Subject Index

A

Abstraction— 370, 397, 401 Adventurism (in the working-class movement)—502-04 Afghanistan, Afghans—444 Agitational Association—488 Agriculture in the East—218-19 Aim and Means—496 Albania, Albanians (Arnauts)—7, 8, 16, 34, 229 Alchemy— 48, 55, 77 American literature—40, 80 Analogy—125, 214, 222, 453, 507 Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42 — 14, 151, 180 Anglo-Burmese wars—155, 180, 201-02, 282-83, 419 Anglo-Sikh wars—14, 151 Antagonism—169 Anti-colonial struggle—93, 221 Anti-Corn Law League—448, 596-97 Appearance—510, 511 Arabs— 218 Aristocracy—148-49, 189 — British — 3, 72, 139, 154-55, 189, 218, 312 Arithmetic—55 Armenia, Armenians—7, 14, 24, 26, 112,

356, 430-31 Army— 23, 29, 88, 90, 159, 336, 349-50,

425-27, 432-33, 519, 557 — as component part of state apparatus — 159

— Austrian — 421-22, 557 — British — 188, 217, 218, 349-50 — Prussian — 556, 557

— Russian — 335-36, 425, 427-28, 478, 520 — Turkish — 7, 336, 340,408, 427-28, 433, 457, 478, 520 See also Artillery; Cavalry; Fortification, field Artillery—34 Asceticism—126 Asia—132

— Asiatic community — 132 — mode of production — 127,131,215 — importance of irrigation — 127 — form of landed property, rent of land — 215 — and the state — 127, 215 — penetration of capitalism — 217-18, 283 See also Asia Minor Asia Minor—7, 94 Assimilation, national—218 Astronomy—93 Atom— 220 Australia— 253, 328, 410

— discovery of gold in — 94, 95, 326, 436 Austria — 7, 19, 95, 100, 308, 330, 568-69, 586-87, 602 — finances — 330, 418, 568-69, 586-87, 602 — agriculture — 215 — political system — 19 — home policy — 19 — clergy, church — 576 — national question — 9, 586 — and Hungary — 330, 529, 554 — and Italy — 39, 330, 554-55, 557, 568 — and Poland — 362, 529, 568 — foreign policy, diplomacy — 23, 193, 257-58, 321, 524, 529-31, 544 — and Britain — 3, 4, 25, 26, 59, 74, 175, 260 — and France — 108, 175, 554, 555 — and Prussia — 503 — and Russia — 165-66, 174-75, 193, 227-29, 321-22, 339-40, 355-56, 408-09, 417, 554-57, 569, 581-82 — and Switzerland — 87, 90-92, 107-08, 115, 302 — and Turkey — 7, 19, 23, 193, 211, 278-79, 417, 616 See also Army, Austrian; Austro-Turkish wars of sixteenth-seventeenth centuries; Crimean war of 1853-56; Revolution of 1848-49 in Austrian Empire Austro-Turkish wars of sixteenth-seventeenth centuries— 7

B

Balkans, the— 33-36 Balta-Liman, Convention of 1848—144, 239, 269, 312 Bank notes— 297-98, 409 Bank of England—118, 295-300, 304, 314, 330, 409 Banks, banking legislation—295-300, 304-

05, 314, 330, 409 See also Bank of England Barbarians—132 Basis and superstructure—131, 217, 219-

20, 222 Basle— 88 Bavaria—371 Belgian revolution of 1830-31—5, 368, 369 Belgium

— economic system — 287 — social and political system — 376, 384 — home and foreign policy — 308, 399

— in 1848 — 421 — neutrality — 86, 91 — and Britain — 371 — and Holland — 371, 599 — and Luxembourg — 371 Belgrade—10 Bengal—123, 125, 131, 151, 201, 214-15, 221-22 Bills of exchange—297-98 Birmingham—273, 352 Black Sea, the — 13, 15-16 Blanquism, Blanquists—504-07 Bohemia, Bohemians (Czechs)—102 Bombay—316 Bonapartism—20, 540-41

See also Coup d'état of December 2, 1851

in France Bosnia — 8, 11, 35, 229, 339 Bosphorus—13, 15-16, 25

See also Eastern question Bourgeoisie— 221 -22

— rise and role in development of productive forces — 169, 221 — struggle against feudalism — 149 — industrial — 188-89 — financial — 149 — political domination — 169 — liberal — 149 — and progress — 221 — and national question — 221 See also Bourgeoisie (of various countries); Colonies Bourgeoisie, British—70, 149, 188-89, 196, 200, 221, 312-13, 347, 437 — industrial — 69, 155, 218, 220-21 — financial — 149, 189, 312-13 — Free Trade — 72-73, 135, 161-62, 196, 202, 312-13, 346, 437, 460, 594-96 — liberal — 187-88, 437 — groups of — 200 — and proletariat — 413, 437 Bourgeoisie, French—70, 148-49, 308, 540-41 Bourgeoisie, Greek—26-27 Bourgeoisie, Jewish—9, 313 Bourgeoisie, Prussian—38 Bourgeoisie, Slavonic—26-27 Brazil—155 British North America—411 Bucharest—18, 34 Budget

— class nature — 48, 59, 63-66, 76, 81 — and national debt — 44-46, 48, 63, 102 — and taxes — 59-62, 64-66, 68-73, 75, 81, 178-79, 213-14 Bulgaria, Bulgarians—11, 339-40 Burma, Burmese— 201-02, 419 See also Anglo-Burmese wars Byzantium— 230-31, 371, 614

