Subject Index

A

Afghanistan, Afghans— 177-80, 194-96,

278, 293, 295 Albania, Albanians (Arnauts)—144, 279 Algeria—170, 355, 583 America—-120, 121, 124-26, 135, 561,

615 See also California; Canada; United

States of America Analogy—186-87 Ancient Rome—138, 155, 356, 485 — its wars — 142, 148 A nglo-Afghan war, 1838-42—180, 364, 505, 588 Anglo-Persian war, 1856-57—177, 180, 194, 198-99, 212, 278-80, 293, 296, 298, 331, 588 Anglo-Sikh war, 1845-46—532 Annexation — 311-12, 536, 538, 587, 588 Anti-colonial struggle—281, 298, 341,

441 Anti-Corn Law League—186, 230, 239-41, 250, 469 Arabs — 121 Armenia— 197, 615 Army—101, 107, 167, 280, 424, 437, 464-65, 530-31, 557-58, 580, 609 — Austrian — 107 — British, Anglo-Indian — 171, 198-99, 262, 279-81, 298, 306-08, 311, 315-16, 353-55, 374-75. 392, 395, 420, 424, 437, 451,

528-31, 557-58, 580-84, 587, 609-10, — French — 107, 167-69, 262, 464-66, 475-76, 478-79, 482-83, 552, 568, 569 — Persian —278-80 — Russian — 172, 197-98, 262-65, 450 — Spanish — 101-02, 104, 107, 108, 171 — Turkish — 278, 280 See also Cavalry; Infantry; Navy Asia—124-26, 129, 283, 295-96, 298, 546, 579, 587, 615 See also Afghanistan; Asia Minor; China; India; Manchuria; Persia (Iran); Turkey Asia Minor—141 Astrakhan—197-98 Australia—120, 124, 128, 387, 402, 408, 444, 523, 561 Austria—142-43, 150 — in Middle Ages — 153, 155-56 — and Napoleonic wars — 169-70, 616 — foreign trade — 139-50, 615-16 — finances — 120, 121, 137 — and Italian states — 3-7, 139, 148, 474-75, 480, 533, 616 — and Galicia, suppression by — 568 — foreign policy and diplomacy— 192,296, 322-24, 569, 616 — and France — 116, 139, 146, 474-75, 480, 568, 569, 615-16 — and Russia — 6, 323-24, 568 — and Switzerland — 173 — and Turkey — 141, 147, 322-23 See also Army—Austrian; Austro-Italian war, 1848-49; Austro-Swiss wars, 14th cent. Austro-Italian war, 1848-49—5, 533 Austro-Swiss wars, 14th cent.—167

B

Balance of trade—124-29, 415 Banks

— functions — 16, 23-24, 110, 117-18, 123, 130-31, 136, 386-89, 401, 402, 407, 410, 411, 416-17, 443, 454, 461 — reserve fund — 110, 118, 120, 123-24, 132, 185, 379-82, 402, 460-61 — and money circulation — 379-83, 415, 460 — and rate of discount — 117, 123, 130, 186, 379, 381, 401, 446 — and railways — 21, 23, 120, 132, 135, 274-76, 360, 417-18, 461, 502 — and the state — 16, 454, 461, 551 — and economic crises — 110-38, 379-80, 400-18, 459-63 — commercial — 20-21

See also Bank legislation; Bank of

England; Bank of France; Crédit Mobilier; Royal British Bank Bank legislation— 379-83, 385, 389 Bank of England— 61, 109, 118, 123,

130, 379-89, 402, 403, 407, 410, 411, 443 Bank of France—14, 109, 117-19, 123-

24, 131-32, 274-75, 277, 289-92, 303, 390, 414-17, 454, 459-61, 502, 551 Belgium— 4, 120, 184, 415, 441, 480,

561 Beloochistan—197 Bengal— 298, 305-06, 308, 312, 316,

329, 355, 420, 547, 555 Bill of exchange—119, 123 Bimetallism—119-22, 459-60

Bonapartism— 5, 14, 453-58, 464-67, 480, 482, 517, 519, 550-52, 568-69, 574 See also France. Second Empire Bourgeoisie—102, 241, 567

