Name Index
A
Abdi Pasha (b. 1801)—Turkish general, commanded the Turkish forces in the Caucasus in 1853, participated in the suppression of the Greek national insurrection in 1854.—166 Abdul Mejid (Abd Ul-Medjid) (1823-1861)—Sultan of Turkey (1839-61).—15, 20, 23, 33, 40, 41, 79, 81, 82, 84-86, 89, 91, 98, 101, 131, 144, 156, 157, 160, 183, 215, 230, 269, 270, 273, 324, 358, 463 Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of (1784-1860)—British statesman, Tory, Peelite leader from 1850, Foreign Secretary (1828-30, 1841-46), Prime Minister of the Coalition Ministry (1852-55).—18, 23, 53, 68, 73, 75, 76, 100, 132, 134-35, 137, 138, 142, 203, 256, 257, 259-66, 307, 316, 317, 319, 322, 331, 344, 546, 562, 563, 603, 604, 606-08, 620, 622, 623, 627-31, 640, 643 Adrian Bedel (1459-1523) —tutor of Charles I (Charles V) of Spain, Cardinal from 1517, Regent of Spain in 1520 when Charles I was absent, became Pope Adrian VI in 1522.— 392 Ahmed I (1589-1617)—Turkish sultan (1603-17).—104. Alba, Jacobo Luis, duque de (1821-1881)—Spanish aristocrat, married a
sister of Eugénie de Montijo, Napoleon Ill's wife.—369 Albert, Prince Consort of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1819-1861).—101, 299, 300, 308, 332 Albuquerque, José Maria, duque de (d.
1811) — Spanish general, took part in the Spanish war of independence, ambassador to London in 1811.— 652, 653 Alcock, Thomas (b. 1801)—British politician, first a Whig, then a Liberal, M.P.—321 Alexander I (1777-1825)—Emperor of Russia (1801-25).—368 Alexander Karageorgevic (1806-1885)— Prince of Serbia (1842-58).—325, 365 Alexander Nikolayevich (1818-1881)— eldest son of Nicholas I, whom he succeeded in 1855 under the name of Alexander IL — 350 Allende Salazar, José (1802-1893)— Spanish general, sided with the Progresista Party, Naval Minister (1854).—351 Amalie, Marie Friederike (1818-1875)— wife of Otto I of Greece.—130 Amélie—see Marie Amélie Thérèse Ametller y de Cabrer, Narciso (d. 1877)— Spanish colonel, a leader of the insurgent republicans and Progresistas in Catalonia in 1843 and 1844,
participant in the Spanish revolution of 1854-56.—467 duc d' (1775-1844)—eldest son of Charles X of France, in 1823 commanded the French forces which suppressed the revolution in Spain.— 445, 657 Annenkov, Nikolai Nikolayevich (1799-1865)—Russian general and statesman; acting Governor-General of Novorossia and Bessarabia (March 1854-April 1855), Governor-General of Kiev, Podolia and Volhynia (1862-65).—175 Anthinos—Patriarch of Constantinople (1853-56).—103 Antonio Pascual Francisco de Borbon (1755-1817)—son of King Charles III of Spain; President of the Junta of Government appointed in Madrid by Ferdinand VII in April 1808.— 404 Arco Agüero, Felipe (1790-1821)— Spanish army officer, participant in the 1820-23 revolution.—440 Argüelles, Agustin de (1776-1844)— Spanish liberal statesman, prominent figure in the revolutions of 1808-14 and 1820-23, Minister of the Interior (1820-21).—443 Arif Bey (1786-1866)—Turkish statesman, Sheik ul-Islam (Grand Mufti) (March 1854 to 1858).—161 Arif Hikmet Bey (b. 1786)—Turkish statesman, Sheik ul-Islam (Grand Mufti) (1846-March 1854).—101, 130, 134 Ariosto, Lodovico (1474-1533)—Italian poet of the Renaissance, author of L'Orlando furioso.— 326 Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) — Greek philosopher.—457 Armero y Penaranda, Francisco, marques
de Nervion (1804-1867) —Spanish general and politician.— 284 Arnim, Heinrich Friedrich, Count von (1791-1859)—Prussian diplomat, Foreign Minister (1849), envoy to Vienna (1845-48, 1851-58).—301 Arnold—British journalist, military commentator.—165 Athanasius (Anastasius) — Orthodox
mean war.—71 Azzis (Azziz) Pasha—Turkish official, military governor of Belgrade (1855-57).—297
B
Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans (1561-1626)—English philosopher, naturalist and historian.—409 Balboa, Vasco Nunes de (c. 1475-1517)— Spanish navigator and conquistador, the first European to cross the Isthmus of Panama and reach the Pacific coast.— 395 Ballesteros, Francisco Lopez (1770-1832)—Spanish general and politician, took part in the war of independence (1808-14) and the revolution of 1820-23.—654 Bandiera, Attilio (1810-1844) and Emilio (1819-1844)—two brothers, prominent figures in the Italian national liberation movement, members of the Young Italy society, executed for an attempt to start an uprising in Calabria (1844).—13, 582 Bankes, George (1788-1856)—British lawyer and politician, Tory M.P., Junior Lord of the Treasury.— 321 Baraguay d'Hilliers, Achille, comte (1795-1878)—French general, marshal from 1854, Bonapartist; ambassador to Constantinople (1853-54); in 1854 commanded the French expeditionary corps in the Baltic.—4, 32, 39, 182, 290, 462 Baraiban—Spanish army officer, participant in the revolution of 1854-56.—313 Barbes, Armand (1809-1870)—French revolutionary, a leader of secret societies during the July monarchy; prominent in the 1848 revolution; deputy to the Constituent Assembly; sentenced to life imprisonment for taking part in the popular insurrection of May 15, 1848, and pardoned in 1854; emigrated and soon abandoned politics.—491 general, follower of Espartero.—312 Baumgartner, Andreas, Baron von (1793-1865) — Austrian statesman and sci-entist; Minister of Finance and Commerce (1851-55); President of the Academy of Sciences from 1851.—46 Bayazet I (Bayezid) (1354 or 1360-1403)—Turkish sultan (1389-1402).—271 Beaumont, Miles Thomas Stapleton, Baron (1805-1854) —English landowner, member of the House of Lords, Liberal.—264 Bebutov, David Osipovich, Prince (1793-1867)—Russian general, commanded the forces on the Danube during the Crimean war.—304 Bedeau, Marie Alphonse (1804-1863)— French general and politician, republican; participated in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s; vice-president of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies during the Second Republic (1848-51); banished from France after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—232, 233, 473 Beresford, William Carr, Viscount (1768-1854)—British general and politician, Tory; took part in the Peninsular war (1808-14); from 1809 to 1820, commander-in-chief of the Portuguese army and virtual ruler of Portugal.—532 Berkeley, Maurice Frederick, Baron Fitz-hardinge (1788-1867) — English admiral and politician, Whig M.P., Lord of the Admiralty (1833-39, 1846-57).—327, 329-30, 633 Berlepsch, Maria Josephe Gertrud (d. 1723)—lady-in-waiting of the Spanish Queen Maria Anna of Neuburg, banished from Spain after the popular uprising of 1699.—392 Bernai Osborne, Ralph (1808-1882)— English liberal politician, M.P., Secretary of the Admiralty (1852-58).— 213, 214, 601, 633, 638 Bernstorff, Albrecht, Count (1809-1873)—Prussian diplomat, envoy to London (1854-61), Foreign Minister (1861-62).—159
duchesse de (1798-1870)—mother of the comte de Chambord, Legitimist pretender to the French throne; in 1832 attempted to start an uprising in Vendée with the aim of overthrowing Louis Philippe.—231, 232 Bessières, Jean Baptiste, duc d'Istrie (1768-1813) —Marshal of France, took part in Napoleon I's campaigns, participated in the war in Spain in 1808-09 and 1811.—407 Bibesco, Barbu—see Stirbey, Barbu De-metrius Bibesco Bibesco, George, Prince (1804-1873) — hospodar of Wallachia (1842-48).— 272 Bibikoff (Bibikov), Dmitry Gavrilovich (1792-1870)—Russian general, took part in the Patriotic war against Napoleon in 1812; member of the Council of State (1848-55) and Minister of the Interior (1852-55).—171, 172 Biddulph, Sir Michael Anthony Shrapnel (1823-1904)—English engineer and officer, later general, participant in the Crimean war, author of a book on the siege of Sevastopol published in 1854.—508 Bille-Brahe, Henrick, Count (1798-1875)—Danish diplomat, envoy to Vienna (1849-51, 1852-62).—301 Bineau. Jean Martial (1805-1855)— French statesman, Bonapartist; Minister of Public Works (1849-51); Minister of Finance (1852-55).—43, 51 Bird, T. O'M.—Vienna correspondent of The Times (1848-66).—39, 143, 582 Blackett, John Fenwick Burgoyne (1821-1856)—British M.P.—215 Blackwood, Henry Stefenson (b. 1819)— English diplomatic courier.—100 Blake, Joaquin (1759-1827)—Spanish general and politician, took part in the war of independence (1808-14); was appointed President of the Council of Regency in 1810; opposed absolute power of Ferdinand VII after his return in 1814.—423 Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis (1811-1882)— French socialist, historian; member of the Provisional Government and President of the Luxembourg Commission in 1848; pursued a policy of conciliation with the bourgeoisie; emigrated to England in August 1848; a leader of petty-bourgeois emigrants in London.— 50 Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881)— French revolutionary, Utopian communist, organised several secret societies and plots; active participant in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, leader of the proletarian movement in France; was repeatedly sentenced to imprisonment.—491 Blaser y San Martin, Anselmo, marqués de
Ciga (1813-1872)—Spanish general, War Minister in the Sartorius Government (1853-54).—282-84, 293, 313 Bligh, James—prominent Chartist in the 1850s.—50, 64 Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht, Prince von (1742-1819)—Prussian field marshal general, took part in wars against Napoleon I.—209, 471, 496, 526, 569 Bonaparte—imperial dynasty in France (1804-14, 1815 and 1852-70).—40, 400, 401, 406 Bonaparte, Joseph (1768-1844)—eldest brother of Napoleon I, King of Spain (1808-13).—40, 399-402, 406, 407, 410, 421, 438 Bonaparte, Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul (1822-1891)—cousin of Napoleon III.—493, 494 Bonin, Eduard von (1793-1865)— Prussian general and statesman, War Minister (1852-54, 1858-59).—146 Bosquet, Pierre (1810-1861)—French general; marshal from 1856; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s; commanded a division in 1854 and a corps in the Crimea (1854-55).—493-95, 512, 521, 522, 524, 526, 533 Bourbons—royal dynasty in France (1589-1792, 1814-15, 1815-30), in Spain (1700-1808, 1814-68, 1874-
1931 and since 1975) and in a number of Italian states.—231, 395, 400 Bourqueney, François Adolphe, comte de
(1799-1869)—French diplomat, envoy (1841-44), then ambassador (1844-48) to Constantinople; envoy (1853-56), then ambassador (1856-59) to Vienna.—357, 554, 602 Bourrée—French official sent on a special mission to Greece in 1854.—196 Braganza—royal dynasty in Portugal (1640-1853) and imperial dynasty in Brazil (1822-89).—400 Braganza-Coburg—royal dynasty in Portugal (1853-1910), junior branch of the Braganza dynasty.—375 Bratiano (Bràtianu), Dimitri (1818-1892)—Rumanian politician, participant in the 1848 revolution in Wallachia; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated first to France and then to England; Prime Minister of Rumania (1881).—274 Bravo Murillo, Juan (1803-1873)— Spanish statesman, belonged to the Moderado Party, head of government (1850-52).—450 Brenier, Anatole, baron de la Renaudière
(1807-1885)—French diplomat, Foreign Minister (1851), envoy to Naples (1855-56, 1859-60).—8 Bnght, John (1811-1889)—English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League.—14, 141, 217, 219, 387, 576 Brontë, Charlotte (1816-1855)—English writer.—664 Brougham and Vaux, Henry Peter, Baron (1778-1868)—British statesman, lawyer and writer, Whig.—133, 266 Brown, Sir George (1790-1865)— English general, commanded a division on the Danube and in the Crimea in 1854 and 1855.—332, 360, 493, 494 Bruat, Armand Joseph (1796-1855) — French admiral, commanded a squadron in 1854; naval commander-in-chief in the Black Sea in 1855.— 304, 360 Brück, Karl Ludwig, Baron von (1798-1860)—Austrian big manufacturer, statesman and diplomat; Minister of Commerce, Industry and Public Works (1848-51); envoy to Constantinople (1853-55), Minister of Finance (1855-60).—324 Brunnow, Filipp Ivanovich, Baron von, from 1871 Count (1797-1875)— Russian diplomat, envoy (1840-54, 1858-60) and ambassador (1860-70, 1870-74) to London and Paris (1870).—3, 20, 23, 80, 135, 295 Brutus (Marcus Junius Brutus) (c. 85-42 B.C.)—Roman politician, republican, an organiser of the conspiracy against Julius Caesar.—608 Buceta—Spanish colonel, moderate liberal, participant in the revolution of 1854-56.—306, 313 Budberg, Alexander Ivanovich, Baron (1798-1876)—Russian general; commissioner extraordinary in the Danubian Principalities in 1853 and 1854.—270, 291, 324, 351, 463, 464 Budberg, Andrei Fyodorovich, Baron (1817-1881) — Russian diplomat,envoy to Berlin (1852-56, 1858-62) and Vienna (1856-58), ambassador to Paris (1862-68).—145 Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert (1784-1849)—Marshal of France, Or-leanist; participated in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s, commander-in-chief of the army in the Alps (1848-49); deputy to the Legislative Assembly.— 231, 232 Bunsen, Christian Karl Josias, Baron von (1791-1860)—Prussian diplomat, journalist and theologian, envoy to London (1842-54).—83, 159 Buol-Schauenstein, Karl Ferdinand, Count von (1797-1865) — Austrian statesman and diplomat, envoy to St. Petersburg (1848-50) and to London (1851-52), Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (1852-59).—94, 176, 294, 301, 357, 365, 480, 554, 602 Burger, Friedrich, Baron von—head of the Austrian administration in Lombardy in 1853-54.—326
