Subject Index

A

Afghanistan, Afghans—41,556,562, 572' Albania, Albanians (Arnauts)—32, 36, 38, 91, 471, 472 Alienation of labour

— abolition of — 58 American War of Independence, 1775-83

— new mode of warfare — 531 Anglo-Sikh wars, 19th cent—337, 534 Arabs, Moors

— Moorish rule in Spain — 393, 396, 404, 424, 657 Armament— 211-13, 515-16, 532

See also Artillery Armed uprising—338 Army—127-28, 309-10, 408, 419, 473, 531, 541, 565 — and bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic revolution —309-10, 338-39, 408, 419 — guerrillas — 420-23 — discipline and morale — 234, 237, 338, 419, 472-73, 475-76 — Austrian — 47, 127, 525, 532, 550-53 — English — 11, 203, 206, 208-13, 234, 250, 327-28, 337, 382, 476, 508, 514, 525-26, 532, 534, 553, 556, 557, 564-67, 634-35 — French — 126, 206, 212, 232-33, 250, 337, 382, 472-73, 475, 514, 525, 526, 531, 534, 551, 558, 566 — Prussian — 531 — Russian — 124-27, 244-45, 248-49,

250, 335, 382, 498, 501-04, 511-12, 525, 531-34, 537, 547, 551, 553, 557, 558-59, 610-13, 618-19 — Spanish — 309-10, 408, 418-23, 428, 440, 444, 450, 458, 658 — Turkish — 205-06, 244-45, 253, 338, 471, 475, 526 See also Armament; Artillery; Cavalry;

Infantry; Navy Artillery—193-94, 209, 385, 479, 508, 531-32, 537, 565 Artisans—59, 61 Art of war— 67, 125-27, 204, 209, 211,

234, 237, 253, 331, 382, 419, 475, 506, 533, 534, 535, 558, 612-13 — and socio-economic development of society — 128, 531, 533-34, 558 — strategy and tactics — 129, 163-65, 181, 246, 336-37, 470, 495, 503, 504, 511, 513, 525, 526, 528, 531, 533-34, 537, 541-42, 549, 558, 597, 612-13 See also Fortifications Athens, ancient—442 Australia— 572, 573, 576, 585, 588 Austria

— population — 48, 552, 553 — finances, taxation — 43-49, 288-89, 304, 325-26, 455-56 — classes — see Bourgeoisie, Austrian; Nobility, Austrian; Peasantry, Austrian — army — see Army, Austrian — national question — 48-49, 157, 321 47-49, 216, 304, 321, 549, 551 — and Italian states, oppression by— 28, 47-49, 216, 292, 321, 325-26, 455-56, 551 — and Poland, partitions and oppression — 29, 47, 216 — Slav population — 48, 255 — prospects for revolution — 255, 325 — foreign policy and diplomacy— 43, 183, 246, 255-57, 535 — and England — 183, 255 — and France — 35, 45, 183, 255 — and Germany — 271 — and Greece — 159 — and Montenegro — 38, 183, 336 — and Prussia — 47, 147-49, 154, 167-68, 215-16, 269, 286, 295-96, 358 — and Russia — 145-47, 176-77, 216, 247-49, 251, 252-56, 268-69, 270, 286, 325, 358 — and Serbia — 33, 38, 159, 183, 296-98, 325, 365 — and Spain — 450 — and Turkey — 94-95, 252, 255, 269-71, 297, 318, 323-25, 336, 358, 465 See also Crimean war, 1853-56 Austro-Italian war, 1848-49 — AT, 152, 287, 494, 550-51

B

Balance of payments—56 Banks— 43-45

— Bank of England — 577 — Crédit Mobilier — 43 — Bank of France — 51 — National Bank (Austria)—43-47 Barricades, barricade fighting—see Uprising, armed Berbers, Berber States—102 Bessarabia— 66, 262, 463 Bill of exchange— 55, 184-87, 639 B lanquists— 491 Bokhara—41 Bonapartism