— Dutch — 418 — English — 188-89, 202, 203, 229-30, 241-42, 252, 253, 513, 567 — French — 289, 291, 454, 456, 465, 481 — German — 116, 418 — Italian — 7 — Spanish —102, 105, 107, 625, 629 — Swiss — 418 Bourse, Stock Exchange—302

— as centre of speculation and corruption — 15, 109, 276, 454, 501 — and interests of' stockjobbers— 511-12 — and the state — 502 Brandenburg—153-57 Bulgaria—76 Burgundy, Burgundian lands—152, 167 Burma— 529 Byzantium— 75, 76, 80, 356, 615

C

California—120, 124 Canada—444 Carbonari—468, 474 Carinthia—149, 616 Caucasus, Caucasians—171, 178, 196-97, 237, 539-40, 544-45 Causality—107, 116, 117, 141,453-54,

486 Cavalry—168, 264-65, 583 Child labour— 252, 254, 261, 524-26 China— 278, 282-83

— foreign trade — 122, 126-28, 163, 204, 223-25, 234-35, 444, 561 — social and political system — 225, 278, 282-83 — as object of colonial expansion by capitalist states — 126, 163, 223, 234-35, 280-81 — opium trade — 126-27, 219-220,

224, 234-35, 243 — emigration — 234-35, 280-82 See also Opium wars; Taiping uprising in China, 1850-64 Church

— Greek — 81, 86 Civilisation—454, 530, 621 "Civil society"—185, 190, 534 Class(es), class struggle—8, 15, 102, 114-15, 134, 202, 231, 254, 302, 454, 465, 486 See also Bourgeoisie; Revolution; Society; Working class Community

— Indian — 547-48 — Greco-Slav tribes — 191 Constantinople—76, 141 Constitution, constitutional government—

181-84 Content and form—190, 485 Corn Laws (England) —201-03, 222, 248, 387-88, 408-09, 469 See also Anti-Corn Law League Crédit Mobilier— 8-24, 109, 110, 114, 116, 117, 118, 120, 132-37, 270-77, 303, 357-60, 417, 499-501, 551, 569 Crimean war, 1853-56 — 114, 121, 130, 134, 182-84, 185, 190, 213 — battle of Oltenitza, November 4, 1853 — 279 — military operations in the Caucasus —279-80 — capture of Kars by Russian troops, 1855 — 214, 279 — military operations in the Crimea, 1854-56 — 294, 447 — battle on the Alma, September 20, 1854 — 424, 447, 483 — battle of Balaklava, October 25, 1854 — 393, 424, 447, 451 — battle of Inkermann, November 5, 1854 — 198, 392, 393, 424, 483 — defence of Sevastopol, 1854-55 — 214, 392, 393, 441, 447-49, 483 — its results, Paris Peace Treaty of 1856 — 3-6, 114, 214, 322 — and Austria — 6-7 — and Germany — 116 — and Italian states — 6-7 — and Piedmont — 3 See also Eastern question

Croatia—616 Cuba— 235, 573 Customs— 156, 621 Customs Union (Germany, 1834-71) — 390, 415, 416

D

Dalmatia—144, 147-49, 615-16 Dantzig— 406, 407, 441 Danubian principalities—62, 191, 322-24 Deism—109 Delhi— 306, 314, 315, 318-21, 327-29,

342-46, 355, 356, 361, 362, 365-68, 369-71, 373-76, 392-99, 504, 506, 553, 556, 582, 583, 609, 610 Denmark — 41, 42, 56, 94-95, 334, 405-06, 412, 565

See also Schleswig-Holstein question Despotism — 4, 14, 102, 482 Development—19, 102, 115, 125, 141, 259 Discount of Bills—119-21

E

East India Company (British)—61, 126,

128, 194, 297, 311, 349-51, 443-46, 534-37, 579, 585-88 Eastern question, the—182, 183, 190-91, 322-24 See also Danubian principalities Economic crises

