Subject Index

A

Aesthetics—250-51 Amnesty— 243-44 Ancient Egypt—120 Ancient Rome—40-41 Ancient World— 209-10

See also Ancient Rome Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42 — 23, 78 Anglo-French-Chinese war of 1856-60—

30, 196 Anglo-French commercial treaty of 1860—

162 Anglo-Persian war of 1856-57 — 78, 225 Anglo-US war of 1812-14

— general points — 90, 94, 111-12, 132, 140-41, 157, 184-85, 199, 258 — Ghent Peace, Treaty of 1814 — 112 Annexation—68 Aristocracy, nobility, English—22, 240, 241 Army—124, 226, 303-07, 312-16 — Austrian — 193, 318 — Danish —317-19 — English — 274-75, 283, 287-88, 313-15 — French — 83, 84, 178-79, 186-87, 312-13 — German —303, 305, 314, 316 — Prussian — 304, 305, 315-16, 318-19 — Russian — 275-77, 287-88 _ US — 178-79, 186-88, 258, 289-92

See also Art of war; Artillery; Military science; Navy; War, wars Artillery— 289-95 Art of war—110, 188-95, 204-05, 274-75, 287-88, 298-99 Australia— 58, 64, 83, 132, 162 Austria—3, 5 See also Army (Austrian); Austro-Italo-

French war of 1859; Austro-Italo-French war of 1859—5-6, 29-

30, 89, 130, 192, 293

B

Balance of payments—63-65 Balance of trade—63-65 Bengal— 19 Blacks

— slave labour — 20, 39-40, 44, 50, 54, 227 — slave trade — 10,37-40,157,202-03, 263 — in USA — 10, 12-13, 20, 32, 36-40, 44-49, 50-51, 54, 203, 258 — in West Indies — 51, 54 See also Slave trade; US Civil War

(1861-65) Bonapartism— 83, 84, 296 Bourgeoisie, English— 21, 22, 109, 162,

168, 241 — its pseudo-humanity — 209-12 Bourgeoisie, French—81, 83, 84 Bourgeoisie, German—296-97 C

California

— gold mines — 83, 86, 101 Chauvinism

— and war — 64 China—18, 19, 111, 216, 218, 292 See also Anglo-French-Chinese war of 1856-60; Taiping uprising of 1850-64 Civilisation—125 Colonial wars—78 Colonial wars of Great Britain—see Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42; Anglo-French-Chinese war of 1856-60; Anglo-Persian war of 1856-57 Corruption— 84 Cosmopolitanism—108 Craft, craftsmen— 252-53, 255 Crimean war of 1853-56 — 29-30, 124, 138, 153, 199, 274-88, 293 Cuba—10, 37

D

Danish war of 1864 — 317-19 Democratic Party (USA) —9-11, 35-36, 37-39, 41-42, 116, 227, 249, 263-64, 266, 268-69 Denmark— 3-6, 23, 292

See also Danish war of 1864; Language (Danish); Schleswig-Holstein Dictatorship, counter-revolutionary

— military — 48, 80-81 Division of labour

— and individuality — 163 — and interests — 22 — its development — 22, 120, 163

E

Economic crises

— overproduction as main form of manifestation of crises — 161-62 — and market situation — 161-62 — crisis of 1846-47 — 160-61 — crisis of 1857-59 — 160-61 Emigration

— as social phenomenon — 53, 259 — political emigration — 341, 346-47

— English — 259 — German — 335-36, 341-42, 244, 346-47, 350-51 — German in England — 320, 336 — German in USA — 48, 50 — Irish in USA — 53, 259, 263-64 England (Great Britain)

— general points — 163, 219 — history — 21-23, 53, 101-02, 141-42, 153, 246 — England in the 1860s —53-56, 143-44, 167-68, 171, 209 — economy — 53-61, 63-65, 111, 149-52, 160-62, 231 — cotton crisis ("dearth of cotton") in early 1860s — 17-20, 53-56, 59-60, 62, 63, 111, 153-54, 157, 160-62, 239-40 — social and political system — 21, 22, 102, 125, 163, 219-21, 246, 303-04 — legislation — 153, 239, 245-47 — Electoral Reform Bill of 1832 — 21, 153 — Catholic Emancipation law of 1829 — 21, 153 — colonial policy — 67-68, 77-78, 162, 210 — foreign policy, diplomacy — 21-23, 71, 108-09, 124-26, 153, 154, 167, 169-70, 172-73, 246 — press, bourgeois — 21-31, 105, 128-30, 138-39, 230-31 — and France — 29, 61, 64, 69-70, 196, 211 — and Italy — 59, 64, 236-38, 245-46 — and Latin American states — 69, 77 — and Mexico — 67-78, 113-14, 169-70, 172-77, 196-98 — and Morocco — 170 — and Spain — 169-70, 173, 176-77 — and Switzerland — 66, 72 — and the United States of America (US Civil War)—17, 18, 19-20, 24-26, 29, 32, 43, 55-60, 63-65, 89-100, 105-06, 114, 125-27, 129-34, 135-43, 145-47, 153-56, 157-61, 169, 182-85, 202-03, 211, 230-32, 239-40, 241-42 See also Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42; Anglo-French-Chinese war of 1856-60; Anglo-French commercial treaty of 1860;