— and army — 472-73 See also France, Second Empire, 1852-70 Bosnia—575

— Austrian — 44 — English — 59, 61, 122, 556, 585-86, 663-65 — French — 51, 472 — Italian — 157 — Prussian — 83 — Spanish — 393-96, 402-05, 436, 445, 658 Buddhism—41 Bulgaria— 91, 222-23, 575 Byzantium— 33, 71-72, 160

C

California—576, 586 Campaign of 1812—123, 503, 512, 547-48 Capitalist mode of production

— and primitive accumulation — 196-97 — growth of prerequisites for its overthrow — 59-60 Catholicism, Catholics— 33, 105-07, 435

— and Protestantism — 405 See also Inquisition; Jesuits Caucasus

— Tsarist policy in the Caucasus— 125-26, 262 See also Crimean war, 1853-56, military operations in the Caucasus Causality

— in history — 46, 177-78, 309, 375, 400, 473, 587-88 Cavalry—126, 127, 511, 512, 524-25, 552 Chartism, Chartist movement—51, 228, 354-56 See also Labour Parliament China.

— Taiping rebellion—-41-42, 589 Christianity—see Catholicism; Church; Protestantism — position of Christians in Turkey— 33, 71-72, 105-08, 131, 295; see also Turkey Church—14, 71-72, 106-07, 395, 435, 591 See also Christianity: Religion Civilisation— 642 Civil society— 395-96, 408, 426 — in bourgeois society — 50-51, 59, 70, 665 See also Bourgeoisie; Nobility; Peasantry; Working class Class struggle in bourgeois society—59-61, 665 See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe; Working-class movement Communism

— prerequisites for communist transformation of society—58 Communist trial in Cologne, 1852 — 365 Constantinople—102-03, 573, 589 Corn laws (England)

— repeal of — 586, 588, 663, 664 See also England, Free Traders Cracow, insurrection of 1846—47, 190 Crimean war, 1853-56

— general characteristics — 227, 338, 503-04, 534-35 — causes — 86-87, 337, 575; see also Eastern (Oriental) question — preparations for war, military power of belligerent parties — 3-6, 39, 40, 53, 66, 68, 133-34, 202-03, 222-23, 237-38, 248-49, 280, 290, 319,327-28,334,336-37,349,498-504, 511, 538, 540-42, 544, 545, 598, 609-12, 615-19, 627, 640 — character and aims of, mode of warfare — 24, 34, 118-19, 195, 205, 215, ,227-28, 336-38, 462, 474-75, 481, 534-37, 555-56, 573-74, 612-13 — and European diplomacy — 3-4, 6-7, 27, 31-32, 34, 35-41, 130-31, 143-49, 157-58, 183, 195, 215-17, 223-24, 246-49, 250, 258, 266, 318, 320, 323-25, 357, 358, 365, 366, 377, 465, 481, 490, 546, 547, 554-56, 579-84, 598, 599, 600-02, 609, 613-14, 624, 625, 646 — and prospects for revolution — 14, 34, 97, 206-07, 255, 338, 460, 504, 549 — battle of Oltenitza, November 4, 1853 — 24, 67, 92, 254, 302, 334, 506, 523, 558 — battle of Sinope, November 30, 1853 — 12, 16, 24, 32, 204, 329-30, 546, 624, 646