— and condition of the working people — 132-35 — and prospects for development of socialist movement and of revolution — 113-15, 383-84 — prediction of — 113-14, 383, 385-91, 411, 414-16 — periodic nature of — 401 — depression — 416-17 — and trade — 124, 400-03, 411, 414-18 — and market situation — 117-22, 130-31 — crises of world market — 113, 390 — industrial — 113, 390, 401, 411 — commercial —20, 109, 113, 124, 400-03 — monetary and financial — 113-22, 123-25, 136, 273-76, 289-91, 404-18 — crisis of 1825 — 109, 113, 126 — crisis of 1837 — 109, 113, 126 — crisis of 1846-47 — 109, 113, 117, 126, 302, 383, 386, 390 — crisis of 1857-58 — 109-38, 273, 290-91, 302-03, 383-91, 400-18, 427, 524-25 — crisis of 1857-58 in England —

382-85, 387-90, 400-03, 407, 410-11, 427, 521 — crisis of 1857-58 in France — 19,

113, 117-24, 130-35, 302-04, 413-18, 459-63 — crisis of 1857-58 in Germany —

113-18, 404-07 Economic laws—256 Economy and politics—135, 185-86, 188-89, 202-05, 303-04, 463, 485-86 Egypt—140-42, 296, 561, 615 Emigration-— 234-35, 490, 493, 495,

539-40, 545 England (Great Britain)—186, 250, 251 — in 17th cent.— 63 — in 18th cent.—468 — in the first half of 19th cent, (before 1848)—186, 220, 222, 248, 386-87, 389, 468 — in the 1850s (from 1849) —204, 211-14, 221-22, 226, 238-42, 247-50, 255, 468, 566, 567 — Coalition Cabinet of All the Talents (1853-55)—203, 213, 248 — Bonapartist methods in Palmerston's policy —204, 213-14, 221, 222, 226-28, 238-40, 248, 250, 468, 517, 519, 567, 587 — industry — 255-61, 430 — foreign trade — 58-64, 221, 383, 425-33, 521-24, 560-65 — trade with Asia (Turkey, India, China)—125, 126, 142, 220, 383, 407-08 — and slave trade — 219, 570-74 — finances —201-06, 211, 469, 510-13, 575-79 — aristocracy — 188, 202, 203, 469, 548, 567

— social and political system — 8, 61-62, 184, 188-89, 203, 239-40, 248, 266-67, 269, 302, 468, 516, 523, 566-67 — bourgeois society, its morals—

214-16, 235, 516, 548, 597-602, 604 — pauperism —205-06, 523-24, 602, 604 — Peelites — 204, 214, 247-50 — Liberals — 470 — disintegration of the ruling parties (the 1850s-60s)—213-14, 240, 248-50, 302, 567 — Radicals — 567 — electoral system, reform of 1832 — 186, 188, 212, 214, 226, 229, 238-42, 247-49, 469, 567 — law on the emancipation of Catholics (1829)—468-69 — colonial policy — 178-80, 196-99, 217-18, 221, 281-82, 293-97, 311, 351, 352, 536, 538, 579, 587, 588; see also Anglo-Afghan war, 1838-42; Anglo-Persian war, 1856-57; Anglo-Sikh war, 1845-46; East India Company (British); Indian national uprising of 1857-59; Opium wars; — foreign policy before 19th cent.—30, 32-35, 38-41, 56-57, 92 — and Denmark — 94 — and France —32-33 — and the Netherlands — 64-65 — and Russia —30, 32-35, 56-69, 92-96, 187 — and Sweden — 38-40, 56-61, 92-96 — foreign policy in 19th cent.—6, 178-80, 188, 204-05, 214, 254, 302, 333, 351-52, 510, 533, 570-74 — and Austria — 193 — and France — 187, 189-90, 214, 302, 333, 457, 470-71, 484, 488-98, 515-20, 573 — and Russia — 178-80, 187, 190-93, 281-82, 610 — and Spain — 57 — and the USA — 141, 214, 570-72 See also Anti-Corn Law League;

Army—British; Bank of England; Bourgeoisie—English; Corn Laws (England); Economic crises—crisis of 1857-58 in England; Factory legislation; Free Trade; "Glorious revolution" in England, 1688; Habeas Corpus Act; Joint-stock companies—in England; Peace Society (England, from 1816); "Poor Laws"; Royal British Bank; Tories (England); Whigs (England); Working class—in England; Workhouses Epoch— 21, 125-26, 488 Essence and phenomenon—257, 401 Europe