1871)—British general, military engineer, principal engineer adviser to the English commander during the first part of the siege of Sevastopol.— 366 Butler, James Armar (1827-1854)— British army officer, an organiser of the defence of Silistria in 1854.— 329, 334 Butt, Isaac (1813-1879)—Irish lawver and politician, M.P.—18, 332, 333 Buturlin, Dmitry Petrovich (1790-1849)—Russian military historian, Senator, participant in the Patriotic war against Napoleon in 1812; from 1848 member of a Special Press Censorship Committee.—123 Byron, George Gordon Noël, Lord (1788-1824)—English romantic poet.—628
C
Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar) (c. 100-44 B.C.)—Roman soldier and statesman.—68, 310 Calderôn de la Barca, Pedro (1600-1681) — Spanish playwright and poet. —411 Calleja del Rey, Félix Maria, conde de Calderôn (1750-1820)—Spanish general, commander of Spanish forces and Viceroy of Mexico in 1813-16, captain general of Andalusia in 1819.—441 Calvo de Rosas, Lorenzo—Spanish politician, participant in the revolutions of 1808-14 and 1820-23; an organiser of the defence of Saragossa in 1808; member of the Central Junta, an initiator of the convocation of the Cadiz Cortes.—410 Cambridge, George William Frederick Charles, Duke of (1819-1904)—British general, in 1854 commanded a division in the Crimea; British commander-in-chief (1856-95).—183, 332, 493, 494, 524 Cammarano, Salvatore (1801-1852) — Italian playwright, author of several opera librettos.—170 (1723-1803) — Spanish statesman, historian, economist, advocate of enlightened absolutism; Finance Minister (1763-89); President of the Royal Council in Castile (1789-91), State Secretary (1791-98).—432 Campuzano, Francisco—Spanish general, commanded Madrid garrison in 1854.—284 Canedo, Alonso—Spanish priest, deputy to the Cadiz Cortes (1810-13).—435 Canning, George (1770-1827)—British statesman and diplomat, Tory; Foreign Secretary (1807-09, 1822-27), Prime Minister (1827).—80, 262 Canrobert, François Certain (1809-1895) — French general, marshal from 1856, Bonapartist; commanded a division in the Crimea in 1854; commander-in-chief of the Crimean army (September 1854-May 1855).— 360, 507, 528, 536, 543 Capo d'Istria, Giovanni Antonio (Joan-nes), Count (1776-1831)—Greek statesman; from 1809 to 1827 (actually till 1822) was in the Russian service, Second Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in Russia (1815-22); President of Greece from 1827 to 1831.—459 Caradoc, Sir John Hobart, Baron Howden (1799-1873)—British diplomat, envoy to Madrid (1850-58).—314, 367, 369 Cardigan, James Thomas Brudenell, Earl of (1797-1868)—English general; commanded a cavalry brigade in the Crimea in 1854.—332, 472, 524 Cardwell, Edward Cardwell, Viscount (1813-1886)—British statesman, a Peelite leader, later Liberal; President of the Board of Trade (1852-55), Secretary for Ireland (1859-61), Secretary for the Colonies (1864-66) and Secretary for War (1868-74).—190 Carlos Maria Isidro de Bor bon (Don Carlos) (1788-1855)—brother of Ferdinand VII, pretender to the Spanish throne under the name of Charles V, head of the feudal clerical party (Carlists) which fomented a civil war
Carnicero, José Clémente—Spanish writer of the early nineteenth century, author of several works on the history of Spain.—404 Caro, José Ventura (1742-1809) — Spanish general, participated in the war of independence (1808-14).— 416 Caroline Amelia Elizabeth (1768-1821) — Queen of George IV of Great Britain.—346 Carrasco, Agustin—Minister of Finance in the Narvâez Government (1844-46).—370 Castanos y Aragonés, Francisco Javier, duque de Bai/en (1758-1852)—Spanish general, participant in the war of independence (1808-14), commanded the Spanish forces at the battle of Bailén.—406, 407, 423, 653 Castelbajac, Barthélémy Dominique Jacques
Armand, marquis de (1787-1864) — French general, Legitimist; envoy to St. Petersburg from 1850 to 1854; Senator of the Second Empire from 1856.—3 Castro—see Pérez de Castro, Evaristo Cathcart, Sir George (1794-1854) — English general, commanded a division in the Crimea in 1854.—493, 512, 524 Catherine II (1729-1796)—Empress of Russia (1762-96).—38, 78, 276 Cavaignac, Louis Eugène (1802-1857) — French general and politician, moderate republican; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s; War Minister of France from May 1848, directed the suppression of the uprising of Paris workers in June 1848; head of the executive (June-December 1848).—473 Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di (1810-1861)—Italian statesman, head of the Sardinian Government (1852-59, 1860-61), pursued a policy of unify-ing Italy under the supremacy of the Savoy dynasty relying on the support of Napoleon III; headed the first government of united Italy in 1861.—8 1616)—Spanish writer.—457 Chads, Sir Henry Ducie (1788-1868)— English admiral, took part in the operations of the English fleet in the Baltic in 1854 and 1855.—330 Chambers, Sir Thomas (1814-1891)— British lawyer, M.P., Liberal.—119 Changarnier, Nicolas Anne Théodule (1793-1877)—French general and politician, monarchist; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies (1848-51); banished from France after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—473 Charles—see Charles Louis Charles (Carlos) I—see Charles V Charles I (1600-1649)—King of Great Britain and Ireland (1625-49), executed during the English revolution.— 555 Charles (Carlos) II (1661-1700)—King of Spain (1665-1700).—81, 392 Charles (Carlos) III (1716-1788)—King of Spain (1759-88).—409, 439, 652 Charles (Carlos) IV (1748-1819)—King of Spain (1788-1808).—392, 399, 409, 444 Charles V (1500-1558)—Holy Roman Emperor (1519-56), King of Spain under the name of Charles (Carlos) I (1516-56).—392-95, 403, 431 Charles VI (1685-1740)—Holy Roman Emperor (1711-40).—48 Charles X (1757-1836)—King of France (1824-30).—262, 368 Charles XII (1682-1718)—King of Sweden (1697-1718).—548 Charles Louis (Karl Ludwig) (1771-1847)—Archduke of Austria, field marshal; commander-in-chief during the wars with France (1796, 1799, 1805 and 1809), War Minister (1805-09).—67 Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe (1810-1865) — French military expert, politician, moderate republican; took part in suppressing the uprising of Paris workers in June 1848; deputy to the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies under the Second Repub-
Bonaparte; banished from France after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—352 Chateaubriand, François René, vicomte de
(1768-1848)—French writer and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1822-24).—40, 367 Cheodayeff (Cheodayev), Mikhail Ivanovich (d. 1859) — Russian general, took part in the Patriotic war against Napoleon in 1812, commanded a corps and the infantry reserve during the Crimean war.— 66, 68, 69, 129, 611, 618 Cincinnatus (Lucius Quinctius Cincin-nati) (5th cent. B.C.)—Roman pa-trician; politician and soldier, considered a model of valour and mod-esty.—344 Clanricarde, Ulick John de Burgh, Mar-qua and Earl of (1802-1874)—British politician and diplomat, Whig; ambassador to St. Petersburg (1838-41).—260, 264, 265, 317, 318, 591, 592 Clarendon, George William Frederick Vil-liers, Earl of, Baron Hyde (1800-1870)—British statesman, Whig, later Liberal; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1847-52), Foreign Secretary (February 1853 to 1858, 1865-66, 1868-70).—14, 15, 21-24, 33, 38, 39, 52, 84, 88, 94-98, 132, 133, 136, 137, 140, 143, 306, 318, 357, 358, 366, 607, 621, 627, 629 Cobbett, William (1763-1835)—English politician and radical writer.—133, 219, 577, 630 Cobden, Richard (1804-1865)—English manufacturer and politician, a leader of the Free Traders and founder of the Anti-Corn Law League, M.P.— 13-17, 19, 141, 321, 369, 577, 584, 663 Coburgs—a family of German dukes, belonging to or connected with the royal dynasties of Belgium, Portugal, Britain and other European countries.—40, 332 Coburg-Braganza—see Braganza-Coburg Collado, José Manuel—Spanish politi-resista Party, Minister of Finance in the Espartero Ministry (August 1854-January 1855).—285, 367, 449 Colloredo-Waldsee (Wallsee), Franz, Count von (1799-1859)—Austrian diplomat, ambassador to St. Petersburg in 1843-47, minister at London in 1852-56.—480 Colquhoun, Robert Guilmour—British consul general in Bucharest in the 1840s and 1850s.—275, 489 Concha—see Gutierrez de la Concha, José
and Gutierrez de la Concha, Manuel Constantine Nikolayevich (1827-1892) — Russian Grand Duke, Nicholas I's second son; was in charge of the defence of the Baltic coast in 1854-55; Naval Minister (1855-81); took part in the preparations for the abolition of serfdom; President of the Council of State (1865-81).—171, 172, 243 Coronini-Cronberg, Johann Baptist Alexis, Count von (1794-1880)—Austrian general, commanded the Austrian forces on the Danube during the Crimean war.— 268, 301 Corradi, Fernando (1808-1885) — Spanish politician and journalist, editor-in-chief of El Clamor Publico.— 448 Cortés, Herndn (1485-1547)—Spanish conqueror of Mexico.—395 Cowell, George—English worker, Chartist, a leader of the Preston strike in 1853-54.—120, 200 Cowley, Henry Wellesley, Earl (1804-1884)—British diplomat, ambassador to Paris (1852-67).—21, 22 Cranworth, Robert Monsey Rolfe, Baron (1790-1868) —British statesman and lawyer, Whig; Lord Chancellor (1852-58, 1865-66).—121 Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)—leader of the English revolution; Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1653.—583 Cuesta—see Garcia de la Cuesta Cunningham, C.— British consul in Galatz in 1853.—185, 190
1861) — Polish magnate; friend of Alexander I; Russian Foreign Minister (1804-06); President of the Polish Government during the insurrection of 1830-31, later leader of Polish monarchist émigrés in Paris.— 26, 167
D
Danilo I Petrovic Njegos (1826-1860) — Prince of Montenegro (1852-60).— 178, 179 Dannenberg, Pyotr Andreyevich (1792-1872)—Russian general, commanded a corps on the Danube and in the Crimea in 1853-54.—66, 302, 533, 544, 545 Delane, John Thaddens (1817-1879) — editor-in-chief of The Times (1841-77).—637 Delmas—French emigrant in Spain.— 363 Derby, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of (1799-1869)—British statesman, Tory leader, Prime Minister (1852, 1858-59 and 1866-68).—101, 132, 134-36, 219, 546, 620, 623, 628, 636, 638, 642 Derzhavin, Gavrila Romanovich (1743-1816)—Russian poet.—276 Deval—interpreter in the French Embassy at Constantinople in the mid-eighteenth century.—104 Diaz Porlier, Juan (1775-1815) — Spanish general, liberal, commander of a guerrilla detachment during the war of independence (1808-14); executed for attempting to raise a revolt against the absolute power of Ferdinand VIL — 423, 439, 445 Dickens, Charles John Huff am (1812-1870)—English novelist.—664 Diebich-Zabalkansky, Ivan Ivanovich (Diebitsch, Hans Karl Friedrich Anton), Count (1785-1831)—Russian field marshal general, commander-in-chief (1829) during the Russo-Turkish war of 1828-29.—89, 164, 237, 239, 264 Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield (1804-1881) —British politician and the Exchequer (1852, 1858-59, 1866-68); Prime Minister (1868, 1874-80).—13, 19, 21, 24, 26, 56, 137, 138, 142, 184, 218, 219, 265, 316, 321, 322, 326, 331, 484, 546, 584, 600, 608, 620, 623, 624, 635, 638, 639, 642, 643 Dohna-Schlobitten, Karl Friedrich Emil,
Count zu (1784-1859)—Prussian general, fought in the wars against Napoleon I, served in the Russian army in 1812-15, commanded a Prussian corps in Königsberg in 1842-54.—178 Don Carlos—see Carlos Maria Isidro de
Borbôn Donizetti, Gaetano (1797-1848)—Italian composer.—170 Dost Mohammed Khan (1793-1863)— Afghan Emir (1826-39 and 1842-63).—41 Douglas, Sir Howard, Baronet (1776-1861)—English general and author of works on artillery and fortification.—385, 593, 615 Drouyn de Lhuys, Edouard (1805-1881)— French diplomat and politician; Or-leanist in the 1840s, Bonapartist after 1851; Minister of Foreign Affairs (1848-49, 1851, 1852-55, 1862-66).— 366 Druey, Henri (1799-1855)—Swiss radical statesman, lawyer; Minister of Justice and Police in 1848; member of the Federal Council (1848-55); President of the Swiss Confederation (1850).—455 Drummond, Henry (1786-1860)— English politician, Tory M.P., member of the Select Committee of Inquiry into the Condition of the British Army in the Crimea (1855).— 17, 616 Ducos, Théodore (1801-1855)—French politician, moderate monarchist, sided with the Bonapartists during the Second Republic; Minister of the Marine (1851-55).—173, 202 Dufour, Guillaume Henri (1787-1875) — Swiss general and liberal politician; commander of the Federal army
