Subject Index

mid-nineteenth century it was the mouthpiece of the Right wing of the Whig Party grouped around Palmerston.— 370, 371, 469, 532, 536, 538

La Nation, organe quotidien démocrate socialiste—a newspaper of Belgian petty-bourgeois democrats published in Brussels from 1848 to 1856.— 509 Le National—a Paris daily published from 1830 to 1851; organ of the moderate

republicans in the 1840s.—112, 113, 119, 120, 145 National-Zeitung—a Berlin daily published from 1848 to 1915; in the 1850s it followed

a liberal line.—103, 435, 436

Neue Preussische Zeitung—a Berlin conservative daily published from June 1848, organ of the Prussian Junkers and Court circles. It was also known as the

Kreuz-Zeitung because the heading contained a cross bearing the device "Forward with God for King and Fatherland!"—272, 307, 378, 436, 515

Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Organ der Démocratie—a daily newspaper, organ of the revolutionary proletarian democrats during the German revolution of 1848-49; it was published in Cologne under Marx's editorship from June 1, 1848 to May 19, 1849 (with an interval from September 27 to October 12, 1848).—63, 87, 93, 435, 438 New-York Daily Tribune—a newspaper founded by Horace Greeley and published from 1841 to 1924; until the mid-1850s it spoke for the Left wing of the American Whigs and subsequently for the Republican Party. In the 1840s and 1850s it opposed Negro slavery. Marx and Engels contributed to the newspaper from August 1851 to March 1862.—4, 7, 53, 332, 341, 347, 353, 356, 363, 368, 372, 377, 382, 383, 389, 393, 464, 465, 470, 476, 485, 494, 501, 507, 512, 521, 527, 534, 541

New-York Weekly Tribune—a weekly of the New-York Daily Tribune published every Saturday.—341, 347, 356, 363, 368, 476, 485, 501, 512, 534

New-Yorker Criminal-Zeitung—a weekly founded in New York in 1852 by German petty-bourgeois refugees. From March 18, 1853 to March 10, 1854 it appeared under the title Belletristisches Journal und New-Yorker Criminal-Zeitung.—625

New-Yorker Deutsche Zeitung, herausgegeben von Freunden des Fortschritts—a daily newspaper published in 1851 by Karl Heinzen, organ of the German petty-bourgeois refugees in the USA.—311, 323, 325

New-Yorker Staatszeitung—a German democratic daily founded in New York in 1834; later an organ of the US Democratic Party.— 303, 311

Northampton Mercury—an English provincial newspaper.—484

Notes to the People—a Chartist weekly edited by Ernest Jones and published in London in 1851 and 1852 ; Marx and Engels supported the journal, took part in editing and publishing it, and printed a number of articles in it between June 1851 and April 1852.—212, 222, 581, 589

Oesterreichische Correspondenz—a semi-official lithographed organ of the Austrian Government; it appeared under this title in Vienna from 1850 to 1863.— 538

La Patrie. Journal du commerce, de l'agriculture, de l'industrie, de la littérature, des sciences et des arts—a Paris daily published from 1841; in 1850 it spoke for the Party of Order (the monarchist bourgeoisie) and later took a Bonapartist stand.—157, 294, 295, 296 The Peoples Paper—a Chartist weekly founded by Ernest Jones in London in May 1852. From October 1852 to December 1856 Marx and Engels contributed to the newspaper and also helped to edit it.—332, 333, 341, 343, 347, 353, 366, 367, 379, 381, 433, 474, 494, 528, 532, 534, 590, 620

Le Père Duchesne—a newspaper published in Paris from 1790 to 1794 by Jacques

Hébert; it expressed the views of the urban semi-proletarian masses during the French Revolution.—608

Le Peuple de 1850—a socio-reformist newspaper published in Paris; from April 1848 it appeared under the title Le Représentant du Peuple; from September 1848 to June 13, 1849, under the title Le Peuple; from October 1, 1849 to May 14, 1850, under the title La Voix du Peuple, and from June 15 to October 13, 1850, under the title Le Peuple de 1850. Its editor was Proudhon.—134

Poole and Dorsetshire Weekly Herald—an English provincial newspaper.—343

Potteries' Free Press—a newspaper published in Stoke on Trent from February to April 1853.—540

La Presse—a daily published in Paris from 1836 to 1866; in the 1840s, mouthpiece for the opposition to the July monarchy; organ of the moderate republicans in 1848-49, later a Bonapartist paper.—145, 597

Preussische Lithographische Correspondenz—a semi-official organ of the Prussian Ministry for Foreign Affairs published in Berlin.—318

Le Proscrit. Journal de la République universelle—a monthly published in Paris in 1850, organ of the Central Committee of European Democracy. Only two issues appeared. In late October 1850 it was turned into a weekly which was published under the tide La Voix du Proscrit in Saint-Amand (France) till September 1851.—134, 281

Punch, or the London Charivari—a comic weekly paper of a liberal trend, founded in London in 1841.—540

Racing Times—a sports journal founded in London in 1851.—540

Die Reform. Organ der demokratischen Partei—a newspaper published by Arnold Ruge and Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim and edited by Eduard Meyen, organ of the petty-bourgeois democrats; it appeared in Leipzig and Berlin from April 1848, and in Berlin from the summer of 1848 to the early 1850s.— 271, 272

La Réforme—a daily newspaper published in Paris from 1843 to 1850, organ of the republican democrats and petty-bourgeois socialists.—132, 271

Republikanisches Regierungs-Blatt. Deutsche Republik! Wohlstand, Bildung, Freiheit für Alle!—an organ of the petty-bourgeois democrats published by Gustav Struve and Karl Blind in Lörrach during the second Baden uprising in September 1848.—263

Die Revolution—a communist journal published in New York in 1852 by Joseph Weydemeyer. On January 6 and 13 two weekly issues appeared; in May and June two "non-periodic" issues appeared.—100-01, 597

Rheinische Zeitung für Politik, Handel und Gewerbe—a daily founded on January 1, 1842, organ of the Rhenish bourgeois opposition. It was published in Cologne till March 31, 1843. From October 15, 1842 to March 17, 1843 it was edited by Marx and assumed a strongly pronounced revolutionary-democratic complexion, which led to its suppression. Engels was one of its contributors.—18 Schnellpost—see Deutsche Schnellpost für Europäische Zustände, öffentliches und sociales Leben Deutschlands

Seeblätter—a newspaper published in Konstanz (Baden) in South Germany.—309

Semi-Weekly Tribune—a periodical of the New-York Daily Tribune published every Wednesday and Saturday.—341, 347, 353, 356, 363, 368, 377, 393, 464, 476, 485, 494, 501, 507, 512, 534, 541

