Name Index

;i5° Appendix II has not been preserved. p. 362 40Ö

Name Index

A

Adams, Charles Francis (1807-1886) — American diplomat and politician, Republican, Minister to England (1861-68).—89, 95, 97, 113, 143-44, 146, 156

Adams, John (1735-1826)—American statesman and diplomat, a leader of the moderate bourgeoisie during the American War of Independence (1775-83); first envoy in London (1785-88); second President of the United States (1797-1801).—8

Albert (1819-1861) —Prince Consort of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1840-61).—315

Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great) (356-323 B.C.)—general and statesman of antiquity.— 271

Almonte, Juan Nepomuceno (1804-1869) — Mexican statesman and general; supported the French intervention in Mexico in 1862-67.—224.

Anderson, Robert (1805-1871) — American army officer, general from May 1861; during the Civil War fought on the side of the Northerners; commander of the garrison in Fort Sumter (December 1860-April 1861).—34

Anichkov, Viktor Mikhailovich (1830-1877) — Russian army officer and military writer.—275-76, 282

Ariosto, Lodovico (1474-1533) — Italian poet of the Renaissance, author of L'Orlando furioso.— 64

Armellini, Carlo (1777-1863) — member of Triumvirate of the Roman Republic (1849).—237

Armstrong, William George, Baron of Cragside from 1887 (1810-1900) — English inventor, noted for his invention of a special type of rifled cannon.—220, 291, 293-94, 323, 324

Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Baron (1774-1848) —English banker and politician; was close to Tory; co-oper-ated with US commercial circles.— 112, 157

Ashworth, Henry (1794-1880) —British manufacturer and politician; Free Trader; a founder of the Anti-Corn Law League; M. P.—160

Atherton, Sir William (1806-1864) — British lawyer, Solicitor-General (1859-61), Attorney-General (1861-63).—92, 96, 98, 105, 127, 135, 138

Aumale, Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d'Orléans, duc d' (1822-1897) —son of Louis Philippe, King of the French; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1840s; author of anti-Bonapartist pamphlets.— 28

Aurelle de Paladines, Louis Jean Baptiste

d' (1804-1877)—French general; took part in the Crimean war (1853-56); in 1854-55 commanded a brigade.— 278, 279

B

Ballantine, William (1812-1887) — British lawyer.—121, 164-66

Bancroft, George (1800-1891) — American historian, diplomat and politician, Democrat; author of the History of the United States in ten volumes; was on the side of the North during the Civil War.—118

Baring, Thomas (1799-1873) — financier, head of a banking house in London, Tory M. P.; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852 and 1858).—30

Bazancourt, César Lécat, baron de (1810-1865) — French military writer, Bonapartist.— 280

Bazley, Sir Thomas, Baronet (1797-1885) — English manufacturer and politician, Free Trader; a founder of the Manchester Anti-Corn Law League; Chairman of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce (1845-59), M.P.—160-62

Beales, Edmond (1803-1881) —English lawyer, radical; a member of the English Emancipation Society, which supported the Northerners during the US Civil War; President of the Reform League (1865-69).—155

Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant (1818-1893)—American general; took part in the war against Mexico (1846-48); commanded the Southern troops in Virginia (1861-beginning of 1862) and Mississippi (1862), later in Charleston (September 1862-ApriI 1864); bombarded and captured Fort Sumter on April 12-13, 1861.—33, 200, 204-06, 207, 226

Bell, Sir George (1794-1877) —British army officer; in 1854-55 fought in the Crimean War (1853-56).—284

Bennett, James Gordon (1795-1872) — American journalist; adhered to the Democratic Party; founder and publisher of the newspaper New-York Herald; during the Civil War came up for a compromise with Southern slave-owners.—181, 263

Bentinck, G. W. P.— British parliamentary figure, Tory.—183

Berger—German refugee in Britain; a member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; was on the committee raising funds for Polish insurgents during the Polish uprising of 1863-64.—297

Berkeley, George Cranfield (1753-1818) — British admiral, Tory M. P.—141

Bernard, Simon François (1817-1862) — French politician, Republican; emigrated to Britain after the defeat of the revolution (1848); was accused by the French Government of being an accomplice in Orsini's attempt on the life of Napoleon III; acquitted by the British Court.— 245

Berry, Hiram Gregory (1824-1863) — American general; fought in the US Civil War on the side of the Northerners; commanded a brigade (1862-beginning of 1863), and then a division of the Potomac Army.— 206

Bethell, Richard, 1st Baron Westbury (1800-1873) —British lawyer and politician, Liberal; Lord Chancellor (1861-65).—167

Billault, Augustin Adolphe Marie (1805-1863) — French politician and lawyer; an Orleanist and after 1849 a Bonapartist; Minister of the Interior (1854-58 and 1859-60).—79, 80

Birney, David Bell (1825-1864) — American general, Abolitionist; commanded a brigade of the Army on the Potomac during the Civil War (1862).—206 Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von, Prince of Wahlstatt (1742-1819) —Prussian field marshal-general; took part in wars against Napoleonic France.— 319 Bolleter, Heinrich—German refugee in London, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London and subsequently of the General Council of the First International (1864-65); was on the committee raising funds for Polish insurgents during the Polish uprising of 1863-64; owner of a small restaurant in Soho where the workers used to meet.—297

Bonaparte, Joseph (1768-1844)—the eld-est brother of Napoleon I; King of Naples (1806-08) and Spain (1808-13).—268

Bonaparte, Louis—see Napoleon III

Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul (1822-1891)—son' of Jérôme Bonaparte, cousin of Napoleon III; commanded a division in the Crimea in 1854; known under the nicknames of Plon-Plon and the Red Prince.— 28, 237, 278, 279, 281, 282

Borbon, Francisco de Paula Antonio de

(1794-1865)—uncle of Isabella II, Queen of Spain.— 119

Borchardt, Louis—German physician, one of Engels' acquaintances in Manchester.—320

Bosquet, Pierre (1810-1861) —French general, marshal from 1856; commanded a division and then a corps in the Crimea (1854-55).—278

Bouat—French general; in 1854, commanded a brigade during the Crimean war (1853-56).—278, 279

Bourbons—royal dynasty in France (1589-1792, 1814-15 and 1815-30).— 69, 77

Bourbons—royal dynasty in Spain (1700-1808, 1814-68, 1874-1931 and since 1975), in the Kingdom of

Naples (1735-1805, 1814-60), and in Parma (1748-1802, 1847-59).— 69, 77

Bragg, Braxton (1817-1876)—American general; in 1862 commanded the Southern Army in Kentucky during the Civil War.—256, 257

Breckinridge, John Cabell (1821-1875)— American statesman, Democrat; Vice-President (1857-61); in 1860 was nominated for the presidency; a leader of the rebellion of Southern slave-owners; general of the Southern army during the Civil War; Secretary of War for the Confederacy (1865).—35, 41, 47, 48, 227

Bright, John (1811-1889)—English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and a founder of the Anti-Corn Law League; M. P. (from 1843); leader of the Left wing of the Liberal Party from the early 1860s; held several ministerial posts.—96, 108-09, 130

Brooks, Preston Smith—Southern slave-owner, member of the US Congress from the South Carolina.—118

Brougham and Vaux, Henry Peter, 1st Baron (1778-1868) —British statesman, lawyer and writer, Whig; Lord Chancellor (1830-34); from the 1850s was not active in politics.— 231

Brown, George (1790-1865) —British general; in 1854 commanded a division during the Crimean war (1853-56).—281, 283

Brown, John (1800-1859) — American farmer, a revolutionary leader in the Abolitionist movement; in 1855-56 fought against slave-owners in Kansas; tried to organise an uprising of Negro slaves in Virginia in 1859; was put on trial and executed.—13

Brownson, Orestes Augustus (1803-1876)—American theologian, Democrat; published several magazines; championed the preservation of the Union during the Civil War.— 51 Bruce, Frederick William Adolphus (1814-1867) — British diplomat, ambassador in Peking (1858-65).—216

Bruce, J. P.—an agent of the Confederacy.—261

Brutus (Marcus Junius Brutus) (c. 85-42 B.C.) — Roman politician, Republican, an organiser of the conspiracy against Julius Caesar.—201, 230, 238