theatre of war, 1853-54 — 5-7, 16, 39-40, 65-69, 92, 129-30, 150-53, 160, 163-65, 181, 182, 205, 206, 211-12, 220-23, 237-39, 246, 249, 250, 253, 254, 258, 268-69, 276, 277, 279-81, 291, 292, 298-99, 302, 303, 314-15, 323, 324, 327-29, 334-38, 350, 351, 357-61, 365, 382-83, 461, 463, 470-73, 475-76, 486, 500, 506, 541-42, 544, 545, 557, 558, 566, 567, 596, 609, 616-17, 635 — battle of Chetatea, January 6, 1854 — 5, 67, 92, 244, 254, 302, 538 — siege of Silistria, 1854 — 221, 229, 234-39, 241-47, 249-54, 258, 268, 276-80, 302, 329, 334, 335, 358, 380, 382, 471, 472, 475, 506, 523, 537, 538, 558, 580, 597 — military operations in the Caucasus —204-05, 234, 251, 252, 254-55, 314-15, 382-83, 463, 486 — military operations in the Crimea — 251-52, 337, 347-49, 360, 383, 461, 470, 473-74, 481, 483-87, 488, 489, 496-98, 505-09, 510-18, 527, 534, 537-45, 557, 560, 564, 567-68, 593-97, 600, 601, 606, 612-13, 618, 626, 627, 631, 633-35 — battle on the Alma, September 20, 1854 — 477-81, 483, 484, 486, 488, 489, 492-96, 505, 512-13, 515, 521, 526, 539, 557 — battle of Balaklava, October 25, 1854 — 511, 521-27, 537, 539, 558, 600 — battle of Inkerman, November 5, 1854 — 518, 528-39, 543, 558, 559 — naval operations — 5-6, 18, 24, 28, 31-32, 35-37, 109, 131, 142, 143, 151, 161, 164, 165, 173, 175, 181-83, 192-95, 201-06, 225, 234, 251, 290-92, 298, 299, 303-04, 314, 317, 319, 321, 326, 328-31, 347-48, 360-61, 376-77, 379-87, 462, 476, 485, 514-15, 534, 540-41, 575, 581, 593 — and England, foreign policy and diplomacy — 3, 13-15, 23-24, 30-

132, 144, 157, 167, 190, 195, 205, 206, 223, 256-57, 304-05, 314-15, 329, 338, 358, 510, 518, 542, 546-47, 555, 556, 563, 573-74, 584, 589, 613, 623-25, 646-47 — and crisis of British military system — 208-14, 327-28, 557, 564-69 — and France, ^ foreign policy and diplomacy — 3, 13, 33-34, 35-39, 100-01, 133, 144, 167, 182, 205, 206, 212, 217, 223, 227-28, 305, 315, 338, 473, 510, 518, 546, 594, 613-14 — and Turkey — 13-16, 24, 31, 32, 34, 35-36, 38, 101, 134, 144, 160, 161, 164-65, 183, 215, 250, 252, 269-71, 275, 297, 323-25, 358, 365, 387, 573, 587 — and Russia, Tsarist foreign policy and diplomacy — 3-4, 83, 130-31, 144-47, 164, 171-72, 195, 206, 216, 246, 252, 294-96, 301, 304, 338, 357-58, 503-04, 534, 537, 575, 580, 584, 601-02, 609-10, 613, 619 — and Poland — 38, 167, 216, 361, 549 — and Austria — 43, 68-69, 145-49, 154, 157-58, 167-68, 176-77, 183, 206, 215-17, 228-29, 237, 246, 251, 252, 253-58, 268-71, 274, 280, 286, 287-88, 290, 295-98, 301, 321, 323-25, 335, 357-60, 365, 465, 471, 487, 490, 535, 538, 542, 545-47, 549, 580, 609, 611, 613, 619

— and Hungary — 156, 216, 227, 321, 549 — and Germany — 31, 146, 148-49, 176, 183, 217, 298, 301, 535, 547, 549, 613 — and Prussia — 8, 9, 83, 130, 144-49, 154, 168-69, 179-80, 183, 206, 216-17, 223, 286, 295-96, 301, 358, 377, 547, 549, 609 — and Denmark — 28, 145, 223, 298, 301, 352, 362 — and Holland — 301 — and Italian states — 156, 216, 321 — and Piedmont — 156-57, 292, 627

36, 38, 297-98, 324, 365 — and Sweden — 28, 144, 203-04, 223-24, 251, 298, 301, 331, 362, 377, 387 — and the USA — 572

D

Danish-Prussian war, 1848-50—194, 237 Danubian Principalities—23, 36, 38, 91, 94, 270-75, 289-91, 323-25, 328, 365, 459-60, 463-65, 575 See also Crimean war, 1853-56; Moldavia; Wallachia Democracy, bourgeois—331, 332, 640-41 Denmark— 298, 352-53, 362, 364, 378, 460, 489, 556 Despotism— 33, 343, 396 Despotism, oriental (Asiatic)—396 Division of labour—396