The Spectator—a weekly published in London since 1828; originally liberal, later conservative.—353, 379, 433

Staatszeitung—see New-Yorker Staatszeitung

The Sun—a liberal daily published in London from 1798 to 1876.—483

The Tablet—a Catholic weekly published in London since 1840.—477

Tages-Chronik—a democratic newspaper published in Bremen from 1849 to 1851. It was edited by Rudolph Dulon. From January 1851 it appeared under the title Bremer Tages-Chronik. Organ der Demokratie. Arnold Rüge contributed to it in 1851.—281, 290. 293, 298, 304

The Times—a daily newspaper published in London since 1785.—210, 212, 295, 342, 346, 352, 37», 379, 386, 453, 469, 471, 478, 480, 495, 496, 499, 503, 505, 506, 517, 535, 538, 539-40

Tribune—see New-York Daily Tribune

L'Univers religieux, philosophique, politique, scientifique et littéraire—a clerical newspaper founded in Paris in 1833; in the 1850s it supported Bonaparte.—504

La Voix du Proscrit—a weekly of the Central Committee of European Democracy published in Saint-Amand (France) from late October 1850 to September 1851; it was the continuation of Le Proscrit (q.v.).—283

Wecker—see Baltimore Wecker

The Weekly Dispatch—a London newspaper published under this title from 1801 to 1928; in the 1850s it was radical.—212

Westamerikanische Blätter—a German-language newspaper published in the USA.—309

Wiener Zeitung—a daily newspaper, official government organ, published in Vienna from 1780 to 1931.—56, 513

Wochenblatt der Deutschen Schnellpost—the weekly supplement to the newspaper Deutsche Schnellpost (q.v.) which was published in New York from 1843 to 1851.—303, 318

Wochenblatt der New-Yorker Deutschen Zeitung—the weekly supplement to the New-Yorker Deutsche Zeitung (q.v.) which was published in New York in 1851.—316 SUBJECT INDEX

A

Adventurism (political)

— "export of revolution"—286, 355 — voluntarist attitude towards revolution, "playing at revolution" — 259, 260, 274-75, 284, 287, 293-94, 297-98, 305, 311-12, 325, 389-90, 443-44, 449 See also Bonapartism; Revolutionary phrase-mongering Agitation Union (1850s) —321-23, 325-26 See also Democracy, petty-bourgeois Agriculture— 44, 328, 333, 530-31

See also Peasantry Ancient Greece—530 Ancient Rome—104, 201, 212, 344, 416,

530 Ancient World—530 Anti-communism (its criticism and exposure by Marx and Engels) —- of ruling classes, persecution of Communists—378, 384-86, 388, 390, 393, 408, 453-55, 457, 621 — of petty-bourgeois ideologists— 288, 293, 318, 323-24, 402-03 Aristocracy—109, 127, 170, 206, 330-31,

389 Aristocracy (nobility), Austrian—26, 28-30, 31, 33, 39, 54 Aristocracy (nobility), English—206, 328-

30, 335, 462, 487, 493, 502 — and bourgeoisie in 18th-19th cent.—330-31, 334, 464, 473 — landed—328-31, 463 — finance —329-31

Aristocracy, German—see Nobility, German Armed uprising, insurrection — 51, 86, 536 Arming of the people— 40, 51, 58, 213 Army— 7, 27, 36, 50-52, 65, 88, 91, 118-20, 131, 185, 191, 193, 201, 212, 312-15, 334, 518 — Austrian—27-28, 48, 50, 81 — English—199, 202, 205, 499, 518 — French—52, 91, 109, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118-19, 122, 123, 126, 131-33, 136-37, 144-46, 150-51, 158-61, 164, 178-86, 188-89, 192-93, 214, 217, 221 — German—8, 21, 44, 50, 85, 90, 95 — Prussian—25, 35, 45, 50, 51-52, 63, 66-67, 81, 83, 87, 90, 95, 199 Australia— 358, 359, 362, 483, 500 Austria— 23, 26-31, 515, 538

— feudal relations, their survivals — 26, 28, 29, 34, 38 — in 1815-47—26-31, 76 — industry, agriculture, trade, finances—26-31, 33, 55 — classes—29-31 — bureaucracy—27-31, 39, 54 — political system —26-30, 34, 39-40, 42, 54, 72, 74, 76, 79 — constitution, law (right), suffrage— 28, 30, 32, 54-56, 299 — the press, literature, education— 28-30, 31, 54 — the clergy, Church —24, 28, 31, 39 — national question — 26-27 — and England—533, 538 — and Germany—12, 13, 22, 23, 39, 75, 537 — and Hungary—26, 28-29, 31, 48, 60-63, 71, 75 — and Italian states—26-27, 31, 50, 75, 119, 355-56, 508, 513-14 — and Poland—26, 47 — and Prussia—13, 23, 282, 293, 294, 537 — and Russia—85, 300 — and the Slavs—47-49, 70-72

See also Aristocracy, Austrian; Army (Austrian); Bourgeoisie, Austrian; Peasants, Austrian; Revolution of 1848-49 in Austria; Working class in Austria

B

Bank of England— 359, 361-62, 482, 484,

486-87, 499, 500, 502 Bohemia, Czechs— 43-44, 46-49, 70-72

See also Czech working-class movement Bonapartism—149, 172, 176, 182, 184-87, 191-97, 215, 217-21 — manoeuvring between contending classes—191-97, 215, 217-21 — and bourgeoisie—182, 184, 194-95, 217, 221 — and peasantry—187-96, 216-17, 221 — and working class—218 — and lumpenproletariat—143, 149, 182, 194-95, 217 — and armv—150-52, 193-94, 203, 217, 221 ' See also Society of December 10 Bourgeoisie—157:, 161, 173-74, 328, 365

— its role in development of productive forces—365 — industrial—10, 200, 208, 333, 389, 472 — different groups and struggle between them—10, 112, 128-29, 164-68, 188, 333 — and political power—8, 10, 139-43, 188, 200, 333-34, 389 — and absolute monarchy—134, 166, 334 — deals with feudal reaction — 38, 39, 160, 334