C

California— 94, 95, 326, 436 Canada— 49-50, 52, 56, 281 Capital— 64-65, 154, 190-91, 218-19, 222 Capitalist— 220-22 Capitalist mode of production—168-69, 222 Castes, caste system—217 Catholicism—510, 576 Caucasus, uprising of Caucasian mountaineers— 146, 406, 422, 455-56, 476, 532, 550 Causality— 32, 93, 188-89, 327, 460, 486, 524, 541, 543, 545 Cavalry— 432 Chartism, Chartists

— as independent political movement of working class — 436 — People's Charter—-188 — and radicals — 189 — and 1842 strike — 436 — in 1848 — 226 — in 1850s — 135-37, 169-73, 196, 226, 282, 448-49, 462-63, 612 — and "Labour Parliament"—470, 513-14, 525, 612 — Chartist press — 500 Child labour— 461, 469 Chile—155 China

— economic system — 94-95 — foreign trade — 94-98, 439, 465 — as object of colonial expansion— 96-98 — silver as means of circulation — 94 — opium trade — 93-94, 99, 438 Church— 38, 350-51

— of England — 188-89

— Catholic — 615-16 — Greek Orthodox — 9-10, 32, 105, 615-16 Civilisation

— level in different nations — 26-27 — Byzantine — 231 — bourgeois — 6, 221, 231 Classes— 20, 70, 169, 196, 249, 607 Class struggle— 99, 169, 437, 438

See also Working-class movement Clergy—189 Cologne communist trial (1852)—29-30, 481-82, 501-04, Colonial wars—201

See also Opium wars Colonies, colonial system—126, 131-32,

197-200, 220-22 — ways of liberating colonial countries — 221 Commerce, trade—13, 15, 94, 96-99, 222,

332 Communism

— premises — 221, 222 — and winning of political power by working class — 81 — and the state — 159 — production — 222 Communist League, the

— elaboration of tactical principles— 498, 507-08 — after defeat of 1848-49 revolutions — 40-41, 481-508 — struggle against Willich-Schapper sectarian group, split in Communist League — 489-508 — and workers' educational societies — 488, 507 — and petty-bourgeois democrats— 487-88, 497-98, 507 See also Cologne communist trial (1852) Community—128, 129, 218, 220 Conquest— 217-18 Consciousness—106, 132, 481-82, 487, 511 Constantinople— 8-9, 11, 13-17, 34, 212,

231 Corn Laws— 348, 436, 461

See also Anti-Corn Law League Corruption— 74, 147, 149, 181, 281, 512 Counter-revolution—101-02, 530 Coup d'état of December 2, 1851 in France — 245, 540-41, 545, 615 Courts and legal procedure—85, 158 Cracow, Cracow Republic (1846)—362, 367, 369, 397, 529 Cracow insurrection of 1846—280, 366 Crimean war of 1853-56—553-58, 568, 587-88 — causes — 116, 615 — character of war, aims of belligerent countries — 430, 454, 524, 553-58, 590 — and prospects of revolution — 17, 36, 539-40, 554, 558, 568 — preparation for war, armed forces of belligerent countries — 335-36, 407-08, 416-17, 424, 425, 428, 430, 432-35, 455, 472-73, 521, 564-65, 569-70, 572, 597, 614 — and diplomacy of European powers — 407, 417-18, 435, 454, 528-32, 551, 553-62, 568, 575-77, 582, 607-08, 613-14, 615-16 — military operations on Danube— 336-40, 408, 417, 424, 425-30, 435, 445, 450-54, 457-59, 471-75, 516-22, 520-23, 531, 551-53, 572-73, 579, 581, 585-86, 589, 610 — battle of Oltenitza (November 4, 1853)—450, 458, 471-72, 474-75, 516, 517-18, 521, 552, 580, 591 — operations in Caucasus — 430-35, 446, 455-56, 476, 531, 547,550-51, 557, 572, 583-84 — operations on Black and Azov seas — 339, 408, 428, 536-37, 547-48, 551, 553-54, 556-57, 562, 568, 569, 571, 575, 584-86, 588,609-10 — battle of Sinope (November 30, 1853)—536-37, 544, 547-50, 560-62, 565, 570-71, 575, 584, 589-90, 610 — operations on Baltic Sea — 555-56, 569, 609 — and Britain — 537, 556, 569, 571, 606-07 — and British foreign policy and diplomacy — 523, 527, 529, 531-33, 537-38, 545, 554, 560, 577, .: 588,594,615-16 — and stand of British bourgeoisie— 408-09, 435, 437, 527, 528, 530-32, 545-58, 562, 574, 589-90, 594-97, 601, 614-15

— Britain's preparation for war, its army — 570, 608-09, 614 — and Turkey — 210-11, 282-83, 325, 340, 407-08, 416-17, 435, 523-24, 529, 532, 560-61, 575-77, 587-88, 614-16 — and France — 425, 538-39, 553-57,

569, 594, 613, 615 — and French foreign policy and diplomacy — 407-08, 435, 554, 560-62, 568, 575, 589 — France's part in war, its army —

570, 610, 614 -r- and Russia — 517, 523, 544, 573-74, 589-90, 601-02, 609, 613, 614-16 — and Piedmont — 425 — and Austria — 339-40, 407, 524, 527, 530, 544, 554-57, 568-69, 577, 586-88, 602, 609, 614, 616 — and Prussia — 527, 555-57, 562, 569, 574, 576, 584, 602, 609, 614 — and Denmark — 555, 569, 574, 588, 594, 608, 613 — and Hungary — 554, 557 — and Italian states — 554-55, 557, 568 — and Poland — 568 — and Slavonic peoples of Balkan Peninsula — 339-40, 424, 523-24, 544, 574, 586 — and Sweden — 555-56, 569, 574, 594, 613 Croatia— 10

