformation; founder of Protestantism (Lutheranism) in Germany.— 261 Lyell, Charles (1797-1875)—English chemist and geologist.— 390

M

McCulloch, John Ramsay (1789-1864)— British economist who vulgarised David Ricardo's theories.—293 Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834) — English clergyman and economist, founder of the misanthropic theory of population.— 27, 141

Manteuffel, Edwin Hans Karl, Baron von (1809-1885)—Prussian general;

during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866 commander of the Army on the Main, which operated against German states allied to Austria.— 179

Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron von ( 1805-1882)—Prussian conservative statesman, Minister of the Interior (November 1848-November 1850), Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (1850-58).—56, 58, 59, 63, 75, 223 Mantz, Edwin Shelly—member of the Central Council of the International (1865); Secretary of the Board of the Industrial Newspaper Company.—379, 380, 382-84

Maria Fedorovna (Sophia Dorothea), princess of Württemberg (1759-1828)—second wife (from 1776) of the heir-apparent to the Russian throne and Emperor (from 1796) Paul I; mother of Alexander I.— 326

Marie Louise (1791-1847)—daugher of Francis I of Austria; married Napoleon I in 1810.—327 Marie-Louise-Joséphine (1782-1824) — wife of Duke Louis Bourbon of Parma; was placed by Napoleon at the head of the vassal kingdom of Etruria founded in 1801 and abolished in 1807.—323

Marmont, Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse,

duc de (1774-1852)—Marshal of France, fought in Napoleonic wars, sided with the Bourbons in April 1814.—325 Martini.—178 Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881) —Karl Marx's wife.—25, 390-91, 439-40 Marx, Karl (1818-1883).—20, 22-23, 33, 80, 87-96, 100, 103, 108, 109-11, 113, 114, 116-22, 124-31, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 163, 196, 197, 201, 203, 207, 208, 210-17, 219-28, 229-32, 234-40, 247, 250, 251, 253, 255, 260, 261, 311-13, 314, 316, 318, 320, 321, 323, 327, 335, 337, 339, ^%%

351-60, 361-67, 369, 380, 384-89, 393, 401, 405, 411-13, 423-27, 438-40 Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—Italian

revolutionary, democrat, a leader of the Italian national liberation movement, headed the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic (1849); an organiser of the Centra! Committee of European Democracy in London (1850); when the International was founded in 1864, tried to bring it under his influence.— 25, 393, 401 Meissner, Ctto Karl (1819-1902) — Hamburg publisher; published Capital and some other works by Marx and Engels,—81, 84, 85, 207, 210, 214, 216, 224, 227, 229, 231, 238, " 361-62 Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Jakob Ludwig Felix (1809-1847) —German composer.—390

Menenius, Agrippa (d. 493 B.C.) — Roman patrician.—106 Mercy d'Argenteau, Florimund, Count (1727-1794) — Austrian diplomat, minister to St. Petersburg-(from 1761), Paris (1780) and ' London (1790).—317 Mitchell, Sir . Andrew (1708-1771) — British diplomat and politician; envoy plenipotentiary to Berlin (1753-71).—316 Molthe, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Count von (1800-1891) — Prussian military leader and writer; general, from 1871 field marshal; Chief of the Prussian (1857-71) and the imperial (1871-88) General Staff.— 165 Montalembert, Charles Forbes René de Tryon, comte de (1810-1870) — French politician and journalist; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (1848-51); Orlean-ist, leader of the Catholic party; supported Louis Bonaparte during the coup d'état of December 2, 5851, but soon afterwards joined the opposition.— 201

Moore, Samuel (1838-1911) — English lawyer, member of the International; .translated into English Vol. I of Karl Marx's Capital (in collaboration with Edward Avcling) and the Manifesto of the Communist Party; friend of Marx and Engels.—216, 259 Morsau, Jean Victor Marie (1763-1813) —French general; took part in the wars waged by the French Republic against European coalitions.—322