Buccleuch, Walter Francis Montagu Douglas Scott, Duke of (1806-1884)— British aristocrat, Tory; held the posts of Lord Privy Seal (1842-46) and Lord President of the Council (1846).—220-22

Buchanan, James (1791-1868) — American statesman, Democrat; Secretary of State (1845-49); Minister to London (1853-56); President of the USA (1857-61); pursued a policy in the interests of slave-owners.— 11, 12, 35, 37, 38, 47, 51, 86, 103, 126, 181, 186, 261

Buell, Don Carlos (1818-1898) — American general; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners; commanded an army in Tennessee and Kentucky (1862).—178, 188, 192, 257

Bunch, R.—British consul in Charleston

(1861-62).—184

Burdett, Sir Francis (1770-1844) — British Radical and later Tory politician, member of the House of Commons.—167

Burnside, Ambrose Everett (1824-1881) — American general, Republican; commanded the Northern army on the Potomac during the Civil War (November 1862-January 1863).— 118, 268

Butler, Benjamin Franklin (1818-1893)—American politician and general, Democrat; during the Civil War commanded the expeditionary Northern Army which occupied New Orleans; military Governor of New Orleans (1862).—210, 211

C

Caesar, Gaius Julius (c. 100-44 B.C.) — Roman general and statesman.—27

Calhoun, John Caldwell (1782-1850)— American statesman, a leader of the Democratic Party; Secretary of War (1817-25); Vice-President (1825-32); Senator (1832-43, 1845-50); Secretary of State (1843-45).—13, 40, 76

Cambridge, George William Frederick Charles, Duke of (1819-1904) —British general; commanded a division in the Crimean war (1854); Commander-in-Chief of the British Army (1856-95).—281, 284, 285, 286-87

Cameron, Simon (1799-1889) — American politician, Republican, Senator; Secretary of War in Lincoln's Cabinet (1861-January 1862).— 115, 116, 118, 178, 181

Campbell, Sir Colin, Baron Clyde from 1858 (1792-1863)—British general, field marshal since 1862; fought in the Crimean war (1853-56); Commander-in-Chief of the British Army which suppressed the Indian mutiny (1857-59).—285, 304

Campbell.—94

Canning, George (1770-1827)—British statesman and diplomat, Tory; Foreign Secretary (1807-09, 1822-27), Prime Minister (1827).—69, 77, 170

Canrobert, François Certain (1809-1895) — French general, Marshal of France from 1856; Senator, Bonapartist, an active participant in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; commanded a division in the Crimean war in 1854; Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (September 1854-May 1855).—278-79, 282, 284

Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Her-bert, Earl of (1831-1890) —British statesman, Conservative, Secretary for the Colonies (1866-67 and 1874-78).—211 Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite (1753-1823)—French mathematician; political and military leader of the French Revolution, Jacobin; member of the Directory (1795-97), War Minister during the Consulate.— 80

Cass, Lewis (1782-1866)—American statesman, general and diplomat; Democrat; Secretary of War (1831-36), Minister to France (1836-42); Secretary of State (1857-60).—51

Cassagnac—see Granièr de Cassagnac, Bernard Adolphe

Cassius (Gains Cassius Longinus) (d. 42 B.C.)—Roman politician and general, Republican, people's tribune; together with Brutus organised the assassination of Julius Caesar.—238

Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Marquis of Londonderry, Viscount Castlereagh (1769-1822)—British statesman, Tory; Chief Secretary for Ireland (1799-1801), Secretary for War and the Colonies (1805-06, 1807-09) and Foreign Secretary (1812-22).—210

Cathcart, Sir George (1794-1854) — British general; commanded a division in the Crimean war (1854).— 281

Catherine II (1729-1796) —Empress of Russia (1762-96).—124

Cato (Marcus Porcius), Cato the Elder (234-149 B.C.) —Roman statesman and writer, upheld aristocratic privileges; censor in 184 B.C.— 27, 133, 209

Cato (Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis) (95-46 B.C.)—great grandson of Cato the Elder, Roman statesman, head of aristocratic Republican Party, people's tribune (62 B.C.) praetor in 54 B.C.. After Caesar's victory at Thapsus (46 B.C.) he stabbed himself in Utica.—207

Cecil, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne, Viscount Cranborne, Marquis of Salis-bury (1830-1903)—British statesman, Conservative M.P.; held the posts of

Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary several times.—185

Cesena, Amédée Barthélémy Gay et de (1810-1889) —French journalist, Bonapartist during the Second Empire, editor-in-chief of Le Constitutionnel (1852-57).—79

Charles II (1630-1685)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1660-85).—221

Charles VIII (1470-1498)—King of France (1483-98).—236

Chartres, Robert Philippe Louis Eugène

Ferdinand d'Orléans, duc de (1840-1910)—Louis Philippe's grandson; took part in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners (1862).—28-31

Chateaubriand, François René, vicomte de

(1768-1848)—French writer, statesman and diplomat; supported the policy of the Holy Alliance; Foreign Minister (1822-24).—69, 77

Cheetham, John (b. 1802) — British manufacturer, Liberal politician.—161

Chernyshev, Alexander Ivanovitch (1786-1857) — Russian general and statesman; fought in the wars against Napoleonic France; Minister of War (1832-52).—207

Ch'lng — Manchurian dynasty of the Chinese emperors (1644-1911).—216

Clarendon, George William Frederick Vil-liers, 4th Earl of, 4th Baron Hyde ( 1800-1870) — British statesman, Whig, later Liberal; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1847-52), Foreign Secretary (1853-58, 1865-66, 1868-70).— 125, 169

Clyde—see Campbell, Sir Colin

Cobbett, William (1762-1835) —British politician and radical writer.—139

Gobden, Richard (1804-1865) — English manufacturer, a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League.—108-09, 130, 240

Cochrane, John (1813-1898)—American army officer and politician, Congressman from the Republican Party's Left wing (1857-61); fought on the side of the Northerners in the Civil War; brigadier-general from 1862.— 115, 116^ 118

Colborne, Sir John, 1st Baron Seaton (1778-1863)—general, Governor of the Ionian Islands (1843-49).—209

Colomb, Friedrich August von (1775-1854) — Prussian army officer, subsequently general; fought against Napoleonic France.—207

Coningham, William (b. 1815)—English liberal M.P.; took part in the anti-interventionist meeting in Brighton in December 1861.—134, 135

Cooper, James Fenimore (1789-1851) — American novelist.— 88

Cooper, Peter (1791-1883) —American manufacturer, inventor, philanthropist; founded Cooper Union in New York City (1857-59) for the advancement of science and art.—118

Cousin-M ontauban, Charles Guillaume Marie Apollinaire Antoine, comte de Palikao (1796-1878)—French general. Bonapartist; commanded the Anglo-French expeditionary force during the second Opium war in China (1856-60).—196

Cowen, Joseph (1831-1900)—British politician and radical journalist; supported the Chartists; an organiser of the meeting in defence of Garibaldi in Newcastle in September 1862.— 236, 237

Cowley, Henry Richard Charles Wellesley, 1st Earl of (1804-1884) —British diplomat, ambassador at Paris (1852-67).—175, 176

Crampton, Sir John Fiennes Twisleton, Baronet (1805-1886) —British diplomat, ambassador at Madrid (1860-69).—175

Crittenden, John Jordan (1787-1863) — American lawyer and statesman, Senator from the Whig Party, a

Unionist member of Congress (1861-63); advocated a compromise with Southern slave-owners.—9

Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)—leader of the English Revolution, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1653.—179

Croswell, Edwin (1797-1871) — American journalist and politician; in the 1830s-40s a leader of the Democratic Party in New York State; gave up politics in the mid-1850s.—116

Cucheval-Clarigny, Philippe Athanase (1821-1895)—French journalist, Bonapartist; contributed to the newspaper La Patrie and other periodicals; held leading posts on the editorial boards of Le Constitutionnel and

Le Pays.—79

Cugia—a general.—232

Cunard, Sir Samuel, Baronet (1787-1865)—British shipowner, founder of a steamship company which carried mail between Britain and the USA.—93

Curtis, Samuel Ryan (1807-1866)— American army officer and politician, general since 1861; Congressman from the Republican Party (1857-61); commanded the Northern troops in Arkansas and Missouri in 1861-62 during the Civil War.—13, 227

D

Dahlgren, John Adolphus Bernard (1809-1870)—American navy officer and military inventor; supported the Northerners during the Civil War.—290