D

Dalmatia— 10 Danube, the— 391-92 Danubian Principalities—185, 269, 271,

395 Dardanelles, the—13, 15-16, 118, 381, 382, 391, 529 See also Eastern question Demand and supply—297 Democracy, petty-bourgeois (political trend)—507 Denmark

— landownership — 445 — Constitution — 227, 241-42, 421, 444-45, 605 — electoral rights, Parliament — 67, 241-42, 421, 604-05 — political parties — 237, 445 — foreign policy — 574, 594, 613 — succession to throne and European diplomacy — 67, 101, 237-38, 241-42, 444-45 — and Britain — 237, 259, 594 — and France — 594 — and Russia — 67, 101-02, 227, 237-38, 241-42, 259, 444-45, 574, 594, 613 — and Sweden — 574, 613 See also Peasantry, Danish; Schleswig-Holstein question Despotism, despotic governments—20, 126, 135 — military — 540 — Asiatic — 126, 132 Development—132, 221, 222, 247, 388 Dialectic— 503 Diplomacy— 6-7, 33-34, 523, 528, 553 Diseases, epidemics (as. social phenomena)—216, 226, 287, 419 Dissenters— 350 Division of labour—221

E

East, ancient—127 Eastern question— 5-8, 24-27, 33-36, 163

— end of eighteenth-first half of nineteenth centuries — 5, 33, 164-65 — as knot of international contradictions — 5, 22-26, 32-34, 212-13, 355-56 — aggravation of in early 1850s — 4, 5, 18-21, 24-26, 39, 105-07, 109-10, 112, 115-16, 137, 138, 142-47, 163, 165-67, 174-75, 185, 187, 192-95, 202, 209-12, 227-28, 233-35, 240-41, 245-46, 257, 259-76, 292, 293, 309-14, 321-26, 329, 382, 392, 416, 527-30, 553, 568, 577, 589, 606, 607, 615-19 Eastern war—see Crimean war of 1853-56 East India Company (Dutch)—126 East India Company (English)—94, 96,

123, 139-41, 148-55, 178-84, 196-97, 213, 220, 223, 233, 281

— role in conquest of India — 149-52, 179-83, 197-98 — methods of colonial plunder — 94, 96, 149-51, 152-54, 178-79, 183, 197, 213-16, 221-25 — colonial administration — 103-04, 120-21, 123, 126, 139-40, 150, 178-84, 196, 213 — colonial expansion in Asian countries — 201 Economic crises

— and prospects of revolution — 99, 306, 557-58 — their periodic character — 98, 168-69 — overproduction as origin of — 327, 524 — prognostication of — 95-96, 97-98, 213, 327 — and development of productive forces — 327 — and trade — 96-100 — and prosperity as phase of cycle— 96, 306, 326-27, 525 — depression — 410, 439 — and general commercial crises— 98 — industrial — 306, 524, 540 — commercial — 305, 306, 327, 329, 540 — financial — 540 — and condition of working people — 168-69, 326-27, 333-34, 524 Economic laws— 222, 248, 332 Economics and politics—70, 127-32, 168-

69, 188, 307-08, 525 Education— 218, 468-69 Egypt— 7, 127, 203, 372-76, 377 Egyptian crisis of 1831 -33— 371-80

See also Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi (1833) Egyptian crisis of 1839-41 — 5, 195, 384, 523, 529, 607 Electoral system—74, 137, 147 Electricity— 34, 113, 218, 578 Emigration— 246, 349, 504

— from Britain — 225, 246, 332, 460

— from France — 90, 504-07, 540 — from Germany — 41-42, 90, 487-88, 503, 623 — from Hungary — 42-43, 57 — from Ireland — 226 — to USA — 332, 623-24 Émigré Club— 488, 489 Encyclopedias— 5 9 England (Great Britain)

— historical development, its peculiarities — 189 — in Middle Ages — 103 — Magna Carta Libertatum — 24 — in sixteenth-seventeenth centuries — 148 — revolution of 1688 — 149, 189, 349 — in the eighteenth century — 148, 150, 153, 189 — and French Revolution (1789-94)_44, 60, 222 — industrial revolution — 188-89

— in first half of nineteenth century (until 1848)—60, 255, 332 — in 1850s — 3, 4, 58, 282, 325-27, 333, 410, 411-14,435-37,439-43, 447, 462, 467-68, 524, 543-46, 578, 590-92, 601 — population — 246, 247, 275 — pauperism — 253 — as leading capitalist power — 274-75, 436, 467 — industrial and commercial boom in mid-nineteenth century — 95-96, 99-100, 225, 305-06, 326, 327, 467-69 — industry — 154 — finances, budget, taxes — 44-49, 52-56, 59-66, 68-73, 75-81, 102, 118-19, 146-47, 175-77, 202, 253, 297, 347 — transport — 274-75, 303, 304 — landlords, landlordism — 157-62, 188-89, 251, 351 — protectionism — 148, 152-54 — home trade — 306, 461, 465 — foreign trade — 13-15, 153-54, 247-49, 388-89, 465-68 — crisis of 1845-48 — 225 — signs of crisis in early 1850s — 95-96, 98, 306-07, 331, 333-34, 438-43, 467-68, 524 — social and political system — 179 — constitutional monarchy — 149, 199-200, 254, 591 — Constitution —78, 88, 137, 543