troops (1847); author of a number of works on fortification, artillery and tactics.—479 Duhamel, Alexander Osipovich (1801-1880)—Russian general and diplomat; minister plenipotentiary at Teheran in 1838-41, was sent on a special mission to the Danubian Principalities in 1848.—274 Duke y Garay, Domingo, Marquis of Castellflorit (1808-1869)—Spanish general, close to the Moder ado Party; headed an uprising in Madrid in 1854 which sparked off the revolution of 1854-56.—267, 282, 294, 305, 367, 369, 375, 458 Dumouriez, Charles François (1739-1823)—French general, commanded the northern revolutionary army in 1792-93; was close to the Girondists, betrayed the revolution in March 1793.—627, 633 Duncombe, Thomas Slingsby (1796-1861)—English radical politician; Chartist in the 1840s, M.P.—119, 200 Dundas, Sir James Whitley Deans (1785-1862)—English admiral, commander-in-chief of the British Mediterranean fleet from 1852 to January 1855.—18, 32, 174, 193, 195, 221, 251, 361, 514, 581 Dunkellin, Ulick Canning, Baron (b. 1827)—English army officer, fought in the Crimean war; later M.P.—591 Duns Scotus, John (called Doctor Subtilis) (c. 1265-1308)—Scottish scholastic philosopher.—118 Dupont de l'Étang, Pierre Antoine, comte
(1765-1840)—French general; capit-ulated with his division at Bailén during the war in Spain in 1808.—407
E
Echagiie, Rafael, conde del Serrallo (1815-1887)—Spanish general, participant in the revolution of 1854-56, belonged to the Moderado Party.— 283, 369 Elio, Francisco Javier (1767-1822)— Spanish general, fought in the war of independence (1808-14); helped to establish the absolute power of Ferdinand VII in 1814; was executed during the revolution of 1820-23 for organising a counter-revolutionary coup.—423, 439 Ellenborough, Edward Law, Earl of ( 1790-1871)—British statesman, Tory, Governor-General of India (1842-44), First Lord of the Admiralty (1846), President of the Board of Control for India (1858).—317, 600 Empecinado, Juan Martin Diaz, el (1775-1825) — Spanish peasant, guerrilla leader during the war of independence (1808-14); promoted to the rank of general by the Cortes; active participant in the revolution of 1820-23; executed for an attempted revolt against the absolute power of Ferdinand VII.—423 Engels, Frederick (1820-1895).—202, 209, 210 England, Sir Richard (1793-1883)— English general, commanded a division in the Crimea in 1854-55.—493 Enrique Maria Fernando de Borbon (1823-1870)—Spanish infante, sided with the republicans in the revolution of 1854-56.—489 Eroles, Joaquin Ibanez, baron de (1785-1825)—Spanish general, commander of guerrilla detachments during the war of independence (1808-14); royalist leader during the revolution of 1820-23.—423 Espartero, Baldomero, duque de la Vittoria (1793-1879)—Spanish general and politician, leader of the Progresista Party; Regent of Spain (1841-43), head of government (1854-56).— 310, 312-13, 340-45, 351, 352, 362, 369, 370, 372, 447-49, 456-58, 489 Espinasse, Charles Marie Esprit (1815-1859) — French general, Bonapartist; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s and 1840s, actively participated in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; fought in the Crimean war.—472, 473
Espoz y Mina, Francisco (1781-1836)— Spanish general, a guerrilla leader during the war of independence (1808-14); active participant in the revolution of 1820-23, fought against the Carlists in 1833-36.—423 Esterhâzy von Galântha, Valentin Ladis-laus (Bâlint Lâszlô), Count (1814-1858)—Austrian diplomat, envoy to Russia in 1854-58.—176 Evans, Sir George de Lacy (1787-1870)— British general, liberal politician, M.P.; commanded a division in the Crimea in 1854.—493
F -
Fallmerayer, Jakob Philipp (1790-1861)— German historian and traveller; author of works on the history of Greece and Byzantium.—72 Famin, Stanislas Marie César (1799-1853)—French writer and diplomat.—102, 107, 108 Ferdinand I (1793-1875)—Emperor of Austria (1835-48).—49 Ferdinand II (1810-1859)—King of the Two Sicilies (1830-59), nicknamed King Bomba for the bombardment of Messina in 1848.—292, 352, 367, 484 Ferdinand >IV (1285-1312)—King of Castile and Leon (1295-1312).—430 Ferdinand V (the Catholic) (1452-1516) — King of Aragon under the name of Ferdinand II (1479-1516); his marriage to Isabella, future Queen of Castile, in 1469 completed the unification of Spain.— 393-95 Ferdinand VII (1784-1833) —King of Spain (1808 and 1814-33).—345, 374, 392, 399, 401, 402, 404, 417, 423, 425, 429, 436, 439-46, 654, 657, 659 Fier on—French army officer, fought in the Crimean war.— 290 Filder (b. 1790) — English general, chief of the army commissariat in the Crimea in 1854-55.—327 Finlen, James—Chartist, member of the Executive of the National Charter Fitzherbert, Alleyne, Baron St. Helens (1753-1839)—British diplomat, envoy to St. Petersburg in 1783-87.—17 Fitzwilliam, Charles William Wentworth, Earl of (1786-1857)—English politician, Whig M.P.—317 Flemming—Count, Prussian diplomat, secretary of the Embassy in Vienna (1854-59).—301 Florez, José Segundo (b. 1789)—Spanish historian and journalist, author of a book on Espartero.— 341 Floridablanca (Florida Bianca), José Monino, conde de (1728-1808)— Spanish statesman and diplomat, champion of enlightened absolutism; Prime Minister (1777-92), im-plemented a number of progressive reforms; opposed the French Revolution; President of the Central Junta in 1808, tried to prevent the development of revolution in Spain in 1808.—409, 410, 415, 432, 652 Forey, Elie Frédéric (1804-1872)— French general, later marshal; Bonapartist; took an active part in the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; commanded a force in the Crimea in 1854-55.—196, 494 Fortescue, Hugh, Earl of (1783-1861)— English statesman, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1839-41.—300 Fox, Charles James (1749-1806)—British politician, Whig leader; Foreign Secretary (1782, 1783, 1806).—606 Francis I (1494-1547)—King of France (1515-47).—104, 416 Francis I (1768-1835)—Emperor of Austria (1804-35), the last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire under the name of Francis II (1792-1806).—48, 49 Francis Joseph I (1830-1916)—Emperor of Austria (1848-1916).—44, 49, 94, 177, 183, 253, 269, 270, 286, 336, 367, 480, 488, 490 Francisco de Asis, Maria Fernando (1822-1902)—husband of Isabella II of Spain.—449, 489
King of Prussia (1740-86).—38, 67, 314, 409, 657 Frederick VII (1808-1863)—King of Denmark (1848-63).—362, 378, 489 Frederick William IV (1795-1861)— King of Prussia (1840-61).—9, 83, 144, 148, 286, 287 Fuad Pasha, Mehemmed (1814-1869)— Turkish statesman, commissioner in the Danubian Principalities in 1848; repeatedly held the posts of Grand Vizier and Foreign Minister in the 1850s and 1860s.—273, 274, 275
G
Galakhoff (Galakhov), Alexander Pavlovich (1802-1863)—Russian general, chief of the police in St. Petersburg (1852-56).—171 Garcia de la Cuesta, Gregorio (1740-
1812)—Spanish general, fought in the war of independence (1808-14), captain general of Castile from 1808.—408, 422, 652 Garrigö, Antonio Maria—Spanish army officer, took part in the revolution of
1854-56.—283, 456 Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn (1810-1865)—English novelist.—664 Gaspari—official at the French Embassy in Athens.—177 George I (1660-1727) —King of Great
Britain and Ireland (1714-27).—555 George II (1683-1760)—King of Great
Britain and Ireland (1727-60).—555 George III (1738-1820)—King of Great
Britain and Ireland (1760-1820).—
299 George IV (1762-1830)—King of Great
Britain and Ireland (1820-30).—367 George Petrovic Njegos—Montenegrin voivode, uncle of Danilo I Petrovic Njegos.—178 Ghica, Grigore Alexandra, Prince (1807-
1857)—hospodar of Moldavia (1849-53, 1854-56).—324, 325 Grand Duke of Tuscany from the Medici family.— 81 Giron—Spanish journalist.—345 Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898) — British statesman, Tory, then Peelite, leader of the Liberal Party in the latter half of the nineteenth century; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852-55, 1859-66); Prime Minister (1868-74, 1880-85, 1886, 1892-94).—24, 53-56, 117, 118, 144, 185-87, 190, 226, 466, 563, 575, 607, 608, 623, 625, 627, 634, 635, 639, 643, 645-47 Godfrey of Bouillon (Godefroy de Bouillon) (c. 1060-1100)—Duke of Lower Lor-raine (1089-1100), a leader of the first crusade (1096-99).—17 Godoy, Manuel de, Duke of Alcudia, Prince of Peace (1767-1851) — First Minister of the Spanish King Charles IV, virtual ruler of Spain (1792-98, 1801-08); helped French occupation of Spain; was overthrown in 1808 as a result of a popular uprising.— 392, 399, 402, 409, 410, 430, 451 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)—German poet.—576, 616 Gonzalez Bravo, Luis. (1811-1871)— Spanish statesman, a leader of the Moderado Party, head of government (1843-44, 1868).—345, 346, 370, 450 Gorchakoff (Gorchakov), Alexander Mikhailovich, Prince (1798-1883)— Russian statesman and diplomat; envoy to Vienna (1854-56); Foreign Minister (1856-82); State Chancellor (1867-82).—176, 286, 294, 295, 301, 357, 365, 554, 581, 582, 601, 602 Gorchakoff (Gorchakov), Mikhail Dmitrievich, Prince (1793-1861)—Russian general, commander-in-chief on the Danube (1853-54), of the Southern army (September 1854-February 1855), then of the army in the Crimea (from February to December 1855).—7, 66, 69, 129, 247, 292, 301-03, 324, 350, 351, 618 Gordon, Sir Robert (1791-1847) —British diplomat, brother of Lord Aberdeen; envoy to Turkey in 1828-31.—264
colonel, served in the Turkish army from 1841, commanded the defence of Silistria in 1854.—240, 241 Graham, Sir James Robert George (1792-1861) — British statesman, Whig, then Peelite; Home Secretary (1841-46), First Lord of the Admiralty (1830-34, 1852-55).—12, 19, 25, 27, 31, 39, 53, 109, 142, 225, 365, 582, 621, 627, 646 Grant, James (1802-1879) —English radical journalist and writer, editor of The Morning Advertiser (1850-71).— 590 Granville, George Leveson-Gower, Earl of (1815-1891) — British statesman, Whig, then Liberal; Foreign Secretary (1851-52, 1870-74, 1880-85), Lord President of the Council (1852-54).—134, 135, 581 Grey, Sir George (1799-1882)—British Whig statesman; Home Secretary (1846-52, 1855-58, 1861-66) and Colonial Secretary (1854-55).—133, 625, 646, 647 Grey, Sir Henry George, Earl (1802-1894)—British Whig statesman; Secretary at War (1835-39) and Colonial Secretary (1846-52).—228, 607, 638, 643 Gribbe—Russian general, fought in the Crimean war.—522 Grimshaw, Mortimer (born c. 1827)— Chartist, a leader of the Preston strike in 1853-54.—200 Grivas, Theodorakis (1796-1862)— Greek politician, a leader of the 1854 national uprising in Epirus against the Turkish rule.—166, 167 Guilleminot, Armand Charles, comte de
(1774-1840) — French general and diplomat, ambassador to Constantinople in 1824-30.—264 Gutierrez de la Concha, José (1809-
1895)—Spanish general, governor of
Cuba (1850-52 and 1854-59).—369 Gutierrez de la Concha, Manuel, marqués
del Duero (1808-1874)—Spanish general, belonged to the Moderado Party; follower of Narvâez in 1843;
1854.—342, 375, 458
H
Habsburgs (or Hapsburgs)—a dynasty of emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1273 to 1806 (with intervals), Spanish kings (1516-1700), Austrian emperors (1804-67) and Austro-Hungarian emperors (1867-1918).— 246, 255, 256, 395 Hale, William—owner of a rocket factory in the London suburbs in the early 1850s.—621 Hall, Sir Benjamin (1802-1867)— British liberal statesman (belonged to the Mayfair Radicals); President of the Board of Health (August 1854-July 1855), First Commissioner of Works and Public Buildings (1855-58).—600, 601 Halton—English worker.—591 Hamelin, François Alphonse (1796-1864)—French admiral, commander-in-chief of the French fleet in the Mediterranean and Black Sea (1853-54), Minister of the Marine (1855-60).—22, 32, 173, 193, 195, 204, 221, 224, 492, 515, 581 Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Baron von (1774-1856)—Austrian historian, Orientalist, author of works on the history of Turkey; a diplomat in the Middle East from 1796 to 1835.— 227 Hardinge, Sir Henry, Viscount (1785-1856) — British general and statesman, Tory, field marshal from 1855, Secretary at War (1828-30 and 1841-44), Governor-General of India (1844-January 1848), commander-in-chief of the British army (1852-56).— 566, 633 Hardwicke, Charles Philip Yorke, Earl of (1799-1873) —English admiral, Tory politician.—133, 317, 600 Hartslet—British consul at Memel.— 377 Hasan-i Sabbäh (1056-1124) —founder of a Mussulman sect of assassins who