— and peasantry—18, 38, 190-91 — its theoreticians and ideologists— 170, 173, 375 See also Bonapartism; Bourgeoisie, Austrian; Bourgeoisie, English; Bourgeoisie, French; Bourgeoisie, German; Bourgeoisie, Italian; Bourgeoisie, Prussian; Class, classes; Class struggle; Democracy, bourgeois; Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie; Revolution, bourgeois; Society, bourgeois; State, bourgeois Bourgeoisie, Austrian—26-28, 30, 31-34, 39, 54 Bourgeoisie, English— 7-9, 10, 62, 199, 200, 205-08, 330-35, 359, 365, 458, 473, 478, 498, 507, 525-26 Bourgeoisie, French—5, 7, 8, 10, 16, 109, 110, 112-14, 120, 128-29, 139, 163, 171-74, 181-84, 187, 194, 195,216-18, 221, 335, 446, 457 Bourgeoisie, German—7-10, 13-16, 17-25, 38, 39, 44, 95, 244, 446 Bourgeoisie, Italian—354, 532 Bourgeoisie, Prussian—9, 17-20, 22-23, 25, 29, 34-36, 38-39 Bureaucracy

— as a pillar of absolutism—16, 18, 24, 27, 36, 39, 193 — as prop of reaction—16, 39, 127, 185, 192, 221 — as characteristic feature of the bourgeois state—36, 548 — origin of military-bureaucratic state machinery—185, 193 See also Officials Byzantium—64, 76

C

California— 79, 156, 362, 483, 500 Capital punishment—495-97 Censorship—15, 28, 30, 213 Central Bureau of the United German

Emigration (1850s) —260, 274, 280 Central Committee of European Democracy

(1850s)—5, 281-84, 290, 293, 295, 302, 303, 402 Centralisation of the state (political) — 38,

51, 185, 193 Chartism, Chartist movement—50, 200, 206, 327, 335-36, 338-40, 343, 346, 374-77 China—26 Civilisation— 28, 47, 71, 88, 111, 142,

496, 530 Civil society

— and the state—139, 187 Civil war— 49, 104, 203

— as form of class struggle between proletariat and bourgeoisie—51, 110, 335, 403 Clan— 488, 491, 493, 532 Class, classes— 128, 187, 389, 602-03

— as product of economic relations— 7-12, 128, 200, 201 — and property—128, 165, 328 — and the state—26, 120, 183, 186-87, 334 — class contradictions—32, 58, 201, 389 — in bourgeois society—111, 472, 532 — and industrial revolution—30, 532 — ruling classes in bourgeois society—33, 110, 111, 129, 142, 165, 185-86, 201, 208, 333-35, 389,400, 446, 457 — class contradictions between proletariat and bourgeoisie—130, 133, 142, 195, 199, 201, 216 — middle classes or strata in bourgeois society—13, 88, 110, 194, 345, 446 — working class as the only consistently revolutionary class—88-89, 603 — proletariat becoming the ruling class—335-36 — intermediate, transition—9, 120, 133 — revolutionary—30-31, 88-89, 95, 156, 189, 206 — abolition of classes in communist society—201 See also Aristocracy; Bourgeoisie; Class struggle; Dictatorship of the proletariat; Interests (class); Lumpenproletariat; Peasantry; Petty bourgeoisie; Working class Class struggle—200, 201, 215-16, 603, 611 — between workers and bourgeoisie in the period of developed capitalism—32, 51, 56, 142, 146, 153, 200-01, 215-18, 389

— political struggle as a form of class struggle—127, 388 — unity of workers' economic and political struggle—505 — and revolution—33, 201 — conditions for its cessation—216 See also Class, classes; Revolution, proletarian Clergy— 24, 28, 31, 141, 182, 188, 192 Cologne communist trial

— its tendentious character, reactionary role of the Prussian state— 231, 386, 388, 393, 400-01, 444, 453, 455, 457, 621, 623 — class nature of the jury—211, 385, 393, 400, 457, 621, 623 — and the bourgeois press—97, 369-71, 453 — and the Willich-Schapper group— 223, 385, 390-91, 402-04, 406-21, 445-52, 455 — exposure by Marx and Engels of provocative methods of its organisers, their defence of the accused and aid to the latter's families—97, 210-12, 223, 378-81, 384-87, 535-36, 621-24 — its historical significance and consequences for international working-class movement—437, 457, 621 See also Anti-communism; Communist League Communism, scientific—456-57 Communism (theories and trends)—20-

21,23,25,111,113,269,288,314,456 Communist League

— its programme fundamentals and principal documents—25, 388-89, 403-05, 445, 449 — tactical principles—38, 84-88, 389-90, 403-05, 445-49 — organisational principles, Rules— 388-90, 404, 445, 449 — before 1848—11, 20-21, 446 — during 1848-49 revolution—37-38 — after defeat of 1848-49 revolution—97, 210-11, 223, 378-81, 384-93, 399-403, 446-51, 621-24 — struggle against the sectarian Willich-Schapper group, split of the League—223, 385, 390, 402-03, 446 — and petty-bourgeois democracy— 37-38, 86-87, 92-93, 389, 402, 404, 446 See also Cologne communist trial Conservative Party (England)—369-71

See also Tories Conspiracy, plots— 231, 388-89, 446, 455,

514, 536 Constitution—13, 14,20,21, 114-18, 122,

135 Co-operation, co-operative movement

— its principles and aims—573-74, 587 — illusions of co-operators and their reformist tendencies—582-87 — conditions necessary for success of co-operative movement, importance of nation-wide co-operation—579-81, 587-89 Corn Laws, repeal of (England)—327, 328, 330, 333-35, 347, 364, 370-71, 458, 459, 463, 525 Corruption

— as a typical feature of bourgeois society—156, 337, 342-47, 370 Counter-revolution—6-7, 43, 50, 51, 56,

72, 111, 114, 126, 182, 328 See also Bonapartism Country, the

— antithesis between town and country—128, 191, 348, 531 Courts, legal system—17, 20, 32, 35, 182, 210-11, 384-87, 391-93, 399, 400, 453, 456-57 Credit— 614 Crime— 359, 495-97 Cuba—519 Czechs—see Bohemia Czech working-class movement— 11,21

D

Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50—42, 49, 53, 204 Democracy, bourgeois (political movement)—76, 79-80, 287 Democracy, bourgeois (state and political system)—114-15, 193, 374 Democracy, petty-bourgeois (political movement)—9-10, 23, 36-38, 67, 79, 82, 87-90, 95-96, 124, 130-33, 249, 388, 403, 446

See also Agitation Union; Central Bureau of the United German Emigration; Émigré Club Despotism, tyranny

— as exploiter minorities' reactionary political power—25, 30, 34, 42, 58, 71, 79, 111, 132, 185, 193 — military—42, 215, 519 See also Bonapartism Dictatorship, counter-revolutionary—118, 182, 186, 198 Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie—111, 157,