Dante, Alighieri (1265-1321) —Italian poet.— 242

Dauglish John (1824-1866) —English inventor in bread-baking, physician.— 254, 255

Davis, Charles Henry (1807-1877) — American navy officer, admiral from 1863; fought in the Civil War on the side of the North; commanded the Mississippi fleet (1862).—215

Davis, Jefferson (1808-1889)—American politician, Democrat; fought in the war against Mexico (1846-48); Secretary of War (1853-57); an organiser of the rebellion of the Southern slave-owners; President of the Confederacy (1861-65).—8, 13, 47, 114, 117, 207, 234, 249, 261, 262, 270 Demosthenes (384-322 B.C.)—Greek orator and politician; Athens leader of the Anti-Macedonian Party; cham-pion of democracy in slave-owning society.—87 Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of (1799-1869)—English statesman, Tory leader; Prime Minister (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68).—168-71, 239, 240

Dickinson, Daniel Stevens (1800-1866) — American lawyer and politician, Senator (1844-51), a leader of the Democratic Party (1840s); supported the Northerners during the Civil War.—116

Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881) — British statesman and author, a Tory leader; a founder and ideologist of the Conservative Party; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68); Prime Minister (1868, 1874-80).—23, 113, 168-70, 183, 221, 222 Dix, John Adams (1798-1879)— American politician and general; Democrat of the North, Senator; commanded the Northern army in Maryland and Virginia (1861-63).— 115

Dormus—Austrian general; commanded a brigade of the Sixth Army Corps (1864).—318 Douglas, Stephen Arnold (1813-1861) — American politician, a leader of the Democratic Party of the North; championed a compromise with the Southern slave-owners; Chairman of the Committee on Territories in the Senate (1847-58); author of Kansas-

Nebraska Bill (1854); candidate to the presidency (I860).—10, 35, 37, 38, 41

Dronke, Ernst (1822-1891)—German journalist; at first a "true socialist", in later years a member of the Communist League and an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; emigrated to England after the 1848-49 revolution; supporter of Marx and Engels.—320

Dudley, T. H.— US consul at Liverpool

(1862-63).—270

Dunlop, Alexander Colquhoun-Stirling-Murray (1798-1870)—British lawyer and politician, Liberal M.P.— 23, 24

Duns Scotus, John (c. 1265-c. 1308) — Scottish mediaeval scholastic philosopher, Nominalist.— 91

Du Plat—Danish major-general; commanded Second Division of the Danish Army (1864).—317

E

Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818-1889)— German tailor, prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement; member of the League of the Just and later of the Communist League; member of the General Council of the First International; subsequently took part in the British trade union movement.— 297

Eilet, Charles (1810-1862)—American engineer and military inventor; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners.— 214

Engels, Frederick (1820-1895).—291, 293, 295, 299, 317, 320, 360-62, 363

England, Sir Richard (1793-1883) — British general, commanded a division (1854) during the Crimean war.—281, 285

Ericsson, John (1803-1889) — American engineer and military inventor, Swede by birth.—213, 258 Essex, Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of (1591-1646)—British general and politician, member of the Presbyterian Party; Commander-in-Chief of the Parliamentary army (1642-45) during the English Revolution.—179

Eustis, George (1828-1872)—American diplomat, Congressman, Slidell's secretary.— 90

Evans, Sir George de Lacy (1787-1870) — British general and politician; Liberal M.P.; fought in the Crimean war (1853-56).—281-83, 285, 287

F

Fabius (Quintus Fabius Maximus Ver-rucosus Cunctator) (c. 275-203 B.C.)— Roman general who defeated Hannibal by avoiding a full-scale battle; for his delaying tactics he was nicknamed Cunctator.—179

Farragut, David Glasgow (1801-1870)— American naval officer, admiral; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners; commanded a squadron during the seizure of New Orleans (April 1862).—201, 215

Fitzgerald, Sir William Robert Seymour Vesey (1818-1885) —British statesman, Tory M.P.; Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (1858-59); Governor of Bombay (1866-72).— 224

Flahaut de la Billarderie, Auguste Charles Joseph, comte de (1785-1870) — French diplomat, ambassador to London (1860-62).—174, 175

Floyd, John Buchanan (1806-1863) — American statesman, Democrat; Governor of Virginia (1849-52); Secretary of War (1857-60); fought in the Civil War on the side of the Southerners.—192, 261

Forcade-Laroquette, Jean Louis Victor Adolphe de (1820-1874) —French statesman, Bonapartist, Minister of Finance (1860-61).—80

Forster, William Edward (1818-1886) — British manufacturer and politician, Liberal M.P.—26, 183, 184

Fould, Achille (1800-1867) —French banker and politician, Orleanist, subsequently Bonapartist; Minister of Finance (1849-52, 1861-67).—61, 63, 79-81, 83, 84

Francis (Francesco) II (1836-1894) — King of Naples and Sicily (1859-60).— 69 '

Francis (Franz) Joseph I (1830-1916) — Emperor of Austria (1848-1916).—6

Francis, Sir Philip (1740-1818) —British journalist and radical politician; author of pamphlets against absolutist rule of George III; the probable author of the Letters of Junius.—101

Frederick VII (1808-1863) —King of Denmark (1848-63).—3

Frederick Charles (1828-1885) — Prussian prince, general, subsequently field marshal-general.—319

Fremont, John Charles (1813-1890)— American traveller and politician, Left-wing Republican; took an active part in the conquest of California during the Mexican war of 1846-48; candidate to the presidency (1856); commanded the Northern troops in Missouri (up to November 1861) and Virginia (1862) during the Civil War.—10, 39, 51, 86-88, 115, 116, 118, 180

G

Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642) — Italian physicist and astronomer, founder of mechanics.— 249

Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882) — Italian revolutionary, Democrat; in the 1830s and 1840s took part in the revolutionary movement in South America; chief organiser of the defence of the Roman Republic in April-June 1849; in the 1850s and 1860s headed the struggle of the Italian people for national liberation and the unification of the country.— 3, 232, 236-38, 252

Garrison, William Lloyd (1805-1879) — American journalist and public figure; a leader of the Abolitionist movement in the USA, founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833); advocated revolutionary methods of struggle for the liberation of Negroes during the Civil War.—233

George III (1738-1820)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820).— 101

Gerlach—lieutenant-general; commanded the First Division of the Danish Army (1864).—317

Gibson, Thomas Milner (1806-1884) — British politician and statesman, Free Trader and later Liberal; President of the Board of Trade (1859-65 and 1865-66).—109, 113

Gillmore, Quinsy Adams (1825-1888) — American general and military engineer; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners.— 293-95

Gilpin, Charles (1815-1874) —British politician, Free Trader; held a port-folio in Palmerston's cabinet (1859-65).—147

Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898) — British statesman, Tory and later Peelite; leader of the Liberal Party (1868-1894); Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55 and 1859-66); Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94).—109, 113, 221, 262, 270

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet.—158, 210

Gondrecourt—general; commanded a brigade of the Sixth Army Corps of the Austrian Army (1864).—318

Gorchakov, Pyotr Dmitrievich, Prince (1785-1868) — Russian general; commanded a corps (1854) during the Crimean war (1853-56).—286, 287

Grandguillot, Alcide Pierre (1829-1891) — French journalist, Bonapartist; from 1859 was editor-in-chief of

Le Constitutionnel and in 1863-65 of Le Pays.—79, 80

Granièr de Cassagnac, Bernard Adolphe

(1806-1880)—French journalist and politician, Orleanist until the 1848 revolution, subsequently Bonapartist; deputy to the Legislative Corps during the Second Empire; contributed to Le Constitutionnel.— 79

Grant, James (1802-1879)—British radical journalist and writer, editor of the newspaper The Morning Advertiser (1850-71).—128

Grant, Ulysses Simpson (1822-1885)— American general and statesman, Republican; commanded the Northern troops in Kentucky and Tennessee in 1861-62; commander-in-chief from March 1864, Secretary of War (1867-68), President of the USA (1869-77).— 190, 192-93

Gregory, William Henry (1817-1892)— Irish politician; was close to Liberals, M.P.—182-85, 211

Grey, Sir George (1799-1882) —British Whig statesman; Home Secretary (1846-52, 1855-58, 1861-66) and Colonial Secretary (1854-55).—253