— oligarchic rule — 103-04, 139, 150-51, 155, 184, 189, 591 — local government — 188, 512 — bureaucracy, officialdom — 182-84 — class contradictions — 413-14, 437, 438 — social contrasts, morals — 179, 221, 346, 512 —- limited nature of bourgeois democracy — 351-52 — legislation — 50-51, 70, 72, 436 — factory legislation — 135, 249-50, 282, 347-48 — Poor Laws — 188 — electoral system — 74, 137, 147, 304, 352-53, 436, 512-13, 597-99 — political parties of ruling classes— 73-74, 81, 100, 140, 152, 281 — two-party system — 188, 606-07, 611 — Peelites — 282, 534, 535 — Free Traders — 436, 594 — Radicals — 73, 188, 250, 254, 282 — "Irish Brigade"—58, 73, 119, 157, 560, 611 — Coalition Ministry of all talents— 20, 50, 51, 56, 58, 59, 73, 74, 103-04, 139-40, 157, 188, 225, 280, 281, 527, 537, 543-45 — education, science — 51-52 — clergy, church — 50-51, 67, 188-89, 350-51, 576 — colonial policy — 126, 150, 221-22 — and Ireland — 125, 157-60, 234, 250-52, 282, 382 — and Canada — 49, 50, 52, 56, 281 — foreign policy, diplomacy — 24, 280-82, 345-47, 353-54, 370-71, 379-85, 388-92, 397-98, 401-07, 523, 527-35, 544-45 — colonial expansion in China — 94-98, 153, 438-39 — and Eastern question — 13, 14-15, 17, 23-25, 32, 36, 137-38, 143-46, 185, 210, 240, 254-55, 261-64, 309-12, 321, 325, 327, 538, 543-45, 576 — and Danubian question — 282 — foreign policy programme of Free-Trade bourgeoisie — 15, 151-52, 202, 283 — and Austria — 3, 4, 59, 74, 260 — and Belgium — 371, 376, 384 — and Denmark — 67, 236-37, 259, 349 — and Egypt — 375, 377 — and France — 20, 59, 254-55, 261, 262, 365, 367, 371, 384, 538, 545-46, 607 — and Greece — 347, 354, 392 — and Holland — 368, 369 — and Persia — 112 — and Poland — 280 — and Portugal — 254, 370, 371, 376 — and Russia — 13-15,24-25, 151-52, 165-66, 186-87, 192-94, 196, 202, 254-55, 259, 264, 280, 282, 312-13, 353-56, 363, 365, 368, 369, 377, 381-90, 392, 393, 396-98, 399-406, 437, 438, 527, 530, 532-33, 535, 537, 543-44, 595 — and Spain — 353, 376 — and Turkey — 13, 265-76, 360, 373-74, 377, 385, 419, 531-33, 538 See also Anglo-Afghan war of 1838-42; Anglo-Burmese wars; Anglo-Sikh wars; Anti-Corn Law League; Aristocracy, British; Army, British; Birmingham; Bourgeoisie, British; British North America; Chartism; Corn Laws; Crimean war of 1853-56; Eastern question; English revolution of 1640-60; Free trade; India; Leeds; Manchester; Parliament, British; Reformation (in Britain); Scotland; Tories; Trade unions in Britain; Wales; Whigs; Working-class movement in Britain English literature— 79, 184, 188-90, 226, 303, 360, 373, 385 English revolution of 1640-60—148 Epirus—10 Epoch

— historical — 247, 371 — bourgeois — 34, 222 Europe

— population — 98 — in nineteenth century — 5, 86, 89-91, 99-100, 135, 196, 213, 308 — revolutionary and democratic movement — 5, 89-91, 93, 101, 308 — international relations and

diplomacy in nineteenth century —5,86,212 — Western — 5 — prospects of revolution and danger of war — 17, 106, 174,212, 282, 318, 557-58 Evolution—247 Exchange rate— 296-97, 299-300, 304-07 Expropriation in colonies—129, 132, 221

F

Factory legislation—187-88, 190 Famine— 73, 419, 465-66 Fanariote Greeks—22 Farmers—160 Female labour—461, 469 Feudalism—103,169 Flanders—127 Foreign policy—13-16, 93-94, 98-99, 128-29, 152-55, 300, 312-13 Fortification, field— 425-26, 520 France —in sixteenth century — 412 —in seventeenth-eighteenth centuries— 70 —during Consulate and First Empire — 539-40 —during Restoration — 203, 540 —foreign policy and diplomacy — 23,

32, 203, 367, 380 —and Britain — 361, 380 —and Italy — 554 — and Poland — 361 —and Russia — 24, 194, 203 —and Switzerland — 90-91, 108 —and Turkey — 372 See also Bourgeoisie, French; France during Second Empire (1851-70); French Revolution (1789-94); July Monarchy in France (1830-48); Napoleonic wars; Revolution in France. Second Republic (1848-51); Wars of First French Republic; Working class in France France during second Empire (1851-70) —economic system — 540, 541, 570,