174 Dictatorship of the proletariat—201, 218,

389 Dissenters— 340, 526 Doctrinairism, doctrinaires—110-11, 142,

156

E

Economic crises—173-75, 221, 357-63, 377 Education—140, 182, 187 Electoral system (in the bourgeois state)—

114, 117, 144-47, 205-08, 336, 342-47, 466 Emigration

— as social phenomenon—359, 528-32 — political—5, 97, 284, 286, 293-94, 305, 310-11, 516, 524, 538-39 — English—359, 493-94, 502, 528-29 — Hungarian—224-25, 246, 354-56, 465, 531-32, 534 — from Ireland—529-30 — Italian—354-56, 465, 532-33 — German refugees in Belgium — 274, 325 — German refugees in England after defeat of 1848-49 revolution — 97, 103, 223, 257-62, 264, 274, 279, 289, 290-95, 296-306, 307-12, 315-26, 402-03, 407, 624 — German refugees in France—269, 288, 325 — German refugees in Switzerland— 288, 325 -— German refugees in USA—103,

290, 293, 325, 621-24 — Polish—260 — French—260, 294-96, 311, 509 Émigré Club (1850s)—318, 321-24 England (Great Britain)

— historical development, its peculiarities—199, 218, 328 — population—201-03, 328, 359, 502, 531-32 — industrial revolution and its social consequences—200, 531 — trade and industrial monopoly in the world market—8, 200, 333 — in the first half of the 19th cent, (up to 1848)—200, 334, 358, 361 — industrial and commercial boom in mid-19th cent.—359-60, 362-65, 369, 478-82, 502 — finances, budget, taxation—190, 360, 459-64, 467, 499 — landownership, agriculture — 206, 328-31, 335, 364, 459, 462, 494, 530, 533 — trade, commerce—328, 359-60, 362, 528 — economic crises—174, 200, 358, 360-61, 363-64, 500 — classes—199-201, 206, 218, 345 — social and political system—5, 7, 128, 200, 208, 329-31, 334, 473, 493, 527 — pauperism—357-59, 365, 484-85, 529 — electoral system (general characteristics)—205-08, 335-37, 342-47, 349-50, 366-67, 466, 475, 523, 533-34 — electoral reform and demand for universal suffrage—205-06, 335-36, 375 — electoral reform of 1832—330, 344-45, 512, 525 — bourgeois-democratic electoral reform movement in 1840s and early 1850s—205-09, 335, 345, 375-76, 475, 499-500, 505-07, 511, 516 — political parties of ruling classes (general characteristics)—327, 333, 337, 338, 345, 352, 373 — Peelites—327, 331, 333, 348-50, , 351-52, 368-71, 458-59, 472-75 — disintegration of ruling parties — 369-76, 458, 469-72 — Free Traders as party of industrial

bourgeoisie—327, 363-64, 345, 348-50, 367, 375 — radicals—375-76, 475 — colonial wars—198-99 — religion—128, 327-29, 334, 342, 344, 462, 525-27 — preconditions and prospects for social (proletarian) revolution; possibility of its peaceful development—200-01, 329, 335-36, 532 See also Aristocracy, English; Army (English); Bank of England; Bourgeoisie, English; Chartism; Corn Laws; Emigration (English); Lancashire; Liberal Party; London; Manchester School; Parliament, British; Peace Society; Petty bourgeoisie, English; Tories; Whigs; Workhouses; Working class in England; Working-class movement in England Europe— 44, 47-48, 71, 531

F

Family and marriage

— in bourgeois society—28, 35, 111, 143, 194 Farmers— 335, 364, 459, 462, 530 Feudalism— 26, 45, 104, 185, 331, 389

— abolition of—7, 11, 38, 104 — survivals of—7, 8, 25, 28-29, 34 Feuerbachianism— 247, 265, 270, 273 Foreign trade—8, 19, 362, 479-80, 483,

528 See also Trade; World market France—52, 55

— population—190, 216 — national character of the French — 112-13, 187, 190, 215-16 — economics—8, 104, 140-41, 173-76, 187, 190-93, 195, 2.15-16, 221 — taxation—140, 191, 195 — towns—185, 190 — social and political system, state apparatus—112, 116, 127, 139, 140, 185-87, 190-93, 197,216,221, 457, 550 — classes, class relationships, class struggle—127, 217, 218, 222 — prior to 18th-cent. revolution—16, 125, 188, 195-96 — during Consulate and First Empire—103-04, 179, 186, 188, 191, 199, 215 — during Restoration (1815-30)— 104, 120, 128, 141, 186, 187, 200, 497-98 — July monarchy (1830-48)—108, 110, 112-15, 119-20, 127, 128, 141, 159, 166-67, 169-70, 186-87, 217, 221 — and Austria—355, 541 — and Egypt—519 — and England—198-99, 355, 497, 517-20 — and Germany—7, 14, 287 — and Greece—519 — and Hungary—355 — and Italy—287, 356 — and Russia—541 — and Switzerland — 519 — and Turkey—519 — and the USA—519

See also Army (French); Bonapartism; Bourgeoisie, French; Emigration (French) ; French Revolution; June insurrection of the Paris proletariat in 1848; Literature (French); Paris; Peasants, French; Petty bourgeoisie, French; Revolution of 1848 in France; Society of December 10; Working class in France Freedom

— its illusory character in bourgeois society— 114-15 — right to assembly and association — 35, 51, 114, 137, 213, 388, 445 Freedom of trade— 330, 333-34, 357-59,

464, 478, 499, 506, 525-26 See also Corn Laws; Manchester School French Revolution (18th cent.)—11, 15,

104-06, 124, 188, 497

G

German Confederation (1815-66)—12, 22, 40, 81 — Federal Diet—12, 13, 22, 40, 64, 76, 83, 261, 533 German philosophy—14-15, 21, 247, 282,

