Name Index

A

Abdul Mejid (Abd Ul-Medjid) (1823-1861)—Sultan of Turkey (1839-61).—82 Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of (1784-1860)—British statesman, Tory, leader of the Peelites from 1850; Foreign Secretary (1828-30, 1841-46) and Prime Minister of the Coalition Ministry (1852-55).—513, 606 Ahmet Kiamil Bey—see Türr, Istvân Aesop (6th cent. B.C.)—semi-legendary Greek fabulist — 268, 499 Agénais—French worker, republican.— 44 Albrecht Friedrich Rudolf (1817-1895)— Archduke of Austria, general; took part in suppressing the revolutionary and national liberation movement in Italy in 1848-49; civil and military Governor of Hungary (1851-60); was sent on a diplomatic mission to Berlin in 1859.—450, 458 Alexander I (1777-1825) —Emperor of Russia (1801-25).—52, 73, 145, 387 Alexander II (1818-1881)—Emperor of Russia (1855-81).—51-53, 60, 72, 139, 141, 144-47, 150, 254, 273, 289, 304, 343, 354, 357, 607 Alexander Ludwig Georg, Prince of Hesse (1823-1888) — Austrian general; in

the Italian war of 1859 commanded at first a brigade and later a division.—349, 375 . Alexei (Alexis) Michaelowitch (1629-1676)—Tsar of Russia (1645-76).— 50 Alla-Kuly — Khan of Khiva (1825-42).— 61 Allemandi, Michèle Napoleone (1807-1858)—Italian general, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Italy, led the Lombard, Swiss and Genoese volunteers.—352 Anselme, Jacques Bernard Modeste d' (1740-1812) — French general, commander of an army during the 1792 war of revolutionary France against Austria.— 596 Anstey, Thomas Chisholm (1816-1873)— British lawyer and politician, radical M.P. (1847-52), Attorney General for Hong Kong (1854-59).—511 Arminius (Hermann) the Cheruscan (17 B.C.-A.D. 21)—leader of the resistance of Germanic tribes against Roman rule, annihilated a Roman army in the Teutoburg Woods in A.D. 9.-625, 626 Armstrong, William George, Baron of Cragside (1810-1900) —English inventor of rifled cannon.— 220 Arndt, Ernst Moritz (1769-1860) — German writer, historian and philologist; took part in the German people's war of liberation against Napoleon.—217 Arnstein, Fanny, Baroness von (1758-1818)—wife of the banker Nathan Adam Arnstein.—325 Arnstein, Nathan Adam, Baron von (1743-1838)—Austrian banker, Consul-General of Sweden in Vienna.— 325 d'Aspre, Constantin, Baron (1789-1850) — Austrian general, took part in suppressing the revolutionary and national liberation movement in Italy in 1848-49.—229 Assurbanipal (Sardanapalus)— King of Assyria (668-c. 626 B.C.).—502 Attila (d. 453)—King of the Huns (433-53).—448 Auckland, George Eden, Earl of (1784-1849)—British statesman, Whig, held several ministerial posts, Governor-General of India (1835-42).—515 Auerswald, Rudolf von (1795-1866)— Prussian statesman, Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (June-September 1848), Minister without portfolio (1858-62).—97, 101-03, 450 Augereau, Pierre François Charles, duc de

Castiglione (1757-1816)—French general, marshal from 1804; took part in the wars of the French Republic against European coalitions and in Napoleon I's campaigns.—597 Augusta Marie Luise Katharina (1811-1890)—wife of William, Prince of Prussia.—57, 67, 96, 97, 98, 117-19 Azeglio, Massimo Taparelli, marchese d' (1798-1866)—Italian statesman, moderate liberal, President of the Cabinet of Ministers and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Piedmont (1849-52), Sardinian plenipotentiary in Romagna in 1859.—484

B

Bach, Alexander, Baron von (1813-1893)—Austrian statesman, Minister of Justice (1848-49); from July 1849

to August 1859 held the post of Minister of the Interior and in fact directed the entire policy of Austria.—422 Baker, Robert, Esquire—inspector of factories in Ireland.—196, 209 Balabine (Balabin), Viktor Petrovich— Russian diplomat, ambassador to Vienna (1858-64).—290, 292, 304 Balfour, George (1809-1894)—British Consul in Shanghai (1843-66), member of the Military Finance Commission ( 1859-60).— 14

Bangya, Jânos (Mehemed Bey) (1817-1868)—Hungarian journalist and army officer, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; Kossuth's emissary abroad after the defeat of the revolution and at the same time an agent-provocateur; later served in the Turkish army under the name of Mehemed Bey and was a Turkish agent in the Caucasus (1855-58) during the Circassians' war against Russia.—21-26, 497 Baraguay d'Hilliers, Achille, comte (1795-1878)—Marshal of France, Bonapartist; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; commanded the Paris garrison in 1851 and a corps in the Italian war of 1859.— 301, 330, 332, 338, 339, 349, 350, 362, 363, 368, 373, 376, 385, 398, 401, 422 Baraguay d'Hilliers, Louis (1764-1812)— French general, participant in the wars of the French Republic against European coalitions and in Napoleon Fs campaigns; father of the above. — 223 Baring, Sir Francis Thornhill (1796-1866)—British statesman, Whig, M.P.; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1839-41), First Lord of the Admiralty (1849-52).—4 Baring, Thomas (1799-1873) —finan-cier, head of a banking house in London, Conservative M.P.; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852 and 1858).—304 Barni, Jules Romain (1818-1878)— 613 Barnum, Phineas Taylor (1810-1891)— American showman; circus producer.—446 Barrot, Camille Hyacinthe Odilon (1791-1873) — French lawyer and politician; leader of the liberal dynastic opposition until February 1848; headed the monarchist coalition ministry (December 1848-October 1849); withdrew from political activities after the dismissal of the ministry in November 1849.—123, 613 Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, Jules (1805-1895)—French philosopher and politician, moderate republican.—613 Baude, Jean Jacques, baron (1792-1862)—French politician; gave up political activities in the 1840s; contributed to the Revue des deux Mondes.—402 Bazaine, François Achille (1811-1888) — French general, took part in conquering Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s; participant in the Crimean war of 1853-56; commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859.— 350 Beauharnais, Eugène de (1781-1824) — French general, stepson of Napoleon I; participant in Napoleon's campaigns including that of 1812 in Russia; Viceroy of Italy (1805-14).—220 Beauharnais, Eugénie Hortense de (1783-1837) — mother of Napoleon III, wife of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland.—67, 446 Beaumelle—see La Beaurnelle, Laurent Angliviel de Belisarius (Bélisaire or Belisar) (c. 504-565) —Byzantine general, associate of Emperor Justinian I.—42 Bern, Jôzef (1795-1850) —Polish general, prominent in the national liberation movement, participant in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 and in the revolutionary events in Vienna in 1848; a leader of the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49); emigrated to Turkey after the defeat of the revolution.— 26

tributor of the newspaper Hermann.—626 Benedek, Ludwig von (1804-1881)— Austrian general, took part in the suppression of the peasant uprising in Galicia in 1846 and of the national liberation movement in Italy and Hungary in 1848 and 1849; commanded a corps in the Italian war of 1859.—329, 335, 336, 368, 385, 397-99, 401, 429, 430 Bennigsen, Rudolf von (1824-1902) — German politician, advocate of Germany's unification, under Prussia's supremacy; President of the National Union (1859-67).—638 Béranger, Pierre Jean de (1780-1857) — French poet, wrote many songs on satirical subjects; democrat.—42, 44, 316 Berger—Austrian general, commander of a division in the Italian war of 1859.—427 Bernstorff, Albrecht, Count von (1809-1873)—Prussian diplomat, envoy to London (1854-61), Foreign Minister (1861-62), ambassador to London (1862-73).—462 Berry, Marie Caroline de Bourbon, duch-esse de (1798-1870)—mother of Count Chambord, Legitimist pretender to the French throne; in 1832 attempted to start an uprising in Vendée with the aim of overthrowing Louis Philippe.—42 Berryer, Pierre Antoine (1790-1868) — French lawyer and politician, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Legitimist.—123, 613 Beta, Johann Heinrich (pen-name of Bettziech) (1813-1876)—German journalist, democrat; a refugee in London, follower of Gottfried Kinkel.—629 Bethlen, Gergely, Count (1818-1867)— Hungarian army officer, participant in the 1848-49 revolution; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated.— 503 Bethmann-Hollweg, Moritz August von (1795-1877) — Prussian lawyer and tive Party; deputy to the first and the second Chambers of the Prussian Diet (1849-55), Minister of Religious Worship, Education and Medicine (1858-62).—96, 104, 106 Beuret, Georges (1803-1859) —French general, participant in the Spanish expedition of 1823, the Algerian war and the intervention against the Roman Republic in 1849; commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.—339 Bismarck-Schönhausen, Otto, Prince von (1815-1898) — statesman of Prussia and Germany, diplomat; Prussian representative in the Federal Diet in Frankfurt am Main (1851-59); ambassador to St. Petersburg (1859-62) and Paris (1862); Prime Minister of Prussia (1862-71) and Chancellor of the German Empire (1871-90).—75, 268, 462 Bixio, Jacques Alexandre (1808-1865) — French journalist and politician, moderate republican; an editor of Le National; Vice-President of the Constituent Assembly (1848), Minister of Agriculture and Trade (from December 20 to 29, 1848), deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849).— 170 Blakeley—British army officer and journalist; the Times correspondent in the Austrian army in the Italian war of 1859.—574, 575 Blanchard, Georges Eugène (1805-1876) — French general, commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859. — 339 Bloomfield, John Arthur Douglas, Baron (1802-1879) —British diplomat, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at St. Petersburg (1844-51) and Berlin (1851-60).—72, 463, 464 Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von, Prince of

Wahlstadt (1742-1819)—Prussian field marshal-general; took part in wars against Napoleon I.— 252, 441 Boér, Imre (1808-1859) —Hungarian-born Austrian general; commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.— 385, 427

(1804-14, 1815 and 1852-70).—99, 130, 152, 168, 170, 176, 240, 259, 261, 357, 417, 419, 500, 502 Bonaparte, Jerome (1784-1860)— youngest brother of Napoleon I; King of Westphalia (1807-13), Marshal of France from 1850.— 577 Bonaparte, Joseph (1768-1844)—eldest brother of Napoleon I, King of Naples (1806-08) and Spain (1 SOS-IS).—379 Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul (1822-1891) —son of Jerome Bonaparte, cousin of Napoleon III; assumed the name of Jérôme after his elder brother's death (1847); deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; commander of a division in the Crimea in 1854; Minister for the Colonies and Algeria (June 1858-March 1859); commander of a corps in the Italian war of 1859; known under the nicknames of Plon-Plon and the Red Prince.—168-70, 256, 331, 348, 356, 388, 397, 400, 402, 433, 500-02, 577, 622

Boncorwpagni di Mombello, Carlo (1804-1880) — Italian statesman, moderate liberal, Sardinian plenipotentiary in Florence in 1859.—484 Bonharn, Sir Samuel George (1803-1863) — British colonial official, Governor of Hong Kong and Superin-tendent of Trade in China (1847-52).—537 Boniface, Louis (b. 1796) — French journalist, Bonapartist.—171, 296, 303 Bonin, Eduard von (1793-1865) — Prussian general and statesman, War Minister (1852-54, 1858-59).—96, 104, 450 Borgia (Borja), Cesare, Duke of Valen-tinois and Romagna (c. 1475-1507) — member of an influential Italian feudal family, son of Pope Alexander VI, tried to establish a powerful absolutist state, famous for his un-scrupulousness.—157 Bouat, Marie Joseph Guillaume (1802-1859) — French general, commander 1859.—317 Bourbaki, Charles Denis Sauter (1816-1897)—French general, Greek by birth; participant in the Crimean war of 1853-56; commander of a division in the Italian war of 1859.—275, 401 Bourbons—royal dynasty in France (1589-1792, 1814-15, 1815-30), in Spain (1700-1808, 1814-68, 1874-1931 and since 1975), in the Kingdom of Naples (1735-1806, 1815-60), and in Parma (1748-1859).—91, 483 Bourboulon, A. de—French plenipotentiary in China from 1852, minister to Peking (1859).—508, 509, 518 Boustrapa—see Napoleon III Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von (1792-1850) — Prussian general and statesman, head of the counter-revolutionary Ministry (November 1848-November 1850).—72 Brennus—legendary leader of the Gauls, who in 390 B.C. invaded Italy and captured Rome.— 451

Bright, John (1811-1889)—English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League; M.P. (from 1843); leader of the Left wing of the Liberal Party from the early 1860s, held several ministerial posts.— 87-90, 135, 202-05, 410, 526, 545

Broglie, Achille Charles Léonce Victor, due

de (1785-1870)—French statesman, Prime Minister (1835-36), deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51), Orleanist; father of Albert Broglie.— 92, 123 Broglie, Jacques Victor Albert, duc de