E

East India Company

— and British Colonial Government in India — 624, 642 Eastern (Oriental) question, the

— nature of — 101-08 — as source of international discord — 96-98, 337 — in the first half of 19th cent.—73-76, 79, 134-36 — its exacerbation in early 1850s — 3-4, 22-24, 52-53, 71, 76-80, 83, 84-99, 129-31, 160, 185, 624, 625 Economic crises— 571-78, 585-89, 628 Economics and politics—396 Education

— in bourgeois society — 663-64 Emancipation of the working class ( "emancipation of labour")—57-58 Emigration

— and condition of working people — 665 — Hungarian — 26 — Italian — 167, 455 — Polish — 26, 125, 167 England (Great Britain)

— English nation, national character— 552 61, 555, 556, 642 — industry — 60, 120, 229, 468-69, 571-74, 578, 586, 588-89 — trade, commerce — 15, 229, 468-69, 571-78, 586, 588-89 — finances, budget, taxation — 53-56, 117-18, 184-91, 304, 317, 563, 577, 589, 620, 623, 625, 638-40; see also South Sea Company — signs of crisis in English trade and industry in 1854-55 — 225, 229, 571-78, 585-89, 628 — social and political system, class relations — 59, 61, 122, 331, 332, 338, 640-41, 663-64, 665; see also Bourgeoisie, English; Chartism; Democracy, bourgeois; Labour Parliament; Nobility, English; Parliament, British; Preston strike, 1853-54 ; Scotland; Trade unions (in England); Working class, in England; Working-class movement in England — oligarchic character of Administration— 212, 556 — crisis in political parties, the 1850s — 603-08, 620, 627-37, 642-46; see also Tories; Whigs — Peelites — 228, 603-04, 620, 638, 643, 646 — Mayfair Radicals —213, 601, 638 — Free Traders — 149, 468, 585-88; see also Manchester school — legislation, Parliamentary Acts and Rills — 29, 52, 101, 117, 119, 121, 122, 190-91, 555, 585-86, 593-94, 621, 622, 623-29, 639-40, 647-48, 664 — Coalition "Cabinet of All the Talents", 1852-55 — 26, 29-32, 34, 36, 38-39, 98-99, 117-18, 135, 184-85, 228, 259, 306-07, 583-84, 620-27, 631, 638-41, 643, 646-47 — military system, its reform — 203, 209-11, 213, 220, 228, 327, 514, 557, 564-67, 568-69, 607, 616, 625, 628-29, 633-34, 647; see also Army, English — church and religion — 591, 599 — colonial policy — 41-42, 555, 572; see also Anglo-Sikh wars, 19th cent.; East India Company; Kaffir wars

640 — foreign policy and diplomacy— 30-31, 52, 96-98, 138, 274-75, 465, 556, 586 — and the Eastern question — 13, 15-17, 21-24, 30-31, 33-34, 36, 38-39, 52-53, 71-72, 73-74, 84-91, 93, 95-99, 133-34, 337, 586, 624, 625; see also Eastern (Oriental) question — during Crimean war — 19, 30-33, 37, 38-39, 338, 556; see also Crimean war, 1853-56 — and France — 30-31, 35, 40, 52, 97, 154, 267, 313-14, 555, 562 — and Greece — 39, 70, 154, 217, 262, 459, 635 — and Russia — 12, 15, 19, 21-23, 35, 53, 73-83, 84-99, 132, 134-37, 190, 260-63, 468, 547, 556, 561, 562, 575, 580, 587, 623-24, 625 — and Spain — 40, 41, 267, 305, 313-14, 343-44, 367-69, 404-05 — and Turkey — 24, 31-34, 36, 39, 70-71, 154, 274-75, 459, 556 — and the USA — 15, 572, 573, 588 Epoch