587,599 —state apparatus — 99-100 —industry — 570, 587 —agriculture — 215, 541 —trade — 418, 540, 541, 570, 587 —finances — 234, 287, 308, 418, 540, 570 —internal situation, home policy— 308,421,539-40 —monarchists — 539-40,574 —corruption of ruling circles — 100 —bourgeoisie — 308, 540-41 —working class — 308, 541 —peasantry — 540 —aggravation of class contradictions— 540 —growth of opposition — 540-41, 554-55 —republican movement — 539-40 —foreign policy and diplomacy — 209, 259, 361, 554, 575, 576 —and Austria — 554 —and Britain — 538, 574 —and China — 97-98 —and Germany — 29 —and Hungary — 554 —and Russia — 5, 108, 145-46,165-66, 193, 209, 227-28, 538, 539 — and Switzerland — 108 —and Turkey — 209, 530 See also Bonapartism; Coup d'état of

December 2, 1851 in France; Eastern question Freedom—17, 170, 358 Free trade— 72-73, 80, 135, 161-62, 332,

460, 464 See also Anti-Corn Law League French literature—412 French Revolution (1789-94)—17, 34, 44,

222, 626 See also Jacobin dictatorship

G

Galicia — 9, 240, 366 Geneva—88 Geographical environment—34-35, 127-^S, 229 Geology— 222 Georgia— 391, 392, 431 German literature—132-33 Germans, ancient—221 German Workers' Educational Society (London )—488, 493, 497, 499-500 Germany —in 1850s — 510-11

— fragmentation and task of unification — 511 —foreign trade — 391 —legislation, courts — 421 —bourgeois liberalism — 30 —opposition movement in early nineteenth century ("demagogues")—490 — religion and church — 510-11 —education — 38 —and Italy — 230 —and Netherlands — 26 —and Switzerland — 87, 90-91

See also German literature; Germans,

ancient; Prussia; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany Gibraltar— 16 Gold and silver— 94, 128, 296-97, 304 See also Australia; California Government securities—45-49, 53-55, 102 Greece, Greeks

— Greek population of Turkey — 7, 9, 24, 26-27, 32, 269-70 —struggle for independence — 8, 22-

23, 32-33, 617 —and policy of European powers—

23-24, 27, 32-33, 86, 91, 163, 356, 370, 392, 394-95 See also Bourgeoisie, Greek; Insurrection of 1821-29 in Greece Greece, Ancient—19, 169, 221

H

Hegel, Hegelianism — 93, 481, 487 Herzegovina— 8 Hinduism—125-26, 132, 178, 221-22 Historicism— 247, 332 Historiography, bourgeois— 22, 161, 220-21 History— 33-34, 222, 452

—tragical and comic in history — 275-76 Holy Alliance — 5, 106, 353, 355-56 Hong, the— 98 Housing question—462 Hungary

—population — 9, 10 —in 1850s — 330 — trade — 391 —political system — 88 —and national question — 539, 554, 557 — and Britain — 391 —and France — 554 —and Russia — 194, 240 —and Slavonians — 10

See also Crimean war of 1853-56; Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary

I

Ideas—11, 17 Ideology, ideologists—274 Interetia—391 Income—71-72 India—125-32, 139, 198-99, 217-22 — natural conditions — 125,127 — stagnation, its causes — 127-28, 218-19 —mode of production — 128-32 —social system — 125-30, 153, 155,

217-18 —castes — 132, 217, 221 —slavery — 132 — landownership, Zemindari, Ryotwari and village systems — 121, 214-16, 218 —village communities — 128-32, 218, 219-20 —landed property — 121, 213-16, 218, 221 —agriculture and its merger with handicrafts — 127-28 —handicrafts, handicraftsmen, domestic industry — 128-31 —importance of irrigation — 127, 219, 419-20 —cotton — 154 —trade — 13, 128, 153-54 —sea routes — 13 —colonial subjugation by Britain, methods of British colonial administration — 94, 99, 103-04, 120-24, 138-41, 148, 150-56, 178-84, 196-200, 213, 217-18, 221-22, 233, 282, 411 —ruining of local industry by British competition — 94-95, 127-29, 131, 154-55, 218, 222 —development of capitalism — 218-21 — means of communication — 218-20, 316 — army— 1%, 217-18

—aristocracy — 197-99 — intelligentsia— 218 —peasants (ryots)—214-15 —religion — 125-26, 132, 178, 217, 221-22 —prospects and ways of liberation from colonial oppression — 221 See also Bengal; Bombay; Hinduism; Punjab; Sind Individual, personality, the—17, 93, 132,

222, 347, 358 Industrial Exhibition in London (1851)—

502 Industrial revolution—34 Industry, large-scale—169, 188, 220, 222 Insurrection of 1821-29 in Greece— 22-23,

33, 163, 617 Intelligentsia—445 Interests— 66, 131, 154, 213

— and politics — 33, 135 —and law — 89

—and religion — 35 — and principles — 81 — private — 135, 224-25 —antagonistic — 99, 160-61 —unity, identity of — 154 —of the people — 33, 81, 214, 445 — national — 20, 91 —of different countries — 13, 17, 20-21, 24-25, 33-36, 67, 99, 309, 353-54, 399-400, 423 — parochial — 89 —class — 20, 135, 160-61 —of landed proprietors — 65-66, 68-71, 161, 213-14 —opposition of interests of landed proprietors and urban bourgeoisie — 70-71 —of nobility — 20 —of peasants — 214, 445 —of bourgeoisie — 46, 53, 64-65, 69-71, 154, 189-91, 218-19, 399 —opposition of interests of proletariat and bourgeoisie — 135 —of political parties — 40, 607 —of democracy — 17 —of revolution — 17 Ireland