(1821-1901) — French politician, writer and historian; contributed to the Catholic journal Le Correspondant; subsequently held several ministerial posts.— 92 Brougham and Vaux, Henry Peter, Baron (1778-1868) — British statesman, lawyer and writer, Whig; Lord Chancellor (1830-34); from the 1850s was not very active in politics.—464, 531 Bruce, Sir Frederick William Adolphus (1814-1867) —British colonial ad-

China (1858-65).—508-10, 513, 518, 520, 522 Brunnow, Filipp Ivanovich, Baron (1797-1875) — Russian diplomat, envoy (1840-54, 1858-60) and ambassador (1860-70, 1870-74) to London, member of the Russian delegation at the Paris Congress of 1856.—446 Brutus (Marcus Junius Brutus) (c. 85-42 B.C.) — Roman politician, republican, an organiser of the conspiracy against Julius Caesar.—42 Büchner, Ludwig Friedrich Karl Christian

(1824-1899)—German physiologist and philosopher, representative of vulgar materialism.—473 Billow, Dietrich Adam Heinrich, Baron von (1757-1807) — Prussian military writer, author of the well-known book Geist des neuern Kriegssystems.— 231-32, 315, 422, 426 Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle {Baron Dalling and Bulwer) (1801-1872)—British diplomat, ambassador to Madrid (1843-48).—513 Bulwer-Lytton—see Lytton, Edward George Earle Lytton, Bulwer-Lytton Buol-Schauenstein, Karl Ferdinand, Count

von (1797-1865)—Austrian statesman and diplomat, Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (1852-59).— 288, 290-92, 297, 421 Burdett-Coutts, Angela Georgina, Baroness (1814-1906)—favourite of Napoleon III.—448 Buridan, Jean (1300-1358) —French philosopher.— 159 Burnes, Sir Alexander (1805-1841)— British colonel; was sent on a mission to Kabul (1836-38), political officer with the army at Kabul (1839-41).— 514-16 Burnes, James (1801-1862)—English physician, brother of the above.— 515

C

Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Ger-manicus) (12-41)—Roman Emperor (37-41).—157 Camou, Jacques (1792-1868)—French Crimean war of 1853-56; commanded a guard division in the Italian war of 1859.—375 Campbell—sub-inspector of factories in Scotland.—195 Camphausen, Ludolf (1803-1890)— German banker, a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie, Prime Minister of Prussia from March to June 1848.—54, 68, 76, 101, 102, 104 Canning, Charles John, Earl (1812-1862) —British statesman, Tory, then Peelite; Governor-General of India (1856-62), organised the suppression of the Indian national liberation uprising of 1857-59.—279-82 Canning, George (1770-1827)—British statesman and diplomat, Tory; Foreign Secretary (1807-09, 1822-27), Prime Minister (1827).—30 Canrobert, François Certain (1809-1895)—Marshal of France, Senator, Bbnapartist; took part in conquering Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s; an active participant in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; commander-in-chief of the French army (September 1854-May 1855) during the Crimean war; commanded a corps in the Italian war of 1859.—301-02, 330, 360, 362, 363, 365, 369, 373, 374, 376, 379, 399, 401 Capo d'Istria (Capodistrias), Giovanni Antonio (Joannes), Count (1776-1831)— Greek statesman; from 1809 to 1822 was in the Russian service, Second Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in Russia (1815-22), President of Greece (1827-31).—132 Corden, Sir Robert Walter (b. 1801) — British official, Tory M.P.—526-29 Cardwell, Edward Cardwell, Viscount (1813-1886)—British statesman, Peelite, later liberal; Secretary for Ireland (1859-61).—4 Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1881)—British writer, historian and philosopher, Tory; preached views bordering on feudal socialism up to 1848; later a relentless opponent of the working-class movement.—191 Carrel, Armand (1800-1836) —French

ers and editor of Le National.—44 Cass, Lewis (1782-1866)—American statesman, general and diplomat, member of the Democratic Party; minister to France (1836-42), Secretary of State (1857-60).—621 Castelborgo—Italian general, commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859.—362, 363 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Marquis of Londonderry, Viscount Castlereagh (1769-1822)—British statesman, Tory; Secretary for War and for the Colonies (1805-06, 1807-09), Foreign Secretary (1812-22).—135, 608 Catherine II (1729-1796)—Empress of Russia (1762-96).—73, 139 Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di (1810-1861)—Italian statesman, head of the Sardinian Government (1852-59, 1860-61), pursued a policy of unifying Italy under the supremacy of the Savoy dynasty relying on the support of Napoleon III; headed the first government of united Italy in 1861.—149, 150, 288, 297, 354, 356-58, 413, 417, 421, 615 Chambord, Henri Charles, duc de Bordeaux, comte de (1820-1883)—last representative of the elder line of the Bourbons, grandson of Charles X, pretender to the French throne under the name of Henry V.—42 Chandos—see Grenville, Richard, Duke of Buckingham and Chandos Charles I (1600-1649) —King of Great Britain and Ireland (1625-49), be-headed during the English revolution.— 75 Charles II (1630-1685)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1660-85).—75 Charles V (1500-1558)—Holy Roman Emperor (1519-56), King of Spain (1516-56) as Charles (Carlos) I.—357 Charles Albert (Carlo Alberto) (1798-1849)—King of Sardinia (1831-49).— 151, 418 Charlemagne (Charles the Great) (c. 742-814) —King of the Franks (768-814) and Holy Roman Emperor (800-814).—272 Charlesworth, John C. Dodson—British (1857).—530 Charlotte Louise (Alexandra Fyodorovna) (1798-1860)—wife of the Russian Emperor Nicholas I, eldest daughter of Frederick William III of Prussia. — 72 Charlotte (or Carlotta), Marie Amélie Auguste Victoire Clémentine Léopoldine,

Princess ( 1840-1927) — Archduchess of Austria, wife of Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph.—149 Chateaubriand, François René, vicomte de

(1768-1848) — French writer, statesman and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1822-24).—608 Châtelain, Amable Pierre Eugène (1829-1902) — French poet, participant in the 1848 revolution and the Paris Commune of 1871.—44 Cialdini, Enrico, duca di Caeta (1811-1892) — Italian general, commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859.—360-62 Cid, the (Campeador the Cid) (real name—Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar) (c. 1043-1099) —Spanish national hero, famous for his exploits in the wars against the Moors; hero of a number of literary works.— 549 Clam-Gallas, Eduard, Count (1805-1891) — Hungarian-born Austrian general; commanded a corps in the Italian war of 1859.—372, 397 Clausewitz, Karl von (1780-1831)— Prussian general and military theoretician.—435, 445, 599 Clement VII (Giulio de Medici) (1478-1534) —Pope (1523-34).—357 Clotilde, princesse de Savoie (1843-1911)—daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia; wife of Prince Jerome Napoleon from 1859.—168-70 Cobden, Richard (1804-1865) —English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League; M.P. — 410 Coburgs—a family of German dukes, belonging to or connected with the royal dynasties of Belgium, Portugal, Britain and other European countries.— 99

seph, Count (1738-1822)—Austrian general, field marshal from 1808, participant in the wars of European coalitions against the French Republic and Napoleon I.— 597 Coningham, William (b. 1815)—English radical M.P.—410 Conolly, Arthur (1807-1842) —British army officer, envoy to Khiva in 1840, arrested and killed in Bukhara.— 61 Constantine (Konstantin Nikolayevich) (1827-1892)—Grand Duke of Russia, second son of Nicholas I; Admiral-General, head of the Sea Department (1853-81) and the Navy (1855-81); as a member of the Chief Peasant Question Committee in 1858-61 took part in preparing and effecting the 1861 Peasant Reform. —51, 304, 357, 603 Cooke, George Wingrove (1814-1865)— English liberal historian and journalist, the Times correspondent in China in 1857.—29, 31, 84 Coppock, fames (1798-1857)—English lawyer, an agent for the elections to Parliament.—526, 528 Cordon, Franz, Baron (1796-1869) — Austrian general, commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859.— 373, 376, 377 Costa de Beauregard, Louis Marie Pan-

taléon, Marchese (1806-1864)—Italian aristocrat, deputy to the Sardinian Parliament from Savoy (1848-49).— 581 Courier, Paul Louis (1772-1825) — French philologist and writer, democrat; opposed the aristocratic and clerical reactionaries in France. 14 Cousin, Victor (1792-1867) —French philosopher.—42 Coutts, Miss—see Burdett-Coutts, Angela

Georgina, Baroness Cowley, Henry Richard Charles Wellesley, Baron of (1804-1884)— British diplomat, ambassador to Paris (1852-67).—304, 307, 615 Crawford, Robert Wygram—member of the House of Commons (1857-59).— 286 Cucchiari, Domenico (1806-1900) — montese division in the Italian war of 1859.—362, 363 Cuza, Alexandru (1820-1873)—Romanian politician; from 1859 to 1866 hospodar (under the name of Alexandru loan Cuza I) of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia which in 1862 formed a united Romanian state.—447 Czecz (Çzetz), Jânos (1822-1904)— Hungarian general; during the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary Chief of the General Staff of the revolutionary army in Transylvania; emigrated after the defeat of the revolution.—503

D

Dahlmann, Friedrich Christoph (1785-1860)—German historian and politician, liberal, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right centre) in 1848.—71 Dalhousie, James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, Earl and Marquis of (1812-1860) — British statesman, Peelite, Governor-General of India (1847-56), pursued a policy of colonial conquests.— 284 Danilo I Petrovic Njegos (1826-1860) — Prince of Montenegro (1852-60).— 446 Delesiiuze, Louis Charles (1809-1871) — participant in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848 in France, sentenced to four-year imprisonment in 1854, after which was exiled to penal servitude in Cayenne; member of the Paris Commune.—43 Denman, Thomas, Baron (1779-1854) — British lawyer and statesman, Whig, member of the House of Lords, Lord Chief Justice (1832-50).—278 Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of (1799-1869) —British statesman, Tory leader; Prime Minister (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68).—88, 89, 129-31, 134, 135, 265, 279, 282, 285, 295, 305, 306, 421, 455, 484, 502, 512, 513, 515, 523

quis (1767-1828) — French general, participant in Napoleon I's wars, later Legitimist.—221 Diogenes Laertius (3rd cent.)—Greek historian of philosophy, compiled a large work on the ancient philosophers.—629 Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881) — British statesman and writer, a Tory leader; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68), Prime Minister (1868, 1874-80).—4, 202-04, 520, 521 Dixon, Joshua—American banker; left for England in 1852, a manager of the Board of the Liverpool Borough Bank and from August 1857 its Managing Director.—35 Dormus—Austrian general, commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.—375 Dost Mohammed Khan (1793-1863) — Afghan Emir (1826-39, 1842-63).— 514-16 Dréolle, Jean Baptiste Ernest (1829-1887)—French journalist, contributed to several newspapers.—169 Duncker, Franz (1822-1888)—German politician and publisher, founder and editor of the Volks-Zeitung (1853-59).—465 Dupin, André Marie Jean Jacques (1783-1865) — French lawyer and politician, Orleanist, deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49) and President of the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); subsequently Bonapartist.— 91 Dupoty, Michel Auguste (1797-1864) — French journalist, took part in publishing several republican-democratic newspapers.— 44 Durando, Giovanni (1804-1869) — general of the Piedmontese army, commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859.—228, 362, 363, 401 Dürfeid—Austrian general, commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.— 374 Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper (1798-1881) — French liberal politician and writer.—613 Duvernoy, Heinrich Gustav (1802-1890)—Württemberg statesman, Minister of the Interior in the Liberal Ministry (1848-49), deputy to the Provincial Diet (1851-68), advocate of Germany's unification under Prussia's supremacy, one of the founders of the National Union.—405

E

Echagiie, Rafael, conde del Serrallo (1815-1887)—Spanish general, participant in the 1854-56 revolution, belonged to the Moderado Party; commanded a corps in the Spanish-Moroccan war of 1859-60.—548, 549, 553, 554 Eglinton and Winton, Archibald William Montgomerie, Earl of (1812-1861) — British statesman, Tory, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (1852, 1858-59).—134, 135, 137 Elgin, fames Bruce, Earl of Elgin and Kincardine (1811-1863) — British diplomat, plenipotentiary extraordinary to China (1857-58, 1860-61), Viceroy and Governor-General of India (1862-63).—84, 509-11, 519, 520-23, 536-38 Elizabeth (1801-1873)—Queen of Prussia, wife of Frederick William IV.— 55-57, 67, 70, 97, 118. 126-27, 320 Ellenborough, Edward Law, Earl of (1790-1871) —British statesman, Tory, member of the House of Lords, Governor-General of India (1842-44), First Lord of the Admiralty (1846), President of the Board of Control for India (1858).—203, 285, 286, 440, 523 Eiphinstone, John, Baron (1807-1860) — British official in India, Governor of Madras (183 7-42) and Bombay (1853-59).—283 Eisner, Karl Friedrich Moritz (1809-1894)—Silesian radical journalist and politician, deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848; an editor of the Neue Oder-Zeitung in the 1850s.—115