crusaders in the twelfth-thirteenth centuries.—603 Haynau, Julius Jakob, Baron von (1786-1853)—Austrian general, brutally suppressed revolutionary movements in Italy and Hungary in 1848 and 1849.—465 Hayter, Sir William Goodenough (1792-1878)—British lawyer, Whig, then Liberal, M.P.—604 Hayward, Abraham (1801-1884)— British lawyer and journalist, Tory at the beginning of his career, later Peelite; appointed Secretary of the Poor Law Board in 1854.—624 Heathcote—British naval officer, captain of the corvette Archer.— 377 Heeckeren, Jakob, Baron van—Dutch diplomat, envoy to St. Petersburg in the 1830s, envoy to Vienna from 1842 to 1876.—301 Heiden, Loghin Petrovich (Lodewijk Sigis-mund Vincent Gustaaf), Count van (1773-1850)—admiral of the Russian fleet, Dutch by birth; commander-in-chief of the Russian Mediterranean Fleet during the Russo-Turkish war of 1828-29.—260 Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—German revolutionary poet.— 83 Henley, Joseph Warner (1793-1884)— British statesman, Tory; President of the Board of Trade (1852, 1858-59).—332 Henry IV (1553-1610) — King of France (1589-1610).—104 Henry (Enrique) IV (1425-1474) —King of Castile (1454-65, 1468-74).—391, 392 Hentze, A.—German army officer, Communist League member; belonged to the Willich-Schapper sec-tarian group, witness for the prosecution at the Cologne Communist trial (1852).—364 Herbert, Sidney, Baron of Lea (1810-1861) — British statesman, first Tory, subsequently Peelite; Secretary at War (1845-46 and 1852-55) and Secretary for War (1859-60).—18-20, 633-34, 643, 646 Herod (73-4 B.C.)—King of Judaea (40-4 B.C.).—577 Herreros, Manuel Garcia—Spanish liberal politician, deputy to the Cadiz Cortes, Minister of Justice during the war of independence (1808-14) and in 1820.—443 Hess, Heinrich Hermann Josef, Baron von (1788-1870)—Austrian general, subsequently field marshal, took an active part in crushing the 1848-49 revolution in Italy; commander-in-chief in Hungary, Galicia and the Danubian Principalities in 1854 and 1855.—146, 287, 358, 465 Hildyard, Robert Charles—English Tory M.P.—330 Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679)—English philosopher.— 213 Horsfall, Thomas Berry (b. 1805)— English mine-owner, Tory M.P.— 28 Horsman, Edward (1807-1876) —British politician, liberal M.P., Chief Secretary for Ireland (1855-57).—16 Howden, Baron—see Caradoc, Sir John Hobart, Baron Howden Hsien Fêng(c. 1831-1861)—Emperor of China (1850-61).—41 Hübner, Joseph Alexander, Baron von (1811-1892)—Austrian diplomat, envoy (1849-56) and ambassador (1856-59) to Paris.—480 Hughes, T. M.—English writer in the first half of the nineteenth century, lived in Spain for several years.— 341, 343, 346, 450 Hume, Joseph (1777-1855)—English politician, a radical leader, M.P.— 26, 27, 321 Hung Hsiu-ch'iian (1814-1864)—leader and ideologist of the Taiping rebellion in China (1851-64), head of the Taiping state, proclaimed himself T'ien-wang (the Heavenly Prince).—41 Hussein Bey—Turkish general, crushed the Greek insurrection in 1854.— 39 Hussein Pasha—Turkish general, commanded the defence of Silistria in 1854.—279
I
Infantado, Pedro Alcantara de Toledo, duque del (1773-1841)—Spanish general and politician, President of the Council of Regency (1823), head of government (1824).—400 Isabel Francisca de Asis de Borbon, Princess of Asturias (1851-1931)—Spanish infanta, eldest daughter of Isabella II.—449 Isabella (the Catholic) (1451-1504)— Queen of Castile (1474-1504), her marriage to Ferdinand V, future King of Aragon, in 1469 completed the unification of Spain.— 393 Isabella II (1830-1904)—Queen of Spain (1833-68).—40, 52, 282, 285, 294, 305, 309, 310, 312, 343-46, 367, 369, 372, 447, 451, 489, 659 Iskander Bey (Alexander Ilinski, Illirisky) (1810-1861)—Polish-born Turkish general; participated in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; emigrated to Turkey after its defeat; commanded the Turkish forces on the Danube (1853-54), in the Crimea (1855) and the Caucasus (1855-56).—359 Ismail Pasha (1805-1861)—Turkish general, Circassian by birth; in 1853-54 commanded the forces on the Danube.— 66, 67 Isturiz, Francisco Javier de (1790-1864) — Spanish liberal politician, head of government (1836, 1846, 1858).— 306 Izzet Pasha (Hadschi Izzet Pasha)— Turkish military governor of Belgrade in 1854.—297, 365
J
Jerrold, Douglas William (1803-1857)— English author, playwright and humourist.— 591 Jocelyn, Robert, Viscount (1816-1854) — English army officer, M.P., Secretary of the Board of Control for India in 1845-46.—13 John (Juan) II (1405-1454) — King of Castile and Leon (1406-54).—391 Jones, Ernest Charles (1819-1869)— leading figure in the English labour movement, proletarian poet and journalist, Left Chartist leader; friend of Marx and Engels; editor of The Northern Star, Notes to the People and The People's Paper, initiator of the Labour Parliament convened in Manchester in 1854.—50, 51, 64, 354, 356 Jones, Sir Harry David (1791-1866) — English general, military engineer; fought in the Peninsular war against Napoleon in 1810-13; commander of an expeditionary force in the Baltic (1854) and of army engineers in the Crimea (1855).—382, 387, 462 Joseph II (1741-1790)—Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1765-90).—48, 49, 409, 599 Jovellanos y Ramirez, Gaspar Melchor de
(1744-1811)—Spanish statesman, writer, lawyer and economist; follower of the French philosophers of the eighteenth-century Enlighten-ment; opposed the clerical and feudal regime in Spain; Minister of Justice (1797-98); leader of the Left minority in the Central Junta in 1808-10.—403, 409, 410, 415, 432, 652 Julian—see Sanchez, Julian
K
Kalergis, Demetrios (1803-1867)—Greek general and politician; took part in the liberation struggle of the Greek people against Turkish rule (1821r 29); War Minister (1854-55).—459 Kalik, Anton (b. 1818)—Austrian army officer, was sent on a special mission to the Danubian Principalities in the summer of 1854.— 365 Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766-1826)—Russian historian and writer.— 29 Keogh, William Nicholas (1817-1878)— Irish lawyer and politician, a leader of the Irish Brigade in the British
icial posts in Ireland.—638 Khrulev, Stepan Alexandrovich (1807-1870)—Russian general, army commander on the Danube and in the Crimea during the Crimean war; took part in the defence of Sevastopol.— 304 Kisseleff (Kiselyev), Nikolai Dmitrievich (1800-1869)—Russian diplomat, held high posts in the Russian embassy in Paris from 1841 onwards, envoy to Paris in 1853 and 1854.—3, 174 Kisseleff (Kiselyev), Pavel Dmitrievich, Count (1788-1872)—Russian statesman; fought in the Patriotic war against Napoleon in 1812; Minister of the Imperial Domains from 1837 to 1856; subsequently ambassador to Paris (1856-62).—171, 172 Knight, Frederick Winn (b. 1812)— English politician, M.P.— 321 Kock, Charles Paul de (1793-1871)— French novelist and playwright.—92 Kossuth, Lajos (1802-1894)—leader of the Hungarian national liberation movement, head of the bourgeois democrats during the revolution of 1848-49 and of the Hungarian revolutionary government; emigrated to Turkey after the defeat of the revolution and later to England and America.—26, 90, 167, 227, 321, 621, 641 Kotzebue—Russian consul in Bucharest in 1848.—272 Kovalevsky, Yegor Petrovich (1811-1868)—Russian army officer, traveller, writer and diplomat; commissioner in Montenegro in 1853, then served at army headquarters on the Danube (1853-54) and in the Crimea (1854).—179 Krusenstern, Nikolai Ivanovich—Russian general, military governor of Odessa during the Crimean war.—463 Kurakin, Alexander Borisovich, Prince (1752-1818)—Russian diplomat, Vice-Chancellor (1796-98, 1801-02); took part in the signing of the Tilsit treaty between Russia and France in 1807; ambassador to Paris (1808-12).—400 Labazora, baron de—took part in the war of independence in Spain (1808-14); member of the Central Junta.— 416 La Bisbal, Enrique José O'Donnel, conde
de (1769-1834) —Spanish general, took part in the war of independence (1808-14); known for extreme lack of principles; sent to suppress the Riego uprising in 1820, sided with the revolutionaries and tried to use the uprising for his own aims.—423, 440, 441, 443 Lacy, Luis de (1775-1817)—Spanish general, took part in the war of independence (1808-14), was executed after attempting to incite a revolt in Catalonia against the absolute power of Ferdinand VII.—423, 439, 445 La Fayette (Lafayette), Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, marquis de (1757-1834) — French general, prominent figure in the American War of Independence (1775-83) and the French Revolution; a leader of moderate constitutionalists (Feuillants); participated in the July revolution of 1830.—440 Lally-Tollendal, Trophime Gérard, marquis de (1751-1830) —French politician, moderate royalist during the French Revolution.—410 La Marmora (Lamarmora), Alfonso Fer-rero, marchese de (1804-1878) — Italian general and politician, War Minister of Piedmont (1848, 1849-55, 1856-59); commanded a Sardinian corps in the Crimea in 1855; subsequently Prime Minister.— 292 Lamoricière, Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de (1806-1865) — French general and politician, moderate republican; took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s-40s and in the suppression of the uprising of Paris workers in June 1848; was banished after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—473 Lancaster, Charles William (1820-
prover of rifles and cannon.—508 Lansdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marquis of (1780-1863) —English statesman, Whig; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1806-07), President of the Council (1830-41, 1846-52); in the cabinet without office (1852-63).— 133 Lara, Juan—Spanish general, War Minister (1851-53); in 1854 captain general of New Castile.—282, 283, 313 La Rocha, Ramon—Spanish general, captain general of Catalonia.— 312 Las Cases, Emmanuel Augustin Dieudonné, comte de (1766-1842) —French historian; accompanied Napoleon to St. Helena (1815-16), subsequently published Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène.— 96 Lavalette (La Valette), Charles Jean Marie Félix, marquis de (1806-1881)— French statesman, Bonapartist; ambassador to Constantinople (1851-53); Minister of the Interior (1865-67); Foreign Minister (1868-69).—13 Lawley, Francis Charles (1825-1901)— British journalist, Gladstone's personal secretary (1852-54); the Times correspondent in the USA (1854-65).—624 Layard, Sir Austen Henry (1817-1894)— English archaeologist and politician, radical, subsequently liberal, M.P., member of the Select Committee of Inquiry into the Condition of the British Army in the Crimea (1855).— 11, 12, 101, 137, 138, 259, 321, 601, 605, 634 Lefebvre-Desnouettes, Charles ( 1773-1822)—French general, participated in Napoleon I's campaigns and the Peninsular war in 1808.—406 Leiningen-Westerburg, Christian Franz Seraphin Vincenz, Count (1812-1856)—Austrian general, was sent on an extraordinary mission to Constantinople in 1853.—140 Leopold II (1747-1792)—Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1790-92).— 49
25-2910 of Tuscany (1824-59).—484 Lieven, Darya (Dorothea) Khristoforovna, Princess (1785-1857)—wife of the Russian diplomat K. A. Lieven; was hostess of political salons in London and Paris.—562 Lieven, Khristofor Andreyevich, Prince (1774-1839) —Russian diplomat, envoy to Berlin (1810-12), ambassador to London (1812-34).—260-61 Ligier, Alphonse—French consul at Cartagena (Spain) in 1854.— 311 Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de (1735-1814)—Austrian general, diplomat and writer, participant in the Seven Years' War (17^6-63).—599 Linage, Francisco (1795-1847)—Spanish general, member of the Progresista Party, close friend of Espartero and his secretary from 1835; inspector general of infantry and militia in 1843; when the dictatorship of Espartero was overthrown, emigrated together with the latter to Britain.— 342 Liprandi, Pavel Petrovich (1796-1864)— Russian general, commanded a division on the Danube (1853-54) and in the Crimea (1854-55).—268, 481, 511, 517, 522, 524, 526, 545 Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Earl of (1770-1828)—English statesman, a Tory leader, held a number of ministerial posts, Prime Minister (1812-27).—658 Lopez, Joaquin Maria (1798-1855)— Spanish lawyer, man of letters and politician, a Progresista Party leader, head of government in 1843.—342, 345 Lopez Banos, Miguel—Spanish army officer, participated in the war of independence (1808-14) and the revolution of 1820-23.—440 Louis XI (1423-1483)—King of France (1461-83).—392 Louis XIV (1638-1715)—King of France (1643-1715).—81, 104 Louis Napoleon—see Napoleon III Louis Philippe (1773-1850)—Duke of Orle'ans, King of the French (1830-