— historical — 59 — revolutionary — 338, 419 — Renaissance — 393 Europe— 576, 584

— prospects for revolution after 1848 — 97, 131, 338-39, 460, 535 Exchange—574, 584

F

Factory legislation—119, 576-77 Feudalism, feudal monarchy—393, 395, 428 Finland—-251, 262 Foreign policy

— its interrelation with home policy — 33, 118 See also Austria; England; Prussia; Russia Fortifications

— permanent — 113-14, 238, 240-41, 347-48, 380-82, 474-75, 514-15 — strategic importance of fortresses — 106, 152, 163-64, 234, 503 109-16, 163, 245, 335, 348-49, 380, 382, 384-85, 387, 508, 514-16, 537, 593 — field — 67, 205, 238, 382, 479, 506, 558

France

— national character of the French — 470 — in the Middle Ages — 104, 341, 393, 413 — in 18th cent.—104, 627, 633; see also French Revolution, 18th cent.; Jacobin dictatorship; Wars of First French Republic — during Consulate and First Empire, 1799-1814, 1815 — 33-34, 105; see also Napoleonic wars; Wars of First French Republic — during Restoration, 1815-30— 230, 231 — July 1830 revolution and July monarchy, 1830-48 — 30, 35, 41, 158, 230-31, 265, 337, 474 — revolution of 1848 in France, Second Republic — see Revolution of 1848 in France. Second Republic, 1848-52 — Second Empire, 1852-70 — 33, 35, 43, 51-52, 149, 304-05, 338, 472-73, 491; see also Crimean war, 1853-56 — and England — 41, 52, 97-98, 154, 267, 313-14, 562 — and Germany — 9, 35 — and Greece — 30-31, 196, 217, 491 — and Italy — 8-9 — and Russia — 217, 227, 400, 408 — and Spain — 40-41, 52, 267, 313-14, 456 — and Turkey — 39, 91, 104 See also Army, French; Bonapartism;

Bourgeoisie, French; French philosophy of 18th cent. French philosophy of 18th cent.—403 French Revolution, 18th cent.

— Constitution of 1791 — 429-31, 433 — Constitution of 1793 — see jacobin dictatorship — and Spain — 401, 403

See also Anglo-Sikh wars, 19th cent.;

East India Company Industry

— its role in social development — 60 Infantry—126-27, 516, 537, 552 Inquisition— 395, 404, 412, 413, 428,

432, 435-36, 439 Interests

— state as a tool of ruling classes — 556 — and law —396, 413 — common (general), particular and private — 43, 146-49, 255-56, 424, 561 — opposed interests and struggle between them — 97, 404, 405, 424, 659 — of political parties — 435 — of peasantry — 657 — of bourgeoisie — 556 Inventions—576, 586 Ionian Islands—33, 71 Ireland—see England, and Ireland; Parliament, British, Irish M.P.s Islam— 33, 41, 71-72, 101-03, 105, 107, 131 Italy— 8-9, 292-93, 325-26, 338, 393

— Austrian rule — 47-49, 156-57, 216, 292, 321, 325-26, 551 See also Bourgeoisie, Italian; Crimean war, 1853-56, and Italian states, and Piedmont; Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states

Jacobin dictatorship—627, 632

— Constitution of 1793 — 429 — Committee of Public Safety — 417 — and counter-revolutionary terror — 658 Jerusalem—105-08 Jesuits— 410, 439 'jews—107-08 Jurisprudence, lawyers—413, 428

Kaffir wars— 337 Khiva—41 Koran— 71, 101-03, 105

Labour

— emancipation of labour — 57-58, 61 Labour conditions of workers—51, 57, 61,

663-64 See also Factory legislation Labour Parliament— 50-51, 57-58, 61-64,

119 Labour time (Working hours) — 577 Landed property

— transformation of feudal into bourgeois landed property — 428-29 Laws—577 Liberalism, bourgeois—498, 549 Literature— 132, 663-64

— English — 132, 591, 628, 663-64 — French — 132 — Spanish — 405, 411 Z^oam, state — 44-45, 190, 288-89, 586