Mo m-" f"" /' n j — i ntmb^i of t'V > \

i v n ni i \ oi ncil t f t c «

~hf i 13t 4 to i \ ; th woik of me K t 20 ^ 55 ° ' ^ 54 Morisot—member of the Central Council of the International (1864).— 20 Morozzo deila Rocca, Enrico (1807-1897) — Italian general, chief of Fiedmontese General Staff in the Italian war of 1859; commander of

i-, C13.5Ù

i l

ù W 3^6

an Italian corps on the side of Prussia during the Austro-Prassian war of 1866.—174

John Chalmers (5821-1888) — English agronomist, editor of the Agricultural Gazette (1844-88).-—112 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791) — Austrian composer.— 390

Napier, Sir William, Francis Patrick (1785-1860) — English general • and military historian; fought in the Peninsular war against Naocicon I (1808-14).—52 Napoleon I (Bonaparte) (1769-1821) —

Emperor of the French (1804-14 • and 1815), general before 1804, First Consul for life (1799-1804).— 33, 165, 199, 321-27, 355 Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoleon "Bonaparte) ( 1808-1873) — Napoleon Fs nephew, President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—32, 33, 36, 72, 89, 156, 157, 414

Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) (37-68) — Roman Emperor (54-68).— 9 Nesselrode, Karl Vasilyevich, Count (1780-1862) — Russian statesman and diplomat; Foreign Minister (1816-56); State Chancellor from 1845.—197 Newman, Francis William (1805-1897) — English philologist and writer, radical; wrote several books on religious, political and economic subjects.— 110 Newman, Samuel Phillips (1797-1842) — American priest, economist and philologist.— 278 Newman, William—see Newmarch, William Neivmarch, William (1820-1882) — English economist and statistician.— 110 Nicholas I (1796-1855) — Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—196, 197, 324 Nieass, John D,—British plasterer; member of the London Trades Council and of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65).—21, 100, 380

Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn (Ursin) (1757-1841) — Polish statesman and writer; stood for reforms; took part in the uprising under Kosciuszko (1794) and the 1830-31 insurrection, a refugee, author of memoirs.— 320

North, Frederick, 2nd Earl of Guilford (1732-1792)—.British statesman, Tory; Prime Minister (1770-82); Home Secretary in the Portland Coalition Cabinet (F"ox-North Cabinet) (1783).—317 Norvins, Jacques Marquet, baron de

Montbreton de (1769-1854) — French politician and historian; a refugee during the French Revolution (1789-94); wrote several works on Napoleonic period.— 327 Nusperli, M. G.—member of the Central Council of the International (October 1864-January 1865).—21

O

Odger, George (1820-1877) —shoe-maker; a reformist leader of the British trade unions; Secretary of the London Trades Council (1862-72); member of the British National League for the Independence of Poland, the Land and Labour League; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-71), its President (1864-67), took part in the London Conference (1865) and the Geneva Congress (1866); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; opposed revolutionary tactics; in 1871 refused to sign the General Council's address, "The Civil War in France", and left the Council.—21, 100, 351, 366, 369, 379, 380, 396, 408, 412, 416, 423

O'Donovan Rossa—wife of Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa, a leader of the Irish Fenians; organised the collection of funds for the families of the Irish political prisoners in 1865-66.-339 Oginski, Michal Kleofas, Count (1765-1883) — Polish politician and diplomat; composer; participant in the uprising of 1794 under Kosciuszko; represented groups of Polish refugees in France and in Turkey; returned to Poland in 1802; Russian Senator under Alexander I: author of memoirs.— 320-21 Osborne, John—British plasterer; trade-unionist, participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-67); was active in the Reform League and the Land and Labour League.— 20, 100 Ostrowski, Antoni Jan, Count (1782-1845) — Polish writer and politician, participant in the 1830-31 insurrection; a refugee; son and biographer of Tornasz Adam Ostrowski.— 323 Ostrowski, Tomasz (Thomas) Adam, Count (1735-1817) — Polish statesman, president of the Senate of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw from 1811.—323 Otto, Ludwig — see Breitschwert, Otto Ludwig Owen, Robert (1771-1858) —English Utopian socialist.—11, 110, 231