Griffiths, J. O.—British lawyer.—166

Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874) — French historian and statesman; virtually directed home and foreign policy of France from 1840 to the February revolution of 1848.— 345

Gumpert, Eduard (d. 1893)—German physician in Manchester, friend of Marx and Engels.— 320

H

Halleck, Henry Wager (1815-1872) — American general, moderate Republican; commander of the Mo. Department (November 1861-March 1862)

and the Mississippi army (March-July 1862); Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Army (July 1862-March 1864).—115, 178, 180, 188, 190, 192, 200, 206, 227, 267

Halliwell—owner of a cotton mill in Yorkshire.— 241

Hanover, House of—English royal dynasty (1714-1901).—101

Harvey—British consul in Ningpo (China) in the early 1860s.—216-18

Hautefeuille, Laurent Basele (1805-1875) — French lawyer, Bonapartist; author of works on international maritime law.—185

Havas, Charles (1785-1858) —French journalist, founder of the French news agency Agence Havas.— 199

Havelock, Henry (1795-1857) —British major-general; took part in the Anglo-Afghan war (1838-42) and the Anglo-Sikh war (1845-46); suppressed the national liberation uprising in India (1857).—136

Haxthausen, August Franz Ludwig Maria, Baron von (1792-1866) — Prussian official and writer; author of works on the agrarian system and the peasant commune in Russia.— 276

Haynau, Julius Jacob, Baron von (1786-1853)—Austrian general; took part in suppressing the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; commanded the Austrian troops in Hungary (1849-50); initiated violent repressions against Hungarian revolutionaries.—140

Hecker—Prussian official.— 335

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.— 251

Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856) — German revolutionary poet.—105

Heintzelman, Samuel Peter (1805-1880) — American general; took part in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners; commanded a corps of the army on the Potomac (1862).— 205-06

Helm, Charles John (1817-1868)—US General Consul in Habana (1858-61); represented the interests of the Confederacy from July 1861 to the end of the Civil War.—93

Hennessy, John Pope (1834-1891) —Irish conservative politician, M.P.— 24

Hodasevich (Chodasiewicz), R.— Russian army officer; served in the Tarutino infantry regiment; fought in the Crimean war (1853-56); author of A Voice from within the Walls of Sebas-topoi— 275, 277

Hohenzollerns—dynasty of Brandenburg electors (1415-1701), Prussian kings (1701-1918) and German emperors (1871-1918).—27

Homer—semi-legendary epic poet of ancient Greece, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey.—193, 227

Hooker, Joseph (1814-1879)—American general, Abolitionist, Republican; first commanded a corps of the Northern army on the Potomac (1862) and then the whole army (January-June, 1863).—268

Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus)— (65-8 B.C.) —Roman poet.—182, 220

Hudson, Sir James (1810-1885)—British diplomat, envoy in Turin (1851-63).—231

I

Isabella II (1830-1904) —Queen of Spain (1833-68).—118

Isturiz, Francisco Javier de (1790-1871) — Spanish politician, Liberal; took part in the War of Independence (1808-14) and the bourgeois revolution of 1820-23; Foreign Minister (1836, 1846-47) and Prime Minister (1858); envoy in London (1848, 1858-62).—172-74

Ives, Malcom—American journalist, Democrat; contributed to the New-York Herald from the late 1850s.— 181 J

Jackson, Andrew (1767-1845) — American general and statesman, founder of the Democratic Party (1828); during the Anglo-American war (1812-15) defeated the British army near New Orleans; President of the USA (1829-37).—14, 33, 86

Jackson, Claiborne Fox (1806-1862) — American politician, Democrat, Governor of the Missouri state (1860-61).—46

Jackson, Thomas Jonathan (1824-1863)— American general; commanded the Southern troops in Virginia (1861-63); was nicknamed Stonewall Jackson after the battle at Bull Run (July 1861).—227, 249

James, Henry (1803-1877)—British army officer, chief of the topographical-statistical department in the War Ministry (1857-70).—298

Jameson, Charles Davis (1827-1862) — American general; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners; commanded a brigade of the Northern army on the Potomac (1861-62).—206

Jecker, Jean Baptiste (c. 1810-1871)— Swiss banker; became citizen of France in 1862; was close to the ruling circles of Bonapartist France; assisted the French intervention in Mexico; shot by Paris communards as a hos-tage.—197, 225

Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826) —US statesman and author, Enlightener; leader of democratic circles during the War of Independence; President of the USA (1801-09).—8, 10, 34, 91, 102, 155, 234

Jennison, C. R.—American army officer, Abolitionist, colonel of the Northern Army during the Civil War.—116

Johnson, Andrew (1808-1875) — American statesman, Democrat, Governor of the Tennessee (1853-57 and

1862-65), Senator; supported the Northerners during the Civil War, Vice-President (March-April 1865); President of the USA (1865-69); pursued a policy of compromise with Southern planters.—46

Johnson, Samuel (1709-1784)—British writer and linguist; compiler of English explanatory dictionary (1755).— 108

Joinville, François Ferdinand Philippe Louis Marie d'Orléans, prince de (1818-1900)—son of Louis Philippe; emigrated to England after the victory of the February 1848 revolution; fought in the US Civil War on the side of the Union (1862).—28-31

Juarez, Benito Pablo (1806-1872) — Mexican statesman; fought for national liberation; leader of the Liberal Party during the Civil War (1858-60) and the intervention in Mexico (1861-67); President of Mexico (1861-72).—68, 118, 197

Junius—see Francis, Sir Philip

Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis) (b. c. 60 A.D.-d. c. 140) — Roman satirist and poet.—83, 84, 219

K

Kearny, Philip (1814-1862)— American general; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners, commanded units of the Northern army on the Potomac (1861-62).— 206, 268

Kent, James (1763-1847)—American lawyer and politician, professor of the Columbia College.—90, 106

Kinglake, Alexander William (1809-1891)—British historian and politician, Liberal M. P. (1857-68).—224, 274-77, 282-88

Kirjakov, Vastly Yakovlevich—Russian general, during the Crimean war commanded a division (1854).— 278-80 Krüger—German refugee in Britain, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; was on the committee raising funds for insurgents of the Polish uprising of 1863-64.—297

Hutchinson—family of musicians.—180

Kwizinski (Kvitsinsky), Onufry Aleksan-drovich (1794-1862) — Russian general; during the Crimean war commanded a division (1854).—286, 287

L

Lafayette, (La Fayette), Marie Joseph Paul Ives Roch Gilbert Motier, marquis de (1757-1834)—French general; took part in the American War of Independence (1775-83); prominent figure in the French Revolution, a leader of the moderate constitutional-ists (Feuillants); participated in the July revolution of 1830.—29

Landseer, Sir Edwin Henry (1802-1873)—English painter.—163-66

Laroquette— see Forcade-Laroquette

Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864) — German writer and lawyer, petty-bourgeois socialist; founder of the General Association of German Workers (1863); initiator of the op-portunist trend within the German Social-Democratic movement.— 340, 356, 358, 359

Layard, Sir Austen Henry (1817-1894) — British archaeologist and politician; Liberal M.P.—135, 224

Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874) — French journalist and politician, a petty-bourgeois Democrat leader; editor of La Réforme; Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government (1848); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative assem-blies (leader of the Montagnards); emigrated to England after the demonstration of June 13, 1849.— 80

Lee, Robert Edward (1807-1870) —

American general; took part in the war against Mexico (1846-48); suppressed the uprising of John Brown (1859); during the Civil War commanded the Confederate Army in Virginia (1862-65); Commander-in-Chief of the Southern army from February to April 1865.—256

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von (1646-1716)—German philosopher and mathematician.—163

Lessner, Friedrich (1825-1910) — prominent figure in the German and international working-class movement, member of the Communist League and later of the General Council of the First International; took part in the 1848-49 revolution; was prosecuted at the Cologne communist trial in 1852; friend and comrade-in-arms of Marx and Engels.—297

Levingood—US citizen from Georgia; refused to serve in the army of the Confederacy.— 261

Levy, Joseph Moses (1812-1888)—a founder and publisher of the English newspaper The Daily Telegraph.—129

Lewis, Sir George Cornewall (1806-1863)—British statesman; Whig; Secretary to the Treasury (1850-52), Chancellor of the Exchequer (1855-58), Home Secretary (1859-61) and Secretary for War (1861-63).—109, 113, 253