Anglo-Persian war of 1856-57; Anglo-US war of 1812-14; Aristocracy, nobility, English; Army (English); Bourgeoisie, English; Crimean war of 1853-56; Emigration (English); Factory legislation; Language (English); London; Manchester School; Navy (English); Parliament, British; Poor laws; Tories (England); Whigs (England); Working class in Great Britain; Working-class movement in Great Britain Europe—5-6, 21

See also Language (European languages)

F

Factory legislation

— Ten Hours' Bill — 153 Foreign and domestic policy—23, 37 France

— economy — 30-31, 62-63 — on eve of bourgeois revolution of 18th cent.—80 — Restoration — 69, 77 — July monarchy — 84 — Second Empire (1830-48) —80-81, 83, 211-12 — industry — 83 — railways — 83 — agriculture — 62, 65, 83 — trade — 30-31, 62, 63-64, 83 — finances — 30-31, 61-63, 79-85, 196 — banks — 30-31, 61, 62 — Crédit Mobilier — 61, 62-63 — financial and economic policy— 61-63, 80-81, 83 — home policy — 30-31, 83-85, 111 — corruption of ruling circles — 83-84 — policy of manoeuvring between antagonistic classes — 83, 84 — public works — 83, 84 — press — 28-29, 79, 105-11 — monarchist factions — 28-29 — bourgeoisie — 83-84 — the masses — 29 — working class — 83, 84 — growth of opposition senti-ments — 84-85

— foreign policy of France during Second Empire — 3, 29-30, 66-67, 71-72, 173-74, 196 — Bonapartism and wars — 29-30, 83-84, 111, 224-25 — and Crimean war — see Crimean war of 1853-56 — and England — 27-31, 64, 66-67, 111, 174-75, 196, 224-25, 264-65 — and Greece — 196 — and Italy — 29-30, 162, 196, 245 — and Prussia — 27-28 — and Spain — 71, 169, 174-75 — and Switzerland — 66, 72 — and USA — 29-31, 111, 196, 264-65 — colonial policy of the Second Empire — 29-31 — and Turkey as object of colonial expansion — 196 See also Anglo-French-Chinese war of 1856-60; Anglo-French commercial treaty of 1860; Army (French); Austro-Italo-French war of 1859; Bonapartism; Bourgeoisie, French; Mexican expedition of 1861-67; Napoleonic wars; Navy (French); Paris Free Trade movement—162

G

German Confederation (1815-66)

— Federal Diet — 296, 350-51, 357 German Worker's Educational Society in

London (1840-1918)—296-97 Germany—58, 64 See also Army (German); Bourgeoisie, German; Emigration (German, German in England, German in USA); German Confederation; Hanover; Language (German) Great Britain—see England (Great Britain) Greece—252 Ground rent—329-33

H

Haiti— 229 Hanover—43 Holy Alliance — its history — 68-70, 77, 169-70 — its counter-revolutionary role — 74

I

India

— general features — 18-19, 55-56 — British colonial domination — 18-19, 55-56, 209, 291-92, 301, 302 See also Bengal; Indian Mutiny of 1857-59; Language (Indian languages) Indian Mutiny of 1857-59 — 309-10, 313 Ireland—19-20, 21, 53, 153, 210 See also Emigration—Irish in USA Italian war of 1859—see Austro-Italo-French war of 1859 Italy

— economy — 59, 61, 64 — Savoy and Nice — 162 — and England — 59, 64, 236-38, 245-46 — and France —29-30, 196, 245 — and Prussia — 5-6 — question of Italy's unification and Second Empire — 5-6, 236-38, 245 See also Austro-Italo-French war of 1859

J

Jurists—49

L

Language

— written — 4 — Danish — 4 » — English —303 — European languages — 303 — German — 4, 303 — Indian languages — 303 Law— 244, 347 Legislation— 244 Liberia— 229 London—117, 219-21

M

Manchester School—125 Mexican expedition of 1861-67

— general description — 67-68, 74-78, 113, 114, 170, 173, 174-76, 196-98, 211-12, 224 — convention on joint intervention in Mexico (1861) —67, 71-74, 169-70, 173-74, 175-76 — and England — 67-78, 113-14, 169-70, 172-77, 196, 197-98, 223-25 — and France — 67, 69-75, 174-75, 196-98, 224, 225 — and Spain — 67, 71, 72, 75, 169, 172-74, 176-77 — and USA — 67, 72, 77-78, 196 Mexico— 36, 68-70, 75-77, 169-70, 196-97 See also Mexican expedition of 1861-67 Military science