344, 370 Lozano de Torres, Juan Esteban—Spanish politician, Minister of Justice (1817-19).—417 Lucan, George Charles Bingham, Earl of (1800-1888)—English general, Tory, commanded a cavalry division in the Crimea (1854-early 1855).—493, 524 Lucullus (Lucius Licinius Lucullus) (c. 117-c. 56 B.C.)—Roman soldier, famous for his wealth and sumptuous banquets.—43 Lüders, Alexander Nikolayevich, Count (1790-1874)—Russian general, commanded a corps on the Danube (1853-54) and the Southern army (1855).—66, 129, 181, 247, 268, 292, 541 Lujân, Francisco (1798-1867)—Spanish general, writer and scientist, a founder of the Spanish Academy of Sciences; a Cortes deputy from 1836, sided with the Moderado Party; Minister of Public Works (1854).— 351, 375 Lukianovich, Nikolai Andreyevich (c. 1806-d. after 1855) — Russian army officer and military historian, took part in the Russo-Turkish war of 1828-29, and in suppressing the De-cembrists' uprising (1825) and the Polish insurrection of 1830-31.—123 Luna, Alvaro de (1388-1453)—First Minister of Juan II, King of Castile and Leon.—391 Lyn'dhurst, John Singleton Copley, Baron of (1772-1863)—English statesman, lawyer, Tory; Lord Chancellor (1827-30, 1834-35 and 1841-46).—259, 262, 591, 604 Lyons, Edmund, Baron (1790-1858)— English admiral, minister at Athens (1835-49); second in command of the British fleet in the Black Sea under Admiral Dundas (1854).—35, 204, 304, 485, 515
M
Mackenzie, Foma Fomich (Thomas) (d. 1786)—Russian admiral, Scot by Black Sea fleet from 1783 to 1786.— 513 Madvig, Johan Nicolai (1804-1886) — Danish philologist and statesman, Minister of Public Worship < 1848-51), President of the Rigsrâd (1856-63).— 378 Magheru, Georgiu (1804-1880)— member of the Provisional Government and commander of the revolutionary army in Wallachia in 1848.—275 Mahmud II (1785-1839)—Turkish sultan (1808-39).—240 Malik-Shah (1055-1092) —ruler (sultan) of the Seljuk state (1072-92).—603 Malmesbury, James Howard Harris, Earl of (1807-1889) —British statesman, Tory, subsequently Conservative; Foreign Secretary (1852, 1858-59).— 133-35 Manners, John James Robert, Duke of Rutland (1818-1906) —British statesman, Tory, subsequently Conservative; member of the Young England group in the 1840s, M.P., held ministerial posts.— 15 Mansbach, Carl, von und zu (1790-1867) — Swedish general and diplomat, envoy to Vienna (1852-55) and Berlin (1855-58).—301 Manteuffel, Otto Theodor, Baron von (1805-1882)—Prussian statesman, Minister of the Interior (1848-50), Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (1850-58).—9, 83, 147, 149, 168, 170, 179, 180, 286 Marchesi y Oleaga, José Maria (1801-1879)—Spanish general, member of the Moderado Party, military governor of Barcelona (1853-54), War Minister (1864).—312 Margaret \ of Savoy, Duchess of Mantua (1589-1*655) —Vice-Queen of Portugal prior to the 1640 insurrection after which Portugal won independence and ceded from Spain.— 392 Maria Alexandrovna (1824-1880)—wife of Alexander II of Russia (from 1841).—87 Maria Anna of Neuburg (1667-1740) —
1689).—392 Maria Cristina de Borbân, senior (1806-1878)—Queen of Ferdinand VII of Spain; regent for her daughter Isabella II (1833-40); after the death of Ferdinand VII she secretly married Muiioz, who later received the title of Duke of Riânsares.—285, 305, 309, 312, 341, 342, 345, 351, 363, 370, 448, 449, 451, 456, 457
Maria Luisa Fernanda (1832-1897)— infanta of Spain, Isabella II's sister, wife of Duke of Montpensier.— 52 Maria Luisa of Parma (1751-1819)— Queen of Charles IV of Spain (from 1788).—392, 399 Maria Teresa de Borbân, condessa de Chinchôn—wife of Manuel de Godoy and Charles IV's cousin.—451 Maria Theresa (1717-1780)— Archduchess of Austria (1740-80), wife of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I (1745-80).—45, 46 Marie Amélie Thérèse (1782-1866)— Queen of Louis Philippe, King of the French, (from 1809).—314 Marliani, Manuel de (d. 1873)—Spanish politician and historian, adherent of Espartero; lived in Spain up to 1859, then emigrated to Italy.— 341, 368, 435 Marmont, Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse
de (1774-1852)—Marshal of France, took part in Napoleon I's campaigns; in April 1814 sided with the Bourbons, commanded Charles X's troops during the July 1830 revolution.—37 Maroto, Rafael (1783-1847)—Spanish general, appointed commander-in-chief of the Carlist army by Don Carlos in 1838.—341 Martignac, Jean Baptiste Sylvère Gay, vicomte de (1778-1832)—French lawyer and politician, royalist; in 1823 took part in suppressing the Spanish revolution; in 1828-29 Minister of the Interior, virtual head of the cabinet.—445, 446 Martinez de la Rosa Berdejo Gômez y
Arroyo, Francisco de Paula (1787-1862)—Spanish writer and politician, government (1834-35).—306 Marx, Karl (1818-1883).—25, 33-35, 50, 59, 60, 78, 106, 118, 149, 177, 179, 185, 196, 197, 202, 226, 230, 267, 282, 286, 289, 295, 303, 304, 310, 311, 323-25, 329, 331, 365, 367, 377, 453, 462-64, 489, 635 Matusczewicz, Andrzej (Adam Fad-deyevich), Count (1796-1842)— Russian diplomat, took part in the congresses of Troppau (1820) and Verona (1822) and in the London conference of 1830.—260 Maurocordatos, Alexander, Prince (1791-1865)—Greek statesman and diplomat; Prime Minister (1844, 1854-55).—217 Maurocordatos, Nicolas—hetman in Moldavia (1854).—464 Mazarin, Jules (Mazarini, Giulio) (1602-1661)—Italian-born French cardinal and statesman; Minister from 1643; virtual ruler of France till Louis XIV's maturity.— 107 Mazarredo, Manuel de (1807-1857)— Spanish general, War Minister (1847), captain general of the Basque provinces (1852-54).—312 Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—Italian revolutionary, a leader of the national liberation movement in Italy; head of the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic in 1849; an organiser of the Central Committee of European Democracy in London in 1850; sought support among the Bonapartists in the early 1850s, but later opposed them.—90, 167, 321, 455, 621 Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Georg, Duke of (1824-1876)—German aristocrat, general in the service of Russia.—144 Mehemet Ali Pasha (1807-1868)— Turkish statesman; Grand Vizier from 1852 to May 1853; subsequently War Minister (1853-January 1854).—32 Mehemet Kebresli Pasha (c. 1810-1871) — Turkish soldier and statesman; Capudan-Pasha (Minister of Marine) from January to May 1854; Grand
1854.—32 Melbourne, William Lamb, Viscount (1779-1848)—British Whig statesman, Home Secretary (1830-34), Prime Minister (1834, 1835-41).— 562 Melgar, Juan Tomas Fnriquez Cabrera, conde de (1652-1705) — First Minister of King Charles II of Spain (1693-99); exiled from Spain after the 1699 popular uprising.—392 Menchikoff (Menshikov), Alexander Sergeyevich, Prince (1787-1869)— Russian general and statesman; was sent on an extraordinary mission to Constantinople (February to May 1853); commander-in-chief of the army and navy in the Crimea (1853-February 1855).—15, 21-23, 31, 87, 92. 94, 98, 99, 117, 139, 140, 475, 477, 478, 480, 481, 486, 489, 494-97, 507, 510-13, 517, 528, 531, 533, 536, 537, 539, 558, 611, 618 Mensdorff-Pouilly, Alexander, Count (1813-1871)—Austrian statesman, general; envoy to St. Petersburg (1852-54), minister of the Imperial Court and Foreign Minister (1864-66).—176 Merlin, Christophe Antoine, comte (1771-1839) — general of the French occupation army in Spain in 1808-14.— 407 Meroni—Austrian consul in Belgrade in 1854.—159 Messina, Felix Maria de—Spanish general.—283 Metaxas, Andreas, Count (1786-1860) — Greek statesman and diplomat, Prime Minister (1843-44), ambassador to Constantinople (1850-54).— 155, 159 Metterhich-Winneburg, Clemens Wenzel Lothar, Prince von (1773-1859) — Austrian statesman and diplomat; Minister of Foreign Affairs (1809-21); Chancellor (1821-48); an organiser of the Holy Alliance.— 29, 246, 259, 264 Meyendorf(f), Pyotr Kazimirovich, Baron von (1796-1863)—Russian diplomat, Vienna (1850-54).—94, 176 Meza, Christian Julius de (1792-1865)— Danish general, commander-in-chief of the Danish artillery in 1849; inspector general for artillery (1856-58).—362 Mikhail Nikolayevich (1832-1909)— Russian Grand Duke, fourth son of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia.—91 Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, Alexander Ivanovich (1790-1848)—Russian general, took part in the Patriotic war against Napoleon in 1812, military historian.—123. Milnes, Richard Monckton, Baron Hough-ton (1809-1885) —English author and politician, at first Tory, in the second half of the nineteenth century Liberal, M.P.—71, 217 Mina (senior)—see Espoz y Mina, Francisco Mina, Francisco Javier (1789-1817) — Spanish general, a guerrilla leader during the war of independence (1808-14); after an abortive attempt at an uprising against Ferdinand VII in 1814 he left for Mexico, where he fell fighting for its independence.— 421, 423, 445 Minié, Claude Etienne (1804-1879) — French army officer, inventor of a new type of rifle used in the French army from 1852.—211, 213, 515, 532, 534 Miraflores, Manuel de Pando, marqués de
(1792-1872)—Spanish diplomat and statesman, author of a number of works on Spanish history.—445 Mircea the Old (d. 1418)—hospodar of Wallachia (1386-1418); fought against the Turkish invasion.—271 Mislin, Jacques (d. 1847)—French abbot, traveller, author of several books on the Middle East.—107 Mohammed (Muhammad, Mahomet) (c. 570-632)—founder of Islam.— 344, 355 Mohammed II (the Conqueror) (1432-1481)—Turkish sultan (1451-81); in 1453 captured Constantinople and
pire.—33, 81, 271 Mohammed IV (1641-1691)—Turkish sultan (1648-87).—104 Molesworth, Sir William, Baronet (1810-1855)—British liberal statesman (belonged to the Mayfair Radicals), M.P.; First Commissioner of Works and Public Buildings (1853), Colonial Secretary (1855).—53, 213, 601, 638 Molière (real name Jean Baptiste Po-
quelin) (1622-1673)—French dramatist.—418 Molitor, Gabriel Jean Joseph, comte (1770-1849) — French general, commanded a corps during the intervention in Spain in 1823.—654 Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Count von (1800-1891)—Prussian army officer, subsequently field marshal general, author, an ideologist of Prussian militarism; served in the Turkish army in 1835-39.—241 Mon, Alejandro (1801-1882)—Spanish politician, liberal, Minister of Finance (1837, 1844-46); head of government (1864).—285, 370 Monroe, James (1758-1831) — US statesman, Republican, President of the USA (1817-25).—367, 445 Monsell, William, Baron Emly (1812-1894)—Irish liberal politician, a leader of the Irish Brigade in the British Parliament; clerk of the Ordnance from 1852 to 1857.—638
Montalembert, Marc René, marquis de
(1714-1800)—French general, military engineer; elaborated a new fortification system largely used in the nineteenth century.—113, 347, 380, 381, 475, 515 Montemolin, Carlos Luis Maria Fernando
de Borbôn, conde de (1818-1861)— Spanish infante, eldest son of Don Carlos; pretender to the Spanish throne as Charles VI in the 1850s.— 52, 306 Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondât,
Baron de la Brède et de (1689-1755)— French philosopher, economist and writer of the Enlightenment.—410 (d. 1839)—Spanish army officer, fought on the side of Napoleon's troops during the war of independence in Spain (18.08-14).—422 Montpensier, Antoine Marie Philippe Louis d'Orléans, duc de (1824-1890)— son of King of the French Louis Philippe, husband of the Spanish infanta Maria Luisa Fernanda; from 1868 to 1869 pretender to the Spanish throne.—40, 52 Mooney, James— Chartist, participated in the labour movement.— 356 Moore, George Henry (1811-1870)— Irish politician, a leader of the tenant-right movement, M.P.— 143 Moreno, Antonio Guillermo—Spanish banker and politician.—285 Morillo, Pablo, conde de Cartagena y marqués de la Puerta (1778-1837)— Spanish general, took part in the war of independence (1808-14); from 1815 to 1820 commanded Spanish troops sent to put an end to the national liberation war of the Spanish colonies in South America; opponent of the 1820-23 revolution in Spain.— 341, 657 Moria, Tomas de (1752-1820)—Spanish general, member of the Central Junta; in 1808 went over to the French occupation army, Minister of War and Navy in Joseph Bonaparte's Government.—422, 652 Mounier, Jean Joseph (1758-1806)— French politician; moderate royalist during the French Revolution.—410 Münnich, Khristofor Antonovich (Bur-khard Christoph), Count (1683-1767)— Russian field marshal general, fortification engineer; during the Russo-Turkish war of 1735-39 commanded the army in the Crimea and Bessarabia.—337 Munoz, Agustin Fernando, duque de Riân-
sares (c. 1808-1873)—sergeant of the royal guards, husband of Queen-Regent Maria Cristina of Spain.— 451, 457 Munoz Benavente, José (Pucheta) (1820-1856)—Spanish bullfighter; active