404, 496 See also Feuerbachianism; Hegel; Young

Hegelians German Workers' Educational Society in

London (1840-1918)—406, 413, 416, 427, 451

Germany—7-9

— Germans—12, 13, 45, 71, 299 — in the Middle Ages—9, 43-44, 331 — 1815-earIy 1848—7-25 — division of Germany and the task of her unification—8, 12, 23-24, 41-42, 51, 63, 75-76, 537 — industry—8, 10 — agriculture—7, 9, 11-12 — social estates, classes—7-10, 24, 25, 249, 254-55, 266, 268, 274, 305, 311, 402-03 — political development, political system—7, 8, 13, 15, 22-23, 25, 82 — right, suffrage—7, 35-38 — bourgeois liberalism of 1840s—9, 11, 13-16, 17-25,29-31,35,39,46, 76, 81, 95-96, 244, 270 — democrats, democratic movement—25, 243, 247, 249, 255, 258, 260, 268, 272, 273, 281-84, 287, 311 — young people, students, student movement—32-33, 50, 88, 317-18, 321 — science, education, school—15, 21, 28, 40, 44, 244 — the press—18, 21, 244 — religion—23-24 — and Hungary—71 — and Poland—43-45, 71 — and Russia—13, 23, 45-46 — and the Slavs—43-47, 70-72 — and Switzerland — 25 See also Army (German); Bourgeoisie, German; Cologne communist trial; Emigration (German); German philosophy; Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; Literature (German); Nobility, German; Peasants, German; Petty bourgeoisie, German; Prussia; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany; Rhine Province; Town (in Germany); Working-class movement in Germany; " Young Germany" Gold— 79, 361-62, 483, 487-88, 501, 528

H

Handicrafts, handicraftsmen— 9-11, 25, 27, 29, 249, 314 Hegel, Hegelianism—14, 103, 239, 244, 265-67, 277, 284, 404, 496 Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (962-1806)—18, 24, 76 Hungary— 26, 28-29, 31, 41, 46-49, 51, 56, 60-63, 71-72, 355, 513 See also Emigration (Hungarian); National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary; Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary

I

Idealism—402, 496

See also Hegel Interests

— material—8, 130, 131, 139, 173, 328, 364 — class—8, 15, 31-32, 89, 95, 111, 130, 133, 146, 160, 165-66, 172-73, 213, 216, 218, 221, 328, 330, 337, 346, 364, 389, 506, 519, 603 — material interests as the basis of class struggle—216 — and the state—139, 165, 171, 186, 334 — their expression in ideology and theory—128, 130, 143 — opposing interests and struggle between them—12, 128, 133, 164, 166, 168, 187, 191, 216, 221 Ireland— 201, 349, 352, 357, 366, 462, 474-75, 477, 486, 493, 503-04, 524, 528-30 7ta/;y—26-27, 50, 287, 354-56, 508, 513-15, 532, 536-37 See also Bourgeoisie, Italian; Emigration (Italian); Literature (Italian); Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states; Working class in Italy; " Young Italy"

J

Jesuits—121, 141 Jews— 30, 44, 257, 512, 522-23 June insurrection of the Paris proletariat in 1848—51, 53, 68, 110, 111, 113, 118, 120, 124, 134, 136, 180, 213, 214

L

Lancashire—208 Landed property— 7, 11-12, 26, 104, 128,

166, 190, 192, 195, 216, 488-94 Landowner—7, 26, 128, 165, 213, 328, 525

Land rent—26, 128, 327-28 Legislation, bourgeois— 115, 185, 346, 493

See also Power, legislative and executive Liberalism— 9-10, 20, 39, 96, 112, 142-

43, 388, 446 Liberal Party (England)

— its foundation—349, 351-52, 373-74, 376, 464, 499, 500 Literature—14, 28, 30

— French—196, 260, 269 — German—14, 229-30, 237-39, 240-41, 243-45, 256, 266 — Italian —274, 310, 315, 326, 539 See also Poetry London—8, 12, 208 Lumpenproletariat—110, 143, 149, 155, 182, 193-95, 217, 313

M

Machines, machine production—29, 200,

360-61, 365, 479-80, 525, 529 Manchester School, the— 327, 333-34, 367, 372, 375, 379, 474, 478, 499, 506, 525, 526 Material conditions of the life of society—6,

10-11, 29, 128, 187, 189, 200-01, 446, 496 Materialism

— its opposition to idealism — 402 Migration of peoples— 531 Monarchy— 5, 9-10, 166, 185

— absolute—15, 16, 18,23-24,26-27, 35, 39, 127, 134, 166, 185 — constitutional (bourgeois)—13, 14, 82, 110, 127, 129, 134, 166-67, 186, 278 Mortgage

— as form of capitalist exploitation of small peasants—141, 190, 195, 216, 564

N

Nation—6, 12, 27, 42, 46, 51, 71, 88,

109, 185, 200, 215, 334, 337, 389, 403, 514 National liberation movement—45, 536 National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary— 48-49, 56, 59, 61-64, 70, 83, 85, 90, 300 National question—26, 44-45, 49-50, 536 Nineteenth century—10 Nobility (aristocracy), German—7, 13, 44,

331, 400, 457 o

Officials—7, 29, 31, 36, 113, 116, 139, 185, 191, 221 See also Bureaucracy

P

Pan-Slavism— 47-49, 71-72 Panellation— see Smallholding Paris—8, 12, 160 Parliament (in the bourgeois state)—79,

81, 116-17, 123, 134, 142, 155, 161,

172, 178, 184, 345-47 See also Electoral system; Suffrage Parliament, British— 345, 347-48, 350-

51, 367, 371, 474-75, 502-04, 516, 522 Party, political—6, 32, 38, 109-11, 128-

29, 186, 327-36, 388, 445-46, 623 Party, proletarian— 37, 110-11, 124, 131,

201, 214, 218, 388-90, 446, 622-24 Peace Society (England, 1816)—205, 366,

367, 386, 499, 533 Peasantry—11, 23

— free from feudal bondage—190 — in bourgeois and bourgeois-democratic revolution—12, 18, 38, 87, 88, 189-91 — as ally of bourgeoisie—11, 38 — as ally of proletariat—190, 193 — and the small-holding system— 187-88, 190, 193 — its ideologists—189 See also Country; Farmers; Mortgage;

Peasants, Austrian; Peasants, French; Peasants, German; Peasants, Prussian Peasants, Austrian— 26, 28-30, 34, 38, 56 Peasants, French—141, 187-95, 216-17 Peasants, German—9, 11, 23-25 Peasants, Prussian—18, 20-21, 25, 38 Petty bourgeoisie—9-10, 88-89, 130, 134,

388-89, 445 — and bourgeoisie—136 — and peasantry—88 — and working class—9-10, 37, 129, 389 — in bourgeois-democratic revolution—10, 37, 82, 88-89, 92-93, 130, 136 — its world outlook—9-10, 37, 95-96, 130, 134

See also Democracy, petty-bourgeois Petty bourgeoisie, English— 203, 206-07 Petty bourgeoisie, French—108, 113, 130-

34, 144, 181 Petty bourgeoisie, German—9-10, 23-25, 82, 88-89, 92-93 Philistinism— 92, 239, 254-55, 266-68,