M

Machines, machine production

— and export — 571, 576 Man

— and nature — 58 — and society — 58 Manchester school—576, 643

See also England, Free Traders Market— 576, 586 Material conditions of life of society

— of various social phenomena— 403, 419, 508 — as prerequisites for communist transformation of societv — 58 Means of communication—576, 586 Merchant steam navigation—576, 586 Mexico

— conquest by Spain — 395 Moldavia— 38, 66, 221, 262, 271-74,

328-29, 366, 463 bian Principalities Monarchy, absolute—393-96

— enlightened despotism — 409 Monarchy, oriental (Asiatic) — see Despotism, oriental Money circulation—43-44 Montenegro — 26, 70, 99, 178, 180

N

Napoleonic wars

— general characteristics — 126, 204, 217, 266, 504, 531 — and diplomatic negotiations — 408 — and development of military art and technique — 67, 126-27, 204, 382, 531, 533-34 — wars against European coalitions, 1804-15 — 67, 96, 209, 279, 400, 472, 475-76, 480, 487, 496, 503, 512, 525-26, 528, 537, 548, 558, 569, 616 — treaty of Tilsit, July 7, 1807 — 400 — and liberation struggle against Napoleonic rule — 400-03, 405-08, 411, 414, 418-23, 444 — war of 1812 — see also Campaign of 1812 — Prussian war of independence, 1813-14 and 1815 — 179 — Peninsular war, 1808-13 — 67, 204, 209, 212, 215, 227, 234, 309, 400-02, 405-08, 415-20, 422, 532, 569; see also Spain, first Spanish revolution of 1808-14 and struggle against Napoleonic rule Nationalism—157

— national prejudices — 403-04 Nationality, nation— 70-71, 106, 309-10 Nature

— and society-—58, 396 Navy— 5, 116, 202, 204, 382, 593

— art of naval war — 109-10, 116, 182, 202, 234, 348, 593 — British — 5 , 11, 109, 203, 210, 328, 385-86 — French — 203 Neutrality (in international relations)

— armed neutrality, 1780 — 362 Nobility, aristocracy—664-65

— Austrian — 47-48

; — Hungarian — 48 — Russian — 664 — Spanish —393-95, 401-06, 409, 431, 439, 658 Northern war, 1700-21 — 527, 548, 558-59

O

Opposition, antagonism

— opposed interests — 97, 405, 435 — class antagonisms — 394, 404, 665 Organisation of social labour—50

P

Pacifism—577 Pan-Slavism— 255 Paper-money— 43-47 Parliament (in a bourgeois state)—331 Parliament, British— 219, 331, 605, 643, 644 — two-party system, its role — 136 — House of Commons — 259, 632 — Irish M.P.s (Irish Brigade)—119, 144, 620, 622, 624, 638 Party, proletarian

— as an indispensable condition for victory of proletariat — 50, 58 Peasantry—57, 61

— Austrian — 45, 47 — English —57, 61 — Spanish — 403, 445-46, 657, 658 People, race (ethnograph.)—106-07

See also Nationality, nation Persia—41 Peru— 341, 395 Piedmont—see Crimean war, 1853-56, and Piedmont Poland

— population — 548 — partitions of Poland by Russia, Prussia and Austria, 18th cent.— 38, 126 — Polish question at Vienna Congress, 1814-15 — 190 — Polish question — 361-62, 549 — and Austria — 216 — and England — 18 — and Prussia — 38, 216 262, 361-62, 504, 548, 549 . — and Turkey — 38

See also Cracow, insurrection of 1846; Crimean war, 1853-56; Galicia; Posen Popular masses

— role in bourgeois and bourgeois-democratic revolution — 157, 309-10, 340, 403-04 Portugal— 40, 265, 375, 391-92 Posen— 216, 549 Premium (under bimetallism)—46 Prerequisites for communist transformation

of society—58 Preston strike, 1853-54 — 119-22, 200, 665 Price

— prices of grain — 149, 225, 574-75, 586-87 Private property—57, 61 Productive forces