Emmett, Anthony (1790-1872)—British military engineer, major-general from 1855, commanding royal engineer at St. Helena (1815-21).— 231 Engels, Frederick (1820-1895).—572, 616, 624 Eskeles, Bernhard, Baron von (1753-1839) — Austrian banker, one of the founders of Arnstein & Eskeles firm.—325 Eskeles, Denis, Baron von (1804-1876) — Austrian banker, Consul-General of Denmark in Vienna.— 325 Espinasse, Charles Marie Esprit (1815-1859) — French general, Bonapartist; an active participant in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859.—375 Esquiros, Henri François Alphonse (1812-1876) — French writer; in 1840 was sentenced to imprisonment for his book L'Evangile du peuple; after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851 was expelled from France.— 44 Eugène, Prince—see Beauharnais,Eugène de Eugénie Marie Ignace Augustine de Montijo de Guzmân, comtesse de Teba (1826-1920) —Empress of France, wife of Napoleon III.—167, 379, 448 Euripides (c. 480-406 B.C.) —Greek dramatist.—451

F

Faliero (Falier), Marino (1274-1355) — Doge of Venice (1354-55), executed for conspiring against the rule of the nobility.—271 Falloux, Frederic Alfred Pierre, comte de

(1811-1886) — French politician and writer, Legitimist and clerical; in 1848 initiated the closure of the national workshops and inspired the suppression of the June uprising of the Paris workers; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Minister of Education (1849).—122

24-359 Fanti, Manfredo (1808-1865)—Italian general and statesman, participant in the national liberation and revolutionary movements in Italy in 1848-49; commanded a Piedmontese division in the Italian war of 1859.—361-63, 401 Farini, Luigi Carlo (1812-1866)— Italian statesman and historian, Sardinian plenipotentiary in Modena in 1859.—485 Ferdinand II (1810-1859)—King of the Two Sicilies (1830-59), nicknamed King Bomba for the bombardment of Messina in 1848.—151, 153, 154, 289 Ferdinand IV—see Lorena, Ferdinando di Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph (1832-1867) — Archduke of Austria, Governor-General of the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom (1857-59), Emperor of Mexico under the name of Maximilian (1864-67).—149, 154 Février, François Louis Auguste (1777-1861)—French economist, government official, advocate of mercan-tilism.—446 Festetics, Tassilo (Taszilô), Count (1813-1883)—Austrian general, Hungarian by birth; commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.—334-35 Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872)—German philosopher.—472, 473 Filangieri, Carlo, principe di Satriano e duca di Taormina (1784-1867) — Neapolitan general and statesman, Prime Minister and War Minister (1859-60).—289 Fleury, Emile Félix, comte (1815-1884)— French army officer and diplomat, Bonapartist, active participant in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.— 170 Flottwell, Eduard Heinrich von (1786-1865)—Prussian statesman, Minister of Finance (1844-46), Oberpräsident

of Posen and later of Westphalia; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right wing) in 1848-49; Minister of the Interior (1858-59).— 70, 96, 116, 117, 125 Forey, Elie Frederic (1804-1872)— French general, later marshal,

Senator, Bonapartist; participant in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859.—332, 336, 338, 339, 347, 349 Francis I (1494-1547)—King of France (1515-47).—627 Francis II (1836-1894)—King of the Two Sicilies (1859-60).—409, 412 Francis V (1819-1875)—Archduke of Austria, Duke of Modena (1846-59). — 151, 273, 412, 535 Francis Joseph I (1830-1916)—Emperor of Austria (1848-1916).—57, 67, 154, 269, 272, 287-89, 321-23, 328, 334, 371, 376, 387, 392-97, 399-412, 417, 418, 422, 427-30, 433-38, 457, 483, 505-06, 532, 534, 574, 575, 632 Frederick I (1657-1713)—Elector of Brandenburg under the name of Frederick III (from 1688); King of Prussia (1701-13).—71 Frederick II (the Great) (1712-1786)— King of Prussia (1740-86)—73, 77, 159, 252, 446 Frederick William I (1688-1740)—King of Prussia (1713-40).—71, 73 Frederick William I (1802-1875)— Elector of Hesse-Cassel (1847-66); Regent (1831-47).—540, 542-44 Frederick William II (1744-1797) —King of Prussia (1786-97).—71, 73 Frederick William III (1770-1840)— King of Prussia (1797-1840).—71-73, 97, 102, 104, 446 Frederick William IV (1795-1861) — King of Prussia (1840-61).—54-57, 65-68, 70-72, 75, 97, 99, 104, 105, 107, 117, 118, 121, 126, 159-61, 320, 638 Freiligrath, Ferdinand (1810-1876) — German romantic and later revolutionary poet; member of the Communist League; one of the editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49).— 624 Fréron, Elie Catherine (1719-1776) — French critic and writer, literary opponent of Voltaire and the Ency-clopaedists.—380 Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (1794-1863)— Prince of Prussia, general, nephew of Frederick William III.—99 Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl (1831-1888)—Crown Prince of Prussia and the German Empire; general; son of William I; King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany under the name of Frederick III (1888).—68, 117

G

Gablenz, Ludwig Karl Wilhelm, Baron von (1814-1874)—Austrian general, commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.—360 Gagern, Heinrich Wilhelm August, Baron von (1799-1880)—German moderate liberal politician, deputy to and President of the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre), Imperial Prime Minister (December 1848-March 1849); a leader of the Gotha party after May 1849.—405 Gaillardet, Theodore Frederic (1808-1882)—French journalist and play-wright, publisher of Le Courrier des États-Unis in the USA (1839-48); in 1848 returned to France but remained this newspaper's correspondent.—171 Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882)— Italian revolutionary, democrat; took part in the revolutionary movement of South America in the 1830s and 1840s; chief organiser of the defence of the Roman Republic (April-July 1849), led the struggle of the Italian people for national liberation and the unification of the country in the 1850s and 1860s; headed the Alpine riflemen in the Italian war of 1859.— 149, 154, 166, 330, 335, 348, 351-55, 360, 366, 369, 380, 381, 386, 417, 423, 533, 558, 595 George III (1738-1820)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820).—55 George IV (1762-1830)—Prince Regent (1811-20), King of Great Britain and Ireland (1820-30).—71 Gerbaix de Sonnaz, Maurizio (1816-1892)—general of the Piedmontese army, commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.—349

Gerlach, Ludwig Friedrich Leopold von (1790-1861)—Prussian politician, general, headed the reactionary camarilla in the 1840s; adjutant general of Frederick William IV in 1850. — 72, 97 Germiny, Charles Gabriel Le Bègue, comte de (1789-1871)—French statesman and financier, Bonapartist; Minister of Finance (January-April 1851), Governor of the Crédit Fonder (1854-56) and of the Bank of France (1857-63).—168 Gibson, Thomas Milner (1806-1884)— British politician and statesman, Free Trader, later liberal, President of the Board of Trade (1859-65, 1865-66).—511, 512, 520 Ginain, Louis Eugène (1818-1886)— French battle-painter.—495 Girardin, Emile de (1806-1881) — French journalist and politician; editor of La Presse in the 1830s-1860s (with intervals); moderate republican during the 1848-49 revolution; deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1850-51); later Bonapartist;notorious for his lack of principles in politics.—170 Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898) — British statesman, Tory, then Peelite, leader of the Liberal Party in the second half of the nineteenth century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55, 1859-66), Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94).— 4, 129, 130, 511 Godunov, Boris (c. 1552-1605)—Tsar of Russia (1598-1605).—139 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet.—67, 98, 99, 405, 452 Gorchakov, Alexander Mikhailovich, Prince (1798-1883)—Russian statesman and diplomat, ambassador to Vienna (1854-56), Foreign Minister (1856-82), State Chancellor (1867-82).— 455, 462, 571, 602, 606-09 Gordon, Anton, Baron (1767-1832) — Austrian general, took part in the wars of European coalitions against the French Republic.— 581 Granier de Cassagnac, Bernard Adolphe

(1806-1880)—French journalist, lacked principles in politics; Orleanist prior to the 1848 revolution, later Bonapartist; deputy to the Corps législatif during the Second Empire; contributed to the newspaper Le Constitutionnel.—485 Créât Moguls—dvnasty of Indian padishahs (1526-1858).—284 Grenville, Richard, Duke of Buckingham and Chandos (1797-1861)—British historian and politician, Whig, M.P. (1818-89).— 202, 205 Grey, Charles, Earl of, Viscount Howick, Baron Grey (1764-1845) —British statesman, a Whig leader; First Lord of the Admiralty (1806), Prime Minister (1880-34).—545 Grey, Sir Henry George, Earl (1802-1894)—British statesman, Whig, Secretary at War (1835-39), Colonial Secretary (1846-52); son of Charles Grey.—132 Grüber—Austrian army officer, commanded a regiment in the Italian war of 1859.—429 Grünne, Karl Ludwig, Count von Pin-chard (1808-1884)—Austrian general, belonged to the Court camarilla, adjutant general of Emperor Francis Joseph (1850-59).—393, 397, 422 Guernsey, William Hudson, alias Guernsey, Wellington (born c. 1819)—British official.—129, 131, 133 Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874)—French historian and statesman; virtually directed France's home and foreign policy from 1840 to the February 1848 revolution.— 42, 204 Gyulay, Franz (or Gyulai, Ferenc), Count von Maros-Németh und Nadaska ( 1798-1868) — Austrian general, Hungarian by birth; took part in suppressing the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; War Minister (1849-50); during the Italian war of 1859 commanded an Austrian army until the defeat at Magenta (April-June 1859).—154, 297, 316-19, 321, 322, 328, 338, 349, 365-67, 368-70, 372, 373-75, 376-79, 387, 389, 422-27, 433, 574, 575

H

Habsburgs (or Hapsburgs)—dynasty of emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1273 to 1806 (with intervals), of Spanish kings (1516-1700), of emperors of Austria (1804-67) and of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).—149, 344, 382, 392, 417, 419, 629 Hadfield, George (1787-1879) —British politician, radical, M.P. (1852-74).— 515 Hadji (Haji) Abd Saleem—commander of the Moroccan troops at Tetuan during the Spanish-Moroccan war of 1859-60.—549 Hailbronner, Karl von (1789-1864) — Bavarian military writer and traveller.—216, 238, 240, 246 Hampden, John (c. 1595-1643) — prominent figure in the English revolution, a leader of the Parliamentary opposition to the absolutist regime.—448 Handel, George Frederick (1685-1759)— German composer.—545 Hansemann, David Justus Ludwig (1790-1864)—German capitalist, a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie; Finance Minister of Prussia (from March to September 1848).—102, 103 Hartmann—Austrian army officer, commanded a regiment in the Italian war of 1859.—429 Härtung, Ernst (1808-1879) — Austrian general, commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.— 374 Hassenpflug, Hans Daniel Ludwig Friedrich (1794-1862)—German statesman, advocate of absolutism, Minister of Justice and the Interior of Hesse-Cassel (1832-37), head of the Hesse-Cassel Ministry (1850-55).—543 Hauff, Wilhelm (1802-1827) —German poet and novelist.— 54 Haugwitz, Christian August Heinrich Kurt, Count von (1752-1832)— Prussian statesman, Foreign Minister (1792-1804, 1805-06).—269 Hauréau, Jean Barthélémy (1812-1896)— French historian and writer, moderate republican.— 613 Haussonville, Joseph Othenin Bernard de