—as British colony — 125, 159-60, 282 — landlordism — 158-60, 162, 251-52 —agrarian relations — 157-62, 215 —potato blight and famine — 73 —agrarian laws — 234, 250-52, 282 —trade — 154 —tax and credit system — 70-71 —pauperism — 158, 226, 351 —Litchfield-house Contract of 1835 —611 —(Irish Brigade, Irish quarter)—58, 73, 611-12 —Catholic Emancipation movement — 351 See also Peasantry, Irish Irrigation and melioration—127, 219, 419-20 Islam — 8, 125-26, 211, 231, 408 Italy—125, 127 —peculiarities of historical development — 125 —economic system — 307-08 —industry — 307-08 —trade, commerce — 287 — national liberation movement — 17, 28, 30, 91, 511, 539, 554, 557, 568 —revolution of 1820-21 and 1831 — 5 — Milan insurrection of 1853 — 17, 28, 30, 39, 511 —home policy — 307-08, 511 —and Austria — 307-08, 511, 554, 555, 557, 568 — and France — 539, 554-55, 568 —and Germany — 230 —and Prussia — 30 —and Switzerland — 90-91 See also Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

(Naples); Lombardy; Papal States (Roman State); Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states; Venice

J

Jacobin dictatorship, the—468 Java— 126 Jews — 9, 313 July monarchy in France (1830-48)—148-

49, 540 —foreign policy and diplomacy — 32,

203, 361, 367, 380

K

Kiev— 230 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples)—307

L

Landed property — private monopoly of land — 64 —separation of land from direct pro-ducer and capitalist tenant — 160 —and tenancy legislation — 250-51 —in colonies — 121, 213-15, 218, 221 —Asiatic form — 213-15, 218 —in India — 122, 213-16, 218, 221-22 —theories of classical political economists on — 160-61 See also Asia; India; Tenancy Landowner— 64, 70-71, 160-61, 213-14 Language— 8-11, 23, 221 Law, laws— 93, 218, 222, 247, 332 —international — 311-12 Law of unity and struggle of opposites—93 Lawyers—103 Lebanon—7 Leeds— 352 Legislat ion—159, 188-89 —pre-bourgeois — 242 —bourgeois — 66, 72, 170, 188, 225, 253, 288 Liberalism, bourgeois—188, 437, 445 Literature —satire, irony, humour — 412 See also American literature; English literature; French literature; German literature Loan capital—297-98 Lock-outs—447 Logic— 253, 260 Lombardy — 92, 308, 330 London Convention of 1840 — 312, 365, 523, 607 London Convention of 1841—145, 203, 238, 264, 312, 523, 529-30, 561 Luxembourg— 371

M

Machines, machine production— 189-91,

461 Malthusianism— 247, 460-62 Manchester— 352 Manchester School—see Free trade Material conditions of life—221, 222 Mazzini, Mazzinists—91, 511-12 Means of communication and intercourse—

222 Means of subsistence— 307, 332, 447-48 Merchant—14 Merchant marine—400 Military art — 426, 427, 430, 520, 523,

550-52 Moguls— 218 Moldavia— 8-9, 11, 24, 33, 142, 144-45,

164, 202, 235, 240, 269, 277,279, 313, 336-37, 340, 391, 538 Monarchy—6

—absolute — 6, 17 —constitutional — 149 Money, money circulation—296-300 Monopolies— 215-16 Montenegro, Montenegrins—11-12, 19, 339-40, 616-17 Morality— 520, 521

—class character — 224, 304 —and class struggle — 169 —and politics — 511 —and the state — 95, 304 —and law — 224 —bourgeois — 215, 303-04, 460 —proletarian — 304 —in warfare — 458

N

Napoleonic wars — 5, 20, 106, 337, 349,

426-27, 452-53, 557, 609 —and Britain — 151, 347-49, 368, 427 —and Prussia — 555, 569 —and Russia — 368 National debt— 44-49, 52-53, 102 National liberation movement—221-22

See also Cracow insurrection of 1846; India; Ireland; Poland; Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary; Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states; Taiping uprising National question—34-35, 221-22 Nation, nationality— 9-11, 33-35, 86, 92,

332 Nature—132, 222, 438 Navy— 428, 556, 602 Needs, requirements—3, 11, 35, 90, 189,

215, 220, 299 Netherlands, the— 26, 126, 368

Neutrality— 86, 89-92 Newton's discovery—93

O

Opium trade—99 Opium wars—94-95 Organisation of social labour and production— 168-69, 222 Owenism, Owenites—612

P

Pacifism—346 Palestine—7 Pan-Slavism—11, 17 Papal States (Roman State)—307-08 Paris— 540 Parliament, British—72, 178, 187, 226, 256, 281, 312-13 —House of Lords — 256, 282 —House of Commons — 74, 149, 178, 256, 597-98 Party, political—606-07 Party, proletarian—40-41 Peasantry, Danish—237, 445 Peasantry, French— 215, 245, 308, 540 Peasantry, Irish—158-60 Peasantry, Swiss—84, 87-88 Peasants' duties—215 People, popular masses— 81, 149, 220, 351 Persia—13, 94, 127, 587 —and Britain — 444, 560, 573, 587 —and Russia — 114, 194, 355-56, 390, 408, 444, 560, 573, 587 Peru—155 Petersburg—34 Petty bourgeoisie, English—188, 411 Poland

— Polish nation — 10, 568 —nobility — 366 — peasantry — 366 — partitions of — 25, 529 — revolutionary, democratic movements — 568 — and European war — 539 —and Tsarism — 114, 362, 378 —and Austria — 529 — and Britain — 194, 358-61 —and France — 568 —and Turkey — 194 See also Cracow, Cracow Republic (1846); Polish insurrection of 1830-31; Polish question Polish insurrection of 1830-31 — 5, 358, 363, 378, 386 Polish question— 358-68, 378 Political economy, bourgeois—70-72, 80-