P

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount (1784-1865) — British statesman, a Tory .n the beginning of his career; from 1830 onwards — a Whig; Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41 and 1846-51); Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58 and 1859-65).—12, 152 Paskiewitch (Paskevich), Ivan Fedorovich, Prince (1782-1856) —Russian field marshal; fought against Napoleon; participated in the suppression of the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 and the revolution in Hungary (1849).— 196 Paul I (1754-1801) —Emperor of Russia (1796-1801).—199, 319, 322 Peter I (the Great) (1672-1725) —Tsar of Russia (1682-1721), Emperor of Russia (1721-25).—32, 199 Petersen, Peter—member of the Central Council of the International (November of 1864 to 1865).—20, 100 Pfänder, Karl (c. 1818-1876) — prominent figure in the German working-class movement, painter;

emigrated to London in 1845; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London, of the Communist League and of the General Council of the International (November 1864 to 1867; 1870-72); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—20, 100

Philip II (1527-1598) —King of Spain (1556-98).—99 Pichegru, Charles (1761-1804) — French general, took part in the wars of French Republic against the coalition of the European states (1794-95); took the command of the French army in Holland.— 319

Pidgeon, W.—British trade-unionist, baker, participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall, member of the Central Council of the International (1864).—21, 351 Pitt, L. K.—British priest, chaplain of the British trading station in St. Petersburg at the time of Catherine II and Paul I.—319 Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham (1708-1778) — British statesman, Whig; Foreign Secretary and Secretary of State for War (1756-61), Prime Minister (1766-68).—317, 319 Pompadour, Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, marquise de (1721-1764) — mistress of Louis XV.—59, 254, 287 Poniatowski, Stanislaw August (1732-1798) — King of Poland as Stanislaus II Augustus (1764-95).—315, 316, 319 Pozzo di Borgo, Karl Osipovich, Count (1764-1842) —Russian diplomat of Corsican descent; envoy (1814-21) and Ambassador (1821-35) to Paris and then to London (1835-39).— 199 Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865) — French writer, economist and sociologist; a founder of anarchism; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848).—26-33, 89, 153, 215, 260 Austrian general; commander of a cavalry brigade during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—174

Q

Quesnay, François (1694-1774)—French economist,- founder of the physio-cratic school, physician.— 293

R

Radetzky, Joseph, Count of Radetz (1766-1858)—Austrian field marshal; commander of the Austrian troops in Northern Italy from 1831; sup-pressed the national liberation movement in Italy in 1848-49; Governor-General of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (1850-57).—173, 199 Ramming, Wilhelm, Baron von Riedkir-chen (1815-1876)—Austrian general, commander of a brigade in the Italian war of 1859, and of a corps in the Austro-Prussian war of 1866.—179-80 Ramsay, Sir George (1800-1871)—one of the last English classical political economists.—147 Rau, Karl Heinrich (1792-1870)— German economist.—207, 215 Raumer, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von (1781-1873)—German historian and politician; representative of narrative-romantic trend in German historiography.— 33 Reybaud, Marie Roch Louis (1799-1879) — French writer and economist, liberal.—414

Ricardo, David (1772-1823) —English economist.—29, 95, 120, 147, 207, 208, 210, 225

Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de (1758-1794)—Jacobin leader, head of the revolutionary government ( 1793-94).— 110

1875)—German economist, leader of the Centre Left in the Prussian National Assembly, subsequently theoretician of "state socialism".— 207 Roon, Albrecht Theodor Emil, Count von (1803-1879)—Prussian statesman and military leader; field marshal-general from 1873; War Minister (1859-73) and Nava' Minister (1861-71); reorganised the Prussian army.—45, 50, 54

Röscher, Wilhelm (1817-1894)—German economist, founder of the historical trend in political economy.— 207, 215 Rose, George (1744-1818) —British statesman, Tory; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1782-83 and 1784-1801).—145 Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778) — French philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment.—32, 33, 160 Rulhière, Claude Carloman de (1735-1791)—French historian, author of 4-volume history of the 18th-century Poland published in Paris (1807).—313-14 Rumjanzev (Rumyantsev), Nikolai Pet-rovich (1754-1826) —Russian diplomat and statesman, Foreign Minister (1808-14), Chancellor from 1809; chairman of the Council of State (1810-12).—319, 325, 326 Rüstow, Friedrich Wilhelm (1821-1878)—German army officer and military novelist, democrat, a refugee in Switzerland; Garibaldi's chief of staff (1860); friend of Lassalle.— 87 Rybcziiisky, Franciszek—Polish refugee in London, member of the Central Council of the International (1864).—20