— development of, as material pre-requisite for communist transformation of society — 58 — and art of war — 128, 553 Productivity of labour—58 Protestantism

— and Catholicism — 404 Prussia— 8, 9, 168, 305

— Prussian statesmanship, its reactionary character — 178-79 — home reaction — 168, 364-65 — foreign policy and diplomacy — 8, 9, 148, 168-71, 179-80, 364 — and Austria — 47, 147-49, 154, 168-69, 215-16, 269-70, 286, 295, 358 — and Denmark — 194, 237, 364 — and Poland — 38, 126, 216 — and Russia — 83, 130, 145, 148, 169-71, 216, 358-59 See also Army, Prussian; Bourgeoisie, Prussian; Crimean war, 1853-56, and Prussia; Danish-Prussian war, 1848-50; Napoleonic wars; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany

R

Railways— 576, 586 Reaction—343

See also Catholicism; Christianity; Church; Inquisition; Islam; Jesuits Revolution—340, 374 See also France, July 1830 revolution; French Revolution, 18th cent.; Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe; Spain, bourgeois revolutions in Spain, 19th cent. Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe—338, 443, 572 Revolution of 1848 in France. Second Republic, 1848-52 — from February to June 1848 — 50, 51, 313, 338, 344, 391, 450 — Second Republic, 1848-52 — 13, 14, 230, 232, 472, 491 — coup d'état of December 2, 1851 — 472 Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany—147,

271, 331 Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary

— and Austria — 29, 47, 49, 551 — and Russia — 49, 123, 124, 127, 248-49 Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states—

29, 47, 326, 551 Revolution of 1854-56 in Spain—see Spain, fourth Spanish revolution, 1854-56 Revolution, proletarian, socialist

— its prerequisites — 51, 57-58, 61 Rome, ancient— 285, 393, 600 Russia

— geographical position, territory, population — 504, 547, 548, 549, 553 — history — 537, 559, 613 — economics — 267, 468 — social and political system — 71, 72, 172, 611-12; see also Army, Russian; Nobility, Russian — foreign policy and diplomacy— 29-30, 73, 75, 134, 262-63, 367-68, 613; see also Crimean war, 1853-56; Danubian Principalities; Eastern (Oriental) question; Napoleonic wars — annexation of the Caucasus — 264 — Tsarist policy in Poland — 38, 123, 126, 127, 262, 362, 548, 549 247-48, 251, 252-56, 268, 286, 325, 358, 547 — and Denmark — 362, 489 — and England — 12-13, 15, 19, 21-23, 35, 73-80, 84-99, 134-37, 260-63, 468, 547, 575, 587, 624, 625 — and France — 91, 262-63; see also Campaign of 1812 — and Greece — 38, 71, 177, 217 — and Hungary — 49, 127, 227, 361 — and Persia — 41 — and Prussia — 83, 130, 134, 145-

47, 216, 217, 358-59, 547 — and Spain — 40, 367-69, 400, 444-46 — and Sweden — 144, 362; see also Northern war, 1700-21 — and Turkey — 3, 14, 15, 20, 33, 73-79, 84^96, 98-99, 104, 130-31; 134, 262, 269-75, 294-95, 556, 575; see also Russo-Turkish wars — and the USA — 28, 29, 367, 445 Russo-Turkish wars—126, 575

— war of 1735-39 — 337 — war of 1768-74 — 38, 276; see also Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainardji, 1774 — war of 1787-91 — 276, 337 — war of 1806-12 — 163, 240, 575 — war of 1828-29 — 19, 69, 89, 123, 127, 163, 164, 237-41, 244, 245, 249, 260, 264, 471, 575; see also Treaty of Adrianople, 1829 See also Crimean war, 1853-56

S

Scotland

— clearing of estates — 196-99 Serbia (Servia)—33, 70, 159, 183, 296-98, 325, 365-66, 575 Seven Years' War, 1756-63 — 45, 67, 512 Slave trade and its abolition—429 Slavs