81, 103-04, 177-78, 202, 213, 247, 436-37, 625-29 Political power—70 Population — 247, 460-62 Portugal— 254, 370-71, 376, 384 Possibility and reality—370, 460-62 Power, legislative and executive—351 Pragmatism— 487 Preston strike of 1853-54 — 331, 412-13, 437, 447, 462-63, 469 Price of corn— 306-07, 315-16, 442-43 Principles— 397, 401 Private property—39 Production—169, 215, 222, 247 Productive forces— 221, 222, 247, 388

—under capitalism — 154, 219, 247, 328, 388 —their development as material prerequisite of communist society— 221, 222 Progress — 6, 26-27, 34-35, 87-89,221-22,

231 Protestantism— 510 Prussia

—and French Revolution (1789-94)— 555, 569 —police system — 28-31 —in 1850s — 37-38, 308, 509-10, 555, 569, 599 —aristocracy — 29 — bureaucracy, officialdom — 29, 510 —Diet — 509-10 —religion and church — 38, 510-11, 569 — foreign policy and diplomacy — 509 — and Austria — 503 —and Italy — 29-30 —and Poland — 362 —and Russia — 166, 193, 509, 555-56 —and Switzerland — 87, 108 See also Army, Prussian; Bourgeoisie, Prussian; Napoleonic wars Punjab—14, 152, 444

Q

Quality and quantity—72

R

Race— 7-9, 11, 34 Railways— 35, 218-21 Rate of interest—118, 295, 298, 300, 304-05,314 Reason—132 Reform— 51-52, 78, 81 Reformation (in Britain)—189 Religion— 7-8, 217, 221-22, 430 —criticism of — 510-11 See also Catholicism; Protestantism Republic, bourgeois—212

Reserve and insurance funds—296-300, 304-05, 330, 409 Revolution— 99, 189, 247, 557 See also Revolution, agrarian; Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic; Revolution, proletarian, socialist; Revolution, social Revolution, agrarian—221 Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic — 34, 93, 99, 557 Revolution, proletarian, socialist—81, 99, 221, 222, 557 —its historical necessity — 247 —and winning of political power by working class — 81 Revolution, social—159, 222 Revolution in France. Second Republic (1848-51)

— Provisional Government — 505, 539 — Luxembourg Commission — 612 —National Assembly — 540 —economic development — 540-41 —bourgeoisie — 540-41 —working class, its role in revolution — 541 —and peasantry — 540 — Legitimists, Orleanists, Bonapartists — 539 — foreign policy of Second Republic— 90, 421, 615 Revolution of 1848-49 in Austrian Empire— 90, 95, 102 Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe—21, 89, 99, 193 Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany—285,

501 Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary—9, 42,

494 Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states—

90, 511, 554 Revolutionary movement, revolutionaries—

57, 92 Revolutionary phrasemongering—42 Ricardian school in political economy—160-

62, 448 Right, rights

— of ownership — 214 —of inheritance — 64 Rome, Ancient — 8, 169, 197, 230 Russia

— territory, population — 229-30 —economic system — 35 — foreign trade — 35, 212 — finances, banks — 117, 240-41, 368-69, 602-04 —social and political system — 36 — home policy — 230, 404, 603 —officialdom, bureaucracy — 36 — religion —230, 408 — and Central Asia — 444 — incorporation of Caucasus — 391-93 —and Poland — 362, 378 — foreign policy, diplomacy — 24-25, 113-18, 163-67, 227-30, 282, 379-81, 385-88, 391-93, 397. 417, 523, 538-39, 544-45, 576, 615-17 —and Austria — 165-66, 174-75, 193, 227-29, 321-22, 339-40, 355, 409, 417, 554-57, 569, 586 —and Britain — 13-15, 17, 19, 24, 36, 145-46, 152, 165-66, 175, 187, 192-94, 196, 202, 227-28, 254-55, 259, 261, 264, 266, 280-85, 312, 389, 393-97, 399-402, 404, 406, 441 —and Denmark — 67, 118, 167, 237-38, 241-42, 444, 574, 584, 594 —and France — 5, 108, 145-46, 165-66, 194, 203, 209, 227-28, 538-39 —and Greece — 356-57 —and Holland — 368-69 —and Persia— 114, 355-56, 560, 573 —and Prussia — 166, 555, 594 —and Sweden —114, 444, 574 —and Turkey — 5, 7, 9, 11, 23-25, 32-33, 105-06, 113-14, 142-46, 163-65, 174, 228-30, 261-62, 322, 332,

340, 356-57, 371-74, 378-80, 389, 400,406,531,550-51,561,576,616 — prospects of revolution against Tsarism — 34 See also Army, Russian; Crimean war of 1853-56; Eastern question; Napoleonic wars; Slavs; Tsarism Russo-Persian war of 1826-28—355-56 Russo-Turkish war of 1768-74— 105, 195,

229, 404, 416, 528-29, 575 Russo-Turkish war of 1787-91—339 Russo-Turkish war of 1828-29 — 1, 33, 105, 112, 142, 143, 164-66, 195, 229, 337-39, 356-57, 371, 380-81, 387, 392-97, 399-400, 401, 404, 406, 426, 43 433, 529, 575

S

Samnite war, second (324-304 B.C.)—196 Satire— 184, 226 Schleswig-Holstein question—101 -02, 118,