— origin and development of European peoples — 75, 76 — in 15-16th cent.— 80 — economic and political charac-teristics of 19th-century Europe — 4, 10, 120, 125-26, 135, 226 — prospects of revolution in the 1850s —567-68 See also Economic crises; Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe; Slavs

F

Factory, factory system—251-61 Factory legislation— 251-54 Female labour—254 Foreign policy—5 Foreign trade—122-29, 139-50, 425 Fortification— 392-98, 435-36, 441, 527-29 Fourierism— 21 France— 75, 143, 152, 185, 190, 202,

453, 464-65 — economy — 122, 130-35, 413 — during absolutism (17th-18th cent.)'—14, 109, 116, 492 — constitutional monarchy, 1789-92 — 621-22 — during Consulate and First Empire — 145-47, 464-65 — during the Restoration — 463, 465, 629-30 — July 1830 Revolution and July monarchy — 114, 184, 187, 289-92, 302, 464-65, 472-73, 482, 533-34, 621-22

— peasantry — 133-34, 463, 465, 482 — foreign policy and diplomacy, colonial policy — 223, 322-23, 356, 456-58, 472, 479-80, 484, 488-89, 573-74 — and Austria — 116, 190, 474-75, 480, 568 — and Belgium — 4-5, 480 — and Denmark — 498 — and England — 187, 190,457-58, 468, 470-71, 482-84, 490-98, 515-20, 573-74 — and Germany — 152, 498 — and Italy — 4-6, 480 — and Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples)—190 — and Prussia — 190 — and Romania — 323 — and Russia — 187, 190, 323, 484 — and Spain —98-99, 190, 353 — and Switzerland — 479-80 See also Bank of France; Bourgeoisie—French; Crédit Mobilier; Economic crises—crisis of 1857-58 in France; French Revolution, end of 18th cent.; Joint-stock companies—in France; Napoleonic wars; Revolution of 1848 in France. Second Republic; Society of December 10; Wars of First French Republic (late 18th-early 19th cent.)

France. Second Empire—4, 456-57, 464-67, 482, 490, 499, 502, 517 — coup d'état of December 2, 1851 — 110, 222, 226-27, 290, 453-57, 465, 488 — industry, railways, agriculture —

20-21, 23, 120,' 122, 124, 132-34, 136-37, 460-61, 463, 502, 551 — finances —9-13; 19-24, 117-21, 123-24, 130-35, 404, 413, 463, 500, 502, 550-51, 568-69 — Stock Exchange, stock-exchange speculation — 15, 109-10, 133, 138, 276-77, 302-03, 454, 483, 501-02 — government's economic and financial policy — 14-18, 19, 109-10, 136-37, 290-91, 407, 502, 550-51, 569 — domestic situation, home policy- 122, 132-35, 464-66, 482, 550-52 — corruption of ruling circles — 14-

15, 501 — character of political power — 4, 464-65, 482, 499, 517 — army as bulwark of Bonapartist regime — 457, 464-66, 482-84, 568, 569 — counter-revolutionary terrorism — 4, 134-35, 227, 353, 456-57, 467, 472, 475, 479, 480-81, 501, 551-52 — the press — 135, 137, 455-56, 467, 499, 515, 516, 552, 568-69 — Corps Législatif — 16, 213, 291 — bourgeoisie, petty bourgeoisie — 454,^456, 480 — growth of opposition in society and army — 134-35, 472, 475, 478, 552 Free Trade, Free Traders—185, 201-03, 228-30, 238-41, 248, 250, 387-88 See also Anti-Corn Law League; Corn Laws (England); England (Great Britain)— Radicals French Revolution, end of 18th cent.— 167-68, 185, 186, 188, 353, 465, 531, 574, 621-22, 626

G

Galicia—568 Genoa, Genoese—3, 64, 95, 141, 148,

430, 615 Germany—75

— in 18th cent.—42 — and July 1830 Revolution in Fran« e— 116 — fragmentation of country — 116 — economy — 113-18, 136, 404-08 — foreign policy — 3, 153 See also Bourgeosie—German; Brandenburg; Customs Union (Germany, 1834-71); Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (962-1806); Prussia; Joint-stock companies—in Germany; Reformation in Germany; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany; Westphcdia Gibraltar—142, 564