— Slavonic provinces of Austria—

48, 255 — Hungarian colonisation of Slav territories — 549 Social relations—103 Society

— laws of — 659, 664-65 — and nature — 58

— and state — 395-99, 418, 428 — and religion — 71-72, 103 Society, bourgeois

— classes, social strata — 57, 61 — and church — 591 South Sea Company—56, 118, 185, 187,

' 623 Spain

— general characteristics — 285-86, 309, 310, 376, 391-99, 402-04, 418, 657 — geographical position and conditions — 393, 396 — Spanish nation — 309-10, 402-03, 444, 659 — economics — 286, 375-76, 398, 411-12, 416, 438-39, 445-46, 449-50, 458 — social and political system — 285-86, 294-95, 373, 375, 376, 391, 393-401, 403-06, 407-20, 422, 424, 429-33, 449-50, 458 — legislation, laws — 294, 372-73, 396, 413-15, 424-39, 443-44, 447-48, 458, 654, 658 — classes and class struggle — 393-96, 402-04, 416-17, 438-39; see also Bourgeoisie, Spanish; Nobility, Spanish; Peasantry, Spanish; Working class, in Spain — popular masses — 285-86, 309, 375, 394, 401-03, 405-06, 409, 410,418, 420, 431, 436, 437, 443-45, 457, 652, 653, 658 — towns — 376, 393, 396, 434 — army, its role in social and national movements — 309-10, 394, 401, 404-05, 408, 418-23, 428, 440, 441, 444, 445, 450-51, 458, 651-53, 658 — guerrilleros, guerrillas — 420-23 — church and clergy — 395, 401-03, 405, 410, 416, 431, 435-36, 439, 654, 658; see also Inquisition — Spain under Moors and during the Reconquest (8th-15th cent.) — 391-94, 396, 403, 424, 657, 659 — under absolutism (16th-18th cent.)—314, 392-99, 403, 413, 431-39, 458, 559, 657 — bourgeois revolutions in Spain, 391, 411, 417-18, 445, 449, 450, 458, 659 — first Spanish revolution of 1808-14 and struggle against Napoleonic rule — 67, 309, 374, 391, 392, 399-406, 416, 434-36, 438-39, 445, 651-52 — Cadiz Cortes of 1812 — 373-74, 403, 418, 422, 424-38, 443 — Cadiz Constitution of 1812 — 310, 367, 369, 404, 424-33, 436-39; see also Napoleonic wars, Peninsular war, 1808-13 — political reaction, 1814-19 — 436, 439, 440, 445-46 — second Spanish revolution, 1820-23 — 309, 367, 374-75, 391, 425, 441-45, 654-59 — first Carlist war, 1833-40 — 40, 374, 658-59 — third Spanish revolution, 1834-43_309, 374, 391, 425, 658-59 — Constitution of 1837 — 294, 305, 310, 373 — pronunciamento of 1843 — 309, 310, 466 — fourth Spanish revolution, 1854-56 — 40, 52, 267, 282-86, 293-94, 304-07, 309-14, 338, 367-75, 391, 392, 447-52, 456-58, 466, 489, 573, 588-89 — Cortes of 1854 — 372-74 — Spanish colonial empire, colonial policy — 341, 395, 407, 424, 429, 434, 435, 438, 440, 444, 445, 449, 457 — and Austria — 450 — and England — 40, 52, 267, 305-06, 314, 345-46, 367-69, 404, 407, 417-18, 432, 569, 588-89 — and France — 40, 52, 267, 314, 344, 392, 399-407, 412, 413-17, 418, 420-24, 432, 434, 444, 456, 658 — and Portugal — 375, 392 — and Russia — 40, 368-69, 400, 444-46 — and Sweden — 401 — and Turkey — 400, 451 — and the USA — 267, 367, 369, 445 Speculation (econ.)

588 State, the— 50, 71-72, 122, 395-96, 418,

428 State securities— 118, 184-87, 639 Strikes—see Preston strike, 1853-56 Sweden— 28, 159, 362, 401