S

Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825) — French Utopian socialist.—26, 231 Salvatella, Narcisse—member of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the Central Council of the International (1865).—100

Savary, Anne Jean Marie René, duc de

Rovigo (1774-1833) —French general and politician, Minister of Police (1810-14), Governor-General of Algeria (1831-33).—325

Sawaszkiewicz, Leon Leopold (1806-1870) — Polish politician and writer; active in the 1830-31 insurrection; a refugee in France, Belgium and England; author of a work on Poland's history during the French revolution and Napoleonic wars; contributor to the newspaper La Tribune du Peuple.—320-24, 326, 327

Schantzenbach, Alexander—member of the Central Council of the International (1864).—21

Schapper, Karl (1812-1870) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; a leader of the League of the Just; member of the Central Authority of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; one of the leaders of the sectarian-adventurist group during the split in the Communist League (1850); again drew close to Marx in 1856; member of the Central Council of the International (1865); participant in the London Conference of 1865.—100

Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von

(1759-1805)—German poet, drama-tist, historian and philosopher.— 402, 417

Schily, Victor (1810-1875)—German democrat, lawyer, took part in the 1849 Baden-Palatinate uprising; emigrated to France; member of the International, delegate to the London Conference of 1865; friend of

Marx.—83, 95, 329-32, 335-36, 359, 363, 397

Schmalz, Theodor Anton Heinrich (1760-1831)—German conservative lawyer and economist, imitator of the Physiocrats.—261-62

Schulze-Delitzsch, Franz Hermann (1808-1883) — German economist; liberal politician; advocated unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy, a founder of the National Association and a leader of the Party of Progress; sought to divert the workers from revolutionary struggle by organising co-operative societies.—57, 95, 207, 395, 438

Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von (1833-1875)—German lawyer; a Lassallean leader; editor of Der Social-Demokrat (1864-67), President of the General Association of German Workers (1867-71); supported unification of Germany under Prussia's supremacy; fought against the Social-Democratic Workers' Party; expelled from the General Association for his contacts with the Prussian authorities (1872).—26, 87-91

Ségur, Louis Philippe, comte de (1753-1830) — French diplomat, politician and historian; Ambassador in Russia (1783-89); wrote a history of international relations in Europe in the 18th century.—315, 316-18

Semiramis (9th cent. B.C.)—famous As-syrian princess, round whose personality a mass of legend has accumulated; her name came to be applied to hanging gardens, one of the seven wonders of the world.— 160

Senior, Nassau William (1790-1864) — English economist, vulgarised Ricardo's theory; opposed shortening of the working day.—11, 110,250,286, 293

Setacci, C.— a leader of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini orga-don); member of the Central Council of the International (October 1864 to 1865).—20

Seward, Frederick William (1830-1915) — American journalist and diplomat, son of William Henry Seward.—100 Seward, William Henry (1801-1872) — American statesman, leader of the Right wing of the Republican Party; ran for presidency (1860); Secretary of State (1861-69).—100 Shakespeare, William (1564-1616) — English poet and dramatist.—145, 381 Shaw, Robert (d. 1869)—a leader of the British working-class movement; house painter; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-69); Treasurer of the Council (1867-68); Corresponding Secretary for America (1867-69); delegate to the London Conference (1865) and the Brussels Congress (1868) of the International.—21, 100, 396, 423, 438, 446

Side, Robert Henry—member of the Central Council of the International (November 1864 to 1866).—21 Siebel, Karl (1836-1868)—German poet; did much to promote works by Marx and Engels, including Vol. I of Marx's Capital; distant relative of Engels.— 81, 95

Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard Simonde

de (1773-1842)—Swiss economist, exponent of economic romanti-cism.—147, 208

Smales, Thomas—member of the Central Council of the International (1864).—21 Smith, Adam (1723-1790) —Scottish economist.—95, 120, 126, 147, 225