a leader of popular masses in Madrid; was killed at the barricades.— 363, 370 Munoz Torrero, Diego (1761-1829)— Spanish priest, rector at Salamanca University; one of the most radical deputies to the Cadiz Cortes (1810-13); took part in the 1820-23 revolution.—435 Muntz, George Frederick (1794-1857) — British politician, armaments manufacturer, radical M.P.—213 Murat, Joachim (1767-1815)—Marshal of France; participated in Napoleon I's campaigns; commander-in-chief of the French troops in Spain in 1808; King of Naples (1808-15).—399 Murat, Napoleon Lucien Charles, Prince (1803-1878)—French politician, Bonapartist; son of Joachim Murat and cousin of Napoleon III.—352 Mussa Pasha (c. 1810-1854)—Turkish general, commanded the Turkish forces in Silistria in 1853-54.—243, 277 Mustapha Pasha—Pasha of Scutari, commanded the Albanian forces during the Russo-Turkish war of 1828-29.— 264
N
Nadaud, Martin (1815-1898)—French bricklayer, journalist, follower of Proudhon; from 1849 to 1851 deputy to the Legislative Assembly, adherent of the Mountain; after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851 was exiled from France, lived in England up to 1859.—50 Napier, Sir Charles (1786-1860)— English admiral, participant in the wars in Portugal (1810 and 1833-34) and Syria (1840); commanded the British fleet in the Baltic in 1854, M.P.—5, 35, 53, 109, 125, 130, 182, 201-03, 251, 290, 291, 330, 331, 361, 386, 387, 484 Napier, Sir Joseph (1804-1882)—English politician, Tory, M.P.; Attorney-
General for Ireland (1852); Lord Chancellor for Ireland (1858-59).— 623 Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick (1785-1860)—English general and military historian; fought in the Peninsular war against Napoleon I from 1808 to 1814.—124, 419 Napoleon the Little—see Napoleon III Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821)— Emperor of the French (1804-14 and 1815).—33, 95, 96, 105, 126, 204, 208, 215, 217, 227, 228, 368, 392, 396, 401, 402, 404, 407, 408, 414, 415, 419, 420, 432, 437, 479-82, 503, 504, 506, 528, 530, 533, 534, 541, 547-48, 551, 558, 569, 651, 652 Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873) —Napoleon I's nephew, President of the Second Republic (December 1848 to 1851); Emperor of the French (1852-70).— 3, 8, 9, 13, 17, 30, 33, 35, 40, 51, 52, 83, 100, 202, 206, 212, 217, 230, 298, 305, 306, 314, 320, 328, 333, 352, 456, 462, 472, 473, 480-82, 484, 488, 491, 507, 627 Napoleon, Prince—see Bonaparte, Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul Narvâez, Ramon Maria, duque de Valencia (1800-1868)—Spanish general and statesman, leader of the Moderado Party; head of government (1844-46, 1847-51, 1856-57, 1864-65, 1866-68).—284, 285, 305, 310, 341-43, 345, 351, 352, 369, 370 Nasmyth, Charles (1826-1861)—English army officer; war correspondent of The Times at Omer Pasha's headquarters on the Danube (1854).— 242, 277, 278, 329, 334 Navarro (d. 1817)—Spanish revolutionary, executed for an attempt to promulgate the Constitution of 1812 in Valencia.—445 Nesselrode, Karl Vasilyevich, Count ( 1780-1862) — Russian statesman and diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1816-56); from 1845 State Chancellor.—20-23, 28, 73, 77, 82, 92, 93, 134, 140, 146-47, 168, 176-77 366
Nesset Bey—Turkish statesman, chargé d'affaires in Athens (1853-54).—155 Newcastle, Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of ( 1811 -1864)—British statesman, Peelite; Secretary for War and the Colonies (1852-54); Secretary for War (1854-55) and Colonial Secretary (1859-64).—144, 220, 228, 259, 306, 307, 486, 561, 563, 600, 604, 606, 607, 627-29, 632, 633, 642, 645, 647
Ney, Michel, due d'Elchingen (1769-1815)—Marshal of France, participant in Napoleon I's campaigns; fought in the war in Spain from 1808 to 1811.—416 Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—3, 4, 13-16, 20-23, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39-41, 52, 73, 75-100, 117-19, 131-33, 134-36, 141, 146, 147, 161, 169, 171, 174, 175, 176, 190, 192, 205, 224, 248, 253, 254, 258, 269, 277, 286, 291, 305, 306, 319, 320, 325, 351, 352, 357, 361, 367, 386, 387, 462, 489-91, 503, 537, 549, 554, 555, 560, 582, 583, 591, 598, 601, 609, 611, 625, 641, 647, 664
Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, Earl of Mulgrave, Marquis of (1797-1863) — British statesman, Whig; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1835-39); Secretary for War and the Colonies (1839); Home Secretary (1839-41); ambassador to Paris (1846-52).— 299, 300 Notaras, Lucas (d. 1453) — Byzantine statesman; naval commander; opposed union with Roman Catholic Church; was killed on Mohammed I I's order after the capture of Constantinople by the Turks.— 33
O
O'Daly, Pedro—Spanish army officer, participant in the war of independence (1808-14) and the 1820-23 revolution.—440 O'Donnell y Jorris, Leopoldo, conde de
Lucena y duque de Tetuân (1809-cian, a leader of the Moderado Party; made attempts to use revolutionary crisis in the country to establish military dictatorship in 1854; as War Minister directed the suppression of the 1854-56 revolution; head of government (1856, 1858-63, 1865-66).— 267, 282-84, 294, 305, 306, 310, 313, 342, 351, 362, 367, 375, 440, 451, 457, 458 O'Flaherty, Edmond—British Treasury official in charge of collecting taxes in Ireland in 1854.—624 Olozaga, Salustiano (1805-1873) — Spanish statesman and diplomat, a leader of the Progresista Party; head of government (1843); minister to Paris (1840-43 and 1854); participant in the 1854-56 revolution.—342, 345, 346, 370 Oltra—Spanish army officer, participant in the 1820-23 revolution.— 442 Omer {Omar) Pasha (Michael Lattas) (1806-1871)—Turkish general of Croatian origin, commander-in-chief on the Danube (1853-54), in the Crimea (1855) and in the Caucasus (1855-56).—6, 7, 65, 67, 68, 151, 152, 164, 181, 221, 222, 223, 237, 243, 247, 254, 263, 274, 279, 280, 302, 303, 323, 329, 332, 335, 336, 350, 359, 360, 365, 366, 465, 480, 483, 486, 545, 557 Orléans—royal dynasty in France (1830-48).—40, 456 Orloff (Orlov), Alexei Fyodorovich, Count, from 1856 Prince (1786-1861)— Russian general and statesman, diplomat; signed the treaties of Adrianople (1829) and Unkiar-Skelessi (1833) with Turkey; headed the Russian delegation at the Paris Congress (1856).—8, 145, 177 Orloff (Orlov), Nikolai Alexeyevich, Count (1827-1885) —Russian colonel; was heavily wounded during the storm of Silistria in 1854.—243, 247 Oropesa, Emanuel Joaquin, conde de (1642-c. 1707)—head of the Spanish Government under Charles II (1685-
91 Spain after the popular uprising of 1699.—392 Orozco—Spanish army officer, participant in the 1854-56 revolution in Spain.—294
Oscar I (1799-1859)—King of Sweden and Norway (1844-59).—144, 362, 377, 387 Osten-Sacken, Dmitry Yerofeyevich, Count (1789-1881)—Russian general; during the Crimean war commander of a corps in the South of Russia (1853-54), and of the Sevastopol garrison (end of 1854 and 1855).—66, 192, 193, 464, 533 O'Sullivan de Grass, Alphonse Albert Henri, comte ( 1798-1866) — Belgian diplomat, envoy to Vienna from 1837 to 1866.—301 Otto I (1815-1867)—King of Greece (1832-62), member of the Bavarian ruling family of Wittelsbach.— 31, 39, 130, 177, 196, 217, 459 Otway, Sir Arthur John, Baronet (1822-1912)—British M.P.; in the 1850s, Tory.—298, 307, 332 Oushakoff (Ushakov), Alexander Kleonakovich (1803-1877)—Russian general, commanded the Russian forces on the Danube in 1854 and in the Crimea in 1855.—129, 292
P
Pacheco, Juan, marqués de Villena (1419-1474)—Spanish statesman, favourite of King Henry IV of Castile.—391, 392 Pacheco y Gutierrez Calderôn, Joaquin Francisco (1808-1865) — Spanish lawyer, writer and politician ; belonged to the Moderado Party; participant in the 1854-56 revolution, Foreign Minister (1854).—351 Pacifico, David (1784-1854)—British trader of Portuguese origin in Athens.—635 Padilla, Juan Lopez de (c. 1490-1521) — Spanish nobleman, a leader of the uprising of Castilian towns (Com-defeat at Villalar.—394 Paikos, A.—Greek statesman, Foreign Minister (1851-54).—178 Paine, Thomas (1737-1809)—English-born American writer, Republican, participant in the American War of Independence (1775-83) and the French Revolution (1789-94).— 332 Paixhans, Henri Joseph (1783-1854) — French general, military engineer and inventor, author of a number of works on artillery.— 330 Pakington, Sir John Somerset (1799-1880) — British statesman, Tory, subsequently Conservative, M.P. from 1832; Secretary for War and the Colonies (1852), First Lord of the Admiralty (1858-59, 1866-67) and Secretary for War (1867-68).—117, 307 Palafox y Meld, Francisco de (b. 1774) — Spanish politician, member of the Central Junta (1808-09), was expelled from it for opposing the convocation of the Cortes.—422 Palafox y Melci, José de Rebolledo, duque
de Saragossa (1776-1847)—Spanish general, participant in the war of independence (1808-14); directed the defence of Saragossa in 1808-09.— 405 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, Viscount (1784-1865)—British statesman, Tory, trom 1830 Whig; Foreign Secretary (1830-34, 1835-41, 1846-51), Home Secretary (1852-55) and Prime Minister (1855-58, 1859-65).—24, 26-28, 39, 40, 53, 101, 135, 137, 138, 141, 142, 190, 203, 220, 228, 259, 261, 264, 265, 274, 306, 307, 321-23, 332, 333, 344, 355, 367, 459, 490, 554, 561-63, 584, 601, 604, 606-08, 615, 620-21, 624, 625, 627, 629, 632, 635-37, 641-43, 646, 647 Panyutin, Fyodor Sergeyevich (1790-1865) — Russian general, commanded a corps at the beginning of the Crimean war and a reserve army in the south-west of Russia in 1855 and 1856.—268, 280, 598, 611, 618
tocarrero, duque del (1755-1832) — Spanish general, participant in the war of independence (1808-14) and the 1820-23 revolution; President of the Cortes in 1820.—401 Parseval-Deschênes, Alexandre Ferdinand (1790-1860)—French admiral, a squadron commander in the Baltic in 1854.—387 Paskievich (Paskiewitsch), Ivan Fyodorovich, Prince (1782-1856) — Russian field marshal general; commanded the Russian forces in the Caucasus during the 1826-27 Russo-Persian war; governor of the Caucasus from March 1827; directed the suppression of the Polish insurrection in 1831; Lieutenant of the Kingdom of Poland from 1832; commander-in-chief on the western and southern borders of Russia in April-June 1854.—164, 167, 221, 244, 245, 247, 255, 268, 278, 291, 337 Pastor Diaz, Nicomedes (1811-1863) — Spanish politician and writer, member of the Moderado Party, ambassador to Turin (1854).—370 Pedro V (1837-1861) —King of Portugal (1853-61).—305 Peel, Sir Robert, Baronet (1788-1850) — British statesman, moderate Tory; Home Secretary (1822-27, 1828-30), Prime Minister (1834-35, 1841-46); repealed the Corn Laws in 1846.— 13, 75, 134, 135, 562 Peitman—German professor, resided in England for a long time.—298-300, 307, 332 Pelham, Frederick Thomas (1808-1861) — English naval officer; participated in the expedition to the Baltic in 1854, rear-admiral from 1858.— 385 Pérez de Castro, Evaristo (1778-1848) — Spanish politician, liberal, deputy to the Cadiz Cortes (1812); participant in the 1820-23 revolution; Foreign Minister in the first constitutional government.—443 Perowski (Perovsky), Lev Alexeyevich, Count (1792-1856) — Russian statesman, general, participant in the Pa-
Minister of the Interior (1841-52), Minister of Apanages (1852-56).— 171, 172 Pertev Pasha—Turkish statesman, Foreign Minister during the Russo-Turkish war of 1828-29.—264 Peter I (The Great) (1672-1725)— Russian Tsar from 1682; Emperor of Russia from 1721.—109, 113, 537, 559, 613 Pezuela y Ceballos, Juan, conde de Cheste
(1809-1906)—Spanish general and military writer, belonged to the Moderado Party, Naval Minister (1846), Senator from 1867.—342 Philip II (1527-1598)—King of Spain (1556-98).—413 Philip IV (1605-1665)—King of Spain (1621-65).—392
Philip V (1683-1746)—King of Spain (1700-46).—413
Phillippescu—officer of the Rouman militia.—463-64
Phipps, Sir Charles Beaumont (1801-1866) — British colonel, steward of the vice-regal household (1835-39), royal equerry (1846), private secretary of Prince Albert (from 1847).—299, 300 Pidal, Pedro José, marqués de (1800-1865)—Spanish politician, belonged to the Moderado Party, President of the Cortes (1843).—285 Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) (1792-1878) —Pope (1846-78).—17, 133 Pizarro, Francisco (between 1471 and 1475-1541) — Spanish conqueror of Peru.—395 Pombal, Sebastian José Carvalho y Mello, marqués de (1699-1782) — Portuguese statesman, adherent of enlightened absolutism, virtual ruler of Portugal (1756-77).—409 Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (106-48 B.C.) — Roman general and statesman.— 310 Ponsonby, Sir John, Viscount (c. 1770-1855) — British diplomat, envoy to Naples (1832), ambassador to Con-