242, 421-22 Science— 35, 160, 218, 597

— and production — 128, 222 — in bourgeois society — 160, 162 — in Britain — 128, 162 —under communism — 222 Scotland— 414-15 Second Empire—see France during Second

Empire (1851-70) Serbia, Serbs—35-36

— oppression bv Turkey — 8. 11, 35, 339, 530 — political development and system — 35, 340 — religion — 35 —and Austria — 278-79 — and Russia — 8, 11, 33, 35, 228-30, 269, 339, 548, 573-74 Serbian uprisings (1804-13, 1815-17)— 23, 33, 36 Seven Years' War (1756-63)—149 Sind—14, 152, 180 Slavs

—and Tsarism — 11, 23, 24, 35-36,

269, 340 —in Turkish Empire — 7, 9-10, 23-24,

26, 34-36, 269, 340 —revolutionary solution of Slav question— 36 See also Pan-Slavism; Poland, Serbia Social-Democratic Refugee Committee— 492-93 Socialism (theories and trends)—72 Socialism, Utopian—72, 169 Socialist movement in France—540 Social relations—159, 247 Social system—91 Société des proscrits démocrates et socialistes

(B lanquists)— 540 Society — 90, 99, 125-32, 159, 217-22 Society, bourgeois—81, 91, 169, 218

See also Bourgeoisie; Class struggle; Social relations; State; Working class Solar system—93 Sonderbund—84, 89 Space and time—495 Spain

— history — 353, 376 —and Britain — 353, 367, 371, 376 —and France — 367 Speculation— 298, 329 Speculation (speculative philosophy)—93 State, the— 45, 99-100, 159

—bourgeois — 45 —Asiatic — 127 See also Despotism; Monarchy; Republic,

bourgeois State loans—45 Stock Exchange—329 Strikes and strike movement—134, 168-70,

224-25, 330-34, 435-38, 448, 525 See also Preston strike of 1853-54 Sweden—114, 613 Switzerland— 84-92, 115, 599

—population — 87-88, 90-92 —industry, transport — 88-90 —trade — 88-89, 391 —clergy, religion — 85 — social and political system — 87, 89-90, 92 —Constitution — 89-90, 91 —political parties — 90 —right of asylum — 87, 90, 92 — mercenaries — 88, 90 —foreign policy — 86, 89-92 —and Austria — 87, 90-92, 107-08,

115, 302 —and Britain — 89 —and Denmark — 613 —and France — 87, 89-91, 108 — and Germany — 87, 90-91 —and Italy — 90-91

— Prusso-Swiss conflict over Neuchâtel — 87, 108 See also Sonderbund Syria— 372

T

Taiping uprising— 93-98, 438, 465 Tartars—see Moguls Taxes — Ab, 60-62, 64-66, 68-73, 76-81 Tenancy, tenants—157-62 Thessaly—10, 16 Thinking, thought—59, 88 Tories, the^-S, 44, 51, 75, 188, 405, 591-92 Trade balance—94, 152-55 Trade unions in Britain—135, 334, 448 Transylvania—9, 240 Treaty of Adrianople (1829)— 33, 112,

144, 187, 357, 372, 380, 381, 387, 392-96, 399-401, 404, 406, 529, 565, 575-76 Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi (1833)—195, 372-73, 377-85, 390, 523, 529, 562, 576, 601 Truth, historical—291 Tsarism — 36, 231 Tunisia—7, 408 Turkey — 6-8, 26-27, 35, 51, 62

—decline of Ottoman Empire — 5-6, 17, 22, 26, 36, 371-72 —finances — 388 —multinational population — 7-11, 24, 27, 34-36 —Religious contradictions, position of Christians — 576 — Turkish feudals — 8, 36 — Rayahs — 8, 11 —bou rgeoisie — 27 —trade — 13-15, 26, 387-88, 391 —and Wallachia and Moldavia — 8-9, 531 —and struggle of Greece for independence — 8, 22-23, 27, 33, 617 —and struggle of Serbia for independence — 8, 11, 23, 33, 35-36, 602 —and uprisings in Egypt against Turkish Sultan, Turko-Egyptian wars— 7, 195, 265, 360, 372, 375-76 — and Tunisia — 408 —and European powers — 6, 22-23, 529 —and Austria — 616 —and Britain — 24-25, 261, 529 —and Persia — 408 —and Russia — 5, 7, 9, 11, 23-25, 32-33, 105-06, 113, 114, 142-46, 163-65, 174, 227-30, 231, 261-62, 322, 332, 339-40, 356-57, 371-74, 378-80, 389, 400, 406, 532, 550, 561-62, 616 See also Army, Turkish; Balkans; Crimean war of 1853-56; Eastern question

U

Ukraine, the, Ukrainians—9 United States of America, the—88-89, 190

—agriculture — 154 —colonisation of West — 88 —foreign trade — 154 — foreign policy — 97-98, 231, 242-44, 258 —and Austria — 258 —and China — 97-98 —and Turkey — 237, 243-44 —political economy — 625-29 Urquhartism, Urquhartists—312, 325, 387-90, 545, 562-63

V

Vatican—615 Venice—183 Vienna Congress of 1814-15 — 6, 86, 359, 362-63, 367-69, 394-97, 529

W

Wages—168-69, 331-32, 447-48 Wales— 598 Wallachia, Wallachians— 8-9, 11, 24, 33,

142, 144-45, 164, 194, 235, 240, 269, 277-78, 313, 336, 337, 339, 340, 391, 395, 538, 573 Wars— 99, 127, 282, 336, 337, 490