"Glorious revolution" in England, 1688 — 61, 189-90 Gold and silver

— as money — 406 — history of their circulation — 119-29 — importance of discovery of gold in Australia and America — 120, 124-25, 128-29 — as reserve fund — 120-21 — as articles of luxury — 120-21 — and foreign trade — 119-29, 379, 383-91, 400-18 — and crises — 117-25, 130, 379-91, 400-18, 459-63 Golden Horde, 13th-15th cent.— 78-82,

85, 92 See also Tartar-Mongol yoke Greece—142, 144, 191

H

Habeas Corpus Act—222 Hamburg—404-07 Hanse towns—63, 414, 415 Herat—177, 179, 180, 194-99 Historians, historiography—40, 57, 58,

80, 91-92, 485-86 History— 40, 75-76, 115, 468 Holland—see Netherlands, the Holy Alliance—3 Holy Roman Empire of the German

Nation (962-1806)— 152-53 Hong-Kong—158, 208, 217-18, 221, 281, 283, 564 Human ism— 209, 211, 531, 548 Hungary—75, 77 Hussite movement—155

I

Illyria—146, 148, 616 India—125, 297, 312, 575 — population, nationalities, castes — 297, 306, 420, 423, 532, 582-83 — before English conquest — 179 — British colonial occupation of Indian territory —300, 311-13, 423, 549, 587-88 — Punjaub, occupation of, by the British —297, 299, 306, 313 — annexation of Oude — 297, 299, 311, 531, 534-38, 549, 588, 608-10 — religion, religious discord — 297-98, 356, 363, 587, 610 — colonial subjugation by Britain, convertion into market — 311-12, 349-56, 407-08 — peasants, exploitation of — 353, 546-49, 575 — trade, money system, finances —

122, 126, 128-29, 352, 444-46, 575-79 — British administration (methods, character)—232, 296-300, SH-IS, 336-41, 354, 585-88 — British armed forces in India, use of the Sepoy army — 198-99, 297-98, 315-16, 420-21, 532, 583, 610

See also Anglo-Sikh war, 1845-46; Annexation; Bengal; Community— Indian; Delhi; East India Company (British); Indian national uprising of 1857-59

Indian national uprising of 1857-59

— its liberation and anti-colonial character — 298, 316, 328-29, 341, 354-56, 366, 441, 549, 553-55, 607-11 — its causes — 296, 298, 311-13, 336-41, 356, 538, 548 — and Sepoy troops — 298, 307, 314-16, 321, 353, 366, 373, 392, 447, 553, 587, 610 — and native population of India — 307, 329, 423, 445, 504, 532, 534, 549 — and Sikhs — 315, 420, 532, 609-10 — course of uprising — 298-300, 305-08, 314-17, 321, 328-29, 333, 342-43, 345-48, 356, 361-64, 366-68, 371-73, 376-78, 393, 394, 441-42, 447-52, 504-09, 532, 553-55, 558-59, 575, 580-84, 609-10 — siege and capture of, Delhi by the British; see Delhi

— battle of Lucknow — 347-48, 361-62, 367-68, 419-24, 435-42, 448, 504-09, 527-32, 553 — plunder and atrocities by English soldiers — 354-55, 437, 529-31, 556-58, 608-10 — causes of defeat — 305, 375, 392-94, 399, 422, 423, 438-40, 527-29 — and economic and political situation of England —301, 443-46 — and English people — 308, 349, 587 — results of — 331-32, 356 Industry

— textile — 255-61 Infantry— 167, 450-51 Inquisition—106 Ireland— 5, 257, 469, 512

"Irony of History"—15, 209, 250, 552 Islam—153, 179, 363, 610 Italy

— history (before 19th cent.)—3, 5, 83, 153, 566, 615-16 — insurrection of 1831 — 474, 488 — economy — 121, 404, 415, 416, 561, 615-16 — national movement in the 1850s — 6-7, 304, 474-75; 568 See also Austro-Italian war, 1848-49; Bourgeoisie—Italian; Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont); Mazzinism; Mazzinists; Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states; Working class—in Italy