Cléron, am te d' (1809-1884) —French writer and politician.—613 Havas, Charles (1785-1858) —French journalist, founder of the French information agency Agence Havas.— 23 Haxthausen, August Franz Ludwig Maria, Baron von (1792-1866) — Prussian official and writer; author of works on the agrarian system and the peasant commune in Russia.— 608 Haynau, Julius Jakob, Baron von (1786-1853) — Austrian general; took part in suppressing the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; commanded the Austrian troops in Hungary (1849-50); initiated brutal repressions against H ungarian revolutionaries.— 154 Head, Sir Francis Bond (1793-1875) — British colonial administrator, traveller and writer.—258-60 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—German philosopher.—159, 456, 466, 472-75 Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—German revolutionary poet.—215, 217, 406 Heise, Heinrich (d. 1860) — German journalist, democrat, participant in the 1848-49 revolution, emigrated to England.— 624 Heliogabalus (Elagabalus) (204-222)— Roman Emperor (218-22); his name became the symbol of extravagance, despotism and debauchery.— 500 Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm (1802-1869) — German theologian, professor of Berlin University.—160 Henley, Joseph Warner (1793-1884) — British statesman, Tory, President of the Board of Trade (1852, 1858-59).—84, 205 Henry V—see Chambord, Henri Charles Henszlmann, Imre (1813-1888)—Hungarian archaeologist; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; emigrated after its defeat.— 503 Hermann—see Arminius Herwegh, Georg Friedrich (1817-1875) — German democratic poet.— 635 Hess, Heinrich Hermann Josef, Baron von (1788-1870) — Austrian general, later field marshal, took part in suppres-

sing the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; commander-in-chief of the Austrian troops in Hungary, Galicia and the Danubian Principalities (1854-55); during the Italian war of 1859 commanded the Austrian army after the defeat at Magenta (June-July 1859).—185, 319, 321, 328, 371, 387, 393, 402, 403, 422, 425, 428, 429, 432, 435-37, 574 Hesse, Prince of—see Alexander Ludwig Georg, Prince of Hesse Heu Naetse (Hsü Nai-tsi)—Chinese statesman, judge in the province of Kwangtung (1834), Vice President of the Sacrificial Court at Peking (1836).—18 Heydt, August, Baron von der (1801-1874)—Prussian conservative statesman, Elberfeld banker; Minister of Trade, Industry and Public Works (from December 1848 to 1862); deputy to the Second Chamber (1848).—97, 104, 105 Hien-Fung (Hsien Feng) (c. 1831-1861) —Chinese Emperor (1850-61).—17, 18, 83, 84, 509, 513 Hohenstaufens—dynasty of emperors of the Holy Roman Empire (1138-1254).—225 Hohenzollerns—dynasty of Brandenburg electors (1415-1701), Prussian kings (1701-1918) and German emperors (1871-1918).—67, 71, 72, 77, 98, 118, 269, 312, 344, 419 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Karl Anton, Prince von (1811-1885) — Prussian general, Prime Minister (1858-62).— 96, 97, 98, 99, 106 Homer—semi-legendary Greek epic poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey.— 42, 129 Hope, Sir James (1808-1881) —British admiral, commanded a military expedition in China (1859-60).—508-09, 517 Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) (65-8 B.C.)—Roman poet.—89, 634 Horner, Leonard (1785-1864) — English geologist and public figure, commissioner to inquire into employment of children in factories and a chief inspector under Factories Act (1833-

56), took the side of the workers.— 191-93 Hortense—see Beauharnais, Eugenie Hortense de Hühner, Joseph Alexander, Count von (1811-1892)—Austrian diplomat, envoy (1849-56) and ambassador (1856-59) to Paris.—149, 155, 256, 272, 273 Hudson, George (1800-1871)—English capitalist, big railway owner, Tory M.P. (1845-59).—102 Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885) — French writer; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; opposed Louis Bonaparte.—448 Humboldt, Alexander von (1769-1859) — German naturalist and traveller.— 312, 627, 629 Hunt, Freeman (1804-1858)—American journalist, publisher of The Merchant's Magazine and Commercial Review (1839-58).—14 Hütten, Ulrich von (1488-1523)— German poet, advocate of the Reformation, ideologist of and participant in the knights' uprising in 1522-23.— 160

I

Ihdsz, Daniel (1813-1882) —Hungarian army officer; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary, later emigrated; friend of Kossuth.—503 Ingram, Herbert (1811-1860) —English radical M.P.—410 Iranyi, Daniel (1822-1892)—Hungarian politician and journalist; participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary, deputy to Parliament,then com-missar of the revolutionary government, after the defeat of the revolution emigrated.— 503 Ivan HI (1440-1505) —Grand Duke of Muscovy (1462-1505).—500

J

Jacobi, Karl Wigand Maximilian (1775-1858)—German psychiatrist.— 54

Jacoby, Johann (1805-1877)—German radical writer and politician; in 1848 one of the leaders of the Left wing in the Prussian National Assembly; in the 1870s was close to the Social-Democrats.—74, 115 James I (1566-1625)—King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1603-25). — 75 James II (1633-1701)—King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1685-88).— 75 Jannin—French general, commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.— 374 Jomini, Henri, Baron (1779-1869) — general serving in the French and later in the Russian army, Swiss by birth; military theoretician, author of several works on strategy and military history.—226 Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-1869)— prominent figure in the English working-class movement, proletarian poet and journalist, a leader of the Left Chartists; friend of Marx and Engels; in 1858 came to an agreement with bourgeois radicals, which was the cause of Marx's and Engels' temporary break with him.— 410, 411 Joseph Karl Ludwig (1833-1905)— Archduke of Austria, commanded a regiment in the Italian war of 1859.— 429 Josephine Friederike Luise, Princess of Baden (1813-1900)—daughter of the Duchess of Baden Stéphanie and wife of Karl Anton Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.—98 Joubert, Barthélémy Catherine (1769-1799) — French general, took part in Bonaparte's Italian campaign in 1796-99; commander-in-chief of the army in Italy (1798-99).—223 Juch, Hermann—German journalist, petty-bourgeois democrat, refugee in London, Kinkel's supporter, editor of the newspaper Hermann (from July 1859).—630, 631 Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis) (born c. 60-d. after 127) — Roman satirical poet.—102, 293, 483 K

Kabat—Pole by birth, captain of the Turkish army.—25 Kalmâr, Jôisef—Hungarian émigré in Turkey.—23, 26 Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)—German philosopher.—103, 473 Kaye, Sir John William (1814-1876) — British military historian and colonial official, Secretary of the Political and Secret Department of the India Office (1858-74), author of History of the War in Afghanistan (1851).— 515 Kellermann, Francois Christophe, duc de

Valmy (1735-1820)—French general, from 1804 marshal, took part in the wars of the French Republic against European coalitions and in Napoleon I's campaigns, later Legitimist.— 584 Khudayar Khan (born c. 1829)—Khan of Kokand, ruled from 1845 to 1875 (with intervals).—62, 63 Killin, Ann—owner of a factory school in Glasgow.—195 Kincaid, John (1787-1862)—inspector of factories and jails in Scotland in the 1850s.—195, 196 King, Peter John Locke (1811-1885) — British politician, radical M.P.— 202 Kinkel, Johann Gottfried (1815-1882) — German poet and journalist, democrat; took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; sentenced to life imprisonment by a Prussian court; in 1850 escaped and emigrated to London; a leader of the petty-bourgeois emigrants; editor of the Hermann (1859); opposed Marx and Engels.—625-29, 633, 634 Kirchmann, Julius Hermann von (1802-1884)—German lawyer, journalist and philosopher, radical; in 1848 deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre), in 1849 deputy to the Second Chamber; later member of the Progressist Party.— 75 Kiss, Miklos (1820-1902) —Hungarian army officer, democrat, refugee, Kossuth's agent in France and Italy; maintained contact with the Bonapartist circles.— 500, 503

Klapka, György (1820-1892)—general of the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49), emigrated in 1849; maintained contact with the Bonapartist circles in the 1850s; after the amnesty returned to Hungary in 1867.— 380, 381, 500, 503 Kleist, Ewald Christian von (1715-1759)—German poet and officer.— 632 Kleist-Retzow, Hans Hugo von (1814-1892)—Prussian politician, one of the founders of the Neue Preussische Zeitung, Oberpräsident of the Rhine Province (1851-58); headed the conservative faction of the Prussian Upper Chamber (extreme Right wing).— 117 Kolb, Gustav Eduard (1798-1865)— German journalist, editor-in-chief of the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung (1837-65).—252 Koller, August, Baron von (b. 1805)— Austrian diplomat, ambassador in Berlin (1857-60).—457 Kossuth, Laps (Louis) (1802-1894)— leader of the Hungarian national liberation movement, headed the bourgeois-democratic elements in the 1848-49 revolution, head of the Hungarian revolutionary government; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated first to Turkey and later to England and the USA; sought for support in the Bonapartist circles in the 1850s.—22,26, 380,381,390,413, 498-503, 626

Krassow, Karl Reinhold, Count von (1812-1892)—Prussian Landratht deputy to the Provincial Diet from 1849 to 1852 (Right wing), Regierungspräsident of Stralsund (1852-68).—108 Kray von Krajow, Pal [Paul), Baron von (1735-1804)—Austrian general, Hungarian by birth; took an active part in the wars of European coalitions against the French Republic and Napoleon I.—232 Kuhn, Franz, Baron von Kuhnenfeld (1817-1896) — Austrian army officer, Chief of the General Staff during the Italian war of 1859.—321 L

La Beaumelle, Laurent Angliviel de (1726-1773)—French writer, literary opponent of Voltaire.— 380 Labouchere, Henry, Baron Taunton (1798-1869)—British statesman, Whig; President of the Board of Trade (1839-41, 1847-52), Secretary of State for the Colonies (1855-58).— 129 Ladmirault, Louis René Paul de (1808-1898) — French general, took part in conquering Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s; commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859; took part in suppressing the Paris Commune.— 376 Ladreitt de la Charrière, Jules Marie (1806-1870)—French general, took part in conquering Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s; commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.— 376 La Guéronnière, Louis Etienne Arthur Dubreuil Hélion, vicomte de (1816-1875)—French journalist and politician, Bonapartist in the 1850s.—253 Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de (1790-1869)—French poet, historian and politician, a leader of the moderate republicans in the 1840s, Foreign Minister and effective head of the Provisional Government in 1848.—42 Lamennais, Félicité Robert de (1782-1854) — French abbot, writer, one of the ideologists of Christian socialism.—42-44 La Motterouge (La Motte Rouge), Joseph

Edouard de (1804-1883) —French general, commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859.—375 Langley, J. Baxter—English radical, journalist.— 410 Lanskoi, Sergei Stepanovich, Count (1787-1862)—Russian statesman, conservative, Minister of the Interior (1855-61); took part in effecting the 1861 Peasant Reform.—145 Lapinski, Teofil (1827-1886)—Polish colonel, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; under the name of Tewfik Bey served in the

Turkish army; fought against Russia in Circassia (1857-58).—22-27 Las Cases, Emmanuel Augustin Dieu-donné, comte de (1766-1842)—French historian, accompanied Napoleon I to St. Helena ( i 815-16); published Mémorial de Sainte Hélène (1822-23).—502 Leatham, William Henry (1815-1889)— English poet and politician, radical M.P.—526, 527, 530 Leiourbe, Claude Joseph, comte (1759-1815)—French general; took part in the wars of the French Republic against European coalitions and in Napoleon I's campaigns.— 221-22, 587 Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste (1807-1874) — French journalist and politician, a leader of the petty-bourgeois democrats, editor of La Réforme: Minister of the Interior in the Provisional Government (February-May 1848), deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies, where he headed the Montagne party; emigrated to England after the demonstration of June 13, 1849.—498 Leopold II (1797-1870)—Grand Duke of Tuscany (1824-59).—151, 273, 486, 535, 615 Leslie, Charles Robert (1794-1859) — English painter.—633 Lessing, Cotthold Ephraim (1729-1781)— German writer.— 103 Lewis, Sir George Cornewall (1806-1863) — British statesman, Whig, Secretary to the Treasury (1850-52), Chancellor of the Exchequer (1855-58), Home Secretary (1859-61).—3, 4, 286 Liechtenstein, Eduard Franz Ludwig, Prince (1809-1864)—Austrian general; took an active part in suppressing the Prague uprising of June 1848; commanded a corps in the Italian war of 1859.—335, 372 Lilia—Austrian general; commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859.— 374, 375, 377 Lin Tse-sü (1785-1850)—Chinese statesman, appointed in 1839 the Imperial High Commissioner at Kwangtung and Kwangsi and authorised agent in the struggle against opium trade.—19 Lind, Jenny (1820-1887) —Swedish opera singer.— 26 List, Friedrich (1789-1846) —German economist, adherent of protec-tionism.—466 Lloyd, Edward (late 17th-early 18th cent.)—keeper of a coffee house in Tower Street, London, and later (1692) of "Lloyd's Coffee House" in Lombard Street. His coffee house became the centre of ship brokerage and marine insurance. From him the association and the corporation now known as Lloyd's were named.— 325 Lof tus, Lord Augustus William Frederick Spencer (1817-1904) —British diplomat, envoy to Austria (1858-60).— 29Ö, 293, 421 Logue, William—owner of a factory school in Glasgow.— 195 Loison, Louis Henri, comte (1771-1816) — French general, took part in the wars of the French Republic against European coalitions and in Napoleon I's campaigns.—221 Lorena, Ferdinando di (1835-1908) — son of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopold II; in July 1859, after his father's abdication, assumed the title of Grand Duke Ferdinand (Ferdinando) IV.—486 Louis XIII (1601-1643)—King of France (1610-43).—71 Louis XIV (1638-1715)—King of France (1643-1715).—107 Louis XV (1710-1774)—King of France (1715-74).—164 Louis XVI (1754-1793)—King of France (1774-92), guillotined during the French Revolution.—461 Louis XVIII (Louis le Desire) (1755-1824) —King of France (1814-15, 1815-24).—68 Louis Bonaparte—see Napoleon III Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon III Louis Philippe I (1773-1850)—Duke of Orleans, King of the French (1830-48).—40, 44, 80, 91, 174, 264, 445, 446, 448 Louise de Bourbon, Marie Thérèse, duch-

esse de Parme (1819-1864)—Regent of the Duchy of Parma (1854-59).— 122, 151, 273, 535, 615 Ludvigh, Janas (1812-1870)—Hungarian journalist and politician, took part in the 1848-49 revolution; emigrated after the revolution.— 503 Ludwig (Louis) I (1786-1868)—King of Bavaria (1825-48).—382 Lyndhurst, John Singleton Copley, Baron (1772-1863) — British statesman and lawyer, Tory; Lord Chancellor (1827-30, 1834-35, 1841-46), M.P.—440 Lytton, Edward George Earle Lytton, Bulwer-Lytton (1803-1873)—British writer and politician; at the beginning of his career a Whig and from 1852 a Tory M.P.; Secretary for the Colonies (1858-59).—129