(1846-50).—101 Popovitch (Popovic), Timotheus, von (1795-1867)—Austrian general, military governor of Bucharest during the Austrian occupation of the Danubian Principalities in 1854.—465 Porchester Henry Herbert, Baron (1741-1811)—British M.P., Whig.—616 Porlier—see Diaz Porlier Pozzo di Borgo, Karl Osipovich, Count (1764-1842)—Russian diplomat, Cor-sican by birth; envoy (1814-21) and ambassador (1821-35) to Paris, ambassador to London (1835-39).—29, 78, 580 Pradel, Pierre Marie Michel Eugène Cour-tray de (1790-1857)—French poet and improvisator.— 23Q Pradt, Dominique Dufour de (1759-1837)—French priest, diplomat, journalist and historian.—408, 418, 421, 429 Prim y Prats, Juan, conde de Reus (1814-1870) — Spanish general and politician; brutally suppressed an uprising of the republicans and Left-wing Progresistas in Catalonia (1843-44).— 466 Principe y Vidaud, Miguel Agustin (1811-1866) — Spanish writer; author of a number of works on Spanish history and literature; Progresista Party member.—344, 345 Pritchett, Robert Taylor (1828-1907) — British gunsmith, perfected Minié's rifle.—211 Pucheta—see Munoz Benavente, José Pujol, Louis (1827-1861) —French journalist, Blanquist, participant in the June 1848 insurrection in France and in revolutionary events in Spain in 1854.— 363 Pulszky, Francis (Ferenc) Aurelius (1814-1897) — Polish-born Hungarian politician, writer and archaeologist; participated in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; emigrated after its defeat; contributed to the New-York Daily Tribune in the 1850s, returned to Hungary in 1867 after the amnesty.— 391 Q
Quesada y Matheus, Jenaro, marqués de
Miravalles (1818-1889)—Spanish general and statesman, military governor of Madrid in 1854.—283 Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques (1796-1874)—Belgian statistician, mathematician and astronomer.—642 Quintana, Manuel José (1772-1857)— Spanish poet and politician, follower of the French writers of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, participant in the revolutions of 1808-14 and 1820-23; member of the Central Junta (1808-10).—411, 420 Quiroga, Antonio (1784-1841)—Spanish army officer, liberal, participant in the revolutions of 1808-14 and 1820-23.—440-42
R
Radetzky, Josef, Count of Radetz (1766-1858)—Austrian field marshal; commanded the Austrian forces in Northern Italy from 1831; suppressed the national liberation movement in Italy in 1848-49; governor-general of the Kingdom of Lombardy and Venice (1850-56).—152, 164, 287, 292, 455, 532 Raglan, Lord Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, Baron (1788-1855)—British general, field marshal from November 1854; Master-General of the Ordnance; commanded the British forces in the Crimea (1854-55).— 182, 221, 247, 249, 327, 332, 335, 337, 360, 366, 472, 474, 477, 486, 505, 507-09, 513, 515, 518, 525, 526, 528, 531, 536, 557, 561, 562, 564, 569, 627, 629 Reshid Pasha, Mustafa Mehemed (1802-1858)—Turkish statesman, repeatedly held the post of Grand Vizier; Foreign Minister from May 1853 to May 1855 (with an interval).— 32, 155, 167, 289, 291, 318, 323-25 Ribot,A.—Spanish journalist.— 345 Richard, Vicente (d. 1816) — Spanish rev-
tive attempt at an uprising against Ferdinand VII.—445 Richmond, Charles Gordon-Lennox, Duke of (1791-1860)—British Tory politician, protectionist.—600 Riego y Nunez, Rafael del (1785-1823)— Spanish army officer, participant in the war of independence (1808-14); prominent figure during the revolution of 1820-23; executed after its defeat.—423, 441-43, 657 Rifaat Pasha, Sadik (1798-1855)— Turkish statesman, Foreign Minister (from March to May 1853), President of the State Council of Justice (from May 1853 to March 1854).—130 Rios y Rosas, Antonio de los (1812-1873)—Spanish politician, belonged to the Moderado Party, deputy to the Cortes, Minister of the Interior (1854 and 1856).—370, 448 Riza Pasha (1809-1859)—Turkish general and statesman, Capudan Pasha (Naval Minister) from December 1853 to January 1854, Seraskier (War Minister) from January 1854 to June 1855.—32, 221 Robinson, Abraham—Chartist of the 1850s.—64 Robinson, Frederick John, Viscount Goderich, Earl of Ripon (178'2-1859)— English statesman, Tory; Chancellor of the Exchequer (1823-27) and Prime Minister (1827-28).—577 Roebuck, John Arthur (1801-1879)— British politician and journalist, radical M.P.; in 1855 Chairman of the Select Committee of Inquiry into the Condition of the Army in the Crimea.—13, 602-08, 615, 626, 627; 630-33, 634, 635, 642 Romana, Pedro Caro y Sureda, marqués de la (1761-1811)—Spanish general, participant in the war of independence (1808-14); commissioner of the Central Junta in Asturia.—406, 415, 416, 422, 653 Romerias—see Romana, Pedro Caro y Sureda Ros de Olano, Antonio (1808-1886)— Spanish general and politician, be-ticipant in the revolution of 1854-56.-284 Rose, Hugh Henry, Baron Strathnairn (1801-1885) —British army officer, from 1854 general, later field marshal; chargé d'affaires in Constantinople (1852-53); during the Crimean war British representative at the headquarters of the French army in the Crimea; an organiser of the suppression of an uprising for national liberation in India (1857-59).— 22, 23, 117, 185, 190 Rouen (Forth-Rouen), baron—French diplomat, envoy to Athens (1851-55).—177, 304 Royer, von—-Prussian diplomat, envoy to Constantinople in 1829.—565 Rüdiger, Fyodor Vasilyevich, Count (1784-1856)—Russian general, in 1854 acted as Lieutenant of the Kingdom of Poland and commanded the forces on the western border of Russia.— 362
Rullière, Joseph Marcellin de (1787-1863) — French general and politician, took part in the conquest of Algeria in the 1830s; member of the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies and War Minister in 1848-49; resigned after the coup d'état of December 2, 1851.—233 Russell, John Russell, Earl (1792-1878) — British statesman, Whig leader; Prime Minister (1846-52, 1865-66); Foreign Secretary (1852-53, 1859-65), President of the Council (1854-55).— 13, 19, 21, 24, 30, 31, 33, 39, 52, 53, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84-89, 93, 94, 100, 137, 139, 140, 143, 157, 190, 215-19, 228, 258, 260, 266, 307, 316, 319-22, 326, 327, 330, 331, 484, 546, 547, 563, 584, 601-08, 621, 622, 624-26, 628-30, 631, 633, 635, 643, 645-47
S
Sacy, S. de—French journalist.—305, 372
and politician, a leader of the Irish Brigade in the British Parliament; Junior Lord of the Treasury in 1853.—624, 638 Saffi, Aurelio (1819-1890)—Italian writer and member of national liberation movement, Mazzini's companion-in-arms, participant in the revolution of 1848-49 in Italy; emigrated to England in 1851.—455 Sagasti (Zagasti), Manuel—Spanish general, supported Espartero's dictatorship, Governor of Madrid (1843, 1854-55).—375, 448 Sahib Effendi (d. 1854)—Turkish mufti.—459 Said Pasha—Turkish general, commanded the Turkish forces on the Danube in 1854.—303 St.-Albin, A. de—French journalist.— 372 Saint-Arnaud, Armand Jacques Achille Leroy de (1801-1854) —Marshal of France, Bonapartist; an organiser of the coup d'état of December 2, 1851; War Minister (1851-54); commander-in-chief of the French army in the Crimea (1854).—4, 182, 206, 212, 220, 230-33, 247, 250, 292, 332, 335, 337, 360, 366, 462, 472-74, 477, 478, 479, 486, 495, 513 St. Helens—see Fitzherbert, Alleyne, Baron St. Helens Salamanca y Mayol, José de (1811-1883)—Spanish politician, banker, belonged to the Moderado Party, Minister of Finance (1847):—375, 457 Salazar—see Allende Salazar, José Sami Pasha—Turkish statesman, Governor of Vidin (1852-54).—279 Sanchez, Julian—a guerrilla leader during the war of independence in Spain (1808-14).—421 San Fernando, Joaquin José Melgarejo,
duque de (d. 1835)—Spanish politician, head of government on the eve of the 1820 revolution.—441, 444 San Luis, Luis José Sartorius, conde de
(1820-1871)—Spanish statesman and journalist, a leader of the Moderado 51); head of government (1853-54).—282, 285, 309, 313, 343, 345, 351, 375, 392, 448-50, 457, 458 San Miguel y Valledor, Evaristo, duque de
(1785-1862)—Spanish general, writer and politician, participant in the war of independence (1808-14) and the 1820-23 revolution; head of the liberal ministry (1822); War Minister (1840-42, 1854); deputy to the Cortes (1854-57).—285, 440-42, 447, 458, 657, 658 San Roman—Spanish general, Deputy War Minister in 1853-54.—293 Santa Coloma, Dalmacio de Queralt, conde
de (d. 1640) — Spanish statesman, captain general of Catalonia; killed during the popular uprising in Barcelona.—392 Santa Cruz y Pacheco, Francisco, marqués de (1802-1883) —Spanish politician, Minister of the Interior (1854-55) and Minister of Finance (1856).— 345, 351, 373, 375, 448 Sartorius—see San Luis, Luis José Sar-
torius Satorres—Spanish journalist.— 345 Saunders, Romulus Mitchell (1791-1867) — American politician and diplomat, ambassador to Spain (1846-49)._457 Scarlett, Sir James Yorke (1799-1871) — British general, commanded the cavalry brigade ( 1854-beginning of 1855), later the British cavalry in the Crimea (1855-56).—525 Schilder, Karl Andreyevich (1785-1854) — Russian general, military engineer and inventor; directed fortification works on the Danube during the wars against Turkey (1828-29, 1854).—5, 68, 240, 245, 247, 278, 337 Sebastiani, Horace François Bastien, comte
(1772-1851) —Marshal of France, diplomat, Orleanist; Minister of Foreign Affairs (1830-32), ambassador to Constantinople (1806-07) and to London (1835-40).—481 Selim Pasha—Turkish general, commanded a corps in the Caucasus in 1853-54.—251
commanded the Russian forces on the Danube in 1854.—243 Seoane, Juan Antonio—Spanish general, supported Espartero's dictatorship; sided with the Moderados after 1843.—343 Serrano y Dominguez, Francisco, conde de
San Antonio, duque de la Torre (1810-1885)—Spanish general and statesman, Minister of War (1843); in 1854 sided with the insurgents, subsequently became a reactionary and in 1856 participated in the coup d'état.—293, 310, 314, 370 Sevillano, Sijora Juan, marqués de Fuentes
de Duero—Spanish politician, follower of Narvâez.—285 Seymour, George Hamilton (1797-1880) — British diplomat; envoy to St. Petersburg (1851-54).—3, 21-23, 39, 76-80, 84-95, 97, 99, 139, 140, 177, 185, 623
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of (1801-1885)—British politician, head of parliamentary group of the Tory philanthropists in the 1840s; from 1847 a Whig.—71 Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)— English dramatist and poet.—26, 86, 132, 213, 302, 561, 591, 632 Shamyl (c. 1798-1871)—leader of the mountaineers of Daghestan and Chechnya in the struggle against the Tsarist colonisers in the 1830s-50s.— 204, 255, 315, 463
Shaw, John—a Chartist leader in the 1850s, member of the Executive of the National Charter Association.— 51
Shaw-Lefevre, Charles, Viscount Eversley (1794-1888) —British politician, M.P., Speaker of the House of Commons (1839-57), supported the Whig government.— 11 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley Butler (1751-1816) — English dramatist and politician.— 346 Shoesmith—participant in the democratic movement in England in the 1850s.—356 1854.—479, 488 Sievers, Vladimir Karlovich, Count (1790-1862) — Russian general, commanded the Russian forces in the Baltic provinces in 1854-55.— 611, 618 Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard Simonde
de (1773-1842)—Swiss economist, representative of economic romanti-cism.—405, 628 Smith, Adam (1723-1790)—Scottish classical economist.—600 Smith, Robert Vernon, Baron Lyveden (1800-1885)-English statesman, Whig, Secretary at War (1852), President of the Board of Control (1855-58). —616 Smitt, Fyodor Ivanovich (c. 1787-1865) — Russian military historian.—123, 124 Sobieski, John (Jan) (1624-1696)—King of Poland (1674-96); in 1683 commanded the Polish and Austro-German forces and defeated the Turkish army at Vienna.—227 Soimonoff (Soymonov), Fyodor Ivan'ovich (1800-1854)—Russian general, commanded the Russian forces on the Danube and in the Crimea during the Crimean war; was killed in the battle of Inkerman.— 350 Sola, Juan Maria (d. 1819)—Spanish army officer, revolutionary; executed for participation in the Valencia uprising against the absolute power of Ferdinand VII.—445 Soledad, Francisco Benito de la—Spanish monk and writer in the first half of the eighteenth century, supporter of enlightened absolutism.—413 Soliman I (Suleiman) (the Magnificent) (1494-1566)—Turkish sultan (1520-66).—104 Soliman Pasha—minister plenipoten-tiary of the Turkish Government in Wallachia from July to September 1848.—273 Soliman Pasha—Turkish general, commanded the irregular forces on the Danube in 1854.—39 Soulé, Pierre (1801-1870)—American lawyer and politician, minister to