J

Joint-stock companies

— activity of — 10-13, 15-16, 22-23,

110-13 — management of — 110-11, 267-69 — and railways — 124, 136-37 — and the state — 11, 20 — and competition among them —

131-32 — in England — 110-12, 267 — in France — 132, 501, 502 — in Germany — 136 See also Banks; Crédit Mobilier; East India Company (British) Journalism, journalists—552, 596 K

Kabul—177, 195-96 Kamchatka— 225 Kazan, Khanate of Kazan (1438 — 1552)—8Ü, 82 Khanate of Crimea—81, 82 Kiev, Kievan Rus, empire of the Ruriks —

76-77, 86 Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) — 3-7 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples) —

122, 190, 561 Knights— 80, 153, 167 Kurds— 278 Kurile Islands—225

L

Lancashire— 253, 254, 256, 257 Law— 533, 536, 538, 546-48 Lithuania, Lithuanians—76-77, 79-80, 84-86, 88 Livonia—75, 77, 80 Loans (state)—124, 134 Lombardy—3, 7, 533

M

Machiavellism—62, 80, 84 Malta—564 Manchester School—see Free Trade Manchuria— 283 Market price—120 Mazzinism, Mazzinists—115, 129, 485-89 Merchant fleet and navigation—141-42, 144-46, 560, 565 Military science, art of war—167-77, 195, 198, 366-68, 372, 392-93 See also Fortification Moldavia— 322-24 Money

— as means of circulation — 406 — metallic — 124-29, 406 See also Bill of exchange; Gold and silver; Money circulation; Money market Money circulation—117-29, 379-83, 406, 415, 459-60

Money market—117-22, 130-31, 133, 136-37, 429 Morals— 115 Moscow, principality of Moscow-77-87,

89-93, 198

N

Napoleonic wars—107, 114, 139, 145-

47, 148, 169, 171, 353, 424, 441, 490, 615, 616 Nationality, nation—152, 209, 621 Navigation— 61, 62, 146, 147

See also Merchant fleet and navigation Natry — 145-50 Netherlands, the— 63-65, 120, 128, 141,

415-16, 418, 430, 522 See also Bourgeoisie—Dutch New Orleans—197 New York—460 Nijni Novgorod—225 Nogay Tartars' Horde—81, 82 Normans, Norman conquests—75-77 Northern war, 7 700-27 — 41-43, 57, 65,

89, 91-92 Norway— 334, 405-06, 565 Novgorod, feudal republic of Novgorod,

12th-15th cent.— 82-84

O

Odessa— 140, 616 Opium wars

— colonial, predatory character of — 126, 163, 219-20, 223, 243, 245. 353-54, 587, 588 — Anglo-Chinese war, 1840-42 — 126, 163, 220, 234-35, 243-46, 278, 280-81, 353-54 — Nanking treaties, 1842 and 1843 — 158, 162, 163, 208, 220, 245 — Anglo-Franco-Chinese war, 1856-60 — 158-63, 204, 207-09, 213, 214, 217-18, 219-21, 223, 225, 232-35, 243-46, 252, 278, 280-83, 301-02, 353 Opposites, antagonism—8, 178, 254, 302, 464, 465 P

Papacy—5 Paris—114, 503 Parliament (in bourgeois state) — 239, 310 — English —209, 213-14, 222, 239, 247, 309, 468, 566, 567, 587 Peace Society (England, from 1816) —

209 Persia (Iran)—177-78, 278-81

— as object of British colonial expansion — 178-80, 194-99, 278-80, 293-96 — and Afghanistan — 177-80, 194-98, 294, 295 — and France — 278, 296 — and Russia — 178, 180, 195-97, 278, 296 See also Anglo-Persian war, 1856-57; Army—Persian; Islam; Kurds Peru—126, 235, 561 Petersburg— 88-91 Poland