M

Macdonald, Jacques Etienne Joseph Alexandre, due de Tarente (1765-1840) — Marshal of France, participant in Napoleon I's campaigns, in 1799 commander-in-chief of the French troops during the Italian and Swiss campaigns; after Napoleon I's abdication entered the service of the Bourbons; from 1816 to 1830 held high posts at the Court.—220, 222, 2X2 MacGregor, John (1797-1857) — British economist, statistician and historian, Free Trader; Vice-President of the Board of Trade (1840-47), M.P. from 1847; founder and one of the governors of the Royal British Bank (1849-56).—48 Maohiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527) — Italian politician, historian and writer.—130, 419, 447, 517 MacMahon, Marie Edmé Patrice Maurice,

comte de, duc de Magenta (1808-1893) — French military figure and politician, marshal, Bonapartist; commanded a corps in the Italian war of 1859; a butcher of the Paris Commune (1871); President of the Third Republic (1873-79).—301, 330, 362, 363, 365, 369, 373-75, 376, 379, 385, 398, 401, 575 Magalon, Jean Denis (1794-c. 1840) — French writer of liberal trend.—44 Maitland, Sir Thomas (c. 1759-1824)— British lieutenant-general, Governor of Malta (1813-24), Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands and commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean (1815-24).—132 Malmesbury, James Howard Harris, Earl of (1807-1889) —British statesman, Tory; Foreign Secretary (1852, 1858-59), Lord Privy Seal (1866-68, 1874-76).—288, 292, 293, 421, 521-23 Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)— English clergyman and economist, author of a theory of population.— 493 Mameli, Goffredo (1827-1849) —Italian poet and patriot, perished in 1849 while defending the Roman Republic.— 355 Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron von (1805-1882) — Prussian conservative statesman, Minister of the Interior (November 1848-November 1850), deputy to the First and Second Chambers (1849), Prime Minister (1850-58).—55, 70, 71, 79, 97, 104, 118, 269, 415, 542 Marie Louise (1791-1847) — daughter of Francis I of Austria; was married to Napoleon I in 1810.—169 Marrast, Armand (1801-1852) — French journalist and politician, a leader of moderate republicans, editor of Le

National, in 1848 member of the Provisional Government and Mayor of Paris, President of the Constituent Assembly (1848-49).—44 Martitnprey, Ange Auguste de (1809-1875)—French general, commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.—376 Martin, James (1815-1886) — English lawyer, Attorney-General (1856 and 1857); presided in the Central Criminal Court in 1858.—129 Martin, Robert Montgomery (c. 1803-1868) — English historian and statistician, well-known traveller in the East.—13, 14 Marx, Karl (1818-1883).—3, 71, 97, 99, 101, 104, 106. 115, 119, 158, 206,

261, 268, 269, 345, 455, 457, 463, 465, 470-71, 474-77, 493, 497, 500-02, 508, 509, 616, 624 Masséna, André, duc de Rivoli, prince d'Essling (1756-1817) —French general, from 1804 marshal, participant in Napoleon I's campaigns; in 1814 went over to the side of the Bourbons.—232, 597 Maximilian II (1811-1864)—King of Bavaria (1848-64).—289 Maxwell, John Hall (1812-1866)— English agronomist and statistician, Secretary to the Highland Agricultural Society.—210 Mazarin, Jules (Mazarini, Giulio) (1602-1661)—Italian-born French cardinal and statesman; Prime Minister from 1643; virtual ruler of France during Louis XIV's minority.—71 Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872) — Italian revolutionary, democrat, a leader of the national liberation movement in Italy; head of the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic in 1849; an organiser of the Central Committee of European democracy in London in 1850; sought support among the Bonapartists in the early 1850s, but later opposed Bonapartism.—37, 139, 354, 355, 420, 498, 499, 503, 533 Mecklenburg—Austrian army officer, commanded a regiment in the Italian war of 1859.—429 Mednyânszky, Sândor (1816-1875) — Hungarian army officer, took part in the 1848-49 revolution, after the revolution emigrated.— 503 Mehemed Bey—see Bangya, Jânos Melas, Michael Friedrich Benedikt, Baron von (1729-1806)—Austrian general, participant in the Seven Years' War (1756-63), commander-in-chief of the Austrian army in Italy (1799-1800).— 188 Meszleny, Zsuzsânna (née Kossuth) (d. 1854)—sister of Lajos Kossuth, government inspector of hospitals during the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary.— 501 Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens Wenzel Lothar, Prince von (1773-1859) — Austrian statesman and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1809-21) and Chancellor (1821-48); an organiser of the Holy Alliance.—627 Mevissen, Gustav von (1815-1899) — German banker and politician, a leader of the Rhenish liberal bourgeoisie, founder of a number of big joint-stock and credit banks and industrial joint-stock companies.— 161 Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)—English economist and philosopher.— 5 Millaud, Moïse (1813-1871)—French banker, founder of a number of newspapers and banks.—43 Minié, Claude Etienne (1804-1879)— French army officer, inventor of a new type of rifle adopted by the French army in 1852.—165, 178, 180 Mires, Jules Isaac (1809-1871) —French banker, owner of several newspapers.—43 Mitchell—British agent in Canton.— 537, 538 Mohammed-A win—Naib in the western part of the North Caucasus (the abadzekh tribe) (1848-59), directed the struggle of the mountaineers against Russia.—27 Mohammed-Emin—Khan of Khiva (1845-55).—62 Moleschott, Jakob (1822-1893)—Dutch physiologist and philosopher; taught in Germany, Switzerland and Italy.— 473 Molière (real name Jean Baptiste Po-quelin) (1622-1673)—French dramatist.— 127 Mollard—Piedmontese general, commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859.—401 Mon, Alejandro (1801-1882)—Spanish politician, liberal, ambassador to France (1858-62).—483 Montalembert, Charles Forbes René de Tryon, comte de (1810-1870) — French politician and writer, deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic, Orleanist; leader of the Catholic circles; supported Louis Bonaparte during the coup d'état of December 2, 1851

but soon afterwards joined the opposition.—91-94, 122, 448 Montesquiou-Fezensac, Anne Pierre, marquis de (1739-1798) — French general, politician, Legitimist, took part in conquering Savoy in 1792.— 584 Montez, Lola (1818-1861)—well-known adventuress, dancer, favourite of the Bavarian King Ludwig I in 1846-48; upon his abdication emigrated to London and in 1851 to the USA.—26 Montijo—see Eugénie Marie Ignace Au-gustine de Montijo de Guzmân, comtesse de Teba M or eau, Jean Victor Marie (1763-1813)—French general; took part in the wars waged by the French Republic against European coalitions.— 232 Morny, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph, due

de (1811-1865)—French politician, Bonapartist; an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; Minister of the Interior (December 1851-January 1852); President of the Corps législatif (1854-56, 1857-65), ambassador to Russia (1856-57); half brother of Napoleon III.—162, 170 Moser, Justus (1720-1794)—German historian and politician, one of the founders of the conservative-romantic trend in historiography.—217 Mouravieff (Muravyev-Amursky), Nikolai Nikolayevich, Count (1809-1881) — Russian general, statesman and diplomat; Governor-General of the Eastern Siberia in 1847-61.—514, 525 Muley el Abbas (Muley-Abbas) (d. 1885) — Prince of Morocco, commander-in-chief of the Moroccan army during the Spanish-Moroccan war of 1859-60.—550 Murat, Antonio Maria, Princess von (1793-1847) —mother of Prince H ohenzollern-Sigmaringen.— 98 Murat, Joachim (1767-1815) — Marshal of France; participated in Napoleon I's campaigns; commander-in-chief of the French troops in Spain in 1808; King of Naples (1808-15).—98 Murat, Napoléon Lucien Charles, prince (1803-1878) —French politician, stituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic; son of Joachim Murat and cousin of Napoleon III.—151, 152, 289, 356 Muravyev, N. N.—see Mouravieff, Nikolai Nikolayevich Mustoxidis, Andreas (1785-1860) — Greek scientist and politician; studied the history of the Ionian Islands.— 132

N

Naas, Richard Southwell Bourke, Earl of Mayo, Lord (1822-1872) —Irish statesman, Conservative,Chief Secretary for Ireland (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68), Viceroy and Governor-General of India (1869-72).—134, 135 Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—29, 41, 42, 52, 59, 103, 152, 164, 183, 184, 187, 197, 201, 220-23, 225, 227, 229, 230-33, 236, 237, 239, 244, 245, 252, 253, 259, 260, 262-64, 268, 269, 271-73, 315, 327, 330, 346, 347, 369, 377, 379, 384, 386, 387, 421, 426-28, 431-34, 436, 445-48, 502, 586, 587, 595-97, 602-05, 608 Napoleon HI (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—Napoleon I's nephew; President of the Second Republic (1848-51), Emperor of the French (1852-70).—43, 67, 91-95, 98, 110-12, 114, 120, 130, 133, 149-52, 154-56, 162-70, 171, 176, 177, 178, 181, 215, 245, 253, 254, 256-59, 261-65, 267-69, 271-74, 276, 277, 288, 291-94, 296-98, 302, 304-09, 312-15, 320, 322, 328, 330, 336, 341, 343, 347, 348, 352-58, 360-65, 369-71, 373, 377, 378, 379, 380-82, 384-86, 387, 388, 390, 392, 394, 396, 401, 403, 404, 407, 412-13, 416, 417, 419-22, 425, 426, 428, 430, 438, 440-48, 452-54, 460, 463, 464, 482-85, 497, 499-502, 504-07, 512, 532-34, 540, 546, 547, 557, 559, 571, 572, 576, 578, 581, 590, 595, 600-04, 606, 607, 609, 614-15, 621-23, 638 Napoleon, Prince—see Bonaparte, Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul

Khanate of Bukhara (1826-60).— 63, 64 Nesselrode, Karl Vasilyevich, Count (1780-1862)—Russian statesman and diplomat, Foreign Minister (1816-56); State Chancellor from 1845.—608 Nessler—French army officer, inventor of a new rifle projectile (1857).—165 Newmarch, William (1820-1882)—English economist and statistician.— 202, 203 Ney, Michel, due d'Elchingen (1769-1815)—Marshal of France, participant in Napoleon I's campaigns; fought in the war in Spain from 1808 to 1811.—223 Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—50, 51, 60, 61, 72, 96, 121, 131, 145, 146, 431, 515, 516, 605, 606, 609, 610 Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1776-1831)— German historian of antiquity.— 72 Niebuhr, Markus Carsten Nikolaus von

(1817-1860)—Prussian official, Frederick William IV's retainer, secretary of the King's Cabinet (1851-57); son of Barthold Georg Niebuhr.—72 Niel, Adolphe (1802-1869)—French general and later marshal; commanded a corps in the Italian war of 1859.—170, 302, 330, 361, 362, 364, 365, 369, 373, 374, 376, 399, 401 Nonnotte, Claude François (1711-1793)— French writer, Jesuit, literary opponent of Voltaire.— 380 Nugent, Laval, Count of Westmeath (1777-1862)—Austrian field marshal (from November 1849); took part in the suppression of the national liberation movement in Italy in 1848 and in the war against revolutionary Hungary in 1848 and 1849; fought in the Italian war of 1859.—185, 228, 321, 574