304-05, 312 Poetry—14, 266, 268-69, 274, 310, 315,

326, 514 Poland— 43-45, 47-49, 58, 533

See also Emigration (Polish) Population—44, 328, 502, 527-32

See also Country; Town Power, legislative and executive—115-18,

134-35, 139, 155, 159, 162, 165, 171-72, 177-78, 180-81, 185-88, 191, 194, 213, 216, 334 Press, the—17

— in bourgeois society—21, 28, 35, 51, 114, 137, 141, 182, 213, 366, 446, 540-41 — freedom of—17, 20, 23, 32, 35, 114, 141, 445-46 — proletarian—213, 445 Proudhon, Proudhonism—110-11, 604-14

— criticism of Proudhon's political and economic views on the causes of social revolution—545-70 Prussia—16-25, 29, 35-36, 38-39, 42, 44, 50, 66, 68, 72, 81-82, 84, 127, 210-11, 378-79, 385, 393, 400-02, 404, 424, 440, 455, 457, 533, 537-38, 621, 623 See also Army (Prussian); Bourgeoisie, Prussian; Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50; Peasants, Prussian; Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany Punishment—495-97

R

Republic, bourgeois—109-11, 119, 129, 161, 184, 213, 334 — parliamentarian (constitutional)— 123, 129, 134, 142-43, 165, 176, 181-86, 188 — federative—25, 38 — and working-class movement—25, 37, 109, 217 — democratic republic as a form transitional to working-class rule— 111, 181 See also Democracy, bourgeois; Revolution of 1848 in France; United States of America Republican movement

— petty-bourgeois—37, 112-13, 297 — bourgeois—14, 79, 112-14, 119-20, 126-27, 129 Revolution— 6, 33, 68-69, 85-86, 104, 514-15 — as driving force of historical progress—33, 106, 602 — its prerequisites—6, 221 — and class struggle—33, 201 — as a process—5, 403 — and the state—185-86 — and armed uprising—85-86 — political—404 — national—536 — criticism of voluntarist views on revolution—275, 389, 403, 514-15 — "improvised" revolutions—514-15 See also Adventurism; Revolution, bourgeois; Revolution, proletarian; Revolution, social Revolution, bourgeois, bourgeois-democratic—7, 88, 103-06, 185-86, 211, 389, 618-19 — possibility of its development along ascending or descending line—124 — its prerequisites—5-7, 33 — its limited character—17, 35, 81, 104, 106, 146 — bourgeoisie's striving for compromise with feudal reaction—81, 146 — attitude towards old state machinery—35-36, 185-86 — necessity of revolutionary methods of struggle to carry it to the end—62 — as definite stage to proletarian revolution—5, 10, 88-89, 185, 388 — its driving forces, role of the masses—6, 9, 39, 88, 104, 106 — and working class—6, 32, 37, 84, 88-89, 92, 95, 208 — tasks and tactics of proletarian party-^-37, 389, 404 — and peasantry—38, 88, 189-91 — and petty bourgeoisie—23, 82, 87-89, 92, 130-31, 181 — and the national question—44-45, 47, 62, 186, 536

See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe; Revolution of 1848-49 (in different countries) Revolution, permanent—88-89, 185, 389 Revolution, proletarian, socialist

— its essence and tasks—68, 86, 106, 109, 618 — its historical necessity—88, 531 — prerequisites for—6, 110-11, 200-01 — as highest form of proletarian class struggle against bourgeoisie— 201 — as culmination of permanent revolution—88, 184, 389 — its fundamental difference from bourgeois revolution—106-07, 186 — need for breaking up the old state machine—185, 193, 337 — implementation of bourgeois-democratic reforms—88, 106, 208, 463 — need for preparing workers for revolution—403 — alliance between working class and peasantry as a condition for its victory —193 See also Dictatorship of the proletariat; Party, proletarian; Revolution, permanent Revolution, social— 88, 106, 201, 329, 335, 617-18 Revolution of 1848-49 in Europe (general characteristics)—5, 6, 9, 38, 45-46, 50-51,95, 111, 114, 126, 185,199-200, 221, 389, 446, 499, 513-14, 518 See also Revolution of 1848-49 (in different European countries) Revolution of 1848-49 in Austria