Smith, Edward (c. 1818-1874) —English physician and medical officer of the Privy Council to Inquire into the

ing Classes.—6 Solustri, F.—a leader of the Association of Mutual Progress (Mazzini organisation of Italian workers in London); member of the Central Council of the International (November 1864 to 1865).—20

Soulsby—captain of the Hero, on which

Engels travelled to Sweden (July 1867).—343

Stainsby, William D.—British trade-unionist, tailor, participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-68), and of the executive committees of the Reform League.—20, 100, 380 Stanley, Edward Henry, 15th Earl of Derby (1826-1893)—English statesman, Tory, Conservative (1860s-70s), subsequently Liberal; Secretary of State for Colonies (1858, 1882-85) and Secretary of State for India (1858-59), Foreign Secretary (1866-68, 1874-78); son of Edward Derby, leader of Tories.—429

Stephens Alexander Hamilton (1812-1883)—American politician, Democrat; Congressman (1843-59); participant in the rebellion of Southern slaveholders; Vice-President of the Confederacy (1861-65).—19, 99 Stephenson (Stevenson), George (1781-1848)—English engineer, inventor of the locomotive, son of a miner.— 381 Steuart, Sir James, afterwards Denham (1712-1780)—British economist, one of the last Mercantilists.— 238

Steub, Ludwig (1812-1888)—German ethnologist, linguist, writer, author of several essays on the Tyrol.— 344 Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882) —Prussian police officer, an organiser of and chief witness for the prosecution in the Cologne Communist Trial (1852); together with Wermuth wrote Die Kommunisten-Verschwö-rungen des neuenzehnten Jahrhunderts; chief of the Prussian political police (1850-60).—92

Stormont, David Murray, Viscount, Earl of Mansfield (1727-1796)—British diplomat and statesman, Tory; envoy to Warsaw (1756-June 1761) and to Paris (1772-78); member of the Cabinei (1779-82).—317 Suvorov, Alexander Vasilyevich, Count Rimniksky, Prince Italiisky (1729 or 1730-1800) —Russian field marshal and military theorist, Generalis-simo.—319, 322

Swieten, Gottfried, Baron van (1734-1803)—Austrian diplomat; envoy to Berlin in 1870s.—318 Sylvis, William (1828-1869)—American iron-moulder; prominent figure in the American working-class movement, a founder of the International Iron-moulders' Union (1859) and its President (1863-69); took part in the American Civil War (1861-65) on the side of the North, a founder of the National Labor Union (1866) and its President (1868-69); favoured affiliation to the International.—436

Szemere, Bartholomäus (Bertalan) (1812-1869) — Hungarian politician and journalist; Minister of the Interior and head of the revolutionary government (1849); fled from Hungary after the defeat of the revolution.— 93

T

Talandier, Pierre Théodore Alfred (1822-1890) — French democrat, journalist; took part in the 1848 Revolution in France; emigrated to London after the coup d'état of 1851; member of the Central Council of the International (1864).— 20 Talbot, Edouard—French physician, organised a section of the International in Caen (1865); Corresponding Secretary of the International in that town.—340

Thibaudeau, Antoine Claire, comte de (1765-1854) — French politician and historian; member of the Convention during the French Revolution, subsequently Bonapartist; Senator during the Second Empire; author of a history of Napoleonic France.— 325 Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)— French historian and statesman, Prime Minister (1836, 1840), deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848) and to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); head of the Orleanists after 1848; dealt brutally with the Paris Communards (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73).—31, 322, 326

Thornton, William Thomas (1813-1880)—British economist, follower of John Stuart Mill.—145

Tolain, Henri Louis (1828-1897)— French engraver; prominent figure in the French working-class movement, Right-wing Proudhonist; a leader of the Paris section of the International; delegate to the London Conference (1865) and Geneva (1866), Lausanne (1867), Brussels (1868) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International; deputy to the National Assembly after September 4, 1870; went over to the side of the Versaillists during the Paris Commune; was expelled from the International in 1871, subsequently Senator.—82, 330, 332, 335, 357, 363, 385, 393, 395-97