— before 19th cent.— 35, 41, 76-77, 80, 84, 153, 154, 156, 157, 187 — in 19th cent.—90, 193, 486, 533 See also Pomerania; Posen; Russia (Russian Empire)—Tsarist policy in Poland, 18th-19th cent.; Silesia Politics—114-15, 189-91, 485 Pomerania—153, 154 "Poor Laws"—61 Posen (Poznan)— 154 Prerequisites— 150, 160, 205, 313, 577, 581 Press, the—185, 220-21, 230, 234, 240, 249-50, 328, 356, 493, 596-97, 623 Prevision—113-14, 182, 184, 383-91, 411, 416-17,. 518 Private property—114, 531, 550-51 Productive forces—102, 141, 408 Prussia— 41, 96, 151-57, 187, 190, 322-23, 568 See also Warsaw Conference of Austria, Prussia and Russia, 1850

R

Race— 297, 621 Railways— 20, 23, 120, 124, 137, 274-76, 360, 417-18

Rate of interest—117-18, 123, 379, 381, 382 See also Banks—and rate of discount Reformation in Germany—155-56 Reserve capital (bank.)—110, 118, 123,

132, 379-82, 402, 459-60 See also Banks—reserve fund Revolution (general)—114-15, 185, 302 Revolution of 1848 in France. Second

Republic— 4-6, 114 122 134-35 202,

227, 289, 290, 454, 464-65 Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany—

114 Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states—

4-7, 193, 485, 533 Revolutions of 1848-49 in Europe-—4,

62, 102, 113-15, 181-84, 193, 301-02, 420, 625 Rhine Province—154 Romania, Romanians—192, 323-24 Royal British Bank—109-12, 266-69 Russia (Russian Empire)—74, 88, 91-

92, 183-84, 224-25 — history — 74-96, 169-70 — economy — 57-61, 63, 121, 223-25, 415, 565, 616 — foreign and colonial policy of Tsarism, its diplomacy — 6, 28-29, 32-35, 38-42, 64, 75, 85-89, 157, 186-87, 190-91, 199, 223, 323 — Patriotic war of 1812 — 424 — and Far East — 223-25, 282-83 — and Central Asia — 195-99 — Tsarist policy in Poland, 18th-19th cent.—84, 90, 157, 187, 486, 533 — and Austria — 6, 144, 323, 568 — and England — 38-41, 56-58, 92-96, 190, 193, 402, 610 — and France — 187, 190 — and the Netherlands — 64 — and Persia — 91, 179, 196-97, 296 — and Sweden — 42, 57, 61, 63, 89, 91-92, 94-96 — and Turkey —89, 91, 96, 190-91 — foreign policy and diplomacy in the 1850s-60s —6, 323 See also Army—Russian; Crimean war, 1853-56; Golden Horde; Kazan, Khanate of Kazan; Khanate of Crimea;Kiev, Kievan Rus,empire of the Ruriks; Moscow, principality of Moscow; Northern war, 1700-21; Novgorod, feudal republic of Novgorod, 12th-15th cent.; Russo-Persian war, 1826-28; Russo-Turkish wars; Tartar-Mongol yoke; Tver, principality of Tver, 13th-15th cent. Russo-Persian war, 1826-28 — 178, 196 Russo-Turkish wars, 1686-99, 1710-13, 1735-39, 1776-84 — 21, 33-34, 89, 91 Russo-Turkish wars, 1806-12 and 1828-29 — 192, 278-80

S

Scandinavia—304, 334 Schleswig-Holstein question—114, 334-35 Scotland—78 Secret societies—114, 129, 623, 629-30 Serbia, Serbs—191 Silesia—154 Slave trade— 219, 235, 570-74 Slays — 76-77, 153, 191-92 Society— 465, 485, 566

— bourgeois — 8, 102, 302, 602 — feudal — 621 Society of December 10 — 14, 353, 457 Sophistry—227 Spain— 99, 102, 104, 106-08, 132, 172, 404, 561, 572-73 — during the Arab domination and Reconquest (8th-15th cent.) — 81, 104 — first Spanish revolution of 1808-14 and struggle against Napoleonic rule — 106, 171, 353, 441, 622-24 — Second Spanish revolution, 1820-23 — 99, 106, 621-30 — first Carlist war, 1833-40 — 104, 106, 107, 172 — third Spanish revolution, 1834-43 — 98-100, 106, 284, 629 — fourth Spanish revolution, 1854-56 — 97-108, 284-88, 304, 622 — Spanish colonial empire, colonial policy — 572-74 — and England —561, 572-73