Spanish Government to cede Cuba to the USA.—369, 457 Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, duc de Dalmatie H 769-1851)—Marshal of France and statesman, commanded the French forces in Spain from 1808 to 1814; War Minister (1830-34, 1840-45) and Prime Minister (1832-34, 1839-40, 1840-47).—416, 651 Southey, Robert (1774-1843)—English poet and writer, Tory.—402, 408, 415, 417, 432 Stafford, Augustus O'Brien (1811-1857)—British M.P., Tory.—634 Stirbey, Barbu Demetrius Bibesco, Prince (1799-1869)—hospodar of Wallachia (1849-53, 1854-56), brother of George Bibesco.—289, 290, 324, 325 Stonor, Henry—British official, judge in the State of Victoria (Australia).— 144 Stratford de Redcliffe, Stratford Canning, Viscount (1786-1880)—British diplomat, envoy, to Constantinople (1810-12, 1825-28, 1841-58).—14, 21-23, 32, 33, 35, 39, 65, 84, 97, 98, 144, 155, 156, 167, 274, 275, 358, 459, 485, 489 Stuart, Lord Dudley Coutts (1803-1854)—British politician, Whig M.P., had connections with Polish conservative-monarchist emigrant circles.—13, 274, 321, 322, 327, 329, 330 Sturdza, Michael (1795-1884)— hospodar of Moldavia (1834-49).— 272 Suchet, Louis Gabriel, due dAlbufera da Valencia (1770-1826) —Marshal of France, participant in the war in Spain (1808-14); French military governor of Valencia in 1812-13.— 417 Sumner, John Bird (1780-1862) — English priest, bishop of Chester (1828-48), Archbishop of Canterbury (1848-62).—479 Suvoroff (Suvorov), Alexander Vasilyevich, Count Suvorov Rimniksky, Prince Italyiski (1729-1800) —Russian field marshal.—243-45, 337, 533 Swainson, John—factory owner in Preston (England).— 121 T
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice, Prince de (1754-1838)—French diplomat, Foreign Minister (1797-99, 1799-1807, 1814-15), represented France at the Vienna Congress (1814-15).—265, 400 Tatischeff, Dmitry Pavlovich (1767-1845)—Russian diplomat, envoy to Madrid (1815-21); represented Russia at the Verona Congress (1822); ambassador to Vienna (1826-41).— 444, 446 Teshe—Russian naval officer, participant in the defence of Bomarsund.— 384 Thackeray, William Makepeace (1811-1863) —English writer.—664 Theresa, Saint (Santa Teresa de Jesus)
(1515-1582) — Spanish nun, known as a reformer of the Order of Car-melites and author of mystical religious writings, canonised in 1622.— 436 Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877)— French historian and statesman; Prime Minister (1836, 1840); deputy to the Constituent Assembly in 1848; head of the Orleanists after 1848; suppressed the Paris Commune (1871); President of the Republic (1871-73).—231 Tidd, William (1760-1847)—English lawyer, author of Practice of the Court of King's Bench.—355 Tillisch, Frederik Ferdinand (1801-1889)—Danish statesman, Minister of the Interior (1851-52, 1854, 1864-65).—362 Timur (Tamerlane) (1336-1405)— Central Asian soldier and conqueror, founder of a large state in the East.—247 Tolstoi, Yakov Nikolayevich (1791-1867)—Russian man of letters; emigrated to Paris in 1823; from 1837 correspondent of the Ministry of Public Education and secret agent of the 3rd Department (a political police department set up under Nicholas I). — 123, 124
general, Governor of Kaluga in 1854.—591 Toreno, José Maria Queipo de Llano, conde de (1786-1843)—Spanish politician of liberal leanings and historian, participant in the revolutions of 1808-14 and 1820-23; deputy to the Cadiz Cortes, Minister of Finance (1834) and Prime Minister (1835); lived in emigration from 1814 to 1820, 1823 to 1833 and from 1835.— 409, 415, 418 Trollope, Sir John (b. 1800)—British politician, M.P.—644
Tsavellas—a leader of the uprising in Epirus in 1854.—166 Tupper, Martin Farquhar (1810-1889) — English writer, author of Proverbial Philosophy.—636 Turon, José Antonio—Spanish general, captain general of Burgos.—284 Türr, Istvân (1825-1908)—Hungarian army officer, participant in the Italian national liberation movement and the 1848-49 revolution in Germany; fought in the Turkish and British armies in the Crimean war.—455 Tyrtaeus (7th-6th cent. B.C.)—Greek poet.—224
U
Ugarte y Larrizâbal, Antonio (1780-c. 1833)—Spanish politician, head of the Court camarilla of Ferdinand VII.—444 Urquhart, David (1805-1877)—British diplomat, journalist and politician, Turkophile; went with diplomatic missions to Turkey in the 1830s; M.P. from 1847 to 1852, Tory.— 101, 220, 228, 325, 359, 445, 489, 590 Urquijo, Mariano Luis, de (1768-1817)— Spanish writer and politician, made Minister of State by King Joseph Bonaparte; emigrated to France in 1813.—408 an Halen, Antonio, conde de Peracamps
(d. 1858)—Spanish general, member of the Progresista Party, participant in the war of independence (1808-14) and the revolutions of 1820-23 and 1834-43; was in emigration together with Espartero (1843-47).—343 Vasconcellos, Miguel de (d. 1640) — minister of Margaret of Savoy, vice-queen of Portugal; killed during a popular uprising against the Spanish rule.—391 Vauban, Sébastien Le Prêtre (Prestre) de
(1633-1707) —Marshal of France, military engineer, author of a number of books on fortification and siege-works.—382, 514 Vedel, Dominique Honoré Marie Antoine, comte (1771-1848) — French general, capitulated with his division at Bailén during the war in Spain in 1808.— 406 Victor Emmanuel (Vittorio Emanuele) II (1820-1878)—King of Piedmont (1849-61); King of Italy (1861-78).—8 Victoria (1819-1901)—Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901).— 80, 81, 82, 92, 93, 96, 97, 132, 137, 208, 230, 268, 300, 306, 307, 314, 316, 322, 332, 344, 354, 488, 546, 577, 604, 628, 637 Vidal, Joaquin (d. 1819)—Spanish army officer, liberal; headed an uprising in Valencia against the absolute power of Ferdinand VII in 1819; was executed after its defeat.—445 Villacampa, Pedro ( 1776-1845)— Spanish general, commanded a guerrilla detachment during the war of independence in Spain (1808-14); participant in the revolution of 1820-23; subsequently held command posts in the army.—423 Villel, marqués de—Spanish aristocrat, member of the Central Junta during the 1808-14 revolution in Spain.— 417 Villena, marqués de—see Pacheco, Juan Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) (70-19 B.C.) —Roman poet.—387
shepherd of. Lusitanian origin (the Lusitanians were an Iberian tribe inhabiting most of present-day Portugal), headed an uprising of tribes against Roman domination from 147 to 139 B.C.—374 Vista Hermosa, Angel Garcia Loygorri y_ Garcia de Fejada, conde de (d. 1887)— Spanish general, commanded government contingents which attempted to squash the revolution in Spain in 1854, was defeated and fled the country.—284, 293 Vlad V (Vlad Tepe§)—hospodar of Wallachia (1456-62, 1476-79, according to some sources 1474-76).— 271 Voltaire, François Marie Arouet (1694-1778)—French philosopher, writer and historian of the Enlighten-ment.—132
W
Walewski, Alexandre Florian Joseph Colon-na, comte (1810-1868)—French diplomat and statesman, son of Napoleon I and the Polish Countess Marie Walewska; participant in the Polish uprising of 1830-31; emigrated to France after its defeat; French Foreign Minister (1855-60); chairman of the Paris Congress (1856).—52, 88
Walker, Sir Baldwin Wake (1802-1876) — British admiral, Surveyor of the Navy (1848-60).—330
Walpole, Spencer Horatio (Horace) (1806-1898)—British statesman, Tory, Home Secretary (1852, 1858-59, 1866-67).—635 Walsh, Sir John Benn, Lord Ormathwaite (1798-1881)—British politician and journalist; Tory, subsequently Conservative, M.P.— 31 Wellesley, Richard Colley, Marquis (1760-1842)—British statesman, Governor-General of India (1797-1805), ambassador to Spain (1809), Foreign Sec-
Ireland (1821-28, 1833-34).—419, 570, 653 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852) —British soldier and statesman, Tory; commanded the British forces in the wars against Napoleon I from 1808 to 1814 and in 1815; commander-in-chief (1827-28, 1842-52); Prime Minister (1828-30); Foreign Secretary (1834-35).— 75, 79, 134, 135, 208, 209, 212, 215, 234, 262, 327, 337, 344, 417, 419, 474, 569, 570, 653 Wendtland—private secretary of King Otto I of Greece in 1854.—301 Westmorland, John Fane, Earl of (1784-1859) — British diplomat, envoy to Berlin (1841-51) and to Vienna (1851-55).—357, 554, 602 Wikoff, Henry (c. 1813-1884) — American journalist.—636 William I (1797-1888) —Prince of Prussia, King of Prussia (1861-88) and Emperor of Germany (1871-88).—9 William III (1650-1702) —Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the Netherlands (1672-1702), King of England (1689-1702).—81, 555 William IV (1765-1837) —King of Great Britain and Ireland (1830-37).—208 Williams, James—Chartist in the 1850s.—50, 64 Wilson, James (1805-1860) —British economist and politician, Free Trader, founder and editor of The Economist; Secretary to the Treasury (1853-58).—333, 466, 490, 576 Wilson-Patten, John, Baron Winmarleigh (1802-1892)—British politician, Tory, subsequently Conservative, M.P.— 591 Wood, Sir Charles, Viscount Halifax (1800-1885)-English statesman, Whig, Chancellor of the Exchequer (1846-52); President of the Board of Control for India (1852-55); First Lord of the Admiralty (1855-58).—622, 639 Woronzoff (Vorontsov), Mikhail Semyonovich, Prince (1782-1856) — Russian statesman, field marshal general; commander-in-chief of the Rus-
Governor of the Caucasus (1844-March 1854).—252, 254, 255, 258, 327, 328, 331 Wyse, Sir Thomas (1791-1862)—British diplomat, envoy to Athens (1849-62).—39, 177, 304 Wysocki, Jozef (1809-1873)—Polish politician, general and military writer, participant in the insurrections of 1830-31 and 1863-64 in Poland and the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary; tried to form a Polish Legion to fight against Russia during the Crimean war.—167
Y
Yelena Pavlovna (1806-1873)—Princess of Württemberg, wife of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, brother of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia.— 76 Yelizaveta Alexeyevna (1779-1826)—wife of Alexander I of Russia.— 368 Young, Sir John, Baron Lisgar (1807-1876) — British statesman, Tory; Chief Secretary for Ireland (1852-55).—639
Z
Zabala y de la Puente, Juan de (1804-1879)—Spanish general, belonged to the Moderado Party, participant in the revolution of 1854-56.— 311, 313 Zamoiski (Zamoyski), Ladislas (Wtadys-law), Count (1803-1868) —Polish magnate, participated in the 1830-31 insurrection, leader of Polish conservative-monarchist emigrants in Paris after its suppression; tried to form a Polish Legion to fight against Russia during the Crimean war.—167 Zurbano, Martin (1788-1845)—Spanish general, a guerrilla leader during the war of independence (1808-14), executed for an attempt to proclaim the Constitution of 1837.—342, 343 Antaeus (Gr. Myth.)—a giant, invincible while touching the ground, son of Poseidon and Gaea (goddess of the earth).—355 Cassandra (Gr. Myth.)—daughter of Priam, king of Troy (Homer's Iliad), a prophetess whose prophecies nobody believed though they always came true; a character in Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.—86 Cerberus (Gr. Myth.)—the three-headed dog guarding the entrance to the lower world.—27 Curtius, Marcus Curtius—a legendary hero of ancient Rome, who, to save Rome, threw himself down into a chasm which had opened in the Forum.—607 Don Quixote de la Mancha—the title character in Cervantes' novel.—345, 420, 457, 659 Dulcinea del Toboso—a character in Cervantes' Don Quixote.—345, 457 Floripes—a character from Calderôn's La puente de Mantible.—411 Hercules {Heracles) (Gr. and Rom. Myth.)—son of Zeus.—355, 561, 562 Jacques le Bonhomme (Jack the Simple-ton)—ironic nickname of the French peasant.—498 John Bull—the title character in John Arbuthnot's The History of John Bull (1712); his name is used to personify England.—498, 567, 625, 631, 636 Mars (Rom. Myth.)—god of war.— 341 Martine—wife of Sganarelle in Molière's Le Médecin malgré lui.—418
Nestor—a character in Homer's Iliad, the oldest and wisest hero in the Trojan war; a character in Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.—302 Noah (Bib.)—a patriarch; said to have built an ark in which he and his
family were saved from the Deluge.—355 Pandora (Gr. Myth.)—a woman who, out of curiosity, opened a box which contained all human evils and let them out.—135 Pantaloon (Ital. Pantalone)—a character in the old Italian popular comedy; said to represent a rich and foolish old Venetian merchant.—132 Rodomonte—a character in Ariosto's L'Orlando furioso, a boastful knight.— 326, 481 Sancho Panza—a character in Cervantes' Don Quixote.—457 Sibyls—women in antiquity believed to possess prophetic power. The best known was Sibyl from the Italian town of Cumae.—333 Sindbad the Sailor—a hero in the Ara-bian Thousand and One Nights.—340 Snug—a character in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.— 26 Squeers, Wackford—a character in Dickens' The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby.—307 Tantalus (Gr. Myth.)—King of Lydia,
was condemned to eternal torture in the lower world for insult of the gods.—568 Thersites—a character in Homer's Iliad, a Greek warrior in the Trojan war; personification of querulousness and abusiveness in Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.—602 Tom Thumb—a very small boy in a fairy tale.—591 Ulysses (or Odysseus)—a character in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey; king of Ithaca, noted for his eloquence, sagacity and prudence; a character in Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.— 302, 602