O

O'Donnell y ]orris, Leopoldo, conde de

Lucena y duque de Tetuân (1809-1867)—Spanish general and politician, a leader of the Moderado Party; made attempts to use revolutionary crisis in the country to establish military dictatorship in 1854; as War Minister directed the suppression of the 1854-56 revolution; head of government (1856-57, 1858-63, 1865-66); commander-in-chief of the Spanish expeditionary army during the Spanish-Moroccan war of 1859-60.— 548, 549, 550-54, 556, 561-65 Orges, Hermann von (1821-1874) — German journalist, an editor of the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung from 1854 to \ 864.— 571, 576 Orleans, Helene Louise Elisabeth, duchesse

d' (1814-1858) —Princess of Mecklenburg, widow of Ferdinand, Louis Philippe's elder son.— 42 Orlov, Alexei Fyodorovich, Prince (1786-1861) — Russian general and statesman, diplomat; headed the Russian delegation at the Paris Congress (1856); President of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers (from 1856); President of the Secret (from 1856) and (from 1858) of the Chief Peasant Question Committee, opposed the abolition of serfdom.— 446 Orsini, Felice (1819-1858)—Italian revolutionary, democrat and republican, prominent in the struggle for Italy's national liberation and unification; executed for an attempt on Napoleon Ill's life.—163, 167, 262, 263, 265, 380, 381, 448 Overstone, Samuel Jones Loyd, Baron (from 1860) (1796-1883)—English banker, Whig, inspirer of Robert Peel's financial policy and, in particular, of his English Bank Act of 1844.—3, 4

P

Palmer, William (1824-1856) —English physician; so as to receive insurance money he poisoned his wife, brother and friend, for which he was sentenced to death by hanging.—15 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount (1784-1865)—British statesman, Tory, Whig from 1830; Foreign Sec-

retary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58, 1859-65).—3, 46, 47, 49, 60, 87, 89, 120, 129, 263, 265, 410, 418, 421, 447, 448, 455, 464, 482, 484, 498, 509-16, 520-23, 525, 546, 606, 637 Parma, Duchess of—see Louise de Bourbon, Marie Thérèse Parry, John Humffreys (1816-1880) — English serjeant-at-law.—133 Patow, Erasmus Robert, Baron von (1804-1890) — Prussian statesman, Minister of Trade, Industry and Public Works (from April to June 1848), Finance Minister (1858-62).—97, 104, 106 Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850)—British statesman, moderate Tory, Home Secretary (1822-27, 1828-30), Prime Minister (1834-35, 1841-46); repealed the Corn Laws in 1846.—3-6, 33, 35, 137, 511, 513 Pélissier, Aimable Jean Jacques (1794-1864) — Marshal of France, took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s-early 1850s; ambassador to Britain (1858-59); commander of the army of observation at Nancy in 1859.—312, 438, 448 Perceval, Spencer (1762-1812) —British statesman, Tory, Chancellor of the Exchequer (1807-09), Prime Minister (1809-12).—71 Perciel, Mor (1811-1899) —Hungarian general; took part in the Hungarian revolution of 1848-49; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Turkey and in 1851 to England; returned to Hungary in 1867.— 503 Pérehe, Isaac (1806-1880)—French banker, Bonapartist, deputy to the Corps législatif; in 1852, together with his brother Emile Péreire, founded the joint-stock bank Crédit Mobilier, author of works on credit.—160, 161, 288 Périer, Casimir (1777-1832) —French statesman, banker; Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior under Louis Philippe (1831-32).—44 Perovsky, Vasily Alexeyevich, Count (1795-1857)—Russian general, Military Governor of Orenburg (1833-42), Governor-General of Orenburg and Samara gubernias (1851-57); commanded a military expedition to Khiva in 1839-40.—60, 62 Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, comte

(1808-1872)—French statesman, Bonapartist, deputy to the Legislative Assembly (1849-51); an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851, Minister of the Interior (1852-54, 1860-63), ambassador to Britain (1855-58, 1859-60).—170 Peter I (the Great) (1672-1725)—Russian Tsar from 1682, Emperor of Russia from 1721.—60, 61, 139, 140, 147, 415, 605, 608, 610 Pfeil, Count von—Prussian Junker, member of the Prussian Provincial Diet.—104 Philipson, Grigory Ivanovich (1809-1883) — Russian general; took part in conquering the Caucasus.— 23 Pianori, Giovanni (1827-1855)—Italian revolutionary; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Italy and in the defence of the Roman Republic against the French invaders; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Piedmont and then to France; executed for an attempt on Napoleon Ill's life in May 1855.—163 Picard—French general, commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.— 374 Pitt, William (1759-1806) —British statesman, Tory, Prime Minister (1783-1801, 1804-06).—545 Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) (1792-1878)—Pope (1846-78).—141, 151, 153, 228, 267, 271, 273, 356, 408, 412, 418-19, 483, 577, 601 Plato (c. 427-c. 347 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.— 167, 168 Platonoff (Platonov), Alexander Platono-vich—Russian major, District Marshal of Nobility, in 1858 Vice-President of the St. Petersburg Nobility Committee for Preparing the Peasant Reform of 1861.—144 Plon-Plon—see Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul Poèrio, Carlo (1803-1867) — Italian politician, liberal, participant in the national

liberation movement; in 1848 Prefect of Police and Minister of Education in Naples; in 1849-59 was imprisoned in Italy.—154 Polignac, Jules Auguste Armand Marie, prince de (I780-1847) — French statesman of the Restoration, Legitimist and clerical; Minister of Foreign Affairs and Prime Minister (1829-30).— 604, 608 Pölitz, Karl Heinrich Ludwig (1772-1838) —German historian.—629 Pompignan, Jean Jacques Lefranc, marquis

de (1709-1784) —French poet, literary opponent of Voltaire.— 380 Porcia, Alphonse Séraphin, comte d'Orten-bourg, Mitterbourg, Porcia et Brugnera (1801-c. 1878)—Italian aristocrat.— 149 Pottinger, Sir Henry (1789-1856) — British diplomat and military figure, ambassador to China (1841-42); in 1842 commanded British troops in the first Opium war with China, Governor of Hong Kong (1843-44), the Cape of Good Hope (1846-47) and Madras (1847-54).—28, 537 Prim y Prats, Juan, conde de Reus, mar-ques de los Castillejos (1814-1870)— Spanish general and politician; in the Spanish-Moroccan war of 1859-60 commanded a division and then a corps.—549, 552-54, 556 Prince of Prussia—see William I Princess of Weimar, Princess of Prussia— see Augusta Marie Luise Katharina Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865) — French writer, economist and sociologist, a founder of anarchism; deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848).— 355, 448 Pückler, Erdmann, Count von (1792-1869) — Prussian Minister of Agriculture (1858-62).—104 Pückler-Muskau, Hermann Ludwig Heinrich', Prince von (1785-1871) — German writer.—104 Puky, Miklôs (1806-1887)—Hungarian politician, deputy to the Hungarian Parliament and commissar of the revolutionary government during the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; emigrated after the defeat of the revolution; returned to Hungary after the 1867 amnesty.—503 Pulszky, Ferenc (1814-1897) —Hungarian politician, writer and ar-chaeologist, a Pole by birth; took part in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; emigrated after the defeat of the revolution, contributed to the New-York Daily Tribune in the 1850s; returned to Hungary after the 1867 amnesty; deputy to the Diet (1867-76 and 1884-97).—328, 503 Pyat, Félix (1810-1889) —French journalist, dramatist and politician; petty-bourgeois democrat, took part in the 1848 revolution; was against an independent working-class movement; member of the Paris Commune (1871); conducted a slander campaign against Marx and the International.—41, 42, 44, 45

R

Racine, Jean Baptiste (1639-1699) — French dramatist.—627 Radetzky, Joseph, Count of Radetz (1766-1858) — Austrian field marshal; commanded the Austrian forces in Northern Italy from 1831; suppressed the national liberation movement in Italy in 1848-49; Governor-General of the Kingdom of Lombardy and Venice (1850-56).—154, 178, 185, 186, 228-30, 276, 322, 362, 378, 423, 574 Radowitz, Joseph Maria von (1797-1853) — Prussian general and statesman; a Right-wing leader in the Frankfurt National Assembly in 1848-49.—216, 235, 236, 238, 240, 246, 270, 405 Ramming, Wilhelm, Baron von Riedkir-chen (1815-1876) — Austrian general, commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.—374 Raspail, François Vincent (1794-1878) — French naturalist and writer, socialist close to the revolutionary proletariat; took part in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848; deputy to the Constituent Assembly.—44

Rau, Karl Heinrich (1792-1870)— German economist.—446 Raumer, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von (1781-1873)—German historian and politician.— 313 Rea, John (1822-1881)—Irish politician, member of the "Young Ireland" society.—136 Rechberg und Rothenlöwen, Johann Bern-hard, Count von (1806-1899) — Austrian statesman and diplomat, conservative; Prime Minister (1859-60) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1859-64).—312, 454-59 Redgrave, Alexander, Esquire—inspector of factories in England.—206-08 Reed, William Bradford (1806-1876) — American lawyer, diplomat and author; United States Minister to China (1857-58).—85 Reichensperger, August (1808-1895)— German lawyer and politician; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right wing) in 1848-49; from 1852 leader of the Catholic deputies in the Prussian Provincial Diet.— 118 Reimer, Georg Ernst (1804-1885) — German book publisher, conservative, deputy to the Prussian Provincial Diet.—115 Reischach, Sigmund, Baron von (1809-1878)—Austrian general, commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859.—372-76 Reiset, Gustave Armand Henri, comte de

(1821-1905)—French diplomat; in 1859, while ambassador at Darmstadt, was sent with a special mission to Victor Emmanuel II for concluding the Peace Treaty of Zurich.—485 Renault, Pierre Hippolyte Publius (1807-1870) — French general, took part in conquering Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s; commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859.—275, 374, 376, 399 Reynolds, George William MacArthur (1814-1879) —British politician and journalist, founder of Reynolds's Newspaper.—411 Reyscher, August Ludwig (1802-1880)—

Württemberg politician, lawyer, advocate of Germany's unification under Prussia's supremacy, one of the founders of the National Union.—405 Richardson, Jonathan—manager of the Northumberland and Durham District Bank.— 36 Richelieu, Armand Jean Du Plessis, duc de

(1585-1642) — French statesman in the period of absolutism, Cardinal.— 532 Richmond, Charles Lennox, Duke of (1735-1806) —British politician, Tory M.P.— 545 Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich von (1823-1897) — German historian of literature and writer, professor in Munich. 166 Rios, Diego de los—Spanish general; in the Spanish-Moroccan war of 1859-60 commanded a division and later a corps.— 554, 561, 563 Ristori, Adelaide (1822-1906)—famous Italian actress.—122 Robespierre, Augustin Bon Joseph de (1763-1794) — prominent figure in the French Revolution, Jacobin; brother of Maximilien Robespierre.— 597 Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Johann Karl (1805-1875)—German economist, head of the Left Centre in the Prussian National Assembly in 1848; subsequently, theoretician of "state socialism".— 74, 115 Roden (d. 1859)—Austrian general, commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.—385, 427 Roebuck, John Arthur (1801-1879) — British politician and journalist, radical M.P.—202, 204 Rolland—Italian colonel, commanded the Brigade of Savoy.—122, 165 Romanoffs (Romanovs)—dynasty of Russian tsars and emperors (1613-1917).—131 Rônay, Jâcint (Jânos) (1814-1889) — Hungarian scientist and writer; took part in the 1848-49 revolution, emigrated after its defeat; in 1866 returned to Hungary, member of the Hungarian Diet.— 503 Ros de Olano, Antonio (1808-1886)— Spanish general and politician, belonged to the Moderado Party, par-

ticipant in the 1854-56 revolution; commanded a corps in the Spanish-Moroccan war of 1859-60.—553 Rossbach—Austrian army officer, commanded a regiment in the Italian war of 1859.—429 Rössler, Constantin (1820-1896)—German writer, professor of Jena University.—269 Rothschild, Anselm, Baron von (1803-1874) — Austrian banker, head of the Rothschild banking house in Vienna from 1855.—325 Rothschild, James, baron de (1792-1868) — head of the Rothschild banking house in Paris.— 288 Rothschild, Lionel Nathan, Baron (1808-1879) —head of the Rothschild banking house in London; Whig M.P. from 1858.—304 Rothschilds—dynasty of bankers with banks in many European countries.— 67, 273 Rouher, Eugène (1814-1884) — French lawyer and statesman, Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Public Works (1855-63).—112, 113 Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712-1778) — French philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment.—267 Russell, John, Earl (1792-1878)—British statesman, a Whig leader; Prime Minister (1846-52, 1865-66), Foreign Secretary (1852-53, 1859-65), President of the Council (1854-55).—202-04, 462-64, 482, 483, 511, 557, 616

S

Saint-Arnaud, Armand Jacques Achille Leroy de (1801-1854) —Marshal of France, Bonapartist; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s; an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; War Minister (1851-54); commander-in-chief of the French army in the Crimea (1854).—170 Saint Mon—see Mon, Alejandro Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760-1825) —French Uto-pian socialist.—43 Sardanapalus—see Assurbanipal Savoy—Italian ruling dynasty.— 418, 484 Schaffgotsch, Johann Franz, Count (1792-1866) — Austrian general, commanded a corps in the Italian war of 1859.—397 Schérer, Barthélémy Louis Joseph (1747-1804) — French general and statesman, took part in France's wars in Italy in 1795-96 and 1799: War Minister (1797-99).—597 Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von