— and France — 98-99, 132, 190, 441 See also Army—Spanish; Bourgeoisie—Spanish; War of Spanish Succession, 1701-14 Speculation (in money, stock-exchange)—21-23, 109-10, 136-38, 270, 275-76, 454, 502 State, the — 152, 465, 482, 485, 546, 566 See also Despotism State property of land

— precapitalist forms of — 546-47 "State socialism", Bonapartist (imperial)

"socialism"— 8, 11, 15, 24, 110, 405 St. Simonism, St. Simonists—15, 20, 110 Suez Canal— 63, 142, 144 Sweden

— in 17th-18th cent.—41-43, 56-61, 63-65, 157 — and movement for the Scandinavian union, 19th cent.— 334 — economy — 405-06, 412 — and Denmark — 41-42 — and England — 41-42, 56-59, 61, 63-65, 92-93 — and the Netherlands — 63-65 — and Prussia — 41, 157 — and Russia — 41-43, 56-60, 77, 91 See also Northern war, 1700-21 Switzerland

— natural conditions — 164-69, 173-76 — in Middle Ages — 152, 164-67 — and French Revolution (end of 18th cent.)—167-69, 172 — war against Sonderbund, 1847 — 117 — economy — 415 — conflict with Prussia over Neuchâtel — 151-52, 157 — and France — 415-16, 418, 479-80

T

Taiping uprising in China, 1850-64— 126, 129, 163, 224, 246, 282-83 Tartars— 88, 89 Tartars, Crimean—see Khanate of Crimea Tartars, Nogay,—see Nogay Tartars' Horde Tartar-Mongol yoke, liberation from — 77-87, 91, 92 See also Golden Horde Taxes, taxation—201-06, 546-47 Teutonic Order, the—155 Theocracy—5, 482 Thirty Years' War, 1618-48 — 156 Tories (England)—213-14, 239-41, 247-49, 302, 468-71, 548, 567 Trade— 57-62, 102, 123-29, 140-42, 144, 413-18, 560-65, 615-16 Traditions—150, 178, 241, 366 Tribe(s)—178, 297 Trieste—139-43, 144, 149, 615-18 Turkey— 76, 89, 91, 140, 141, 144, 147, 190-91, 279-80, 322-26, 615 See also Eastern question, the; Russo-Turkish wars Tver, principality of Tver, 13th-15th cent.—79, 85 Tyrol—171

U

United States of America—140

— war of independence, 1775-83 — 30, 35 — economy — 125, 387, 401, 408, 414, 415, 521-23, 560, 563-65

V

Varangians—see Normans, Norman conquests Vienna Congress of 1814-15 and Vienna

treaties of 1815—139, 151, 152, 157 Venice— 3, 64, 139-41, 144-46, 148,

149, 430, 615-18

W

War of Austrian Succession, 1740-48— 3

War of Spanish Succession, 1701-14—3,

41, 157, 187 War(s)— 441

— in feudal society — 152-53 — mountain warfare — 166-76 — national, popular — 281-82, 353 — guerrilla — 580, 583, 607-10 See also Ancient Rome—its wars; Anglo-Afghan war, 1838-42; Anglo-Persian war, 1856-57; Anglo-Sikh war, 1845-46; Army; Austro-Italian war, 1848-49; Austro-Swiss wars, 14th cent.; Military science; Napoleonic wars; Northern war, 1700-21; Opium wars; Thirty Years' War, 1618-48; War of Austrian Succession, 1740-48; War of Spanish Succession, 1701-14; Wars of First French Republic (late 18th-early 19th cent.) Warsaw Conference of Austria, Prussia and Russia, 7850 — 323 Wars of First French Republic (late 18th-early 19th cent.)—139, 146-47, 167-69, 190, 490, 616 Westphalia— 154

Whigs (England)—186-88, 229, 240, 247-49, 469, 470 Workers' labour conditions—251-54 See also Child labour Workhouses— 206, 524, 604-08

Working class—102, 404

— in England —202, 251-54, 260-61, 408-09 — in France — 102, 105, 132 — in Italy — 6-7 — in Spain — 114, 133-34, 454, 461 Working day— 252-53

Y

Yorkshire— 256, 257