Tooke, Thomas (1774-1858) —English economist, adherent of the classical school in political economy.—110, 126, 238 Torrens, Robert (1780-1864)—English economist, adherent of the so-called theory of money circulation.— 278 Tremenheere, Hugh Seymour (1804-1893)—British official and journalist, member of various government tions.—8

Trimlett—British trade-unionist; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864, at St. Martin's Hall; member of the Central Council of the International (1864).— 351 Turff, Henry—British trade-unionist, a leader of the London branch of the Operative Bricklayers' Society; member of the Central Council of the International (1865); member of the Board of Directors of the Industrial Newspaper Company.— 380 Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, baron de

VAulne (1727-1781)—French economist and statesman; Physio-crat; Controller-General of Finance (1774-76).—238 Türr, Istvan (Achmed Kiamil Bey) (1825-1908) — Hungarian army officer; participant in the revolution of 1848-49 in Italy and Germany; refugee in Turkey; fought ip the Crimean war on the side of the Allies; took part in Garibaldi's revolutionary march to South Italy (1860); general of the Italian army from 1861.—92

U

Ure, Andrew (1778-1857) —English chemist, economist; free trader; opposed shortening of the working day.—11, 110, ?93 Urquhart, David (1805-1877)—British diplomat, writer and politician, Turkophile; went on diplomatic mis-sions to Turkey in the 1830s; member of the House of Commons (1847-52); founder and editor of The Free Press (1855-77) renamed Diplomatic Review in 1866.—112

V

Valltier, A.— Frenchman, member of

tional (1865).—100

Varlin, Louis Eugene (1839-1871) — prominent figure in the French working-class movement, bookbind-er, Left-wing Proudhonist; one of the International's leaders in France; delegate to the London Conference (1865), the Geneva (1866) and Basle (1869) congresses of the International; member of the Paris Commune; shot by the Versail-lists on May 28, 1871.—396 Vauban, Sébastien Le Prêtre (Prestre) de

(1633-1707)—Marshal of France, military engineer, economist.— 274 Vésinier, Pierre (1824-1902) — French journalist, anti-Bonapartist; an organiser of the French branch of the International in London; participant in the London Conference (1865) and the Brussels Congress (1868); was expelled from the Central Council of the International for conducting a slanderous campaign against it in 1866 and in 1868 expelled from the International; member of the Paris Commune.— 389, 392, 399 Victor Emmanuel II (Vittorio Emanuele) (1820-1878) —King of Piedmont (Sardinia) (1849-61) and of Italy (1861-78).—173, 174

Vielhorski—see Wielhorski, Jôzef Michat Villeneuve, Louis-Sauveur de (1675-1745)—French diplomat; Ambassador to Turkey (1728-44); mediator in negotiations between Austria, Russia and Turkey which resulted in the conclusion of the Belgrade Peace Treaty (1739).—313

Vinçard, Pierre Denis (1820-1882) — French worker journalist; participant in the revolution of 1848, active in the co-operative movement; wrote several works on the condition of the working class; member of the International.—82, 330, 331, 335, 365 Vögele, A.—German refugee in London, compositor in Hollinger's printshop (1859).—24

Vogt, Karl (1817-1895) —German naturalist, petty-bourgeois democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848-49), belonged to the Left wing; one of the five imperial regents (June 1849); in 1849 left Germany; was Louis Bonaparte's paid agent; libelled Marx and Engels.—23, 24, 92 Voltaire, François Marie Arouet (1694-1778) — French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlightenment.—33, 160, 250

W

Wade, Benjamin Franklin (18)00-1878)— American lawyer and politician, Left-wing Republican, President of the Senate (1867-69).—422

Wehner, J. G.— Germari refugee in Manchester, Treasurer of the Schiller Institute in the 1860s.—404, 420 Werecki, I. M.— Polish refugee in London, democrat, member of the Central Council of the International (1865-66).—340 Weston, John—active in the British working-class movement; carpenter, subsequently manufacturer, Owen-ist; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-72); delegate to the London Conference (1865); member of the Executive Committee of the Reform League; a leader of the Land and Labour League.—20, 100, 103-06, 108-10, 112-13, 115-17, 119, 147, 351, 352, 355, 363-67, 380, 384, 386, 412, 413