— prerequisites and causes — 26-31 — uprising in Vienna on March 13, 1848—32, 33, 34, 39, 49, 54, 58, 62, 297 — revolutionary actions in Vienna on May 15 and 26, 1848—34, 49, 51, 54-55, 58 — popular action in Vienna on August 23, 1848—56 — popular uprising in Vienna on October 6, 1848—48, 53-56, 68-70, 271-72 — Prague uprising of 1848—49, 72 — and Austria's economic position — 33, 55 — counter-revolutionary Court party—33, 54-58, 71 — aristocracy (nobility) — 32-33, 54 — bureaucracy—39, 41, 54-55 — finance aristocracy—32-34 — bourgeoisie—32-33, 39, 42, 54-58 — petty bourgeoisie—32-34, 58 — peasants—34, 38, 56 — working class—31-34, 56-57 — students—33, 54-55, 57-60 _ army —50, 54-55, 57, 59, 81 — Committee of Public Safety—33, 58-61 — National Guard — 33-34,54-57, 58-59, 299 — liberal government—45, 50, 54-55 — Imperial Diet—34, 41-42, 48-49, 54-59, 61-62, 70, 72 — Constitution—54, 72, 82, 299 — national question—44-50, 70-72 — and Hungary—49, 51, 56, 59-63, 70, 72, 85, 300 — and Italy—41, 49-50, 56, 58, 72, 119 — Slav peoples of Austrian Empire used by reaction to fight revolution—48-49, 55-58, 60, 63, 70-72 — and the Czechs—45-49, 58, 71 — and the Poles—48, 58, 60 — and Frankfurt National Assembly—42, 62, 64-65, 70, 73-74, 76 — results and assessment of Austrian revolution—15, 54, 60, 72-73, 75, 81 Revolution of 1848 in France. Second Republic—106-08, 124-25, 617-19 — stages in its development—108-10, 114, 119-20, 124, 180-81 — from February to June 1848—6-7, 31, 35, 50-51, 106, 108-11, 113-14, 118-19, 124, 130, 135-36, 145, 150, 180-81, 216, 218, 295 — National (Constituent) Assembly, its policy—83, 107-09, 112, 113, 116, 118-27, 129-32, 134-35, 137-40, 143-44, 147-48, 154-64, 168, 171, 172, 177-81, 185 — election of Louis Bonaparte as President of the Republic, increase of his power—105, 119, 147-48, 153-60, 162-63, 165, 169-72, 176-81, 186-89 — Second Republic (general characteristics)—108-11, 114, 119-21, 124-25, 135, 137, 165, 180-86,213, 216 — Constitution of 1848—107, 114-19, 122, 131-34, 144-47, 164-66, 168-69, 172-73, 176, 180-81 — preservation and perfection of old state apparatus—114, 139-40, 185-87 — Legislative Assembly (from May 28, 1849), its policy, struggle of parties—108, 115-17, 120-27, 131, 132, 134-48, 152-65, 168-69, 176-78, 180-81, 212, 216-17, 519 — elections on March 10, 1850—143-46 — policy of Odilon Barrot Ministry— 121-23, 125, 136-40, 181 — policy of d'Hautpoul Ministry— 139-40, 142-43, 151-55, 163 — universal suffrage, its abolition on May 31, 1850—108, 114, 125, 134, 145-48, 153, 159, 161, 163, 169, 176, 178, 180-81, 188, 193, 213, 216, 593-94 — army—52, 109-11, 114, 116, 118-19, 122-24, 126, 132-33, 136-37, 144-46, 150-52, 157-60, 164, 178, 180-89, 193-94, 214, 217, 221 — National Guard—109, 125, 132-36, 151, 158-59, 182, 184, 196 — the press—120, 131, 136-37, 145, 148, 151-52, 158, 172, 175-76, 182, 213 — economic development—162-63, 170-76, 189-90, 215, 221 — finances, taxation—174, 190-92, 195-96 — industry—146, 160, 163, 173-76, 215 — trade—146, 160, 162, 172-75,214, 594 — finance aristocracy—135, 140, 170 — big landowners—127, 138-39, 165-66, 197, 213, 593 — bourgeoisie—50, 109-10, 113, 115, 119-20, 128, 131, 134, 136, 139-43, 145-46, 149, 152-53, 156-57, 159, 161, 163, 165-67, 170-74, 176, 179-84, 187-88, 191, 193-96, 213-14, 216-17, 219, 221, 446, 593 — petty bourgeoisie—50, 109-10, 119, 129-33, 146, 181-83, 203 — working class and its role—51, 109-11, 113, 119-20, 124, 129-33, 136, 146, 156, 164, 173, 180-82, 184-85, 191, 213-18, 221-22, 446, 593, 619 — peasantry—109-10, 119, 126, 141, 188-93, 195, 216-17, 221 — lumpenproletariat—110, 114, 143, 149-50, 155-57, 182, 191-96, 217 — dynastic opposition—108-09, 120-21 — Legitimists—108, 117, 120-23, 125-30, 137, 138, 141, 144, 148, 160, 165-70, 176, 180, 182, 187, 213, 216, 592 — Orleanists—108, 114, 120, 122-23, 125-30, 137-38, 141, 144, 160, 164-68, 176, 180, 187, 213, 216, 592, 594, 596 — Bonapartists—105-06, 113, 117-19, 123-25, 135, 137-40, 143-44, 148-53, 156-57, 159-60, 162-65, 171-72, 176, 178-79, 187-97, 212-13, 215, 217-18, 596-97 — Party of Order (class nature, policy)—120-24, 126-27, 129-31, 134-35, 137-39, 141, 143-45, 147-48, 150-53, 155-72, 178, 180-81, 519 — bourgeois republicans (National party)—50, 108-10, 112-15, 117-20, 122-24, 126, 129, 148-50, 160, 164-65, 169, 176, 180-81, 216, 592, 594 — petty-bourgeois democracy in 1848

(La Réforme newspaper, Montagne party)—103, 108-09, 113, 120, 124, 130, 132, 171, 216 — petty-bourgeois democracy in 1849 (bloc of democrats and socialists, new Montagne party)—95, 103, 107, 123-27, 129-35, 138, 143-46, 158-62, 164, 169, 171, 178, 181, 216 — events of June 13, 1849, defeat of petty-bourgeois democrats—90-91, 131-32, 134-36, 144, 146, 151,

161, 169, 181 — Utopian socialist trends and views—109-11, 113, 120, 129-30, 150, 156-57 — workers' clubs, secret societies—

108-10, 117, 124, 129, 130, 150, 184

— foreign policy of Second Republic (general characteristics) —112-13, 119, 131, 134, 519 — Roman expedition—119, 121, 123, 131, 133, 135, 138 — and England—175-76, 198-99, 213 — coup d'état of December 2, 1851 ("18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte")—103, 105-08, 112, 117-24, 129, 135-36, 163, 165, 173, 176-77, 179-84, 186-89, 193-94, 198, 212-18, 221, 512, 519, 593-94, 601-02 — position of various parties during

coup d'état on December 2—592-94, 601, 615-17 — assessment of December 2 coup

d'état by bourgeois and petty-bourgeois writers—592-614 — absence of conditions for victorious proletarian revolution—107, 109, 182, 185, 214-15 — impact of revolution in France on European nations—21, 31-32, 35, 51, 111 See also June insurrection of the Paris proletariat in 1848; Society of December 10 Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany

— Germany on eve of revolution—5-25 — March revolution—31, 34-39, 43, 68, 80 — republican uprising in South Germany in April and September 1848—53, 63, 262 — uprising in Frankfurt on September 18, 1848—52-53, 63 — absolutist-feudal party—36, 39, 42, 51-52, 66-68, 73 — nobility, Junkers, bureaucracy— 36, 39, 42, 50, 52, 66 — bourgeoisie—20, 34-36, 38-42, 45-46, 50-52, 66-67, 73, 81-82 — petty bourgeoisie—9-10, 37-38, 50, 73,80-82, 88-91, 92,95-96, 255 — peasantry—12, 20, 38, 66, 83, 87,

89, 95, 253 — working class and working-class movement—11, 21, 35-38, 84, 88-90, 92, 95 — students, professors—14, 40, 88 — jurists, Prussian judiciary—14, 25, 40, 42 — army—36, 45, 50-52, 63, 66-67, 81, 83, 85, 90, 95 — Federal Diet—40, 64, 76, 83 — National Assembly in Frankfurt— 22, 37, 39-42, 53, 62, 64-65, 69-70, 72-87, 91-96, 259, 271 — German Central Authority (Imperial Regency and Ministry)—41, 52-53, 62, 64, 69, 73, 75, 84, 86-87, 91-94 — Prussian National Assembly—36, 42, 66-69, 259 — democratic movement, position of petty-bourgeois democrats—37-38, 49, 52, 64-65, 69, 73, 79-80, 81-87, 91-93, 95-96, 258-59, 271-73, 278, 307-09 — ways of Germany's unification—^ 41-42, 63-64, 75-76, 80-81, 271 — national question—43, 45-46, 49-50 — and Schleswig-Holstein question— 41-42, 49, 52-53 — coup d'état in Prussia, Prussian Constitution of December 5, 1848—69, 72, 81-82 — Chambers of Prussian Diet — 69, 72, 82, 259 — Imperial Constitution—73-75, 76-83, 85, 259 — campaign for Imperial Constitution (uprising in South-West Germany in May-July 1849)—75, 80-86, 252, 259, 272, 308, 309, 312 — Dresden uprising (May 3-8, 1849)—85, 87, 90, 97, 272 — uprising in Rhine Province—85-