(1759-1805) — German poet, dramatist, historian and philosopher.—98, 572, 627 Schleinitz, Alexander, Baron von (1807-1885) — Prussian statesman, Minister of Foreign Affairs (June 1848, 1849-50, 1858-61).—96, 103, 268, 312, 405, 450-64 Schlick, zu Bassano und Weisskirchen, Franz Heinrich, Count (1789-1862)— Austrian general, commanded the 2nd Army in the Italian war of 1859.—387, 489 Schönhals, Karl, Baron von (1788-1857) — Austrian general and military writer; took part in suppressing the 1848-49 revolution in Italy.—185 Schott, Sigmund (1818-1895)—Württemberg writer and politician, advocate of Germany's unification under Prussia's supremacy, a founder of the National Union.— 405 Schulze-Delitzsch, Franz Hermann (1808-1883)—German economist and liberal politician, deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre) in 1848 and member of the Second Chamber in 1849; advocate of Germany's unification under Prussia's supremacy; a founder of the National Union, a leader of the Progressist Party in the 1860s; tried to detract workers from the revolutionary struggle by organising cooperative societies.—638 Schurz, Karl (1829-1906)—German democrat, participant in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849; emigrated to Switzerland and in 1852 to the USA, took part in the American

Civil War; later US ambassador to Spain, Senator and Home Minister.— 625 Schwarzenberg, Edmund Leopold Friedrich,

Prince zu (1803-1873) — Austrian general, commanded a corps in the Italian war of 1859.—335, 397 Schwarzenberg, Felix, Prince of (1800-1852) — Austrian conservative statesman and diplomat; Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (from November 1848 to 1852).—96, 404, 543 Scott, Sir Walter (1771-1832)—Scottish poet and novelist.— 74 Seebach, Albin Leo, Baron von (1811-1884) — Saxon diplomat, envoy to Paris (1852-70); in 1858 was in St. Petersburg with a diplomatic mission.—150, 446 Sepher Pasha (Sepher Bey)—Circassian prince; being in the Turkish service, took part in the Russo-Turkish war (1826-28); directed the Circassians' military operations against Russia in 1855-59.—22-24, 25, 27 Sérurier, Jean Matthieu Philibert, comte

(1742-1819)—French general, from 1804 marshal; took part in the wars of the French Republic against European coalitions and in Napoleon I's campaigns.—597 Servius Tullius (578-534 B.C.) — sixth Roman Tsar.— 81 Seymour, George Hamilton (1797-1880) — British diplomat; envoy to St. Petersburg (1851-54), envoy extraordinary to Austria (1855-58).—606, 609 Seymour, Sir Michael (1802-1887) — British admiral; rear admiral of the Baltic Fleet in 1854-56; commanded the navy in the second Opium war with China (1856-58).—522 Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)—English dramatist and poet.—69, 102, 137, 259, 344, 373, 450, 457,463,489, 523, 544, 629 Shuvalov, Pavel Andreyevich, Count (1830-1908) —Russian military figure and diplomat; took part in the Crimean war of 1853-56; adjutant general of Alexander II; Russia's military representative in Napoleon Ill's army 607 Shuwaloff (Shuvalov), Pyotr Pavlovich, Count (b. 1824)—St. Petersburg Gubernia Marshal of the Nobility; President of the St. Petersburg Nobility Committee for Preparing the Peasant Reform of 1861.—145 Sidi Mohammed (1803-1873) — Emperor of Morocco (1859-73).—565 Siegel, Franz Ludwig (1812-1877)— German journalist and lawyer, editor of the Sächsische Konstitutionelle Zeitung, advocate of Germany's unification under Prussia's supremacy; a founder of the National Union.— 638 Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph (1748-1836)— French abbot; prominent figure in the French Revolution of 1789; deputy to the Convention, moderate constitutionalist (Feuillant).—102, 461 Simon, Jules François Simon Suisse (1814-1896)—French statesman and idealist philosopher; moderate republican, deputy to the Constituent Assembly (1848-49), member of the Corps législatif.—613 Simonich, Ivan Stepanovüh, Count (1792-1855)—Russian general, a Serb by birth; envoy to Teheran (1832-39).— 516 Simons, Ludwig (1803-1870)—German lawyer; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Right wing) in 1848; Minister of Justice (1849-60).—104 Simonyi, Ernö (1821-1882)—Hungarian politician, participant in the 1848-49 revolution; after its defeat emigrated; deputy to the Hungarian Diet in 1861.—503 Simpson—the Times financial observer.— 304 Slater—partner of a big London firm, Morrison, Dillon & Co.—10 Smith, Adam (1723-1790)—Scottish economist.—476 Sobieski, John (Jan) (1624-1696)—King of Poland (1674-96); in 1683 commanded the combined Polish and Austro-German forces and defeated the Turkish army at Vienna. — 38

philosopher.—455 Sonnaz—see Gerbaix de Sonnai, Maurizio

Sophia (Sophie) (1805-1872)—Arch-duchess of Austria; mother of Emperor Francis Joseph I.—57, 501 Stadion, Philipp, Count (1799-1868) — Austrian general, commanded a corps in the Italian war of 1859.— 332, 333, 335, 338, 339, 347, 349, 397 Stahl, Friedrich Julius (1802-1861) — German lawyer and politician; from 1840 professor of Berlin University.— 160 Stanley, Edward Henry, Earl of Derby (1826-1893) —British statesman, Tory, Conservative in the 1860s and 1870s, then Liberal; Colonial Secretary (1858, 1882-85) and Secretary of State for India (1858-59), Foreign Secretary (1866-68, 1874-78); son of Edward Derby.—279, 280 Stein, Julius (1813-1889) — Silesian teacher and journalist; in 1848 deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing), deputy to the Second Chamber (extreme Left wing) (1849).—115 Stein, Lorenz von (1815-1890)—German lawyer, historian and economist; author of works on the socialist movement, advocate of "social monarchy".— 466 Stein, Maximilian, Baron (1811-1860) — Austrian army officer; during the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary was Chief of the General Staff of the revolutionary army; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to Turkey, where he assumed the name of Ferhad Pasha; fought against Russia in Circassia (1857-58).—22, 26 Stephanie Louise Adrienne (née Beauharnais) (1789-1860) —Grand Duchess of Baden from 1811.—99 Stephanie, Princess (1837-1859) — wife of King Pedro V of Portugal, daughter of Prince Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.— 56, 99 Stieber, Wilhelm (1818-1882) —Prussian police officer, an organiser of and chief witness for the prosecution in the Cologne Communist trial (1852); later chief of the Prussian political police.—461 Stock, Franciszek—Polish refugee, officer of the Turkish army.—21, 24, 27 Stoddart, Charles (1806-1842)—British diplomat and army officer; in 1838 was appointed envoy to Bukhara, where he was arrested and killed.— 61 Straubenzee—see Van Straubenzee, Sir Charles Thomas Strauss, Johann (1825-1899) — Austrian composer and conductor.— 322 Stuart, Lord Dudley Coutts (1803-1854)—British politician, Whig M. P.; was connected with Polish and Hungarian emigrants.— 498 Suetonius (Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus) (c. 70-c. 160)—Roman historian and writer, author of The Twelve Caesars.— 157, 344 Suvorov, Alexander Vasilyevich, Count Suvorov Rimniksky, Prince Italiisky (c. 1729-1800) —Russian general. — 221, 222 Szabo, Imre (1820-1865) — Hungarian army officer, participant in the 1848-49 revolution; War Minister (1848); after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to London; took part in the Italian war of 1859.— 503 Szabô, Istvân (1825-1862) — Hungarian army officer, participant in the 1848-49 revolution; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated.— 503 Szemere, Bertalan (1812-1869) — Hungarian politician and journalist; Minister of the Interior (1848) and head of the revolutionary government (1849); fled from Hungary after the defeat of the revolution.— 503

T

Tacitus, Cornelius (c. 55-c. 120)— Roman historian and orator.—42 Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice, prince de (1754-1838) — French diplomat; Foreign Minister (1797-99, 1799-1807, '1814-15); represented

France at the Vienna Congress (1814-15).—604 Tao Kuang (1782-1850)—Chinese Emperor (1820-50).—16, 17, 19 Teleki, Lâszlô, Count (1811-1861)— Hungarian politician and writer; represented the Hungarian Republic in France during the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; after the defeat of the revolution remained in France.— 503 Teleki, Sândor, Count (1821-1892)— Hungarian army officer, participant in the 1848-49 revolution; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated.— 500, 503 Thalmayr (Emin Agha) — Hungarian refugee in Turkey.— 23 Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)— French historian and statesman, Prime Minister (1836, 1840), deputy to the Constituent (1848) and Legislative (1849-51) Assemblies; head of the Orleanists after 1848; suppressed the Paris Commune (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73).—42, 169 Thoré, Etienne Joseph Théophile (1807-1869) — French politician, lawyer and journalist, democrat; took an active part in the 1848 revolution; emigrated to England; returned to France after the 1859 amnesty.—44 Thouvenel, Edouard Antoine (1818-1866) — French diplomat, ambassador to Turkey (1855-60), Foreign Minister (1860-62).—26 Thun-Hohenstein, Leo, Count von (1811-1888) — Austrian statesman of Czech descent; one of the closest counsel-lors of Francis Joseph I; Minister of Religious Worship and Education (1849-60).—422 Thusnelda—wife of Arminius the Cheruscan.— 625 Titus—German politician, lawyer, advocate of Germany's unification under Prussia's supremacy; a founder of the National Union.—638 Trochu, Louis Jules (1815-1896)— French general and politician, Orleanist; took part in conquering Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s; commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859.—360, 362, 363, 374, 376, 399 Trollope—English industrialist, head of a building firm.— 636 Tüköry, Lajos (Selim Agha) (1828-1860)—Hungarian refugee in Turkey.—23, 26' Türr, Istvân (Ahmet Kiamil Bey) (1825-1908) — Hungarian army officer, refugee in Turkey; participant in the Italian national liberation movement and in the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; fought in the Crimean war on the side of the Allies and in the Circassians' war against Russia.— 22, 23, 25-27 Tyrtaeus (7th-6th cent. B.C.)—Greek poet.—631, 632

U

Unruh, Hans Victor von (1806-1886) — Prussian engineer and politician; in 1848 a leader of the Left Centre in the Prussian National Assembly; President of this Assembly from October 1848; deputy to the Second Chamber (Left wing) in 1849; subsequently a founder of the Progressist Party, then a national-liberal.— 75, 115 Urban, Karl, Baron von (1802-1877)— Romanian colonel, later general for the Austrians; Right-wing leader of the Romanian national movement in Transylvania (1848-49); took part in suppressing the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859.—351, 352 Urquhart, David (1805-1877)—British diplomat, writer and politician, Tur-kophile; went on diplomatic missions to Turkey in the 1830s; Tory M.P. (1847-1852); opposed Palmerston's policy.—410, 415, 498, 603 Usedom, Karl Georg Ludwig Guido, Count von (1805-1884)—Prussian diplomat, Plenipotentiary in the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848) and in the Federal Diet in Frankfurt am Main (1858-59).— 343-44

V

Vaillant, Jean Baptiste Philibert, comte

(1790-1872) —Marshal of France, Senator, Bonapartist; War Minister (1854-59); Chief of General Staff during the Italian war of 1859.— 430 Van Straubenzee, Sir Charles Thomas (1812-1892)—British general, in 1855-56 commanded a British brigade in the Crimea and in 1857-60 the British troops in the second Opium war with China.— 48 Vauban, Sébastien Le Prêtre (Prestre) de