Weydemeyer, Joseph (1818-1866) — leading figure in the German and American working-class movement;

member of the Communist League, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; editor of the Neue Deutsche Zeitung (1849-50), emigrated to the USA after the defeat of the revolution; took part in the American Civil War on the side of the North; helped disseminate the ideas and documents of the International in the USA; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.—24, 25, 357

Wheeler, George William—active in the British working-class movement; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the General Council of the International (1864-67), Treasurer of the Council (1864-65, 1865-67); delegate to the London Conference (1865) of the International, member of the Executive Committee % of the Reform League.—20"; 100, 339, 340, 352, 354, 355, 358, 365, 366, 369, 379, 387, 396 Whitlock, J.—-British trade-unionist; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864, at St. Martin's Hall; member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65); took part in the work of the Reform League.—20, 100, >351, 352, 357, 358, 359

Wiehe, Johann Friedrich—German refugee in London, compositor, worked in Hollinger's printshop in 1859.—23-24 Wielhorski, Jôzef Michat (1759-1817) — Polish general; participant in the uprising under Kosciuszko (1794); commander of the Polish legion of the French army; War Minister of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw in 1812.—322 William I (1797-1888)--Prince of Prussia, Prince-Regent (1858-61), King of Prussia (1861-88), German Emperor (1871-88).—165, 177 Windischgrätz, Alfred Candidus Ferdinand, Prince (1787-1862)— Austrian field marshal; commanded the troops which crushed the upris-ings in Prague and Vienna (1848); led the Austrian army against the Hungarian revolution (1848-49).— 199

Wirth, Max (1822-1900) —German economist, journalist, liberal.— 215

Wolff—member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65).—20 Wolff, Luigi (Louis)—Italian major, follower of Mazzini, member of the Association of Mutual Progress (organisation of Italian workers in London); participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864 at St. Martin's Hall; member of the Central Council of the International (1864-65); participant in the London Conference (1865); exposed as an agent of the Bonapartist police in 1871.—20, 351, 393, 396, 401 Wolff, Wilhelm (1809-1864)—German teacher, proletarian revolutionary, leading figure in the Communist League, an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly

Achilles (Gr. Myth.) — the bravest Greek warrior in the Trojan War, a character in Homer's Iliad.— 88 Christ, Jesus (Bib.).—390 Hildebrand—character in ancient German epic Das Hildebrandslied.—76 Jesus—see Christ, Jesus Juggernaut (Hindu Myth.)—Krishna, an incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu.—142 Moloch—the Sun-God in Carthage and Phoenicia, whose worship was accompanied by human sacrifices.— 11

summer 1849 and Great Britain in 1851; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 214 Worley, William—British worker, printer; member of the British National League for the Independence of Poland; participant in the inaugural meeting of the International held on September 28, 1864, at St. Martin's Hall; member of the Central Council of the International; took part in the work of the Reform League.— 21, 100, 352, 355, 380

Z

Zabicki, Antoni (1818-1889) — active member of the Polish national liberation movement, compositor; left Poland after 1831; participant in the Hungarian revolution of 1848-49; from 1851 a refugee in England; from 1863 published Glos Wolny—newspaper of the Polish democratic refugees; Secretary of the Polish National Committee, member of the General Council of the International (1866-71), Corresponding Secretary for Poland (1866-71).—423

Scapin—main character in Molière's comedy Les fourberies de Scapin, smart servant, mystifier and jester.— 25

Sibyl—one of a number of women regarded as oracles or prophetesses by the ancient Greeks and Romans. The best known of them was the Sibyl of Cumae, a Greek colony in Southern Italy. The oracles and prophecies attributed to her were collected in the Sibylline Books kept in ancient Rome.— 214

INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES Sisyphus (Gr. Myth.) — King of Corinth. For cheating the gods he was condemned to push a rock to the top of a hill from which it rolled down again. Hence the expression the "Sisyphean labour" — hard and useless work.—99, 273

Swaggerer—main character in Aesop's fable "The Boasting Traveller".— 244, 279 Tidmann—main character of the old Danish folk song Herr Tidmann, greedy and arrogant feudal lord.— 34-35