Limayrac, Paulin (1817-1868) — French journalist, Bonapartist; contributed to La Patrie and Le Pays; editor-in-chief of Le Constitutionnel (1861-68).—79, 80

Limburg, W.—German shoe-maker; member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; was on the committee raising funds for insurgents of the Polish uprising (1863-64); member of the General Council of the First International (1868-69).—297

Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865)— American statesman, a leader of the Republican Party, President of the USA (1861-65); under the influence of the masses, carried out important bourgeois-democratic reforms during the Civil War, thus making possible the adoption of revolutionary methods of warfare; was shot by an agent of slave-owners in April 1865.—8, 9, 13, 34, 35, 42, 51, 67, 72, 77, 86-87, 126, 178-81, 199, 227, 228, 231, 233-35, 248-51, 258, 264, 266-67, 269, 271

Linden—German refugee in Britain, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; was on the committee raising funds for insurgents of the Polish uprising in 1863-64.—297

Lindsay, William Schaw (1816-1877)— English shipowner and merchant, Free Trader, member of the House of Commons.—184

Louis XIII (1601-1643) —King of France (1610-43).—87

Louis XVI (1754-1793) —King of France (1774-92); guillotined during the French Revolution.— 80

Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon III

Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)—Duke of

Orléans, King of France (1830-48).— 63, 80, 84

Lourmel, Frederic Henri Lenormand de

(1811-1854) — French general; during the Crimean war commanded a brigade (1854).—278, 279

Lovejoy, Owen (1811-1864)—American clergyman and politician; Abolitionist, Congressman (1857-64).—155

Lovell, Mansfield (1822-1884) — American general; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Southerners; was in command at New Orleans (1861-April 1862).—200

Lowe, Robert, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke

(1811-1892) — British statesman and journalist, contributor to The Times; Whig and later Liberal M. P.; Chan-

cellor of the Exchequer (1868-73); Home Secretary (1873-74).—21, 128

Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) (39-65 A.D.)—Latin poet.—207

Lützow, Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm, Baron von (1782-1834) — Prussian army officer, later general; took part in wars against Napoleonic France.— 207

Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, 2nd Baron and 1st Earl Lyons (1817-1887)—British diplomat, ambassador in Washington (1858-65).—96, 131, 146

M

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron (1800-1859)—English historian and politician, Whig M.P.; as member of the Supreme Council of India (1834-38) took part in drafting a penal code for India, which was adopted in I860.—179, 266

McClellan, George Brinton (1826-1885) — American general and big railway businessman; was close to the Democrats; championed a compromise with Southern slave-owners; Commander-in-Chief of the army of the Northerners (November 1861-March 1862) and Commander of the army on the Potomac (March 1862-November 1862); candidate to the presidency (1864).—178-81, 193, 205-07, 226-27, 234-35, 265, 266-69

McCook, Alexander McDowell (1831-1903) — American general; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners; commanded a corps in Kentucky (Î862) —257

Macdonald—British army officer, arrested in Bonn and charged with insubordination to local authorities (September I860).—27

MacFarland—American diplomat, secretary of George Mason.— 90

MacMahon, Marie Edmé Patrice Maurice,

comte de, duc de Magenta (1808-1893) — French general and politician, marshal, Bonapartist; a butcher of the Paris Commune.—3

Madison, James (1751-1836) — American statesman; played a prominent part in the American War of Independence (1775-83), Secretary of State (1801-09), President of the USA (1809-17).—112

Magoffin, Beriah (1815-1885)— American lawyer and politician; Democrat of the South; Governor of the Kentucky (1859-62).—47

Manlius (Marcus Manlius Capitolinus)— Roman patrician, general, consul (392 B.C.).—236

Mann, Ambrose Dudley (1801-1889)— American diplomat; commissioner of the Confederacy in London (1861-62).—91, 100, 129, 138, 155, 182-84

Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron von (1805-1882)—Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (November 1848-November 1850); deputy to the First and Second Chambers (1849); Prime Minister (1850-58).—346, 350

Marquez, Leonardo (b.c. 1820) — Mexican general, a leader of the Conservative Party and head of the 1857 counter-revolutionary mutiny against the Liberal government; in 1862-67 supported the French interventionists and Maximilian, their protégé emperor (from 1864).—68, 118

Martin, Sir Samuel (1801-1883) — British lawyer, member of the Treasury Court (1850-74).—165

Marx, Eleanor (1855-1898) —Karl Marx's youngest daughter.— 343

Marx, Jenny (née von Westphalen) (1814-1881) —Karl Marx's wife.—343, 356

Marx, Jenny (1844-1883) —Karl Marx's eldest daughter.— 343

Marx, Karl (1818-1883).—17, 25, 26, 32, 63, 77, 84, 95, 97, 105, 142, 143, 172, 196, 232, 252, 271, 273, 320, 329, 332, 333, 339-62, 363

Marx, Laura (1845-1911)—Karl Marx's second daughter.—343

Mason, George (1725-1792)—American politician; played a prominent part in the American War of Independence (1775-83); author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), which contained a number of bourgeois-democratic freedoms.—101, 102

Mason, James Murray (1798-1871) — American politician, big slave-owning planter, Chairman of the Senate commission on foreign affairs; advocate of secession; commissioner of the Confederacy in London (1862-65).—90-92, 97-98, 100, 101-03, 107, 108, 109, 110, 127, 135, 137, 140, 142, 154, 155, 158, 168, 182-84

Matzrath—German refugee in Britain, member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; was on the committee raising funds for insurgents of the Polish uprising in 1863-64.—297

Maximilian Habsburg (Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph) (1832-1867)— Austrian archduke, Governor-General in Italy (1857-59); proclaimed emperor of Mexico by French interventionists (1864); in 1867 was shot by Mexican republicans.— 176

Maynard—American army officer, agent of the Southerners during the Civil War.—180

Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—Italian revolutionary, bourgeois democrat, head of the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic (1849); an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London in 1850; in the early 1850s sought support of the Bonapartists but later opposed them.—154, 237, 245

Mége Mouriès, Hippolyte (1817-1880) — French chemist.— 254

Mejia, Tomas (c. 1815-1867) — Mexican general, American Indian by birth; took part in the counter-revolutionary mutiny against the Liberal government in 1857; supported the French interventionists and their protégé emperor Maximilian (1862-67); was shot by Mexican republicans.— 68

Menill—American army officer; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners.— 206

Menshikov, Alexander Sergeyevich, prince (1787-1869)—-Russian general and statesman; Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army and navy in the Crimea (1853-55).—279, 287

Merivale, Herman (1806-1874)—British economist and statesman, Liberal; Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies (1848-59); Under-Secretary for India (1859-74).—259

Mikhail Nikolayevich (1832-1909)— Russian Grand Duke, fourth son of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia.— 282

Milner Gibson—see Gibson, Thomas Milner

Miramon, Miguel (1832-1867) — Mexican general; a leader of the Conservative Party; led the counter-revolutionary mutiny against the Liberal government (1857); head of the insurgents' government (1859-60); supported French interventionists and their protégé Maximilian in 1862-67; was shot by Mexican republicans.—197

Mirés, Jules Isaak (1809-1871) —French banker, owner of several newspapers; was put on trial on a charge of stock-exchange machinations ( 1861 ).— 196-98

Mitchel, Ormsby Mac Knight (1809-1862) — American astronomer, general of the Northern army in 1861-62, during the Civil War.— 200

Moir—captain of the Trent.—138

Mole, Louis Mathieu, comte (1781-1855)—French statesman, Orleanist, Prime Minister (1836-37, 1837-39); deputy to the Constituent and Legis-

lative Assemblies during the Second Republic — 79

Monroe, James (1758-1831)—American statesman, President of the USA (1817-25); issued a declaration (1823) formulating the principles of US foreign policy, known as the Monroe doctrine.—69, 77

Monroe, John F.— Mayor of New Orleans (1862).—201

Montagu, Lord Robert (1825-1902) — British politician, Conservative M.P.—23, 24, 220-21, 223-25

Montalembert, Marc René, marquis de

(1714-1800) — French general, military engineer; elaborated a new fortification system largely used in the nineteenth century.—293

Montauban— see Cousin-Montauban, Charles Guillaume Marie-Apollinaire Antoine, comte de Palikao