(1633-1707) —Marshal of France, military engineer; author of a number of books on fortification and siege-works.—242, 243, 247, 251 Veit, Moritz (1808-1864)—German book publisher, liberal, deputy to the Prussian Provincial Diet.— 115 Venedey, Jakob (1805-1871)—German radical journalist and politician; in 1848 deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing); liberal after the 1848-49 revolution.—404, 405, 447 Veress, Sândor (1828-1884)—Hungarian historian and journalist, participant in the 1848-49 revolution; after the revolution emigrated.— 26, 503 Very, marquis de—Sardinian diplomat.—382 Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus) (9-79) —Roman Emperor (69-79).— 417 Vetter, Antal (Doggenfeldi) (1803-1882)—Hungarian lieutenant-general, Chief of General Staff of the Hungarian revolutionary army (1848-49) and commander-in-chief (March 1849); emigrated after the defeat of the 1848-49 revolution; returned to Hungary in 1867.—503 Veuillot, Louis François (1813-1883) — French journalist, editor-in-chief of the Catholic newspaper L'Univers (1848-60).—42 Victor Emmanuel (Vittorio Emanuele) II (1820-1878) —King of Piedmont (Sardinia) (1849-61), King of Italy 156, 165, 168-70, 256, 269, 805, 830, 350, 352, 355-62, 408, 412, 417, 418, 420, 450, 483-86, 533, 534, 557, 577, 599 Victoria (1819-1901) —Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 50, 206, 271, 273, 522, 637 Villemain, Abel François (1790-1870) — French politician and writer, liberal, Minister of Public Education (1839-40, 1840-44).—123 Vinoy, Joseph (1800-1880) —French general, Bonapartist; commanded a division in the Italian war of 1859; took part in the suppression of the Paris Commune (1871).—339, 348, 350, 374. 376 Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (70-19 B.C.)—Roman poet.—102, 134, 452, 592 Vischer, Friedrich Theodor (1807-1887)—Württemberg politician and poet; member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848); advocate of Germany's unification under Prussia's supremacy, took part in founding the National Union.—405 Vitkavich, Ivan Viktorovich (c. 1810-1839) — Russian army officer, diplomatic representative in Afghanistan (1837-38).—515 Vogt, Karl (1817-1895) —German natural scientist, materialist, petty-bourgeois democrat; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left wing) in 1848-49; one of the five imperial regents in June 1849; emigrated in 1849; was exposed by Marx as an agent of Louis Bonaparte in his work Herr Vogt (I860).—317, 380, 381, 384, 473, 590, 627 Voltaire, François Marie Arouet (1694-1778) — French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlightenment.—267, 380 Vukovics, Sebö (1811-1872)—Hungarian politician, Minister of Justice of the revolutionary government (1849); after the defeat of the revolution emigrated to London, maintained contacts with Kossuth.— 503

W

Waldeck, Benedikt Franz Leo (1802-1870)—German lawyer and radical politician; in 1848 Vice-President of the Prussian National Assembly and one of the leaders of its Left wing; subsequently a leader of the Progressist Party.— 74, 115 Walewski, Alexandre Florian Joseph Colon-na, comte (1810-1868) — French diplomat and statesman, son of Napoleon I and the Polish Countess Marie Walewska; participant in the Polish uprising of 1830-31; emigrated to France after its defeat; French Foreign Minister (1855-60); chairman of the Paris Congress (1856).—307, 441, 460, 483, 557," 633 Walpole, Horatio (Horace), Earl of Orford (1717-1797) —British aristocrat, writer and art historian.— 382 Walpole, Spencer Horatio (Horace) (1806-1898)—British statesman, Tory, Home Secretary (1852, 1858-59, 1866-67).—205 Ward, Sir Henry George (1797-1860)— British colonial official, Whig; Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands (1849-55), Governor of Ceylon (1855-60) and Madras (I860).—131, 132 Watson, Henry (1737-1786) —British engineer, colonel; from 1764 was in the service of the East India Company; chief engineer of Bengal.—15 Weguelin, Thomas Matthias— British businessman, liberal M.P., a Governor of the Bank of England in 1857.—7, 9 Weiden, Franz Ludwig, Baron von (1782-1853) — Austrian Master of Ord-nance; took part in the campaign against the national liberation movement in Italy in 1848; commandant of Vienna after the suppression of the October 1848 uprising; commander-in-chief of the Austrian troops fighting against the Hungarian revolution (April and May 1849).— 229 Wellington; Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852) —British general and (1828-30) and Foreign Secretary (December 1834-ApriI 1835).—248 Wenzel, August (1799-1860)—Prussian judiciary official, deputy to the Provincial Diet (Left wing) in 1849-59.— 118 Wernhardt, Stephan Wilhelm, Baron von (1806-1869)—Austrian general, commanded a corps in the Italian war of 1859.—429 Werther, Karl, Baron von (1809-1894) — Prussian diplomat, ambassador to Austria (1859-66, 1866-69).—382, 453-58 Westphalen, Ferdinand Otto Wilhelm Hen-ning von (1799-1876) — Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (1850-58); stepbrother of Jenny Marx, Karl Marx's wife.— 70, 77, 103 Wetzlar, Gustav (1813-1881) —Austrian general, commanded a brigade in the Italian war of 1859.—374 Wheeler—Vice-President of the East India Company (1773-80).—15 Whiteside, James (1804-1876) —Irish lawyer and politician, Tory M.P.; Attorney-General (1858-59, 1866).— 134 Whitworth, Charles, Earl (1752-1825)— British diplomat, ambassador to Paris (1802-May 1803).—263 William I (1797-1888) —Prince of Prussia, Prince Regent (1858-61), King of Prussia (1861-88) and Emperor of Germany (1871-88).—57, 65-67, 70-72, 74, 75, 78-79, 97, 107, 117-19, 121, 126-28, 287, 289, 344, 381, 394, 405, 452-54, 458, 460 William II (1777-1847)—Elector of Hesse-Cassel (1821-47).—540-42 Williams, Sir William Fenwick, Baronet "of Kars" (1800-1883)—British general; in 1855, during the Crimean war, directed the defence of Kars,

M.P. (1856-59).—447 Willisen, Friedrich Adolf, Baron von (1798-1864)—Prussian general, took part in suppressing the revolutionary and national liberation movement in Italy in 1848-49; Prussian ambassador to Italy (1862-64).—320, 454-55, 458, 461

Willisen, Karl Wilhelm, Baron von (1790-1879) — Prussian general and military theorist, royal commissioner in Posen in 1848; was in the Austrian army that suppressed the revolutionary and national liberation movement in Italy in 1848-49; in 1850 commander-in-chief of the Schleswig-Holstein army in the war against Denmark.—216, 234, 238, 244, 246, 320 Wilson, James (1805-1860)—Scottish economist and politician, Free Trader, founder and editor of the journal The Economist, M.P., Financial Secretary to the Treasury (1853-58), Chancellor of the Indian Exchequer (1859-60); opposed the quanti-tative theory of money.—4, 28, 284, 518 Wimpffen, Franz Emil Lorenz, Count (1797-1870) — Austrian general, commanded the 1st army in the Italian war of 1859.—331, 387, 429 Wittelsbachers—dynasty of Bavarian dukes (1180-1806) and kings (1806-1918).—344 Wolff, Christian, Baron von (1679-1754)—German philosopher and mathematician.—473 Wolff, Sir Henry Drummond Charles (1830-1908)—British politician and diplomat, Private Secretary to the Secretary for the Colonies (1858), Secretary to Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands (1859-64).—131 Wolff, Wilhelm (Lupus) (1809-1864) — German teacher, proletarian revolutionary, leading figure in the Communist League, an editor of the

Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848 and 1849; friend and associate of Marx and Engels.-—624 Wood, Sir Charles, Viscount Halifax (1800-1885)—British statesman, Whig; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1846-52), President of the Board of Control for India (1852-55), First Lord of the Admiralty (1855-58), Secretary of State for India (1859-66).—4 Y

Yeh Ming-chin (1807-1859)—Chinese statesman, Imperial Commissioner, Governor-General of Kwangtung and Kwangsi (1852-57).—83 York, Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, Earl of Ulster (1763-1827)—second son of George III of Great Britain; field marshal from 1795; commander-in-chief of the British army (1798-1809, 1811-27).— 71 Young, Sir John, Baron Lisgar (1807-1876) — British statesman, Tory; Chief Secretary for Ireland (1852-55), Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands (1855-59).—129, 131

Z

Zabala y de la Puente, Juan de (1804-1879) — Spanish general, belonged to

Aaron—the first high priest mentioned in the Bible.—272 Argus (Gr. Myth.)—a giant with a hundred eyes whom Goddess Hera made guardian of Io, Zeus' lover, turned into a cow.—118 Augeas, Augeias or Augias (Gr. Myth.) — King of Elis, at whose order Heracles performed one of his exploits— cleaned Augean stables.—44

Baal—chief deity of the Phoenicians.— 155 Briareus—one of the hundred-handed and fifty-headed giants, sons of Uranus and Ge, the embodiment of forces destined to guard the nether world.—118

the Moderado Party, participant in the 1854-56 revolution; commanded a corps in the Spanish-Moroccan war of 1859-60.—549, 553 Zabel, Friedrich (1802-1875) —German journalist, editor of the Berlin National-Zeitung (1848-75).—79, 450, 638 Zais—German liberal politician and physician, advocate of Germany's unification under Prussia's supremacy; took part in founding the National Union.—404-05 Ziegler, Franz Wilhelm (1803-1876)— Württemberg politician; in 1848 member of the Prussian National Assembly and then of the Second Chamber; advocate of Germany's unification under Prussia's supremacy; took part in founding the National Union.—405 Zobel, Thomas Friedrich, Baron (1799-1869) — Austrian general, commanded a corps in the Italian war of*1859.—335, 372, 397, 423

Christ, Jesus (Bib.).—271, 451

Damocles—according to Greek legend, a courtier of the Syracusean tyrant Dionysius (4th cent. B.C.).—163 Dionysus (Bacchus) (Gr. and Rom. Myth.)—god of wine and mirth.— 55 Dogberry—a character in Shakespeare's comedy Much Ado about Nothing.— 523, 526 Don Quixote—the title character in Cer-vantes' novel.—134

Elvire—a lyrical character in A. de Lamartine's collection of poems Pre-mieres méditations poétiques. 12

INDEX OF LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES Falstaff, Sir John—a character in Shakespeare's tragedy King Henry IV and his comedy The Merry Wives of Windsor; a sly fat braggart and jester.—373, 450 Faust—hero of a medieval German legend, the title character in Goethe's tragedy and Marlowe's play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.— 42

Grasiella—a character in A. de Lamartine's Les Confidences. 12

Hudibras—the title character in Samuel Butler's satirical poem, a man inclined to meaningless arguments and debates and capable of proving the most absurd propositions with the help of syllogisms.— 102

Iphigenia (Gr. Myth.)—daughter of King Agamemnon who sacrificed her before the Trojan war.—571 Ixion (Gr. Myth.) — King of the Lapithae whom Zeus punished for his crimes by having him bound to a perpetually revolving wheel in Hades.—42

Janus (Rom. Myth.) — god represented with a double-faced head.— 517 Jehovah (Bib.).—451 John Bull—the title character in John Arbuthnot's The History of John Bull (18th cent.); his name is used to personify England.— 32, 47, 48, 50, 54, 84, 93, 133, 259, 279, 280, 286, 290, 447 Judith—a biblical character; also the heroine of P. Giacometti's play Giuditta.—422

Laocoon (Gr. Myth.) — a Trojan priest

of god Apollo.— 613 Leviathan (Bib.) — sea monster.— 125 Lysander—a character in Shakespeare's

comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream.—463

Macbeth—the title character in Shakespeare's tragedy.— 273 Mammon—the idol of wealth among some ancient peoples.— 191

Manu—the semi-legendary law-giver of Ancient India.— 74 Margaret (Gretchen)—a character in Goethe's Faust—42 Mars (Rom. Myth.)—god of war.—170 Matthew (Bib.) — one of the four evangelists.— 528 Medea (Gr. Myth.)—a sorceress, daughter of Aeëtes, King of Colchis.— 314 Mittler—a character in Goethe's Die Wehlverwandtschaften; Mittler (meaning in English "mediator") was a clergyman who was constantly busy with settling quarrels arising among his parishioners.—452 Moloch—the Son-God in Carthage and Phoenicia, whose worship was accompanied by human sacrifices.—14

Narcissus (Gr. Myth.) — a handsome youth who fell in love with his own reflection in the water.—43

Orlando Furioso—the title character in Lodovico Ariosto's epic poem.— 509 Orpheus (Gr. Myth.)—Thracian poet and musician able to charm stones and tame wild beasts with his lyre.— 322

Pandora (Gr. Myth.)—a woman, who, out of curiosity, opened a box which contained all human evils and let them out.— 115 Paul (Bib.)—one of Christ's twelve apostles.— 527 Peter (Bib.)—one of Christ's twelve apostles.— 451 Poseidon (Gr. Myth.)—god of the sea.—452

Quasimodo—a character in Hugo's Notre Dame de Paris; his name came to personify ugliness.— 264, 386, 387, 448, 499

Sexton—a character in Shakespeare's comedy Much Ado about Nothing.— 523

Sisyphus (Gr. Myth.)—King of Corinth; for cheating the gods he was condemned to push a rock to the top of a hill from which it rolled down again.— 261 Sly, Christopher—a character in Shakespeare's comedy The Taming of the Shrew; a tinker.— 457 Snug—a character in Shakespeare's comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream; a joiner.— 463

Tell, William—hero in folk tales about the liberation war of Switzerland against the Habsburgs at the end of

the 13th and the beginning of the

14th century; the title character in a drama by Schiller.—447 Teut—the name of an ancient German

god invented by the Klopstock school at the end of the 18th century.—158 Theseus—a character in Shakespeare's

comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream. 163 Titus (Bib.) — a convert from paganism

and companion of the Apostle Paul.—527