87, 90 — Palatinate uprising—85, 87, 90-91, 253 — Baden uprising—85, 87, 90-91, 94, 253, 261, 263-64, 272, 275, 308-09 — and 1848-49 revolution in Austria—53-54, 60-61, 63-67 — and 1848 revolution in France— 21, 35, 37, 41, 51, 53 — and 1848-49 revolution in Hungary—41, 49 — onslaught of counter-revolution and reaction—41, 66-68, 72-73, 81 — and Austria—72-73, 75-76

— and Italy—41, 49-50 — and Poland, Polish question—41, 44-45, 49-51 — and Prussia—70, 72-75, 82, 84-86 — and Slav peoples of Austrian Empire—46, 70-71 — results and assessment of—7, 9, 12-13, 32, 34-40, 63, 68, 70, 80, 94-96 Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary—49,

51, 56-57, 61-63, 70, 83, 85, 90, 300 See also National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states—

31, 41, 49, 50, 56, 119, 121, 131, 133, 135, 138, 508-09 Revolutionary phrase-mongering—243, 268, 403, 533-34 Rhine Province—11, 17, 25, 457, 621 Russia—13, 23, 45, 47, 72, 79, 85, 300,

488, 516, 533, 541

S

Schleswig-Holstein— 41, 49, 289 Scotland— 207, 377, 487-91, 493, 528-30

See also Clan Silesian uprising of weavers (1844)—11,

21, 35 Slavs (Central and South Europe)—43-

45, 47-49, 55-56, 58, 70-72 Smallholding—104, 186-93, 553, 564 See also Mortgage; Peasantry Socialism (theories and trends) — 21, 35,

110-11, 141 Societies, secret—133, 162, 184, 388-90,

404, 446, 449 See also Conspiracy Society—186-87, 193, 496, 553-54 Society, bourgeois—104, 111-12, 128, 192,

215, 333, 359, 404, 472, 496-97, 532, 602-04 Society of December 10, Bonapartist—112,

119, 149-51, 153-55, 157, 161-62, 164, 177, 180, 182, 186, 193-94, 196, 217, 221, 498 Society, slave-owning—see Ancient World Speculation (in money, in stock)—27,

175, 195, 362, 483, 486 Stdte, the—25, 28, 36, 52, 106, 120, 139, 182, 184-88, 191-93, 216, 328, 338, 463 See also Bureaucracy; Centralisation of the state; Civil society; Power, legislative and executive; State, bourgeois State, bourgeois

— its class nature, instrument for exploiting working masses— 111, 119, 139, 183-86, 334 — and society—111, 118, 139, 182-87, 191, 193, 239 — division of powers—116-17, 139, .148, 153, 185 — and taxation—191-92, 463 — break-up of bourgeois state machine during proletarian revolution—186, 193, 337 See also Bonapartism; Bourgeoisie Statistics— 359, 496 Suffrage— 23, 37, 114, 144-47, 153,206,

208, 213, 216, 336, 605-06 Switzerland— 275, 503, 519, 533, 537

T

Tories (England)—128, 200, 327-31, 333, 337, 342, 347-49, 351-52, 364-68, 370, 472, 473, 477, 517-18 See also Conservative Party Town

— antithesis between town and country—128, 191, 348, 531 — in the Middle Ages—331 — in Germany—7, 9, 10, 18, 23, 88, 331 Trade, commerce— 8-9, 328, 357-61, 463, 483-84, 552-53 See also Foreign trade; World market Trade balance— 362-63, 479, 500, 528 Transition period from capitalism to communism (socialism) — 88, 92, 106-07, 200-01, 389, 403 See also Dictatorship of the proletariat

U

United States of America—111, 206, 329,

519 See also California Usury, usurers— 11, 25,44, 190, 216, 522,

564

V

Venice— 201, 356, 503 Vienna Congress of 1814-15—13, 22, 113

W

Wars—8, 45, 61, 79, 85, 91, 104, 201, 203, 216, 315, 334, 499 See also Army; Civil war; Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50 Whigs (England)—198, 206, 208, 329-31, 335, 337, 349-51, 374,458,473-75, 477, 517 Workhouses— 359 Working class—10, 335, 446

— its formation in the process of development of large-scale industry—201 — industrial proletariat—10, 23, 200, 201, 389, 531 — the only consistently revolutionary class—88-89, 603 — historical necessity of the proletariat becoming the ruling class— 201, 218 — growth of class consciousness—11, 402 — and the peasantry—12, 190 — and urban petty bourgeoisie—9-10, 37, 130, 389 — its disappearance as a result of communist transformation of society—10 See also Class struggle; Czech working-class movement; Dictatorship of the proletariat; Party, proletarian; Revolution, proletarian; Working class in Austria; Working class in England; Working class in France; Working class in Germany; Working class in Italy; Working-class movement in England; Working-class movement in Germany; Working-class movement in Switzerland Working class in Austria—28-30, 59 Working class in England—12, 199, 208, 332, 335-36, 502, 530 Working class in France—10, 12, 113, 133, 144-45, 163, 173, 191, 213, 214, 218, 221 Working class in Germany—10-11, 20-21, 23-25, 37-38, 402, 446 Working class in Italy—-514, 536 Working-class movement—10, 11, 38, 110-11, 206, 208, 218, 335-36, 338, 388, 446 See also Chartism; Class struggle; Communist League; Czech working-class movement; Party, proletarian; Working class; Working-class movement in England; Working-class movement in Germany; Working-class movement in Switzerland Working-class movement in England—206, 335-38, 346-47, 502, 524-25 See also Chartism; Working class in England

Working-class movement in Germany —11, 20, 23, 35, 38, 388, 446, 621 See also Working class in Germany Working-class movement in Switzerland— 20, 288 World market—175, 200, 393 See also Foreign trade

Y

" Young Europe" (1834-36)—287-88, 290 "Young Germany"—14, 287-88 Young Hegelians—14-15, 18, 244, 265 "Young Italy"—387