Montgomery, Alfred.—164

Morgan, John Hunt (1825-1864) — American army officer; fought in the war against Mexico (1846-48) and in the Civil War on the side of the South.—257

Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph, due

de (1811-1865) — French politician, Bonapartist, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Minister of the Interior (December 1851-January 1852); President of the Corps législatif (1854-65), helped to organise French intervention in Mexico, half-brother of Napoleon III.— 225

Morrill, Justin Smith (1810-1898) — American politician, Republican, Congressman from Vermont (1855-67); author of law on protectionist tariffs (1861).—14, 15, 33, 65, 154, 161

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791)—Austrian composer.—43

Mulbe—commander of the Guards division of the Prussian army in 1864.— 319 Murat, Napoleon Lucien Charles, prince (1803-1878) — French politician, Bonapartist, cousin of Napoleon III.— 237

Murphy, Thomas—British envoy in Mexico (1858-62).—118

N

Napiers—family of hereditary military in Britain.—303

Napier, William Francis Patrick (1785-1860) — British general and military historian.— 299

Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821) — Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—83, 84, 141, 188, 196, 268, 319

Napoleon HI (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—nephew of Napoleon I, President of the Second Republic (1848-51); Emperor of the French (1852-70).—5, 6, 27-30, 66, 67, 70-72, 79-85, 99, 105, 113, 130, 135, 174, 196, 211, 224, 225, 232, 236-37, 245, 264-65

Napoléon—see Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul

Newman, Francis William (1805-1897) — English professor of philology and writer, radical.— 270

Newton—member of Newcastle (England) council; presided at the meeting in defence of Garibaldi (September 1862).—236, 238, 245

Nicholas I (1796-1855) — Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—209

Nichols.—155

Nostitz— commanded a brigade of the Sixth Army Corps of the Austrian army (1864).—318

O

Oldham, Williamson Simpson (1813-1868)—American lawyer and politi-

cian, Democrat; took part in the rebellion of Southern slave-owners; a member of the Confederacy Congress.-— 262

Orsini, Felice (1819-1858) —Italian democrat, Republican; executed for his attempt to assassinate Napoleon III.—238, 245, 246

Oudinot, Nicholas Charles Victor (1791-1863) — French general, Orleanist; in 1849 commanded troops dispatched against the Roman Republic.— 237

P

Palmer, Roundell, 1st Earl of Selborne (1812-1895) —British statesman, Peelite, later Liberal, Lord Chancellor (1872-74 and 1880-85).—92, 96, 98, 105, 127, 135, 138, 185

Palmer, William (1824-1856)—English physician; to receive insurance money he poisoned his wife, brother and friend, for which he was sen-tenced to death by hanging.— 96, 129

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount (1784-1865) — British statesman; at the beginning of his career Tory, from 1830 Whig; Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58, 1859-65).—18, 21-26, 66, 68, 71, 72, 74-78, 95-97, 103, 105, 107, 108-09, 111-14, 125-30, 134, 136, 138-40, 142, 144, 145-47, 170, 197-98, 209, 211, 225, 239, 240, 270

Paris, Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans, comte de (1838-1894) —head of the Legitimist Party in France and claim-ant of the French throne. In 1862 he served as captain with the US Civil War volunteers under General G.B. McClellan; author of Histoire de la guerre civile en Amérique.— 27-31

Parrott, Robert Parker (1804-1877) — American naval officer, inventor of a type of cannon widely used in the USA during the Civil War.—293

7428 — 1134 Parsons, Lucie—mistress of Charles II, King of Great Britain and Ireland.— 221

Patterson, Robert (1792-1881)— American businessman, general of the Northern army at the beginning of the Civil War; after the battle at Bull Run (July 1861) was removed from the command.— 180

Péreire, Isaac (1806-1880)—French banker, Bonapartist, deputy to the Corps législatif; in 1852, together with his brother Emile Péreire, founded the joint-stock bank Crédit Mobilier, author of works on credit.— 62, 81

Péreire, Jacob Emile (1800-1875) — French banker, adhered to the Saint-Simonists (1825-31), later a Bonapartist; a founder and director of the Crédit Mobilier.—62, 81

Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, comte de (1808-1872)—French statesman, Bonapartist; an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Minister of the Interior (1852-54, 1860-63).— 61, 62, 79, 80

Pétrie, Martin (1823-1892)—British army officer, author of works on organisation and equipment of European armies.— 298

Peza-y-Peza, Carlos—took part in the counter-revolutionary mutiny in Mexico (1858-60); Finance Minister in the insurgent government.—197

Phillimore, Sir Robert Joseph (1810-1885)—British lawyer, Liberal conservative, M.P. (1852-57); expert on international law.— 106, 108

Phillips, Wendell (1811-1884)— American public figure and politician, a leader of the revolutionary wing of Abolitionist movement during the Civil War; President of the American Anti-Slavery Society (1865-70); in the 1870s joined the labour movement; championed the foundation of an independent labour party; joined the First International (1871).—233-35

Pierce, Franklin (1804-1869)—American statesman, Democrat; President of the USA (1853-57); pursued a policy in the interests of slave-owners.—86, 103, 181 Pindar (c. 518-c. 442 B.C.)—Greek poet, famous for his odes.—160, 250

Pitt, William (1759-1806)—British statesman, Tory, Prime Minister ( 1783-1801, 1804-06).— 153

Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) (1792-1878)—Pope (1846-78).—237

Plato (c. 427-c. 347 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.—200

Plon-Plon—see Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Plutarch (c. 46-c. 127)—Greek writer and philosopher.—133

Polk, James Knox (1795-1849)— American statesman, Democrat, President of the USA (1845-49); an organiser of the war against Mexico (1846-48).—86, 103

Pollock, Sir Jonathan Frederick (1783-1870)—British statesman, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer (1844-66).— 123

Pope, John (1822-1892)—American general, Republican; fought in the Civil War; in 1862 commanded a Northern army on the Mississippi and then in Virginia.—180, 268

Potter, Edmund—British manufacturer and politician, Free Trader; at the early 60s Chairman of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, M.P.— 160-61

Pratt, Frederick Thomas—English lawyer, author of works on international maritime law.— 91

Price, Sterling (1809-1867)—American general, Governor of Missouri (1853-57); fought in the Civil War on the side of the Southerners; commanded troops in Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee and Mississippi in 1861-62.— 180, 260 Prince of Prussia—see William I

R

Raglan, Lord Fitzroy James Henry Somer-set, Baron (1788-1855)—British field marshal, Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in the Crimea (1854-55).—274, 280, 282, 284, 285

Rattazzi, Urbano (1808-1873)—Italian statesman, representative of liberal-monarchical bourgeoisie, Minister of the Interior in the Kingdom of Sardinia (1855-58 and 1859-60), head of the Italian government (1862 and 1867).—232

Renée, Lambert Amédée (1808-1859)— French journalist, Bonapartist, from 1857 held leading posts on the editorial boards of Le Constitutionnel and Le Pays.—79

Reno, Jesse Lee (1823-1862)—American general; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners; commanded a corps in Virginia and Maryland (1862).—268

Reuter, Paul Julius (1821-1899)— founder and head of the telegraphic agency in London (from 1851).— 199, 212

Reynolds, George William MacArthur (1814-1879)—British politician and journalist, founder of Reynolds's Newspaper (1850).—11

Ricasoli, Bettino (1809-1880)—Italian statesman, representative of the liberal-monarchical bourgeoisie, head of the Italian government (1861-62 and 1866-67).—232

Richelieu, Armand Jean Du Plessis, duc de

(1585-1642)—French statesman during the period of absolutism, Car-dinal.—87

Rosecrans, William Starke (1819-1898) — American general, during the Civil War commanded Northern troops in Mississippi and Tennessee (1862-63).—257

Roselius, Christian (1803-1873)— American lawyer and politician, Whig, professor of Louisiana Univer-sity; championed preservation of the Union.—48-49

Rothschilds—dynasty of bankers with banks in many European countries.— 30, 61 Rule.—237

Russell, John Russell, 1st Earl (1792-1878)—British statesman, Whig leader, Prime Minister (1846-52, 1865-66), Foreign Secretary (1852-53, 1859-65).—43, 67, 72, 74, 75, 96, 113, 130, 139, 144, 145-47, 169, 172-76, 211, 224, 225, 230, 231, 236, 237, 245, 270