— military history — 186, 274, 287-88 Morocco—168, 170

N

Napoleonic wars— 91, 93, 138-39, 312-14 Navy

— English —132, 292, 302, 321-24 — French — 83, 292 — US — 125-26, 132, 213-15, 258, 289-92 Needs— 253 Neutrality (in international relations) — 124-25, 147-48, 157

New Orleans—199-200 New York—117-18, 263-64 Vice — 162

O

Orient— 216

P

Paris—193 Parliament, British— 78, 153, 167-68, 221, 223 Patriotic War of 1812 (Russia)—193-94,

199, 206-07 Philanthropy (bourgeois) — 54, 125, 246 Pietism—128 Plantations—44 Plebeians, plebs — in ancient Rome — 40-41 Poland, Polish question— 224, 237, 296-97 Politics—154, 216, 249-50 Poor laws— 239, 246 Potato blight in Ireland—19-20, 53 Privateering—124, 125-26, 132, 270 Profession— 163 Public opinion

— and state policy — 29, 73, 84-85, 100, 174, 178 — and press — 9, 21-25, 127-29, 137-40, 155-56, 163 — miscellaneous points — 27-28, 72, 73, 114, 117-18, 137, 158-59 Punic wars

— Second Punic War (218-201 &.C.)—210 Punishment— 246

R

Reform

— political and social reforms as concessions by ruling class to the masses — 153 Republican Party (USA)—8, 10-13, 35, 38-39, 41, 42, 86-87, 118, 139, 263-64 Russia (Russian Empire)—124, 147-48 See also Army (Russian): Crimean war of 1853-56; Patriotic War of 1812 (Russia)

S

Schleswig-Holstein

— Schleswig-Holstein question — 3-6 — London Protocol, ' 1852 —23 See also Danish war of 1864 Scholasticism in Middle Ages — 91 Scotland—53 Slavery -— general points — 50 — slave-owning mode of production— 50 — slave labour — 44, 50, 87 — slave labour of Blacks — 32, 36-38, 39-40, 44-48, 87, 203, 258 See also Blacks; Slave trade; United States of America Slave trade—10, 38-40, 157, 202-03 See also Blacks; Plantations; Slavery

Speculation (business)

— in England —55-56, 60, 63 Spiritualism— 216 State, the—216 Suez Canal—3 Switzerland

— foreign policy — 66, 72 Syria—3

T

Taiping uprising of 1850-64—3, 216-18 Tories (England)—145, 263 Traditions, English— 219

U

US Civil War (1861-65)

— general description, results, significance — 7-9, 10-11, 30, 44, 49-51, 100, 115-16, 186-87, 226-29, 248, 289-90 — causes of war, Southern planters' rebellion, secession of Southern States — 8-11, 12-15, 30, 32-44, 49, 60-61, 103-04, 186, 260-61 — situation in the border States and Territories — 44-52, 116, 203, 227-29, 248-49, 251, 257, 258 — opposing forces — 186-88, 213-15, 226-29, 257-58, 261-62 — progress of hostilities — 30, 33, 45-46, 48, 86, 88, 178-81, 186-94, 199-201, 204-08, 212, 213-14, 226-29, 233-35, 248-49, 256-58, 260, 263-64, 267-69, 289-91, 293-95 — and revolutionary émigrés — 188 — policy of Union goverment, its aims and tasks — 33-34, 50-51, 77, 91, 97, 99-100, 110-12, 115, 139-41, 143, 144, 155, 178, 181, 186-87, 226-29, 251, 266-68, 270 — inconsistent policy of Northern bourgeoisie, attempts at compromise with South — 8,9,11-12,33-35, 50-52, 86-88, 115-16, 117-18, 179-81, 186-87, 226-27, 233, 257, 263-67, 268-69 — "constitutional" conduct of war— 228, 257 — revolutionary conduct of war— 180, 227, 228, 250, 251 — slavery issue — 7-8, 30-31, 34, 44, 49-51, 86, 115, 116, 118, 203, 228, 229, 234-35, 264, 268-69 — Southern Confederacy, its policy — 43, 45, 47-50, 55, 91, 99-100, 110, 116, 127, 147, 186, 201, 207-08, 227, 251, 256, 260-62, 270-72 — and US economy — 18, 64-65, 132, 183-85 — and working class — 50 — and England — 18, 23-26, 43, 59, 60, 62, 69-70, 76-77, 90-93, 95, 96, 105-08, 111-14, 117, 125-32, 137-40, 141-42, 154, 159, 168-69, 182-85, 211-12, 230-32, 239-40, 249, 252, 262, 270 — Anglo-US Treaty against Slave Trade (April 7, 1862)—202-03, 229 — threat of Anglo-US war — 89-93, 95-101, 105, 106-09, 110, 111-12, 114, 125-26, 127-28, 129-30, 132-33, 137, 147-48, 157 — and English bourgeoisie and its press — 7-9, 10-16, 17, 23-26, 29-33, 42, 55, 59-61, 65, 89-91, 95-99, 100, 105, 107-14, 116, 117, 127-34, 137, 147-48, 154, 157-61, 182-85, 199-201, 210, 230-32, 233-35, 239-41, 249-50, 260, 268-70 — and English working class — 17,