Russell, Sir William Howard (1820-1907) —English journalist, correspondent of The Times in Washington (1861-62).—117

Rutherford—English pastor, participant in the meeting in defence of Garibaldi in Newcastle (September 1862).— 238

S

Saffi, Aurelio (1819-1890)—Italian writer and member of the national liberation movement; Mazzini's com-panion-in-arms; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; member of the triumvirate of the Roman Republic; emigrated to England in 1851.—237

Saint-Arnaud, Armand Jacques Achille Leroy de (1801-1854)—Marshal of France, Bonapartist; an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; War Minister (1851-54), Commander-in-Chief of the French Army in the Crimea (1854).—278, 280

Schaper, Justus Wilhelm Eduard von (1792-1868)—Prussian official, Lord-Lieutenant of the Rhine Province (1842-45).—345

Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von

(1759-1805)—German poet, drama-

7428» tist, historian and philosopher.— 81, 181

Scott, Dred (c. 1810, according to other sources, 1795-1858)—American Negro slave; tried in vain to free himself from slavery through American courts (1848-57).—10, 36

Scott, William, Lord Stowell (1745-1836)—English lawyer, Tory; expert on international maritime law; member of the Admiralty Court (1798-1828).—90, 98, 106

Scott, Winfield (1786-1866)—American general; took part in the Anglo-American war of 1812-15, Commander-in-Chief of the US Army (1841-November 1861).—114

Serrano y Dominguez, Francisco, conde de

San Antonio, duque de la Torre (1810-1885)—Spanish general and statesman; Minister of War (1843); took part in the coup d'état in 1856; Foreign Minister (1862-63), Prime Minister (1868-69, 1871, 1874) and Regent (1869-71).—172-75

Seward, William Henry (1801-1872) — American statesman, a Right-wing leader of the Republican Party; Governor of the New York state (1838-42); Senator from 1849; candidate to the presidency (1860); Secretary of State (1861-69); advocated a compromise with Southern slave-owners.—86, 87, 91, 100, 125, 131, 139-41, 143, 144, 146-47, 157

Seymour, Horatio (1810-1886) — American politician, a leader of the Democratic Party of the North; Governor of the New York state (1853-55, 1863-65); advocated a compromise with Southern slave-owners during the Civil War.—263, 266

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of (1801-1885) —British politician, head of the parliamentary group of Tory philanthropists in the 1840s; from 1847 a Whig.—7, 128

Shakespeare, William (1564-1616) —

English poet and dramatist.—163, 200-01, 230, 238

Shee, Sir William (1804-1868)—Irish lawyer and Liberal politician; member of the House of Commons.—121

Shelley, John Villiers (1808-1867)— British statesman, Free Trader, M.P.— 220

Sherman, Thomas West (1813-1879)— American general; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners; commanded the expeditionary army in South Carolina and Florida (October 1861-March 1862).—115, 178

Sibley, Henry Hopkins (1816-1886) — American general; took part in the Civil War on the side of the Southerners; commanded the Department of New Mexico (1861-62).—262

Singleton, Otho Robards (1814-1889)— American politician, Democrat in the South, member of the Congress of the USA and in 1861-65 of the Confederacy Congress.—13

Slidell, John (1793-1871)—American politician, member of the Senate Commission for Foreign Affairs; advocate of secession; commissioner of the Confederacy in Paris (1862-65).— 90-92, 97-104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 127, 135, 137, 140, 142, 154, 155, 158

Smith, Caleb Blood (1808-1864) — lawyer, Congressman, Secretary of the Interior under Lincoln (1861-62).—115

Smith, Gerrit (1797-1874)—American public figure and politician, an active member of the Anti-Slavery Society, a leader of the revolutionary wing of Abolitionist movement.— 233

Sophocles (c. 497-406 B.C.) —Greek dramatist.— 79

Spence, James—English merchant, Chairman of the Interventionist meeting in Liverpool (November 1861), repeatedly came out in defence of Southern slave-owners during the Civil War.—93-95

Spratt—participant in the Congress of Southern states in Montgomery (February 1861).—34

Stanton, Edwin McMasters (1814-1869) — American lawyer and statesman, Democrat; opposed slavery; Attorney-General (1860-61); Secretary of War (January 1862-68); championed revolutionary methods of struggle against Southern slave-owners.—178, 180, 181, 226, 227, 261, 267

Steadman—Chairman of the anti-interventionist workers' meeting in London (January 1862).— 154

Steinmann—major-general, c o m m a n d e r of the third division of the Danish army (1864).—317

Stephens, Alexander Hamilton (1812-1883) — American politician, Democrat, participant in the rebellion of Southern slave-owners; Congressman (1843-59); Vice-President of the Confederacy (1861-65).—8, 34

Stephenson, Robert (1803-1859) —English engineer and politician, Tory M.P.— 149, 151

Stevens, Ebenezer—inventor of a dough-making machine.— 254

Stevens, Edwin Augustus (1795-1868) — American businessman, engineer and inventor; suggested the use of armour for battleships.— 213

Stich—official in a d e p a r t m e n t of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Breslau.— 243

Stone, Charles Pomeroy (1824-1887) — American general; commanded the Northern troops in Virginia (1861); after the defeat at Ball's Bluff (October 1861) arrested on suspicion of high treason; released in August 1862.—180, 189

Stössel—librarian in the Schiller society in Manchester (1861).—360

Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth Bcecher (1811-1896) — American writer, authoress of the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly; was active in the Abolitionist movement.— 7, 9, 10

Stowell—see Scott, William

Stuart, William—British diplomat, British minister at Washington (June-November 1862).—230, 231

Stubbs—owner of a private firm in London engaged in commercial espionage.—121-23

Sumner, Charles (1811-1874) — American politician; a Left-wing leader of the Republican Party, Senator from 1851; Chairman of the Senate Commission for Foreign Affairs' (1861-71); advocate of the revolutionary methods of struggle against Southern slave-owners; after the Northerners' victory in the Civil War campaigned for granting political rights to Negroes.—118, 203

T

Tatschky—member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; was on the committee raising funds for insurgents during the Polish uprising of 1863-64.— 297

Taylor, John Edward—editor-in-chief of the newspaper Manchester Guardian (1861-72).—317

Temple, Sir William (1628-1699) — British diplomat and politician; the private counsellor of William III, Prince of Orange . — 1 0 3 , 140

Thackerey, William Makepeace (1811-1863) — English writer, author of The Yellowplush Papers.—138-41

Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877) — French statesman and historian, Prime Minister (1836, 1840); head of the Orleanist monarchist party after 1848; organised the suppression of the Paris Commune . — 79, 274

Thomas, Lorenzo (1804-1875) —

29 — 1134 adjutant-general and brigadier general; fought in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners.— 88

Thomas—general, commander of a brigade of the Sixth Army Corps of the Austrian Army (1864).—318

Thouvenel, Edouard Antoine (1818-1866)—French diplomat, ambassador to Turkey (1855-60), Foreign Minister (1860-62).—67, 72, 80, 176, 224

Toombs, Robert (1810-1885)—American politician, Democrat; State Secretary of the Confederacy (1861); general of the Southern army during the Civil War.—13, 40

Toups—member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; was on the committee raising funds for insurgents during the Polish uprising (1863-64).—297

Tremenheere, Hugh Seymour (1804-1893)—English official and journalist; was member of several government commissions inspecting the workers' labour conditions.—253, 254

Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, baron de l'Aulne (1727-1781)—French statesman and economist, Physiocrat, Director-General of Finance (1774-76).—80, 81

Turner, James Aspinall (1797-1867) — English cotton manufacturer, President of the Manchester Commercial Association, member of the House of Commons.— 94, 160

U

Urquhart, David (1805-1877) —British diplomat, writer and politician; Tory M.P. (1847-52).—108, 109

V

Vaillant, Jean Baptiste Philibert, comte

(1790-1872) —Marshal of France,

Senator, Bonapartist, War Minister (1854-59).—80

Vallandigham, Clement Laird (1820-1871)—American politician, a leader of Democrats in the North; Congressman (1858-63); advocate of slave-owners.—264

Van Dorn, Earl (1820-1863)— American general; took part in the Civil War on the side of the Southerners; commanded the Southern troops in Mississippi (1862).—260

Vattel, Emerich von (Emer de Vattel) (1714-1767)—Swiss lawyer and diplomat in Saxon service, theoretician of international law.—108

Veillard—French merchant.—252

Véron, Louis Desire (1798-1867)— French journalist and politician, up to 1848 Orleanist, then Bonapartist; owner and publisher of Le Constitutionnel (1844-52).—79

Victor Emmanuel II " (Vittorio Emanuele II) (1820-1878)—King of Piedmont (Sardinia) (1849-61), King of Italy (1861-78).—61

Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 92, 105-07, 112, 138, 167, 211

Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (70-19 B.C.)—Roman poet.—28, 129

W

Walewski, Alexandre Florian Joseph Colon-na, comte (1810-1868)—French statesman, son of Napoleon I and Polish countess Marie Walewska; took part in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31; emigrated to France after its suppression; French Foreign Minister (1855-60).—80

Walker, John (1732-1807)—English linguist, author of works on pho-netics and grammar.—108

Walker, Leroy Pope (1817-1884) — American politician, Democrat in the South; Secretary of War in the Confederacy (1861); general of the Southern army.— 34

Walker, Timothy (1806-1856)— American lawyer, author of works on law.—106

Walsh, Sir John Benn, 1st Baron Ormath-waite (1798-1881) — British politician, Tory M.P.—211

Washington, George (1732-1799)— American statesman; Commander-in-Chief of the American Army during the War of Independence (1775-83), first President of the USA (1789-97).—8, 34, 101, 155, 250

Webster, Daniel (1782-1852)—American statesman, a leader of the Whigs, State Secretary (1841-43 and 1850-52).—112, 157

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of (1769-1852)—British general and statesman, Tory; commanded the British forces in the wars against Napoleon I (1808-14, 1815); Commander-in-Chief (1827-28, 1842-52); Prime Minister (1828-30).— 305, 313, 319

Weydemeyer, Joseph (1818-1866)— prominent figure in the German and American working-class movement; adopted scientific communism under the influence of Marx and Engels and became a member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; emigrated to the USA after the defeat of the revolution; Colonel of the Northern army during the Civil War; was the first to propagate Marxism in the USA.—257

Wheaton, Henry (1785-1848) — American lawyer and diplomat, author of works on international law.— 106, 108

White, James—British parliamentary figure, Liberal; took part in the anti-interventionist meeting in Brighton in December 1861.—134, 136

Whitney, Eli (1765-1825)—American inventor of a ginning machine.— 54

Whitworth, Joseph (1803-1887)—English manufacturer and military inventor. —323, 324

Whynne—participant in the anti-interventionist workers' meeting in London (January 1862)—155

Wilberforce, William (1759-1833)— British public figure and politician, philanthropist, M.P.; campaigned against slave-trade and slavery in British colonies.—157

Wilkes, Charles (1798-1877)—American navy officer and traveller; took part in the Civil War on the side of the Northerners; captain of the battle-ship San Jacinto (1861), captured J. M. Mason and J. Slidell from the British ship Trent.—92, 93, 99, 101, 107, 110, 112, 139, 141, 146

Wilkes, John (1727-1797)—British journalist and politician, radical M.P.; author of pamphlets against the absolutist regime of George III.—101

Wilkes, Washington (c. 1826-1864)— English radical journalist, an editor of The Morning Star.—137

William I (Wilhelm I) (1797-1888)— King of Prussia (1861-88), German Emperor (1871-88).—5, 6, 27

Williams—English navy officer, representative of the Admiralty on board the Trent in 1861.—92, 95, 96

Wilson, Henry (1812-1875)—American politician, Senator (1855-73), supported the policy pursued by President Lincoln.—118

Wilson, James (1805-1860)—British economist and politician, Free Trader, founder and editor of The Economist.— 162

Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864) — German proletarian revolutionary,

29* teacher, prominent in the Communist League; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49); friend and associate of Marx and Engels.— 243-44, 320, 335, 363

Wolff—member of the German Workers' Educational Society in London; was on the committee raising funds for insurgents of the Polish uprising (1863-64).—297

Wood—English worker; took part in the anti-interventionist meeting in Brighton (December, 1861).—134-35

Wood, Fernando (1812-1881) — American politician, Congressman, a leader of Democrats in the North; Mayor of New York (1854, 1856, 1859 and 1861); championed a compromise with the Southern slave-owners during the Civil War.—117, 263

Wool, John Ellis— (1784-1869) — American general, Abolitionist; commanded the Northern troops in Virginia during the Civil War (August 1861-May 1862).—115

Wyke, Sir Charles Lennox (1815-1897) — British diplomat, minister plenipoten-tiary (1860-61) and special representative in Mexico (1862-63).—176, 224-25

Achilles (Gr. Myth.) — hero of Homer's Iliad; in Greek mythology, one of the Greek leaders in the Trojan War; Achilles was mortally wounded with an arrow in his heel — the only vul-nerable spot on his body.—193, 227

Cassandra (Gr. Myth.)—daughter of Priam, King of Troy (Homer's Iliad), a prophetess whose prophecies nobody believed though they always came true.— 246

Don Juan (Don Giovanni)—the title character in Mozart's opera.—43

Y

Yancey, William Lowndes (1814-1863) — American politician, Democrat in the South, commissioner of the Confederacy in London (1861-62).—91, 100, 129, 138, 155, 182-83

Yates—participant in the anti-interventionist workers' meeting in London (January 1862).—154

Z

Zamacona, Manuel de—Mexican Foreign Minister (1861).—197

Zedlitz-Neukirch, Constantin (b. 1813) — Prussian official, Polizei-Präsident of Berlin.—339-54, 357-58

Zollicoffer, Felix Kirk (1812-1862) — American journalist, Congressman; took part in the Civil War on the side of the Southerners; commanded Southern troops in Tennessee and Kentucky (1861-62).—189

Zuloaga, Félix (1814-1876)—Mexican general, a leader of the Conservative Party and a leader of the counter-revolutionary rebellion against the Liberal government (1857); head of the insurgent government (1858-59).—197

Ezekiel (Bib.) — prophet of the Old Tes-tament.—240

Jenkins—name which came to personify flattery and servility.—114, 128

Jeremiah (Bib.) — a prophet who in his Lamentations mourns the destruction of Jerusalem.— 65

John Bull—the title character in John Arbuthnot's The History of John Bull (1712); the name is used to personify England.—24, 73, 138, 140, 163, 252

Jupiter (Jove)—supreme god of the

INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES Romans, corresponding to the Greek god Zeus.—103, 146, 285

Leporello—a character from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni: Don Juan's servant.—43

Leviathan (Bib.) — a sea monster.— 82

Macbeth—the title hero in Shakespeare's tragedy.— 238

Mephistopheles—the Devil in Goethe's tragedy Faust.—210

Munchausen, Baron—character from German humorous adventure stories collected into book form by the German writer Rudolf Erich Raspe (second half of the 18th century) and published in English as the hero's recollections; main character of Karl Immermann's novel Munchausen, eine Geschichte in Arabesken (1838).—109

Nemesis (Gr. Myth.) — goddess of re-tributive justice.— 238

Oedipus (Gr. Myth.) — King of Thebes who solved the enigma of the Sphinx's riddle and saved Thebes from the monster; hero of Sophocles' tragedies Oedipus Rex (Tyrannus) and Oedipus at Colonus.— 79

Posa Marquis—a character in Schiller's tragedy Don Carlos, a noble-minded and freethinking courtier who tried to influence the despotic King.— 81

Rodomonte—a character in Ariosto's poem L'Orlando furioso, a boastful knight.—64, 114, 274

Teiresias — 3. character in Sophocles' tragedy Oedipus Rex, a prophet.—79

Thomas—according to Biblical tradition, an apostle of Christ who refused to believe his resurrection and was called the doubting Thomas.— 200

Ugolino—a character in Dante's La Divina Cormnedia (Inferno, Canto XXXIII); being confined by Pisan bishop Ruggieri in the "Hunger Tower" together with his sons and grandchildren, Ugolino,seeking salvation from death, ate the dead bodies of his children. The prototype of the character was a real historic person — Ugolino della Gherardesca, count Donoratico, the tyrant of Pisa (d. in March 1289).—242

Yellowplush—character in Thackerey's The Yellowplush Papers published in 1837-38; Yellowplush came to personify the lackey in English literature.—138-41

Zeus—see Jupiter