29, 127-29, 130, 131-32, 134-38, 140, 142, 143-44, 153-56, 161, 239-42, 246, 297 — and France — 28-31, 65, 69-70, 91, 99, 111, 113-14, 126, 131, 158, 185, 211-12, 249, 264-65 — and European states — 114, 146-48, 188, 212 — popular reaction in Europe — 29,

30, 110 — miscellaneous points — 29, 210-11 US-Mexican war of 1846-48 — 86, 103 United States of America

— general points — 10, 11, 289-90 — territory, population —10, 36-37, 42, 44-50, 59-60

— immigration, its role — 188, 259 — industry — 18, 44, 54, 187, 252-53 — railways — 271 — home and foreign trade — 17-18, 19-20, 53-55, 57-59, 64-65, 111, 131-33, 138, 231-32 — protectionism — 14-15, 25, 32-33, 53-55, 65, 138 — South (economic area)—32, 37-40, 43-44, 48-52, 263 — Northwest (economic area)—10, 38-39, 41-42, 228,.256 — border States — 43-49, 50-52, 87 — Territories — 35-38, 41-42, 46-47, 49-50, 269 — agriculture, agrarian relations— 17, 19-20, 37-38, 39-40, 51-53, 263-64 — Homestead Bill — 228 — slave-owning economy in South, its crisis — 19-20, 39-40, 50-51, 54 — Black slaves — 32, 36-38, 39-40, 50, 54 — slave trade — 10, 11-12, 37-38, 202-03, 229, 263 — social and political system — 9, 10, 34-38, 40-42, 44, 45, 102-03 — "poor whites"—13-14, 40-42, 207-08 — Constitution —8, 10, 13, 34, 102, 250 — oligarchy of slave-owners — 8-10, 11-14, 29, 30, 37-38, 40-42, 45, 49, 54, 257 — bourgeois parties — 263-64 — free soil measures — 37 — domestic policy — 35-39 — Missouri Compromise of 1820 — 10, 35, 37 — Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1854 — 10, 36-39 — Abolitionism — 11-12, 14, 51, 227, 230, 233-35, 263-65, 268-69, 271 — John Brown's uprising" of 1859 — 13 — question of abolition — 37-42, 51-52, 228, 250, 251, 257-58, 263-64, 266-67 — machinery, inventions — 54, 254 — literature — 7 — foreign policy — 37-39, 69-70, 78, 125-26, 229 — Monroe Doctrine — 69, 77 — expeditions against States of Central America — 37 — and Cuba — 37 — and England — 76, 157, 229 — and France — 29, 67-68, 75-78, 126, 157 — and Mexico — 37, 67-69, 75-77, 86, 103 — and Spain — 67-68, 76-77 See also Anglo-US war of 1812-14; Army (US); Blacks (in USA); California; Democratic Party (USA); Navy (US); New York; Republican Party (USA); US Civil War (1861-65); US-Mexican war of 1846-48; War of Britain's North American colonies for independence, 1775-83

V

Villafranca preliminary peace treaty (1859)—see Austro-Italo-French war of 1859

W

War, wars— 84, 111, 124-25, 226-27, 258 See also Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42; Anglo-French-Chinese war of 1856-60; Anglo-Persian war of 1856-57; Anglo-US war of 1812-14; Austro-Italo-French war of 1859; Colonial wars; Crimean war of 1853-56; Danish war of 1864; Napoleonic wars; Punic wars; US Civil War (1861-65); US-Mexican War of 1846-48; War of Britain's North American colonies for independence, 1775-83 — 29, 101 Wars of First French Republic (late 18th-early 19th cent.)—91, 93, 138, 153, 187, 193, 230 Whigs (England)—129, 145 Working class in Great Britain—153-56 Working-class movement in Great Britain

— general points — 153 — in the 1860s — 134, 137-38, 142, 153-56, 159, 245, 297 — movement to prevent intervention against USA during Civil War— 134, 137-38, 142, 153, 154, 155-56, 297 — popular demonstrations, meetings — 153, 154, 245